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Robinson Junior NA, Wu SX, Zhu J, Zhan Y. Optimization of a dual-chamber electrolytic reactor with a magnesium anode and characterization of struvite produced from synthetic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:3911-3925. [PMID: 35545934 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2077131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diminishing phosphorus resources worldwide requires developing new technologies to recover phosphorus (P) from wastewaters. A lab-scale electrolytic reactor with a magnesium anode was investigated to remove NH4+ and PO43- from synthetic wastewater by producing struvite. The effects of mixing speed, pH, and applied current on struvite yield, NH4+, and PO43- removal efficiencies were first evaluated using a factorial design. Then, the two most significant parameters were further optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) coupled with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The struvite was characterized by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. A 5.7-fold increase in struvite yield was achieved by increasing the applied current from 0.1 to 0.5 A. The three regression equations generated by the CCD/RSM design with applied current and mixing speed as the two independent parameters were highly correlated with the response variables (struvite yield, NH4+ and PO43- removal efficiencies). The desirability analysis showed the best operating condition: current, 0.5 A and mixing speed, 414 rpm, for the reactor system, under which the optimal struvite yield and NH4+ and PO43- removal efficiencies were 4.75 g/L, 93.0%, and 58.4%, respectively. The SEM, XRD, and FT-IR analyses confirmed the high purity and quality of the struvite produced by the electrolytic reactor system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Xiao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Yuanhang Zhan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
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2
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Qaramaleki SV, Mohedano ÁF, Coronella CJ. Phosphorus recovery from aqueous product of hydrothermal carbonization of cow manure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 168:301-310. [PMID: 37331265 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The work studies the recovery of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) from the process water of acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of cow manure. Three organic acids (formic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid) and sulfuric acid were evaluated as additives in HTC. Using 0.3 M sulfuric acid, more than 99% of phosphorus and 15.6% of nitrogen from manure are extracted and dissolved during HTC at 170 °C with 10 min reaction time in a batch reactor. Nutrients (mainly phosphorus) were recovered through precipitation from process water by raising the ionic strength of the solution by addition of salts of magnesium and ammonia, and by raising the pH to 9.5. Subsequently, phosphorus-rich solids were recovered containing almost all (greater than 95%) of the dissolved phosphorus in the sulfuric and formic acid assisted runs. Morphology and qualitative chemical analysis of the precipitates were determined. It is shown by XRD that the precipitate formed from process water generated by HTC with oxalic acid is crystalline, although the diffraction pattern could not be matched with any expected substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed V Qaramaleki
- 1664 N. Virginia St, Chemical and Materials Engineering Dept, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Ángel F Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles J Coronella
- 1664 N. Virginia St, Chemical and Materials Engineering Dept, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States.
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3
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Natividad-Marin L, Burns MW, Schneider P. A comparison of struvite precipitation thermodynamics and kinetics modelling techniques. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:1393-1422. [PMID: 37001156 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Solution thermodynamics and kinetic modelling applied to struvite crystallisation-precipitation were reviewed from diverse references to determine proximity between predicted and cited experimental measurements. These simulations show the expected variability range of struvite saturation calculation when only limited solution compositional information is given, showing acceptable agreement between predicted and experimental struvite mass. This work also compares results from struvite crystallisation kinetic studies on liquid phase species depletion, crystallisation induction time, primary nucleation, secondary nucleation, crystal growth, and crystal aggregation. Large inconsistencies between reported kinetics were observed in many scenarios. Variations in species depletion models highlighted that they are only suitably applied to the specific system from which they were regressed. Spontaneous primary nucleation was predicted to occur in the range of SI = 0.237-0.8. Predicted primary nucleation rates vary over at least 10 orders of magnitude (depending on supersaturation) because of uncertainties in interfacial tension and maximum achievable nucleation rate. Secondary nucleation rates are more agreeable, varying over approximately two orders of magnitude. Growth rates varied over five orders of magnitude due to variations in experimental conditions. Aggregation rates are not thoroughly examined enough to make any inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leynard Natividad-Marin
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia E-mail:
| | - Max William Burns
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia E-mail:
| | - Phil Schneider
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD 4811, Australia E-mail:
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Saliu TD, Olaniyi OO, Bulu YI, Oladele S, Ololade IA, Oladoja NA. Nutrient recovery from yellow water to soil-crop systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26843-26857. [PMID: 36370311 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The potentials of the nutrient recovered (NRM), via a facile green and sustainable approach from human urine, as a fertilizer in soil-crop system was studied. Nutrient was recovered using a highly decentralized modular reactor, with packed bed of granular gastropod shell. The cultivations of Zea mays (maize) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) were the cases studied. The total nutrient composition, the P-speciation, and the safety-risk assessment of the NRM were determined. Using NPK as the standard fertilizer, and a non-fertilized soil as the control, the fertilizing potential of the NRM was evaluated. The influence of the different fertilizer application regimes on the wet and dry biomass nutrient composition, after-harvest soil nutrient composition, and pH values was studied. The NRM contained 106 mg/g of TN and 374.6 mg/g of TP, and the P species identified were Ca2-P (31.66%), Ca8-P (14.99%), and Ca10-P (53.32%). The growth rate of the NRM crops were lower than that of the NPK crops until the 17th day, when the NRM crops grew faster than that of the NPK and control (p < 0.05). The NRM is beneficial to acidic soils and also acts as a slow nutrient releasing fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyin Dunsin Saliu
- Hydrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun Olutope Olaniyi
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Yetunde Irinyemi Bulu
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Segun Oladele
- Department of Agronomy, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
| | | | - Nurudeen Abiola Oladoja
- Hydrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria.
