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Antonopoulou M, Spyrou A, Tzamaria A, Efthimiou I, Triantafyllidis V. Current state of knowledge of environmental occurrence, toxic effects, and advanced treatment of PFOS and PFOA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169332. [PMID: 38123090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic synthetic compounds, with high chemical and thermal stability and a persistent, stable and bioaccumulative nature that renders them a potential hazard for the environment, its organisms, and humans alike. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the most well-known substances of this category and even though they are phased out from production they are still highly detectable in several environmental matrices. As a result, they have been spread globally in water sources, soil and biota exerting toxic and detrimental effects. Therefore, up and coming technologies, namely advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and advanced reduction processes (ARPs) are being tested for their implementation in the degradation of these pollutants. Thus, the present review compiles the current knowledge on the occurrence of PFOS and PFOA in the environment, the various toxic effects they have induced in different organisms as well as the ability of AOPs and ARPs to diminish and/or eliminate them from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Spyrou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Anna Tzamaria
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Efthimiou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Liao G, Qing X, Lai X, Liang Z, Jiang S, Xie Z, Fang J, Lan B, Chen W, Wang J, Li L. Efficient treatment of surfactant containing wastewater by photocatalytic ozonation with BiPO 4 nanorods. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140594. [PMID: 37914050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, monoclinic BiPO4 nanorods were fabricated by one-pot solvothermal method. Its catalytic capability in photocatalytic ozonation process was tested by degradation and mineralization of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) solution. The results demonstrated that the TOC removal rate was dramatically improved to 90.0% at 75 min for UV/O3/BiPO4 process, which was 4.9 and 3.8 times more than that of UV/BiPO4 and O3. Moreover, the pseudo-first-order kinetic constant (0.337 min-1) and mineralization rate (90.0%) for SDBS degradation using BiPO4 in UV/O3 process were 1.6 and 1.3 times as great as that of conventional TiO2 photocatalyst (0.206 min-1, 67.3%). The influence of BiPO4 dosage, O3 concentration initial pH and coexisted ions on SDBS degradation in UV/O3/BiPO4 process were also investigated. The outcome of quenching studies illustrated both ·OH and h+ contributed prominently to SDBS degradation in UV/O3/BiPO4 process, implying that high valence band position of BiPO4 could promote the synergism between photocatalysis and ozonation. The degradation pathway of SBDS was proposed by combination of intermediates analysis and DFT calculation. Real carwash wastewater was chosen as typical surfactant containing wastewater to explore the practical application of UV/O3/BiPO4 technology. During 30 min, COD and LAS removal efficiency reached 59.7% and 70.6%, respectively. The quality indices of effluent could meet the requirements for reuse of carwash water in Water Quality Standard for Urban Miscellaneous Use in China. Energy consumption in the process was calculated as 13.9 kW h m-3, which was about 3.6 and 2.2 times less than that of UV/BiPO4 and O3 process, respectively. The results suggest that UV/O3/BiPO4 system has an application potential for surfactant containing wastewater treatment or recycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozu Liao
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaojiao Qing
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xin Lai
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ziyi Liang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shiqi Jiang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhuomin Xie
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinhai Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingyan Lan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weirui Chen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Laisheng Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Sahara T, Wongsawaeng D, Ngaosuwan K, Kiatkittipong W, Hosemann P, Assabumrungrat S. Highly effective removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water with DBD-plasma-enhanced rice husks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13210. [PMID: 37580377 PMCID: PMC10425357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adsorption is regarded as an efficient method to eliminate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from an aqueous solution. In the present investigation, an adsorbent based on rice husks (RHs) was successfully prepared by phosphoric acid (PA) activation and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment, and it was used to adsorb perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from water. The electrodes employed in the experiment were planar type. This research investigated RH surface properties and adsorption capacity before and after modification using DBD plasma. The results revealed that the He-O2 plasma modification introduced oxygen-containing functional groups and increased the PFOA removal efficiency. Increasing the oxygen content and total gas flow rate to 30 vol.% and 1.5 L/min, respectively, with 10 min of RH plasma treatment time at 100 W plasma discharge power enhanced the PFOA removal efficiency to 92.0%, while non-treated RH showed the removal efficiency of only 46.4%. The removal efficiency of the solution increased to 96.7% upon adjusting the pH to 4. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms fitted the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 565 mg/g when the Langmuir isotherm model was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thera Sahara
- Research Unit on Plasma Technology for High-Performance Materials Development, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Doonyapong Wongsawaeng
- Research Unit on Plasma Technology for High-Performance Materials Development, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Kanokwan Ngaosuwan
