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Jonkers TJ, Meijer J, Vlaanderen JJ, Vermeulen RCH, Houtman CJ, Hamers T, Lamoree MH. High-Performance Data Processing Workflow Incorporating Effect-Directed Analysis for Feature Prioritization in Suspect and Nontarget Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1639-1651. [PMID: 35050604 PMCID: PMC8812114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Effect-directed analysis (EDA) aims at the detection of bioactive chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) by combining toxicity testing and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). However, consolidation of toxicological and chemical analysis techniques to identify bioactive CECs remains challenging and laborious. In this study, we incorporate state-of-the-art identification approaches in EDA and propose a robust workflow for the high-throughput screening of CECs in environmental and human samples. Three different sample types were extracted and chemically analyzed using a single high-performance liquid chromatography HRMS method. Chemical features were annotated by suspect screening with several reference databases. Annotation quality was assessed using an automated scoring system. In parallel, the extracts were fractionated into 80 micro-fractions each covering a couple of seconds from the chromatogram run and tested for bioactivity in two bioassays. The EDA workflow prioritized and identified chemical features related to bioactive fractions with varying levels of confidence. Confidence levels were improved with the in silico software tools MetFrag and the retention time indices platform. The toxicological and chemical data quality was comparable between the use of single and multiple technical replicates. The proposed workflow incorporating EDA for feature prioritization in suspect and nontarget screening paves the way for the routine identification of CECs in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J.
H. Jonkers
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht
University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. Vlaanderen
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht
University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel C. H. Vermeulen
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht
University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Corine J. Houtman
- The
Water Laboratory, J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Hamers
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H. Lamoree
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jiang P, Qiu J, Gao Y, Stefan MI, Li XF. Nontargeted identification and predicted toxicity of new byproducts generated from UV treatment of water containing micropollutant 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116542. [PMID: 33128979 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive identification of byproducts including intermediate transformation products (TPs) of micropollutants in source water is challenging and paramount for assessment of drinking water quality and treatment technologies. Here, we have developed a nontargeted analysis strategy coupled with computational toxicity assessment to identify indistinguishable TPs including isomers with large differences in toxicity. The new strategy was applied to study the UV treatment of water containing micropollutant 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT), and it enabled successful identification of a total of 22 organic TPs. Particularly, the structures of nine new TPs were identified for the first time; in addition, three isomers (P2, P3, and P4) were distinguished from the toxic contaminant 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (2-OH-BT). Computational assessments indicate that estrogenic activity of the three isomers (P2-P4) is higher than that of 2-OH-BT. Mass balance study shows that the 22 organic products accounted for 70% of the 2-MBT degraded, while 30% may degrade to inorganic products. Most TPs are resistant to UV photolysis. Computational toxicity assessment predicted the TPs to increase inhibition of human thyroperoxidase activity although they have lower aquatic toxicity compared to original 2-MBT. This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the 2-MBT photodegradation products and the overall toxicity of finished water whose production included a UV light-based treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Mihaela I Stefan
- Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Road, London, ON, N5V 4T7, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Peter KT, Hou F, Tian Z, Wu C, Goehring M, Liu F, Kolodziej EP. More Than a First Flush: Urban Creek Storm Hydrographs Demonstrate Broad Contaminant Pollutographs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6152-6165. [PMID: 32302122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff clearly impacts water quality and ecological health of urban receiving waters. Subsequent management efforts are often guided by conceptual models of contaminant "first flushes", defined by disproportionate concentrations or mass loads early in the storm hydrograph. However, studies examining the dynamics of contaminant transport and receiving water hydrology have primarily focused on "traditional" stormwater contaminants and point sources, with less evaluation of chemically complex nonpoint pollution sources. Accordingly, we conducted baseflow and storm sampling in Miller Creek, a representative small, urban watershed in the Puget Sound region (WA, USA). We comprehensively characterized organic contaminant profiles and dynamics via targeted quantification of 35 stormwater-derived chemicals, complementary nontarget HRMS analyses, and surrogate chemical metrics of ecological health. For quantified analytes, total daily baseflow loads were 0.8-3.4 g/day and storm event loads were ∼80-320 g/storm (∼48 h interval), with nine contaminants detected during storms at >500 ng/L. Notably, urban creek "pollutographs" were much broader than relatively sharp storm hydrographs and exhibited transport-limited (rather than mass-limited) source dynamics, with immediate water quality degradation during low-intensity precipitation and continued mobilization of contaminant mass across the entire hydrograph. Study outcomes support prioritization of source identification and focused stormwater management efforts to improve water quality and promote ecosystem function in small urban receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Fan Hou
