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Gil-Sánchez A, Gonzalo H, Canudes M, Nogueras L, González-Mingot C, Valcheva P, Torres P, Serrano JC, Peralta S, Solana MJ, Brieva L. Can Glatiramer Acetate Prevent Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Oxidative Stress in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:459. [PMID: 38675419 PMCID: PMC11053874 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation, often accompanied by cognitive impairment. This study aims (1) to investigate the potential of glatiramer acetate (GA) as a therapy for preventing cognitive decline in patients with MS (pwMS) by modulating oxidative stress (OS) and (2) to seek out the differences in cognition between pwMS in a cohort exhibiting good clinical evolution and control subjects (CS). An exploratory, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional case-control study was conducted, involving three groups at a 1:1:1 ratio-41 GA-treated pwMS, 42 untreated pwMS, and 42 CS. The participants performed a neuropsychological battery and underwent venepuncture for blood sampling. The inclusion criteria required an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of ≤3.0 and a minimum of 5 years of MS disease. Concerning cognition, the CS had a better performance than the pwMS (p = <0.0001), and between those treated and untreated with GA, no statistically significant differences were found. Regarding oxidation, no statistically significant differences were detected. Upon categorizing the pwMS into cognitively impaired and cognitively preserved groups, the lactate was elevated in the pwMS with cognitive preservation (p = 0.038). The pwMS exhibited a worse cognitive performance than the CS. The pwMS treated with GA did not show an improvement in oxidation. Lactate emerged as a potential biomarker for cognitive preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil-Sánchez
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Hugo Gonzalo
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Marc Canudes
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Lara Nogueras
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Cristina González-Mingot
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Petya Valcheva
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Pascual Torres
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Jose Carlos Serrano
- NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Silvia Peralta
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria José Solana
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Luis Brieva
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (H.G.); (M.C.); (L.N.); (C.G.-M.); (P.V.); (S.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
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Akyol O, Akyol S, Chou MC, Chen S, Liu CK, Selek S, Soares JC, Chen CH. Lipids and lipoproteins may play a role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1275932. [PMID: 38033552 PMCID: PMC10687420 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1275932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other classes of dementia are important public health problems with overwhelming social, physical, and financial effects for patients, society, and their families and caregivers. The pathophysiology of AD is poorly understood despite the extensive number of clinical and experimental studies. The brain's lipid-rich composition is linked to disturbances in lipid homeostasis, often associated with glucose and lipid abnormalities in various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Moreover, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels may be related to a higher probability of AD. Here, we hypothesize that lipids, and electronegative LDL (L5) in particular, may be involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Although changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and glucose levels are seen in AD, the cause remains unknown. We believe that L5-the most electronegative subfraction of LDL-may be a crucial factor in understanding the involvement of lipids in AD pathology. LDL and L5 are internalized by cells through different receptors and mechanisms that trigger separate intracellular pathways. One of the receptors involved in L5 internalization, LOX-1, triggers apoptotic pathways. Aging is associated with dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, and it is believed that alterations in lipid metabolism contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Proposed mechanisms of lipid dysregulation in AD include mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disease, neuronal signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which lead ultimately to memory loss through deficiency of synaptic integration. Several lipid species and their receptors have essential functions in AD pathogenesis and may be potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Akyol
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shioulan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Salih Selek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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Hesar Shourkabi M, Ghobeh M, Jafary H. Benzenesulfonamide as a novel, pharmaceutical small molecule inhibitor on Aβ gene expression and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 674:154-161. [PMID: 37421923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent acute neurodegenerative disease described by memory loss and other cognitive functions. Benzenesulfonamide, a novel, potent, and small organic molecule, was synthesized to investigate its effects on the levels of oxidative biomarkers (GPx, ROS, and MDA) and expression of beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) in the pathology of AD. The results were compared with the rivastigmine drug. Applying benzenesulfonamide to Alzheimer's-induced Wistar rats showed a significant increase in the level of oxidative biomarkers (GPx, ROS, and MDA) in both the brain and blood serum as well as amyloid-β40 and 42 gene expressions. Therefore, benzenesulfonamide could be considered a novel therapeutic agent against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Ghobeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hanieh Jafary