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok, 10120, Thailand
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
| | - Peter Hosemann
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Suttichai Assabumrungrat
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Bio-Circular-Green-Economy Technology & Engineering Center (BCGeTEC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Grimison C, Knight ER, Nguyen TMH, Nagle N, Kabiri S, Bräunig J, Navarro DA, Kookana RS, Higgins CP, McLaughlin MJ, Mueller JF. The efficacy of soil washing for the remediation of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130441. [PMID: 36462244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to describe the performance of a soil washing plant (SWP) for remediating a per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)-contaminated soil with a high clay content (61%). The SWP used both physical and chemical processes; fractionation of the soil particles by size and partitioning of PFASs into the aqueous phase to remove PFASs from the soil. Contaminated water was treated in series with granulated activated carbon (GAC) and ion-exchange resin and reused within the SWP. Approximately 2200 t (dry weight) of PFAS-contaminated soil was treated in 25 batches of 90 t each, with a throughput of approximately 11 t soil/hr. Efficiency of the SWP was measured by observed decreases in total and leachable concentrations of PFASs in the soil. Average removal efficiencies (RE) were up to 97.1% for perfluorocarboxylic acids and 94.9% for perfluorosulfonic acids. REs varied among different PFASs depending on their chemistry (functional head group, carbon chain length) and were independent of the total PFAS concentrations in each soil batch. Mass balance analysis found approximately 90% of the PFAS mass in the soil was transferred to the wash solution and > 99.9% of the PFAS mass in the wash solution was transferred onto the GAC without any breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Grimison
- Ventia Services Pty Limited, Level 8, 80 Pacific Highway, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Emma R Knight
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Thi Minh Hong Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Nagle
- Ventia Services Pty Limited, Level 8, 80 Pacific Highway, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shervin Kabiri
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divina A Navarro
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rai S Kookana
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems: Environmental Exposure and Human Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312550. [PMID: 34886275 PMCID: PMC8657007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent synthetic organic contaminants that can cause serious human health concerns such as obesity, liver damage, kidney cancer, hypertension, immunotoxicity and other human health issues. Integrated crop–livestock systems combine agricultural crop production with milk and/or meat production and processing. Key sources of PFAS in these systems include firefighting foams near military bases, wastewater sludge and industrial discharge. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances regularly move from soils to nearby surface water and/or groundwater because of their high mobility and persistence. Irrigating crops or managing livestock for milk and meat production using adjacent waters can be detrimental to human health. The presence of PFAS in both groundwater and milk have been reported in dairy production states (e.g., Wisconsin and New Mexico) across the United States. Although there is a limit of 70 parts per trillion of PFAS in drinking water by the U.S. EPA, there are not yet regional screening guidelines for conducting risk assessments of livestock watering as well as the soil and plant matrix. This systematic review includes (i) the sources, impacts and challenges of PFAS in integrated crop–livestock systems, (ii) safety measures and protocols for sampling soil, water and plants for determining PFAS concentration in exposed integrated crop–livestock systems and (iii) the assessment, measurement and evaluation of human health risks related to PFAS exposure.
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Natural and engineered clays and clay minerals for the removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances from water: State-of-the-art and future perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 297:102537. [PMID: 34624725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present globally in drinking-, waste-, and groundwater sources are contaminants of emerging concern due to their long-term environmental persistence and toxicity to organisms, including humans. Here we review PFAS occurrence, behavior, and toxicity in various water sources, and critically discuss their removal via mineral adsorbents, including natural aluminosilicate clay minerals, oxidic clays (Al, Fe, and Si oxides), organoclay minerals, and clay-polymer and clay‑carbon (biochar and graphene oxide) composite materials. Among the many remediation technologies, such as reverse osmosis, adsorption, advanced oxidation and biologically active processes, adsorption is the most suitable for PFAS removal in aquatic systems. Treatment strategies using clay minerals and oxidic clays are inexpensive, eco-friendly, and efficient for bulk PFAS removal due to their high surface areas, porosity, and high loading capacity. A comparison of partition coefficient values calculated from extracted data in published literature indicate that organically-modified clay minerals are the best-performing adsorbent for PFAS removal. In this review, we scrutinize the corresponding plausible mechanisms, factors, and challenges affecting the PFAS removal processes, demonstrating that modified clay minerals (e.g., surfactant, amine), including some commercially available products (e.g., FLUORO-SORB®, RemBind®, matCARE™), show good efficacy in PFAS remediation in contaminated media under field conditions. Finally, we propose future research to focus on the challenges of using clay-based adsorbents for PFAS removal from contaminated water due to the regeneration and safe-disposal of spent clay adsorbents is still a major issue, whilst enhancing the PFAS removal efficiency should be an ongoing scientific effort.