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
| | - Matt Goehring
- Green/Duwamish & Central Puget Sound Watershed (WRIA 9), King County, Seattle, Washington 98104 United States
| | - Fengmao Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421 United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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Kowalska K, Felis E, Sochacki A, Bajkacz S. Removal and transformation pathways of benzothiazole and benzotriazole in membrane bioreactors treating synthetic municipal wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:162-171. [PMID: 30986598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lab-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs), with aerated activated sludge and internal microfiltration module, were used for the treatment of municipal wastewater containing high, yet environmentally relevant, concentrations of benzothiazole (BT) and benzotriazole (BTA). These high production volume compounds are commonly used in the industry and households, and therefore occur ubiquitously in municipal wastewater and the aquatic environment. The aim of this study was to assess the removal of BT and BTA from synthetic municipal wastewater in MBRs and to estimate the contribution of elimination processes and to identify potential biotransformation products. The overall removal of BT and BTA was high, and after the adaptation period, it reached 99.8% and 97.2%, respectively, but recurring periods of unstable BTA removal occurred. The removal due to biotransformation was 88% for BT and 84% for BTA and the disposal with waste sludge accounted for only <1% of the removed load. The remaining fraction of the removed load of BT and BTA was attributed to be retained by phenomena associated with membrane fouling. The adaptation process was reflected in multifold increase in biodegradation kinetic coefficient (kbiol) for BT (reported for the first time) and BTA. Biodegradation was attributed to catabolic mechanism rather than to cometabolism. Hydroxylation was observed to be the main transformation reaction for BT, whereas for BTA hydroxylation, methylation and cleavage of benzene ring were noted. This study has shown the feasibility of treating municipal wastewater with high concentrations of BT and BTA in MBRs and identified potential challenges for the removal of BTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kowalska
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, The Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Felis
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, The Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adam Sochacki
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Ecology, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, ul. B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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5
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Biodegradation of ketoprofen using a microalgal–bacterial consortium. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1493-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Simultaneous determination of trace benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water by large-volume injection/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:270-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Ibáñez M, Gracia-Lor E, Bijlsma L, Morales E, Pastor L, Hernández F. Removal of emerging contaminants in sewage water subjected to advanced oxidation with ozone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:389-398. [PMID: 23792932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) based on ozone treatments, assisted by ultrasounds, have been investigated at a pilot-plant scale in order to evaluate the removal of emerging contaminants in sewage water. Around 60 emerging contaminants, mainly pharmaceuticals from different therapeutically classes and drugs of abuse, have been determined in urban wastewater samples (treated and untreated) by LC-MS/MS. In a first step, the removal efficiency of these contaminants in conventional sewage water treatment plants was evaluated. Our results indicate that most of the compounds were totally or partially removed during the treatment process of influent wastewater. Up to 30 contaminants were quantified in the influent and effluent samples analysed, being antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, cholesterol lowering statin drugs and angiotensin II receptor antagonists the most frequently detected. Regarding drugs of abuse, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine were the most frequent. In a second step, the effectiveness of AOP in the removal of emerging contaminants remaining in the effluent was evaluated. Ozone treatments have been proven to be highly efficient in the removal, notably decreasing the concentrations for most of the emerging contaminants present in the water samples. The use of ultrasounds, alone or assisting ozone treatments, has been shown less effective, being practically unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, Castellón E-12071, Spain.