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Li Y, Xu D, Lin H, Wang W, Yang H. Nutrient released characteristics of struvite-biochar fertilizer produced from concentrated sludge supernatant by fluidized bed reactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116548. [PMID: 36308786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the exacerbating water eutrophication globally, it is important to recover nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from sewage for recycle. In this study, coconut shell biochar and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were added into the designed fluidized bed reactor (FBR) to create struvite-biochar. N and P released from struvite-biochar and the recovery efficiency of N and P from concentrated sludge supernatant were analyzed. Results showed that the optimal operation condition for hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, Mg/P molar ration, and addition amount EDTA were 90 min, 9.5, 1.2, and 0.2 g/L, respectively. The recovery efficiency of NH4+-N and PO43--P, and purity struvite for FBR were 34.41%-38.05%, 64.95-68.40%, and 84.15%, respectively. The recovery efficiency of NH4+-N and PO43--P were respectively increased by 7.23% and 5.36% when FBR with addition of 0.33 g/L coconut shell biochar, but purity struvite from struvite-biochar decreased by 45.70%. Contents of As, Cd, Pb, and Cr in struvite and struvite-biochar were all lower than Chinese Standard Limits of Fertilizer. Compared to commercial chemical fertilizer, such as superphosphate and urea, struvite-biochar and struvite have slowly released N and P. The amounts of released P, NO3--N and NH4+-N from struvite-biochar were higher than struvite during the five leaching times. Compared with struvite, the total amounts of released P, NO3--N and NH4+-N from struvite-biochar increased by 4.9%, 3.5% and 8.3%, respectively. Therefore, it is valuable to add biochar into FBR to recovery N and P from concentrated sludge supernatant and make struvite-biochar as a slow-release fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Defu Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Haizhi Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Rapeseed Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550008, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK.
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Wu J, Li Y, Xu B, Li M, Wang J, Shao Y, Chen F, Sun M, Liu B. Effects of Physicochemical Parameters on Struvite Crystallization Based on Kinetics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127204. [PMID: 35742453 PMCID: PMC9222832 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is considered to be a promising method for the recovery of phosphate from wastewater. In this review, the kinetic models, which are commonly used to explain the process of struvite crystallization, are described. The mixed-suspension mixed-product removal (MSMPR) model is based on the population balance equation (the size-dependent growth model and the size-independent growth model). Thereafter, the first-order kinetic fitting model that aligned with concentration changes in the substrate is summarized. Finally, the several physical and chemical factors that affected the efficiency of struvite crystallization are determined. The supersaturation ratio, which is seen as the driving force of struvite crystallization, is the main factor that influences crystallization; however, it cannot be used in practical applications of engineering because it is indirectly associated with the following factors: pH, the molar ratio of Mg:N:P, and the interference of foreign impurities. In this study, we present conclusions that should be used to guide further research studies, and encourage the engineering practice of wastewater treatment with struvite precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Wu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Yifan Li
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Baojian Xu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Mei Li
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Feiyong Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Meng Sun
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 802-8577, Japan;
| | - Bing Liu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; (J.W.); (Y.L.); (B.X.); (M.L.); (J.W.); (Y.S.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Chung JW, Gerner G, Ovsyannikova E, Treichler A, Baier U, Libra J, Krebs R. Hydrothermal carbonization as an alternative sanitation technology: process optimization and development of low-cost reactor. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:139. [PMID: 37645161 PMCID: PMC10446067 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14306.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Background: The provision of safe sanitation services is essential for human well-being and environmental integrity, but it is often lacking in less developed communities with insufficient financial and technical resources. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been suggested as an alternative sanitation technology, producing value-added products from faecal waste. We evaluated the HTC technology for raw human waste treatment in terms of resource recovery. In addition, we constructed and tested a low-cost HTC reactor for its technical feasibility. Methods: Raw human faeces were hydrothermally treated in a mild severity range (≤ 200 °C and ≤ 1 hr). The total energy recovery was analysed from the energy input, higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar and biomethane potential of process water. The nutrient contents were recovered through struvite precipitation employing process water and acid leachate from hydrochar ash. A bench-scale low-cost reactor (BLR) was developed using widely available materials and tested for human faeces treatment. Results: The hydrochar had HHVs (23.2 - 25.2 MJ/kg) comparable to bituminous coal. The calorific value of hydrochar accounted for more than 90% of the total energy recovery. Around 78% of phosphorus in feedstock was retained in hydrochar ash, while 15% was in process water. 72% of the initial phosphorus can be recovered as struvite when deficient Mg and NH 4 are supplemented. The experiments with BLR showed stable operation for faecal waste treatment with an energy efficiency comparable to a commercial reactor system. Conclusions: This research presents a proof of concept for the hydrothermal treatment of faecal waste as an alternative sanitation technology, by providing a quantitative evaluation of the resource recovery of energy and nutrients. The experiments with the BLR demonstrate the technical feasibility of the low-cost reactor and support its further development on a larger scale to reach practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Chung