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Tian D, Geng D, Tyler Mehler W, Goss G, Wang T, Yang S, Niu Y, Zheng Y, Zhang Y. Removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from aqueous solution by amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AGO) aerogels: Influencing factors, kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147041. [PMID: 34088148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an emerging organic pollutant that has become ubiquitous in waterways and is difficult to be removed from wastewater using traditional treatment methods. In this study, amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AGO) aerogels were prepared as a potential remediation tool for water contaminated by PFOA. The structure of the prepared absorbent material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction. The use of various adsorption times, temperatures, solution pH, and absorbent amount were investigated to determine optimum conditions for PFOA adsorption. Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of the absorbent were analyzed as well. AGO aerogels exhibited a high adsorption capacity of PFOA (1575 mg∙g-1) and high removal efficiency (99.95%) in a solution containing 10 mg PFOA L-1, likely due to the interconnected porous microstructures and amino groups of the AGO aerogels. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm of PFOA were well-fitted using pseudo-second-order and the Freundlich modelling. The adsorption mechanism of PFOA onto AGO aerogels followed spontaneous, exothermic, and physical processes. This study shows the potential of this material to remove PFOA from PFOA-contaminated waters effectively by providing insight into the understanding of the adsorption mechanisms of PFOA onto AGO aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Dan Geng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - W Tyler Mehler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada; National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yongsheng Niu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Different Adsorption Behavior between Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) on Granular Activated Carbon in Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in water have detrimental effects on human health, and the removal rate of these compounds by conventional water treatment processes is low. Given that the levels of PFCs have been regulated in many regions, a granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption process has been used in drinking water treatment plants to maintain concentrations of PFCs, perfluorohexyl sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), below 70 ng/L. However, it was found that these concentrations in the final product water in local water utilities unexpectedly increased because of inappropriate operation and maintenance methods of GAC, such as its inefficient regeneration and replacement cycle. In this study, the changes in PFC concentration were monitored and analyzed in raw and final water of two large-scale water treatment plants for eight months. Additionally, the correlation of the GAC replacement cycle with the removal efficiency of PFHxS and PFOA was investigated in a total of 30 GAC basins of two drinking water treatment plants. A lab-scale experiment with a coconut-shell-based GAC column showed the possibly different mechanism of removal between PFHxS and PFOA, indicating that the sulfonate-based PFCs may be a limiting factor in GAC replacement cycle for PFCs removal.
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Tan X, Zhong J, Fu C, Dang H, Han Y, Král P, Guo J, Yuan Z, Peng H, Zhang C, Whittaker AK. Amphiphilic Perfluoropolyether Copolymers for the Effective Removal of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Aqueous Environments. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiexi Zhong
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Huy Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), Its Occurrence, Fate, Transport and Removal in Various Environmental Media: A Review. CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING AND WASTEWATER SOURCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4599-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ji B, Kang P, Wei T, Zhao Y. Challenges of aqueous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their foreseeable removal strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126316. [PMID: 32120153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are artificial refractory organic pollutants which are widely presented in aqueous environment. Due to the unquiet strength of the highly polarized carbon-fluorine bond (C-F) and their hydrophobic/lipophobic feature as well as biological persistence properties, the remediation and treatment of PFASs is a big challenge. Preliminary studies indicate that a few kinds of technical approaches could remove or transfer PFASs, but the effectiveness is not high as expected or limited while most of the techniques are only tested at laboratory scale. A review of existing treatment technologies was thus conducted for the purpose to outlook these technologies, and more importantly, to propose the foreseeable technique. As such, a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) technology was recommended, which is a newly emerged technology by integrating physical, chemical and enhanced biological processes plus the wetland plants function with strong eco-friendly feature for a comprehensive removal of PFASs. It is expected that the review can strengthen our understanding on PFASs' research and thus can help selecting reasonable technical means of aqueous PFASs control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Peiying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China.