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8
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Greenwood PF, Berwick LJ, Croué JP. Molecular characterisation of the dissolved organic matter of wastewater effluents by MSSV pyrolysis GC-MS and search for source markers. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:504-512. [PMID: 22261369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microscale sealed vessel pyrolysis (MSSVpy) was used to characterise the hydrophobic (HPO) and colloid (COL) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the effluents (EFFs) of two waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and several primary source waters (SWs). The EFFs showed a large range of anthropogenically sourced organics - including the metabolites of industrial chemicals (e.g., dioxanes, n- and sec-alkyl substituted benzenes and long chain alkyl phenols), pharmaceuticals (e.g., N- and S-heterocycles) and human waste (e.g., S- and N-organics, steranes/sterenes) - as well as high concentrations of alkyl aromatic and N-organic products (e.g., alkyl indoles, carbazoles and β-carbolines) attributed to the treatment biota. Some anthropogenic chemicals are potentially toxic at even trace levels, whilst the N-organics may be precursors for toxic N-disinfection by-products. Much lower concentrations of just a few of the anthropogenic and N-organic products were detected by more traditional flash pyrolysis (Flash-py) of the EFF samples, reflecting the higher sensitivity of MSSVpy to many chemical functionalities. Few of these products were detected in the corresponding MSSVpy analysis of the SWs, but these samples did show relatively high abundances of lignin (e.g., alkylphenols) and carbohydrate (e.g., furans) derived products. Their lower EFF abundances are consistent with efficient removal by the water treatment procedures applied. Conversely, the detection of the anthropogenics in the treated EFFs reflects their general resistance to treatment. Their occurrence in the HPO fractions isolated by XAD resin separation suggests a potential relationship with the structurally stable macromolecular fraction of the DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Greenwood
- WA Biogeochemistry and JdL Mass Spectrometry Centres, University of WA, Perth, Australia.
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10
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Chorao C, Charmantray F, Besse-Hoggan P, Sancelme M, Cincilei A, Traïkia M, Mailhot G, Delort AM. 2-Aminobenzothiazole degradation by free and Ca-alginate immobilized cells of Rhodococcus rhodochrous. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:121-128. [PMID: 19103458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
2-Aminobenzothiazole (ABT) degradation was investigated using free and immobilized systems during photodegradation under solar light in the presence of Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetic acid (FeNTA), biodegradation by Rhodococcus rhodochrous, and during combined conditions. Ca-alginate hydrogel was chosen as a model matrix and some complementary studies were required to characterize this new system. R. rhodochrous metabolism in this type of environment was monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Neither change in intracellular pH values nor in ATP concentrations was observed by in vivo(31)P NMR, showing that no metabolic modification occurred between free and immobilized cells. (1)H NMR demonstrated that alginate was not used as carbon source by R. rhodochrous. After establishing the pre-treatment protocol by SPE to eliminate solubilised alginate, ABT adsorption on beads and degradation were studied. The same pathways of transformation were observed in suspended and immobilized cell systems. Considering the ABT adsorption phenomenon on alginate beads (8%), the efficiency of the two systems was found to be comparable although the degradation rate was slightly lower with immobilized cells. The most important result was the finding that the positive effect of FeNTA on ABT degradation with immobilized cells was similar to that observed previously with free cells. All these results show that mechanisms observed with free cells can be extrapolated to entrapped cells, i.e. under conditions much closer to those usually encountered in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Chorao
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Et Etude de Systèmes à Intérêt Biologique, UMR 6504 CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
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Radjenović J, Matošić M, Mijatović I, Petrović M, Barceló D. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) as an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technology. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79210-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Petrovic M, Radjenovic J, Postigo C, Kuster M, Farre M, de Alda ML, Barceló D. Emerging Contaminants in Waste Waters: Sources and Occurrence. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74795-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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De Wever H, Weiss S, Reemtsma T, Vereecken J, Müller J, Knepper T, Rörden O, Gonzalez S, Barcelo D, Dolores Hernando M. Comparison of sulfonated and other micropollutants removal in membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:935-45. [PMID: 17207834 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were compared with conventional activated sludge systems (CAS) for micropollutant degradation, in laboratory-scale spiking experiments with synthetic and real domestic wastewater. The target micropollutants were polar in nature and represented a broad range in biodegradability. The experimental data indicated that MBR treatment could significantly enhance removal of the micropollutants 1,6- and 2,7-naphthalene disulfonate (NDSA) and benzothiazole-2-sulfonate. 1,5-NDSA, EDTA and diclofenac were not removed in either the MBR or the CAS. The other compounds were equally well degraded in both systems. For 1,3-naphthalene disulfonate, the existence of a minimum threshold level for degradation could be demonstrated. Although MBRs could not always make a difference in the overall removal efficiencies achieved, they showed reduced lag phases for degradation and a stronger memory effect, which implies that they may respond quicker to variable influent concentrations. Finally, micropollutant removal also turned out to be less sensitive to system operational variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen De Wever