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Gerner
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Ovsyannikova
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Alexander Treichler
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Judy Libra
- Postharvest Technology, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam-Bornim, 14469, Germany
| | - Rolf Krebs
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
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8
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Chung JW, Gerner G, Ovsyannikova E, Treichler A, Baier U, Libra J, Krebs R. Hydrothermal carbonization as an alternative sanitation technology: process optimization and development of low-cost reactor. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:139. [PMID: 37645161 PMCID: PMC10446067 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14306.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The provision of safe sanitation services is essential for human well-being and environmental integrity, but it is often lacking in less developed communities with insufficient financial and technical resources. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been suggested as an alternative sanitation technology, producing value-added products from faecal waste. We evaluated the HTC technology for raw human waste treatment in terms of resource recovery. In addition, we constructed and tested a low-cost HTC reactor for its technical feasibility. Methods: Raw human faeces were hydrothermally treated in a mild severity range (≤ 200 °C and ≤ 1 hr). The total energy recovery was analysed from the energy input, higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar and biomethane potential of process water. The nutrient contents were recovered through struvite precipitation employing process water and acid leachate from hydrochar ash. A bench-scale low-cost reactor (BLR) was developed using widely available materials and tested for human faeces treatment. Results: The hydrochar had HHVs (23.2 - 25.2 MJ/kg) comparable to bituminous coal. The calorific value of hydrochar accounted for more than 90% of the total energy recovery. Around 78% of phosphorus in feedstock was retained in hydrochar ash, while 15% was in process water. 72% of the initial phosphorus can be recovered as struvite when deficient Mg and NH 4 are supplemented. The experiments with BLR showed stable operation for faecal waste treatment with an energy efficiency comparable to a commercial reactor system. Conclusions: This research presents a proof of concept for the hydrothermal treatment of faecal waste as an alternative sanitation technology, by providing a quantitative evaluation of the resource recovery of energy and nutrients. The experiments with the BLR demonstrate the technical feasibility of the low-cost reactor and support its further development on a larger scale to reach practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Chung
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Gerner
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Ovsyannikova
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Alexander Treichler
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
| | - Judy Libra
- Postharvest Technology, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam-Bornim, 14469, Germany
| | - Rolf Krebs
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland
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Kekre KM, Anvari A, Kahn K, Yao Y, Ronen A. Reactive electrically conducting membranes for phosphorus recovery from livestock wastewater effluents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111432. [PMID: 33386173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel 'proof-of-concept' electrochemically based membrane filtration process for the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock wastewater following an anaerobic digestion step. Reactive electrically conducting membranes are shown to precipitate and separate struvite, an eco-friendly fertilizer from synthetic livestock wastewater, resulting in the production of a solid fertilizer and a high-quality water stream, fit for irrigation. The recovery process is based on electrochemical hydrolysis and control of local pH in proximity to the surface of the membrane, and therefore, does not require chemical additives for pH adjustment. The system was assessed at varying concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus corresponding to diluted and concentrated livestock wastewater (up to 1000 mg/L of N and P). Experimental results show up to 65% removal of phosphorus and nitrogen in the first 30 min of electrochemical filtration, and the precipitates were analytically confirmed to be struvite. In addition, the recovery process was shown efficient as it resulted in limited membrane fouling and flux reduction. Fouling and precipitation results were explained by a mathematical model describing the concentration of N, P, Mg ions in the presence of an external electric field. Accordingly, precipitation takes place in proximity to the membrane's surface but not directly on it, thus, limiting surface fouling. The electrochemical filtration system does not require chemical additives for pH adjustment, and the cost associated with electrochemical membrane-based struvite recovery was calculated to be $158 per ton of dry struvite, which is about 1.4 times lower in comparison to conventional recovery approaches. Overall, the electrochemical filtration system may be a promising alternative for nutrient recovery from livestock wastewater in terms of operational costs, recovery efficiency, and fouling mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikeya M Kekre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Arezou Anvari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Katelyn Kahn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA
| | - Avner Ronen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, USA.