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Xing DY, Chen Y, Zhu J, Liu T. Fabrication of hydrolytically stable magnetic core-shell aminosilane nanocomposite for the adsorption of PFOS and PFOA. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126384. [PMID: 32143082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aminosilane materials, with their low cost and ease of modification, have exhibited great potential for the adsorption of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from water. However, this kind of material may be facing two drawbacks during its application: low resistance to hydrolysis and difficulties in separation from the water matrix. This work proposed a strategy of grafting N-(2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AE-APTMS) on the surface of magnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles by full utilization of the sorption sites provided by the aminosilane and the magnetism by γ-Fe2O3. The FTIR and XRD results verified the formation of the magnetic AE-APTMS nanocomposite. The core-shell nanocomposite showed a superparamagnetic property and an isoelectric point at pH = 8.2. Particularly, compared to the aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) nanocomposite, the AE-APTMS nanocomposite exhibited improved hydrolytic stability with 60% less loss of the amine groups during the 48 h adsorption process, as the longer alkyl chain hindered the aminosilane detachment. The AE-APTMS nanocomposite exhibited a rapid adsorption with the removal efficiency of 78% for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 65% for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) due to the electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction. The regeneration and reuse of the magnetic AE-APTMS nanocomposite were conveniently realized with the removal efficiency higher than 70% for both PFOS and PFOA even after 15 adsorption-desorption cycles. The stable magnetic aminosilane nanocomposite with the ease of separation may provide a new strategy to achieve the economical and effective removal of typical PFCs from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yu Xing
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Zhu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Tongzhou Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Patil VV, Gogate PR, Bhat AP, Ghosh PK. Treatment of laundry wastewater containing residual surfactants using combined approaches based on ozone, catalyst and cavitation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Barpaga D, Zheng J, Han KS, Soltis JA, Shutthanandan V, Basuray S, McGrail BP, Chatterjee S, Motkuri RK. Probing the Sorption of Perfluorooctanesulfonate Using Mesoporous Metal–Organic Frameworks from Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8339-8346. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Barpaga
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jian Zheng
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Soltis
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vaithiyalingam Shutthanandan
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sagnik Basuray
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - B. Peter McGrail
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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15
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Zhang W, Zhang D, Liang Y. Nanotechnology in remediation of water contaminated by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:266-276. [PMID: 30685667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article gives an overview of nanotechnologies applied in remediation of water contaminated by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in physical sorption and photochemical reactions offers a promising solution in PFAS removal because of the high surface area and the associated high reactivities of the ENMs. Modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (e.g., oxidation, applying electrochemical assistance) significantly improves their adsorption rate and capacity for PFASs removal and opens a new door for use of CNTs in environmental remediation. Modified nanosized iron oxides with high adsorption capacity and magnetic property have also been demonstrated to be ideal sorbents for PFASs with great recyclability and thus provide an excellent alternative for PFAS removal under various conditions. Literature shows that PFOA, which is one of the most common PFASs detected at contaminated sites, can be effectively decomposed in the presence of either TiO2-based, Ga2O3-based, or In2O3-based nano-photocatalysts under UV irradiation. The decomposition abilities and mechanisms of different nano-photocatalysts are reviewed and compared in this paper. Particularly, the nanosized In2O3 photocatalysts have the best potential in PFOA decomposition and the decomposition performance is closely related to the specific surface area and the amount of photogenerated holes on the surfaces of In2O3 nanostructures. In addition to detailed review of the published studies, future prospects of using nanotechnology for PFAS remediation are also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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16
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Kowalczyk J, Numata J, Zimmermann B, Klinger R, Habedank F, Just P, Schafft H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M. Suitability of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) as a Bioindicator for Environmental Pollution with Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:594-606. [PMID: 30116839 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife species, such as roe deer, moose, brown hare, wild boar, etc., are known to accumulate persistent environmental contaminants and thus are useful as bioindicators for environmental pollution. Wild boars become exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) from flora, fauna, water, and soil. The main exposure pathway to PFOA and PFOS is assumed to be the oral intake. From studies in domestic pigs (belonging to the same species Sus scrofa), it has been established that the oral exposure results in the liver accumulation of PFOA and PFOS. Thus, we posit that wild boars can be quantitatively used as suitable bioindicators for the presence of these substances in the environment. After the environmental pollution case in the Hessian region Sauerland in 2006, monitoring programs of individual Federal States from 2007 to 2013 showed that almost all wild boar liver samples contained PFOA and PFOS. In 2014, the analyses of PFOA and PFOS in liver of wild boars hunted in the south, north, and west of Germany showed liver concentrations at the same level among regions. Overall, an average ratio of PFOS:PFOA concentration in liver of 20.5:1 was found. To estimate the actual ratio of PFOS:PFOA in the wild boars' dietary exposure, we performed toxicokinetic modeling. According to the model, the PFOS exposure is only 2.2 times that of PFOA (because PFOS has slower elimination kinetics and higher affinity for the liver than PFOA). Overall, the determination of PFOA and PFOS in liver of wild boars indicates that both substances are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. At the same time, higher exposures were found for animals living in closer proximity to dense human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kowalczyk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - J Numata