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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14
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15
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Weiss S, Jakobs J, Reemtsma T. Discharge of three benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors with municipal wastewater and improvements by membrane bioreactor treatment and ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:7193-9. [PMID: 17180966 DOI: 10.1021/es061434i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A set of three benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in wastewaters and in a partially closed water cycle in the Berlin region. Benzotriazole (BTri) and two isomers of tolyltriazole (TTri) were determined in untreated municipal wastewater with mean dissolved concentrations of 12 microg/L (BTri), 2.1 microg/L (4-TTri), and 1.3 microg/L (5-TTri). Removal in conventional activated sludge (CAS) municipal wastewater treatment ranged from 37% for BTri to insignificant removal for 4-TTri. In laboratory batch tests 5-TTri was mineralized completely and 4-TTri was mineralized to only 25%. This different behavior of the three benzotriazoles was confirmed by following the triazoles through a partially closed water cycle, into bank filtrate used for drinking water production, where BTri (0.1 microg/L) and 4-TTri (0.03 microg/ L) but no 5-TTri were detected after a travel time of several months. The environmental half-life appears to increase from 5-TTri over BTri to 4-TTri. Treatment of municipal wastewater by a lab-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) instead of CAS improved the removal of BTri and 5-TTri but could not avoid their discharge. Almost complete removal was achieved by ozonation of the treatment plant effluent with 1 mg O3/mg DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weiss
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Céspedes R, Lacorte S, Ginebreda A, Barceló D. Chemical monitoring and occurrence of alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, phthalates and benzothiazoles in sewage treatment plants and receiving waters along the Ter River basin (Catalonia, N. E. Spain). Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:992-1000. [PMID: 16794817 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a quantitative estimation of the analysis and fate of several emerging pollutants, some of them endocrine-disrupting compounds, in surface water samples collected at several locations along the Ter River and two of its tributaries. Influent and effluent waters and particulate matter from five sewage treatment plants (STP) that discharge into these rivers were also studied. The target compounds analyzed were: nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, alcohol ethoxylates (AEO) and benzothiazoles. Chemical analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using an electrospray interface (LC-ESI-MS) revealed the presence of low amounts (between 0.06 and 17.5 microg L(-1)) of the target compounds NPE(1+2)O and NP, which were detected in 100% and 84% of the samples respectively. Maximum concentrations occurred in the STPs associated with the municipalities of Vic and Girona. From the fate and behavior data obtained for the various compounds analyzed in the STP influent and effluent, we can conclude that the STPs are effective at removing large amounts (more than 70%) of the compounds studied from the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Céspedes
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Kloepfer A, Jekel M, Reemtsma T. Occurrence, sources, and fate of benzothiazoles in municipal wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:3792-8. [PMID: 15952387 DOI: 10.1021/es048141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A set of six benzothiazoles was determined in effluents of three municipal wastewater treatment plants. Total concentrations of benzothiazoles ranged from 1.9 to 6.7 microg/ L, with benzothiazole-2-sulfonate (BTSA) being most prominent (35 - 70%), followed by benzothiazole, 2-hydroxybenzothiazole, and 2-methylthi benzothiazole (MTBT). The removal of benzothiazoles in tertiary municipal wastewater treatment was investigated in more detail in one of the plants during two sampling periods of several weeks. Total benzothiazole concentration decreased by 5-28% only. This very limited removal was primarily due to BTSA and MTBT that were either hardly removed or even increased in concentration. In street runoff benzothiazoles exceeded the wastewater concentrations by 1 order of magnitude, showing that surface runoff can be a significant source of benzothiazole emission. In household wastewater total concentrations were in the range of 50-80% of that found in municipal wastewater. These investigations outline that benzothiazoles, a class of polar and biologically active industrial chemicals, are regularly released with treated municipal wastewater and exhibit a considerable lifetime in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Kloepfer
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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