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Nair AM, Haugen FA, Ratnaweera H. Economic Model Predictive Control for optimal struvite recovery. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111830. [PMID: 33360554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resource recovery from municipal wastewater has been a prime focus for a decade. Although several recovery processes already exist in the market today, the high cost of material, inherent disturbance in the influent quality, lack of real time monitoring of critical parameters, and lack of a robust automation system may result in suboptimal performance. This work attempts to construct a model based predictive control for optimal operation of a struvite recovery unit in a full scale WRRF. A multi-parameter based predictive control has been developed by implementing an Economic Model Predictive Controller (EMPC) for optimal dosing of magnesium hydroxide in a struvite recovery unit. The EMPC used customized objective function for real-time optimization of performance and economical parameters of the crystallization unit. The effectiveness of the proposed EMPC controller is verified through tests conducted on the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2d.). The results obtained from the simulator-based evaluation of EMPC demonstrate a significant improvement in resource recovery at reduced operational costs. The economic advantages of implementing an EMPC compared to proportional and constant magnesium dosage has also been enumerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash M Nair
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway.
| | - Finn Aakre Haugen
- University of South-Eastern Norway, Kjølnes ring 56, Porsgrunn, Norway.
| | - Harsha Ratnaweera
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Aas, Norway.
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Arola K, Mänttäri M, Kallioinen M. Two-stage nanofiltration for purification of membrane bioreactor treated municipal wastewater – Minimization of concentrate volume and simultaneous recovery of phosphorus. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Advances in Struvite Precipitation Technologies for Nutrients Removal and Recovery from Aqueous Waste and Wastewater. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The abatement of nutrient compounds from aqueous waste and wastewater is currently a priority issue. Indeed, the uncontrolled discharge of high levels of nutrients into water bodies causes serious deteriorations of environmental quality. On the other hand, the increasing request of nutrient compounds for agronomic utilizations makes it strictly necessary to identify technologies able to recover the nutrients from wastewater streams so as to avoid the consumption of natural resources. In this regard, the removal and recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from aqueous waste and wastewater as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) represents an attractive approach. Indeed, through the struvite precipitation it is possible to effectively remove the ammonium and phosphate content of many types of wastewater and to produce a solid compound, with only a trace of impurities. This precipitate, due to its chemical characteristics, represents a valuable multi-nutrients slow release fertilizer for vegetables and plants growth. For these reasons, the struvite precipitation technology constantly progresses on several aspects of the process. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the recent developments in this technology for the removal and recovery of nutrients from aqueous waste and wastewater. The theoretical background, the parameters, and the operating conditions affecting the process evolution are initially presented. After that, the paper focuses on the reagents exploitable to promote the process performance, with particular regard to unconventional low-cost compounds. In addition, the development of reactors configurations, the main technologies implemented on field scale, as well as the recent works on the use of struvite in agronomic practices are presented.
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Wang H, Tian Z, Wang H, Yan Q. Optimization and reaction kinetics analysis for phosphorus removal in struvite precipitation process. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1162-1172. [PMID: 32072707 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a promising strategy to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater, optimization of the struvite (MgNH4 PO4 .6H2 O) precipitation parameters is required to achieve desirable phosphorus removal efficiency. To tackle the challenges upon the precipitation optimization methods as three-level full factorial designs, and central composite design as well, Box-Behnken design was implemented to optimize different reaction parameters for phosphorus removal and recovery during struvite precipitation in the current study. Moreover, the reaction orders and the rate equation were all determined to reveal the reaction kinetics parameters of struvite precipitation. The results showed that the optimal operating parameters of pH, Mg/P ratio and N/P ratio were 9.82, 1.45, and 4.00, respectively, by which more than 95% of phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved. In addition, it was found that pH and pH/(N/P) had the most influence on phosphorus removal efficiency among different individual factors and interactive items, respectively. The partial orders of PO4 -P, Mg2+ , and NH 4 + in kinetic rate equation were determined as 1.586, 0.930, and 1.236 while the rate constant k was 0.0167 ± 0.0014 mM-2.752 per minute by differential method. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Different reaction parameters were optimized by Box-Behnken design. pH and pH/(N/P) had the most influence on phosphorus removal efficiency among different individual factors and interactive items. The reaction orders and the rate equation were all determined to reveal the reaction kinetics parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, China
| | - Zeyuan Tian
- China Shanghai Architectural Design & Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qun Yan
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou, China
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14
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Ge K, Ji Y, Tang S. Crystallization Kinetics and Mechanism of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate: Experimental Investigation and Chemical Potential Gradient Model Analysis and Prediction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ge
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhui Ji
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Tang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Bayuseno AP, Perwitasari DS, Muryanto S, Tauviqirrahman M, Jamari J. Kinetics and morphological characteristics of struvite (MgNH 4PO 4.6H 2O) under the influence of maleic acid. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03533. [PMID: 32215325 PMCID: PMC7090354 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports a stirred-batch lab crystallization to examine the influence of maleic acid (HO2CCHCHCO2H), and temperatures (30 and 40 °C) on crystallization kinetics and morphology of struvite. The crystallization was followed by measuring the pH change up to 70 min. The pH decreased drastically for the first 5 min of the run, then started to tail off. It was found that the crystallization rate constants range from 1.608 to 6.534 per hour, which agrees with the most published value. Higher maleic acid concentrations resulted in greater growth retardation; the highest retardation was 74.21%, which was achieved for 30 °C with 20.00 ppm maleic acid. SEM imaging of the obtained precipitates showed irregular prismatic morphology, and the associated EDX confirmed that the precipitates were struvite (MgNH4PO4⋅6H2O). As checked through XRD, the crystalline nature of the struvite was further confirmed, and that co-precipitation of struvite with struvite-K was observed. The co-precipitation was the result of K+ adsorption onto the crystal surface. Temperatures had less influence on struvite crystallization. At 40oC and 20.00 ppm the rate constant was 1.332 per hour; whereas at 30oC and 0.00 ppm) the corresponding was 1.776 per hour, indicating the retardation of about 25%. Thus, the temperature effect is only 1/3 of the maleic acid effect. The current findings suggest that the presence of maleic acid can be used to elucidate the mechanism of crystallization as well as the crystalline phase transformation of struvite. In practical terms, maleic acid could be potential as a scale inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dyah Suci Perwitasari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan National "Veteran" Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294 Indonesia