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Zimmermann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - R Klinger
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - F Habedank
- State Office of Agriculture, Food Safety and Fisheries, Thierfelderstr. 18, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - P Just
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute (CVUA) Westfalen, Westhoffstr. 17, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Schafft
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Lahrssen-Wiederholt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Liu T, Gu Y, Xing DY, Dong W, Wu X. Rapid and high-capacity adsorption of PFOS and PFOA by regenerable ammoniated magnetic particle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13813-13822. [PMID: 29508201 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is well accepted as an effective method for perfluorinated compounds' (PFCs) removal from water among various conventional methods. However, development of adsorbents that combine good performance of PFC removal and regenerability has not yet been realized. This work demonstrated the fabrication and application of an ammoniated magnetic adsorbent for efficient and economical PFOS and PFOA removal. Functional ammonium groups and γ-Fe2O3 were effectively incorporated in the particle with the proposed method. These fabricated magnetic particles presented superior adsorption performance for PFOS and PFOA with short equilibrium time of 120 min and high adsorption capacity. The isotherms revealed that the adsorption process belonged to multilayer sorption with their intricate interactions including anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction. The magnetic particle maintained its removal efficacy over a wide pH range of 3-9 or with coexisting substances. Moreover, the regeneration and reuse of the magnetic particle were successfully carried out with PFOS and PFOA removal efficiency sustained higher than 80% in 15 consecutive treatment cycles. Along with the efficient adsorption and easy separation of adsorbents, we expect that this ammoniated magnetic particle can serve as an excellent alternative for PFOS and PFOA removal from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhou Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Gu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Yu Xing
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenyi Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwei Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
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18
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Sini K, Bourgeois D, Idouhar M, Carboni M, Meyer D. Metal–organic framework sorbents for the removal of perfluorinated compounds in an aqueous environment. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A hydrophobic metal–organic framework has revealed high and fast sorption capacity for fluorine pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madjid Idouhar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Appliquée
- USTHB
- 16111 Alger
- Algeria
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19
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Cao F, Wang L, Tian Y, Wu F, Deng C, Guo Q, Sun H, Lu S. Synthesis and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers with binary functional monomers for the selective removal of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1516:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Matsha T, Mekuto L, Itoba-Tombo EF. Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: a focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:402. [PMID: 28721589 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Between the late 1940s and early 1950s, humans manufactured polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) using electrochemical fluorination and telomerisation technologies, whereby hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, thus conferring unnatural and unique physicochemical properties to these compounds. Presently, there are wide ranges of PFCs, and owing to their bioaccumulative properties, they have been detected in various environmental matrices and in human sera. It has thus been suggested that they are hazardous. Hence, this review aims at highlighting the recent development in PFC research, with a particular focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most studied and predominantly found PFCs in various environmental matrices, although recent reports have included perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), which was previously regarded as innocuously harmless, when compared to its counterparts, PFOA and PFOS. As such, proper investigations are thus required for a better understanding of short-chain PFC substitutes, which have been suggested as suitable replacements to long-chained PFCs, although these substitutes have also been suggested to pose various health risks comparable to those associated with long-chain PFCs. Similarly, several novel technologies, such as PFC reduction using zero-valent iron, including removal at point of use, adsorption and coagulation, have been proposed. However, regardless of how efficient removers some of these techniques have proven to be, short-chain PFCs remain a challenge to overcome for scientists, in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Tandi Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Schulze-Hennings U, Pötschke L, Wietor C, Bringmann S, Braun N, Hayashi D, Linnemann V, Pinnekamp J. Improving vacuum-UV (VUV) photolysis of organic compounds in water with a phosphor converted xenon excimer lamp emitting at 193 nm. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:888-895. [PMID: 27533863 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel vacuum ultraviolet excimer lamp emitting light at 193 nm was used to investigate the degradation of organic micropollutants in ultrapure water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Overall, light at 193 nm proved to be efficient to degrade the investigated micropollutants (diclofenac, diatrizoic acid, sulfamethoxazole). Experiments with WWTP effluent proved the ability of radiation at 193 nm to degrade micropollutants which are hardly removed with commonly used oxidation technologies like ozonation (diatrizoic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schulze-Hennings
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - L Pötschke
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - C Wietor