| | - Stefanus Muryanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, UNTAG University in Semarang, Bendhan Dhuwur Campus, Semarang 50233, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Tauviqirrahman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Tembalang Campus, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Jamari Jamari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Tembalang Campus, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
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16
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Yee RA, Leifels M, Scott C, Ashbolt NJ, Liu Y. Evaluating Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Commercial Struvite Recovered from Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5378-5386. [PMID: 30964655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlled struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) precipitation has become a well-known process for nutrient recovery from wastewater treatment systems to alleviate the pressures of diminishing, finite rock phosphate reservoirs. Nonetheless, coprecipitation of potential microbial and chemical hazards is poorly understood. On the other hand, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern and wastewater is thought to disseminate resistance genes within bacteria. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are typically used as measures of treatment quality, and with multiresistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. rising in concern, the quantification of FIB can be used as a preliminary method to assess the risk of AMR. Focusing on struvite produced from full-scale operations, culture and qPCR methods were utilized to identify FIB, antibiotic resistance genes, and human enteric viruses in the final product. Detection of these hazards occurred in both wet and dry struvite samples indicating that there is a potential risk that needs further consideration. Chemical and biological analyses support the idea that the presence of other wastewater components can impact struvite formation through ion and microbial interference. While heavy metal concentrations met current fertilizer standards, the presence of K, Na, Ca, and Fe ions can impact struvite purity yet provide benefit for agricultural uses. Additionally, the quantified hazards detected varied among struvite samples produced from different methods and sources, thus indicating that production methods could be a large factor in the risk associated with wastewater-recovered struvite. In all, coprecipitation of metals, fecal indicator bacteria, antimicrobial resistance genes, and human enteric viruses with struvite was shown to be likely, and future engineered wastewater systems producing struvite may require additional step(s) to manage these newly identified public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Yee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2R3 , Canada
| | - Mats Leifels
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , 47057 , Germany
- School of Public Health , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2R3 , Canada
| | - Candis Scott
- School of Public Health , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2R3 , Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2R3 , Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2R3 , Canada
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17
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Li B, Boiarkina I, Yu W, Huang HM, Munir T, Wang GQ, Young BR. Phosphorous recovery through struvite crystallization: Challenges for future design. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1244-1256. [PMID: 30340270 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorous (P) is an essential element for living organisms and is predicted to be depleted within the next 100 years. Across the world, significant phosphorous losses due to its low utilization efficiency become one of the main reasons for water pollution. Struvite crystallization has been found to be a promising recovery technique to mitigate these problems, as the recovered precipitate can be used as a slow release fertilizer or raw material for chemical industry. Although this technique has been widely investigated over the past two decades, there are currently few real applications in industry. This paper addresses this issue by reviewing key aspects relevant to process design to pave the way for future application. It will help to narrow down struvite process design options and thus reduce the voluminous calculations for a detailed analysis. Struvite process development, research trend, product application and process economics are reviewed and a conceptual process design is provided. This analysis provides comprehensive information that is essential for future industrial struvite crystallization process design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Irina Boiarkina
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Hai Ming Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, China
| | - Tajammal Munir
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guang Qian Wang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Brent R Young
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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A Bio-Refinery Concept for N and P Recovery—A Chance for Biogas Plant Development. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biogas is an alternative source of energy for fossil fuels. In the process of transforming organic materials into biogas significant amounts of valuable digestate are produced. In order to make the whole process sustainable digestate should be utilized this is a constraining factor in the development of the biogas industry. Consequently, there is an on-going search for new technologies to process digestate, allowing to broaden the range of possible ways of digestate utilization. One of such possibilities is technology of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) recovery from the anaerobic digestate. In this study results of physicochemical analysis of materials flowing through the farm-scale bio-refinery producing struvite (STR) and ammonium sulphate (AS) are presented. Struvite was precipitated from the liquid fraction of digestate (LFDS). Ammonia was bound by sulphuric acid resulting in obtaining ammonium sulphate. The STR obtained was of medium purity and contained other macronutrients and micronutrients that further enhanced its agronomic value. The P recovery effectiveness, counted as the difference between the Ptot content in the material before and after STR precipitation was 43.8%. The AS was characterized by relatively low Ntot and Stot content. The Ntot recovery efficiency reached 43.2%. The study showed that struvite precipitation and ammonia stripping technologies can be used for processing digestate however, the processes efficiency should be improved.
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19
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Wang J, Ye X, Zhang Z, Ye ZL, Chen S. Selection of cost-effective magnesium sources for fluidized struvite crystallization. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 70:144-153. [PMID: 30037401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Struvite crystallization has been considered a promising approach to recover phosphorus from wastewater. However, its practical application is limited, probably because of the high cost of magnesium (Mg). In this study, a comprehensive economic analysis was conducted using five Mg sources (MgCl2, MgSO4, MgO, Mg(OH)2, and bittern) during the operation of a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR), using swine wastewater as the case matrix. First, the economic operating conditions were investigated, and subsequently, the performance and the costs of the five Mg sources were compared. The results indicated that the FBR could be operated most economically at pH of 8.5 and Mg to phosphorus (Mg/P) molar ratio of 1.5. Under these conditions, no significant differences in phosphorus removal and product quality could be found between the five Mg sources. Selecting the most economical Mg source was thus highly dependent on the prices of the reagents and Mg sources. Low-solubility Mg sources were preferable when NaOH was priced higher, while high-solubility Mg sources proved more economical when HNO3 was expensive. The bittern was the most economical choice only when the distances for total inorganic orthophosphate removal and struvite recovery were shorter than 40 and 270km, respectively. The current study provides an overview of the economic selection of an Mg source, which can help reduce the cost of struvite crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Zhaoji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhi-Long Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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20
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Peng L, Dai H, Wu Y, Peng Y, Lu X. A comprehensive review of phosphorus recovery from wastewater by crystallization processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:768-781. [PMID: 29407841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of phosphorus (P) in discharged wastewater can lead to water pollution events and eutrophication. Given the increasing consumption of phosphate (PO43-) rocks, wastewater containing large quantities of P is deemed as a potential source of P recovery. Crystallization of P is an ideal way to recover P because of its simple design, ease of operation, high efficiency, and limited environmental impact. This paper provides a comprehensive review of P recovery by crystallization processes with respect to the mechanisms involved, operational parameters that influence the quality of the crystal, and available seed materials for inducing crystallization. Various operational parameters including pH, molar ratio of participating ions, mixing intensity, reactor type, and seeding conditions, were detailedly investigated. Different kinds of seeds were reviewed critically with regard to their principal properties, application, and long-term prospects. Crystallized products with a high P content can be used directly as slow-release fertilizers for agricultural production, and some test methods have been developed to determine their efficiency as a fertilizer and to evaluate their availability for plants. Further, the feasibility of P recovery by crystallization was evaluated in terms of economic benefits and environmental sustainability. This work serves as a basis for future research of P recovery by crystallization processes and responses to the increasingly stringent problems of eutrophication and the growing depletion of P resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Peng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China; ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), No. 99 Linghu Road, Wuxi 214135, China.
| | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China; ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), No. 99 Linghu Road, Wuxi 214135, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Yifeng Wu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yonghong Peng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China; ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), No. 99 Linghu Road, Wuxi 214135, China.
| | - Xiwu Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China; ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), No. 99 Linghu Road, Wuxi 214135, China.