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - S Bringmann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - N Braun
- GVB GmbH, Nordstern - Park 2, Herzogenrath 52134, Germany
| | - D Hayashi
- Philips Group Innovation, Research, High Tech Campus 4, 1.518, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands
| | - V Linnemann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
| | - J Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany E-mail:
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Kowalczyk J, Riede S, Schafft H, Breves G, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M. Can perfluoroalkyl acids biodegrade in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC)? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2015; 27:30. [PMID: 27752431 PMCID: PMC5044947 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-015-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behaviour of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues of ruminants has been shown to differ from that of monogastrics (J Agric Food Chem 61(12):2903-2912 doi:10.1021/jf304680j, 2013; J Agric Food Chem 62(28):6861-6870, 2014). This may be a consequence of the complex microbial ecosystem in the rumen. To evaluate this hypothesis, the recovery of PFAAs was studied using the rumen simulation technique as an indication for biodegradation in rumen. The PFAA-recovery from a microbial fermentation of feed containing PFAAs was compared to the same feed in the absence of ruminal microorganisms (MOs). RESULTS Release of PFAAs from feed into fermentation fluid was found to be faster for perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) than for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Differences between perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) could not be observed. Proportions of PFAAs recovered in the fermentation fluids decreased by increasing chain lengths for the perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (31 % PFBS, 28 % perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS], 20 % perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid [PFHpS], 11 % PFOS) and PFCAs (33 % perfluorohexane carboxylic acid [PFHxA], 32 % perfluoroheptane carboxylic acid [PFHpA], 24 % perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA]). In contrast, levels in feed increased with increasing chain length for both PFSAs and PFCAs. CONCLUSION The attachment of MOs to feed particles was assumed to account for higher PFAA levels in fermented feeds and for lower levels in the fermentation fluids. Total recovery of PFAAs was significantly lower in presence of ruminal MOs compared to experimental procedure under sterile conditions. Although, there are optimal reductive conditions for MOs in rumen, our results do not univocally indicate whether PFAAs were degraded by ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kowalczyk
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Riede
- Department Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer, Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Schafft
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Breves
- Department Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer, Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Arvaniti OS, Stasinakis AS. Review on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 524-525:81-92. [PMID: 25889547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) consist of a fully fluorinated hydrophobic alkyl chain attached to a hydrophilic end group. Due to their wide use in several industrial and household applications, they have been detected in numerous Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) during the last ten years. The present review reports the occurrence of 22 PFCs (C4-C14, C16, C18 carboxylates; C4-C8 and C10 sulfonates; 3 sulfonamides) in municipal or/and industrial wastewater, originating from 24 monitoring studies. PFCs levels in sewage sludge have also been reported using data from 12 studies. Most of the above monitoring data originate from the USA, North Europe and Asia and concern perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), while limited information is available from Mediterranean area, Canada and Australia. PFCs concentrations range up to some hundreds ng/L and some thousands ng/g dry weight in raw wastewater and sludge, respectively. They are not significantly removed during secondary biological treatment, while their concentrations in treated wastewater are often higher compared to raw sewage. Their biodegradation during wastewater treatment does not seem possible; whereas some recent studies have noted the potential transformation of precursor compounds to PFCs during biological wastewater treatment. PFCs sorption onto sludge has been studied in depth and seems to be an important mechanism governing their removal in STPs. Concerning tertiary treatment technologies, significant PFCs removal has been observed using activated carbon, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis or applying advanced oxidation and reduction processes. Most of these studies have been conducted using pure water, while in many cases the experiments have been performed under extreme laboratory conditions (high concentrations, high radiation source, temperature or pressure). Future efforts should be focused on better understanding of biotransformation processes occurred in aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors and result to PFCs formation and on the application of advanced treatment technologies under conditions commonly found in STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Arvaniti
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
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24
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Liu K, Zhang S, Hu X, Zhang K, Roy A, Yu G. Understanding the Adsorption of PFOA on MIL-101(Cr)-Based Anionic-Exchange Metal-Organic Frameworks: Comparing DFT Calculations with Aqueous Sorption Experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8657-8665. [PMID: 26066631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effects of different functionalization methods on adsorption behavior, anionic-exchange MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized using preassembled modification (PAM) and postsynthetic modification (PSM) methods. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) adsorption results indicated that the maximum PFOA adsorption capacity was 1.19 and 1.89 mmol g(-1) for anionic-exchange MIL-101(Cr) prepared by PAM and PSM, respectively. The sorption equilibrium was rapidly reached within 60 min. Our results indicated that PSM is a better modification technique for introducing functional groups onto MOFs for adsorptive removal because PAM places functional groups onto the aperture of the nanopore, which hinders the entrance of organic contaminants. Our experimental results and the results of complementary density functional theory calculations revealed that in addition to the anion-exchange mechanism, the major PFOA adsorption mechanism is a combination of Lewis acid/base complexation between PFOA and Cr(III) and electrostatic interaction between PFOA and the protonated carboxyl groups of the bdc (terephthalic acid) linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiyue Hu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kunyang Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ajay Roy