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21
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Bashar R, Gungor K, Karthikeyan KG, Barak P. Cost effectiveness of phosphorus removal processes in municipal wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:280-290. [PMID: 29353678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Meeting stringent phosphorus (P) discharge standards remains one of the major challenges for wastewater utilities due to increased economic burdens associated with advanced (i.e., secondary, tertiary) treatment processes. In a trade-off between higher treatment cost and enhanced P removal, it is critical for the treatment plants to be able to select the most appropriate technology. To this end, established/emerging high performing P removal/recovery technologies (e.g., Modified University of Cape Towne process, Bardenpho process, membrane bioreactors, IFAS-EBPR, struvite recovery, tertiary reactive media filtration) were identified and full-scale treatment plant designs were developed. Using advanced mathematical modeling techniques, six different treatment configurations were evaluated in terms of performance and cost effectiveness ($/lb of P removed). Results show that the unit cost for P removal in different treatment alternatives range from $42.22 to $60.88 per lb of P removed. The MUCT BNR + tertiary reactive media filtration proved to be one of the most cost effective configurations ($44.04/lb P removed) delivering an effluent with total P (TP) concentration of only 0.05 mg/L. Although struvite recovery resulted in significant reduction in biosolids P, the decrease in effluent TP was not sufficient to meet very stringent discharge standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bashar
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kerem Gungor
- Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Land Resources, ME 04333, USA
| | - K G Karthikeyan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Phillip Barak
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
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22
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Ye X, Gao Y, Cheng J, Chu D, Ye ZL, Chen S. Numerical simulation of struvite crystallization in fluidized bed reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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The Influence of Various Process Parameters on Dissolution Kinetics and Mechanism of Struvite Seed Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40030-017-0212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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A comprehensive understanding of saturation index and upflow velocity in a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor for struvite recovery from swine wastewater. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Crutchik D, Garrido JM. Kinetics of the reversible reaction of struvite crystallisation. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:567-572. [PMID: 27085317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The crystallisation of struvite could be a sustainable and economical alternative for recovering phosphorus from wastewater streams with high phosphate concentrations. Knowledge regarding the kinetics and thermodynamics that are involved in the crystallisation of struvite is the key to determine the optimal conditions for obtaining an efficient process. This study was conducted in a continuous stirred batch reactor. Different sets of experiments were performed in which struvite was either dissolved (undersaturated) or precipitated (oversaturated). These experiments were conducted at different temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C) and pH values (8.2, 8.5 and 8.8) to determine the kinetics of struvite precipitation and dissolution. Struvite crystallisation was modelled as a reversible reaction. The kinetic rate parameters of struvite precipitation were 1.03·10(-4), 1.25·10(-4) and 1.54·10(-4) mol m(-2) min(-1) at 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively. Similar kinetic rate parameters were determined for struvite dissolution. Struvite heterogeneous crystallisation can be represented by a first-order kinetic model that fitted well the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Crutchik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - J M Garrido
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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26
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Liu X, Xu Z, Peng J, Song Y, Meng X. Phosphate recovery from anaerobic digester effluents using CaMg(OH)4. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 44:260-268. [PMID: 27266323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dolomite lime (DL) (CaMg(OH)4) was used as an economical source of Mg(2+) for the removal and recovery of phosphate from an anaerobic digester effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) wastewater. Batch precipitation results determined that phosphate was effectively reduced from 87 to less than 4mg-P/L when the effluent water was mixed with 0.3g/L of DL. The competitive precipitation mechanisms of different solids in the treatment system consisting of Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-NH4(+)-PO4(3-)CO3(2-) were determined by comparing model predictions with experimental results. Thermodynamic model calculations indicated that hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), Ca4H(PO4)3∙3H2O, Ca3(PO4)2(beta), and Ca3(PO4)2(am2) were more stable than struvite (MgNH4PO3∙6H2O) and calcite (CaCO3). However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis determined the formation of struvite and calcite minerals in the treated effluent. Kinetic experimental results showed that most of the phosphate was removed from synthetic effluent containing NH4(+) within 2hr, while only 20% of the PO4(3-) was removed in the absence of NH4(+) after 24hr of treatment. The formation of struvite in the DL-treated effluent was due to the rapid precipitation rate of the mineral. The final pH of the DL-treated effluent significantly influenced the mass ratio of struvite to calcite in the precipitates. Because more calcite was formed when the pH increased from 8.4 to 9.6, a pH range of 8.0-8.5 should be used to produce solid with high PO4(3-) content. This study demonstrated that DL could be used for effective removal of phosphate from the effluent and that resultant precipitates contained high content of phosphate and ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zhonghou Xu
- Center for Environmental Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Jianfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yonghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Environmental Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
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27
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Tao W, Fattah KP, Huchzermeier MP. Struvite recovery from anaerobically digested dairy manure: A review of application potential and hindrances. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 169:46-57. [PMID: 26720329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobically digested dairy manure is rich in ammonium, orthophosphates, and magnesium, indicating a high potential for struvite recovery. Continuous generation of large amounts of dairy manure plus increasing global interest in anaerobic digestion of dairy manure suggest a huge market for struvite production with anaerobically digested dairy manure. However, the complex chemical composition of digested dairy manure presents hindrances to struvite recovery. This review paper assesses the significance and potential of struvite recovery from anaerobically digested dairy manure, identifies the factors hindering struvite recovery, and discusses the methods to overcome hindrances and the measures to improve phosphorus speciation of dairy manure for struvite formation. This paper proposes using "struvite recovery potential" or Pstruvite based on the least molar activity of struvite component ions in addition to "supersaturation ratio" to identify the potential for struvite recovery. The probable hindrances mainly include high Ca(2+) concentration and molar activity ratios of Ca(2+): Mg(2+) and Ca(2+): PO4(3-), high ionic strength, and high alkalinity. Struvite formation and purity is likely a function of all the interfering variables, rather than just a single factor with digested dairy manure. Potential enhancement measures need to be tested for technical and economic feasibility and applicability to various sources of digested dairy manure. This review paper provides guidance to overcoming the hindrances of digested dairy manure to struvite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Drive, Baker 402, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Kazi P Fattah
- Department of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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28
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Kataki S, West H, Clarke M, Baruah DC. Phosphorus recovery as struvite from farm, municipal and industrial waste: Feedstock suitability, methods and pre-treatments. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 49:437-454. [PMID: 26775756 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Global population growth requires intensification of agriculture, for which a sustainable supply of phosphorus (P) is essential. Since natural P reserves are diminishing, recovering P from wastes and residues is an increasingly attractive prospect, particularly as technical and economic potential in the area is growing. In addition to providing phosphorus for agricultural use, precipitation of P from waste residues and effluents lessens their nutrient loading prior to disposal. This paper critically reviews published methods for P recovery from waste streams (municipal, farm and industrial) with emphasis on struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) crystallisation, including pre-treatments to maximise recovery. Based on compositional parameters of a range of wastes, a Feedstock Suitability Index (FSI) was developed as a guide to inform researchers and operators of the relative potential for struvite production from each waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampriti Kataki
- Energy Conservation Laboratory, Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India.
| | - Helen West
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michèle Clarke
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - D C Baruah
- Energy Conservation Laboratory, Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India.
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Development of a flow-sheet for the radiochemical processing of irradiated sulphate targets for the production of carrier-free 32P. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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The influence of various physico-chemical process parameters on kinetics and growth mechanism of struvite crystallisation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Muryanto S, Bayuseno A. Influence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ as additives on crystallization kinetics and morphology of struvite. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Yilmazel YD, Demirer GN. Nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from anaerobic co-digestion residues of poultry manure and maize silage via struvite precipitation. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2013; 31:792-804. [PMID: 23774787 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x13492005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is commonly used for the stabilization of agricultural and animal wastes. However, owing to the stringent environmental criteria, anaerobic digester effluents need to be further treated to reduce nutrient loads to the receiving water bodies. Struvite precipitation is one of the promising techniques applied for this purpose. Yet, in the majority of cases, struvite precipitation is only applied to the liquid phase of anaerobic digester effluents. This study investigated the recovery of nutrients from both the liquid and the solid phases of the phase-separated effluent of a full-scale biogas plant co-digesting poultry manure and maize silage. Struvite precipitation in the liquid phase led to 72.1% and 95.1% average removal efficiencies of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) and orthophosphate respectively. Changing the external phosphorus source did not make any statistically significant difference in nutrient removal. An acidic phosphorus-dissolution process was applied to the solid phase sample to obtain a phosphorus-enriched solution. More than 90.0% of both NH4-N and PO4-P were recovered from the phosphorus-enriched solution with the amendments of magnesium and phosphorus. In the experiments performed without any addition of external magnesium- and phosphorus-containing chemicals, almost complete (99.6%) PO4-P recovery and partial (14.6%) NH4-N recovery were obtained. The results of this study could contribute to the understanding of nutrient recovery from anaerobic digestion residues of manure and agricultural wastes by struvite precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dilsad Yilmazel
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
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Yilmazel YD, Demirer GN. Removal and recovery of nutrients as struvite from anaerobic digestion residues of poultry manure. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2011; 32:783-794. [PMID: 21879553 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2010.512925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The removal and the recovery of nutrients, namely nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from anaerobically digested and solid-liquid separated manure effluents via struvite precipitation were investigated. Both the liquid and the solid phases of the poultry manure digester effluent were subjected to struvite precipitation experiments. The Mg:N:P molar ratio of 1:1:1 in the liquid phase resulted in an average NH4-N removal efficiency of 86.4%, which increased to 97.4% by adjusting the Mg:N:P ratio to 1.5:1:1. The acidic phosphorus-dissolution process was applied to the solid phase of the effluent to obtain a phosphorus-enriched solution. Nutrient recovery experiments with NaOH as the buffering reagent were conducted with and without addition of external chemicals (Mg and P sources) to evaluate the influence of the Mg:N:P molar ratio, the Mg:P molar ratio and pH. All the experiments depicted complete PO4-P (99.6-100.0%) and partial NH4-N (3.3-65.6%) recoveries from the phosphorus-enriched solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Yilmazel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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35
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Ben Moussa S, Tlili MM, Batis N, Amor MB. Influence of tempereature on Struvite precipitation by CO2-deagassing method. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Uludag-Demirer S, Othman M. Removal of ammonium and phosphate from the supernatant of anaerobically digested waste activated sludge by chemical precipitation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:3236-3244. [PMID: 19318246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The removal of ammonium (NH(4)(+)) and phosphate (PO(4)(3-)) from supernatant of anaerobic digestion by magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) formation was studied. To be able to find out the loss of NH(4)(+) by its transformation to NH(3), rates of NH(4)(+) removal by aeration and by MAP formation combined with aeration were compared. NH(4)(+) removal by aeration was found to be insignificant. The kinetics of MAP formation was fast. The removal rate of NH(4)(+) and Mg(2+) was the smallest and the largest, respectively based on rate constants calculated. The removal of NH(4)(+) showed sensitivity to Mg(2+) and PO(4)(3-) concentrations and controlled the purity of MAP precipitate. The removal of PO(4)(3-) was found to be sensitive to mainly Mg(2+) ion. These results also indicated that as the supernatant solution became more saturated in terms of MAP forming ions, the effect of pH increase became insignificant in the removal of ions from the solution.
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