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ribeiro AR, Nunes OC, Pereira MFR, Silva AMT. An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 75:33-51. [PMID: 25461413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a recognized issue of major concern since a wide range of contaminants has been found in aquatic environment at ngL(-1) to μgL(-1) levels. In the year 2000, a strategy was defined to identify the priority substances concerning aquatic ecosystems, followed by the definition of environmental quality standards (EQS) in 2008. Recently it was launched the Directive 2013/39/EU that updates the water framework policy highlighting the need to develop new water treatment technologies to deal with such problem. This review summarizes the data published in the last decade regarding the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to treat priority compounds and certain other pollutants defined in this Directive, excluding the inorganic species (cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel and their derivatives). The Directive 2013/39/EU includes several pesticides (aldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, dicofol, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, isodrin, heptachlor, lindane, pentachlorophenol, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, dichlorvos, atrazine, simazine, terbutryn, diuron, isoproturon, trifluralin, cypermethrin, alachlor), solvents (dichloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and its derivatives (PFOS), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenol and octylphenol, as well as the three compounds included in the recommendation for the first watch list of substances (diclofenac, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 17-beta-estradiol (E2)). Some particular pesticides (aclonifen, bifenox, cybutryne, quinoxyfen), organotin compounds (tributyltin), dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, brominated diphenylethers, hexabromocyclododecanes and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate are also defined in this Directive, but studies dealing with AOPs are missing. AOPs are recognized tools to destroy recalcitrant compounds or, at least, to transform them into biodegradable species. Diuron (a phenylurea herbicide) and atrazine (from the triazine chemical class) are the most studied pesticides from Directive 2013/39/EU. Fenton-based processes are the most frequently applied to treat priority compounds in water and their efficiency typically increases with the operating temperature as well as under UV or solar light. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is the second most used treatment to destroy pollutants defined in the Directive. Ozone alone promotes the partial oxidation of pollutants, and an increase in the effluent biodegradability, but complete mineralization of pollutants is difficult. To overcome this drawback, ozonation has been combined with heterogeneous catalysts, addition of H2O2, other AOPs (such as photocatalysis) or membrane technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ribeiro
- LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials - Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Olga C Nunes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel F R Pereira
- LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials - Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials - Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Trautmann AM, Schell H, Schmidt KR, Mangold KM, Tiehm A. Electrochemical degradation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 71:1569-75. [PMID: 26442500 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) represent hazardous pollutants and are frequently detected in the environment, e.g. in contaminated groundwater. PFASs are persistent to biodegradation and conventional oxidation processes such as ozonation. In this study electrochemical degradation of PFASs on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes is demonstrated. Experiments were performed with model solutions and contaminated groundwater with a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of 13 mg/L. The perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) perfluorobutanoate, perfluoropentanoate, perfluorohexanoate, perfluoroheptanoate and perfluorooctanoate, and the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate were detected in the groundwater samples. At PFAS concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 34 mg/L (0.7 to 79 μM), the degradation of PFASs was achieved despite of the high DOC background. Pseudo first-order kinetic constants of PFSA degradation increased with the increase of carbon chain length. Fluoride formation as well as the generation of PFCAs with shortened chain lengths was observed. Inorganic byproducts such as perchlorate were also formed and have to be considered in further process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Trautmann
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, DVGW-Water Technology Center (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
| | - H Schell
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, DVGW-Water Technology Center (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
| | - K R Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, DVGW-Water Technology Center (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
| | - K-M Mangold
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Tiehm
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, DVGW-Water Technology Center (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
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27
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Du Z, Deng S, Bei Y, Huang Q, Wang B, Huang J, Yu G. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of perfluorinated compounds on various adsorbents--a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 274:443-54. [PMID: 24813664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have drawn great attention recently due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments and potential toxic to animals and human beings. Adsorption not only is an effective technology to remove PFCs from water or wastewater, but also affects PFC distribution at solid-liquid interfaces and their fate in aquatic environments. This article reviews the adsorption behavior of different PFCs (mainly perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate) on various adsorptive materials. Some effective adsorbents are introduced in detail in terms of their preparation, characteristics, effects of solution chemistry and PFC properties on adsorption. Adsorption mechanisms of PFCs on different adsorbents are summarized, and various interactions including electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, ligand exchange, and hydrogen bond are fully reviewed. The adsorbents with amine groups generally have high adsorption capacity for PFCs, and formation of micelles/hemi-micelles plays an important role in achieving high adsorption capacity of perfluorinated surfactants on some porous adsorbents. Hydrophobic interaction is mainly responsible for PFC adsorption, but the difference between PFCs and traditional hydrocarbons has not clearly clarified. This review paper would be helpful for the preparation of effective adsorbents for PFC removal and understanding interfacial process of PFCs during their transport and fate in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Du
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yue Bei
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Huang
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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28
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Chen HY, Liao W, Wu BZ, Nian H, Chiu K, Yak HK. Removing perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid from solid matrices, paper, fabrics, and sand by mineral acid suppression and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:179-184. [PMID: 22748389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from solid matrices has received considerable attention because of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of these compounds. This study presents a simple method using concentrated HNO(3) as a suppression agent, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO(2)) extraction for removing PFOS and PFOA from solid matrices. The optimal conditions were 16 M HNO(3) and 20% (v/v) methanol containing Sc-CO(2), under a pressure of 20.3 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. Extraction time was set at 70 min (40 min for static and 30 min for dynamic extraction). PFOA and PFOS were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies (with double extractions) were close to 100% for PFOA and 80% for PFOS for both paper and fabric matrices. The extraction efficiencies for sand were approximately 77% for PFOA and 59% for PFOS. The results show that this method is accurate, and effective, and that it provides a promising and convenient approach to remediate the environment of hazardous PFOA and PFOS contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Tao-Yuan 320, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Calza P, Medana C, Raso E, Giancotti V, Minero C. Characterization of phenazone transformation products on light-activated TiO2 surface by high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2923-2932. [PMID: 21913271 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The paper examines the transformation of phenazone (2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one), a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, under simulated solar irradiation in pure water, using titanium dioxide, and in river water. High-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to monitor the evolution of photoinduced processes. Initially, laboratory experiments were performed to simulate drug-transformation pathways in aqueous solution, using TiO(2) as photocatalyst. Thirteen main phenazone transformation products were detected, and full analysis of their MS and MS(n) spectra identified the diverse isobaric species. All these transformation products were themselves easily degraded, and no compounds were recognized to remain until 1h of irradiation. From these findings, a tentative degradation pathway is proposed to account for the photoinduced transformation of phenazone in natural waters. These simulation experiments were verified in the field, seeking phenazone in River Po water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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30
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats, mice, and monkeys. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 33:428-440. [PMID: 21889587 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) has been found in biological samples in wildlife and humans. The geometric mean half-life of serum elimination of PFOS in humans has been estimated to be 4.8 years (95% CI, 4.0-5.8). A series of studies was undertaken to establish pharmacokinetic parameters for PFOS in rats, mice, and monkeys after single oral and/or IV administration of K(+)PFOS. Animals were followed for up to 23 weeks, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by WinNonlin® software. Rats and mice appeared to be more effective at eliminating PFOS than monkeys. The serum elimination half-lives in the rodent species were on the order of 1-2 months; whereas, in monkeys, the serum elimination half lives approximated 4 months. Collectively, these studies provide valuable insight for human health risk assessment regarding the potential for accumulation of body burden in humans on repeated exposure to PFOS and PFOS-generating materials.
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31
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Deng S, Zhou Q, Yu G, Huang J, Fan Q. Removal of perfluorooctanoate from surface water by polyaluminium chloride coagulation. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1774-1780. [PMID: 21163511 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been detected in surface water all over the world, and little is known of its removal by coagulation in water treatment plants. In this study, polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was used to remove PFOA from surface water, and the effects of coagulant dose, solution pH, temperature, and initial turbidity on the removal of both PFOA and suspended solids (SS) from water were investigated. Since the SS had high sorption affinity for PFOA, most PFOA was adsorbed on the particles and removed via the SS removal in the coagulation process. PFOA concentrations in aqueous phase decreased with increasing initial turbidity and PACl dose, while they increased with increasing solution pH and temperature. Other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) with different C-F chain lengths and functional groups were also compared with PFOA. It was proved that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in the adsorption of PFOA on the SS. The addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) before the coagulation process significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of PFOA in water, and the residual PFOA concentrations in water were less than 1 μg/L after the addition of 1-16 mg/L PAC and subsequent coagulation when the initial PFOA concentrations were in the range of 0.5-3 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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