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Lee EG, Leong L, Chen S, Tulloch J, Yu CE. APOE Locus-Associated Mitochondrial Function and Its Implication in Alzheimer's Disease and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10440. [PMID: 37445616 PMCID: PMC10341489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) locus has garnered significant clinical interest because of its association with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and longevity. This genetic association appears across multiple genes in the APOE locus. Despite the apparent differences between AD and longevity, both conditions share a commonality of aging-related changes in mitochondrial function. This commonality is likely due to accumulative biological effects partly exerted by the APOE locus. In this study, we investigated changes in mitochondrial structure/function-related markers using oxidative stress-induced human cellular models and postmortem brains (PMBs) from individuals with AD and normal controls. Our results reveal a range of expressional alterations, either upregulated or downregulated, in these genes in response to oxidative stress. In contrast, we consistently observed an upregulation of multiple APOE locus genes in all cellular models and AD PMBs. Additionally, the effects of AD status on mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA CN) varied depending on APOE genotype. Our findings imply a potential coregulation of APOE locus genes possibly occurring within the same topologically associating domain (TAD) of the 3D chromosome conformation. The coordinated expression of APOE locus genes could impact mitochondrial function, contributing to the development of AD or longevity. Our study underscores the significant role of the APOE locus in modulating mitochondrial function and provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of AD and aging, emphasizing the importance of this locus in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Lee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Lesley Leong
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Sunny Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Jessica Tulloch
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Xie D, Deng T, Zhai Z, Qin T, Song C, Xu Y, Sun T. Moschus exerted protective activity against H 2O 2-induced cell injury in PC12 cells through regulating Nrf-2/ARE signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114290. [PMID: 36708701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are irreversible memory loss and progressive cognitive decline, eventually causing death from brain failure. In the various proposed hypotheses of AD, oxidative stress is also regarded as a symbolic pathophysiologic cascade contributing to brain diseases. Using Chinese herbal medicine may be beneficial for treating and preventing AD. As a rare and valuable animal medicine, Moschus possesses antioxidant and antiapoptotic efficacy and is extensively applied for treating unconsciousness, stroke, coma, and cerebrovascular diseases. We aim to evaluate whether Moschus protects PC12 cells from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cellular injury. The chemical constituents of Moschus are analyzed by GC-MS assay. The cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels, oxidative stress-related indicators, and apoptotic proteins are determined. Through GC-MS analysis, nineteen active contents were identified. The cell viability loss, lactate dehydrogenase releases, MMP levels, ROS productions, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) activities decreased, and BAX, Caspase-3, and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 expression also significantly down-regulated and heme oxygenase 1, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and quinine oxidoreductase 1 expression upregulated after pretreatment of Moschus. The result indicated Moschus has neuroprotective activity in relieving H2O2-induced cellular damage, and the potential mechanism might be associated with regulating the Nrf-2/ARE signaling pathway. A more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of Moschus in the pathogenesis of AD will provide a fundamental basis for in vivo AD animal model research, which may be able to provide further insights and new targets for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Ting Deng
- Jintang Second People' s Hospital, Chengdu 610404, China.
| | - Zhenwei Zhai
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Tao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Caiyou Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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6
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Choi IY, Taylor MK, Lee P, Alhayek SA, Bechtel M, Hamilton-Reeves J, Spaeth K, Adany P, Sullivan DK. Milk intake enhances cerebral antioxidant (glutathione) concentration in older adults: A randomized controlled intervention study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:811650. [PMID: 36046132 PMCID: PMC9421260 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.811650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), is a key factor in the antioxidant defense mechanism against oxidative stress and aging-related functional declines. Our previous observational study showed positive correlations between brain GSH concentrations and dairy food consumption, particularly milk (p < 0.001), in older adults. Objective To investigate whether a recommended amount of milk intake (3 cups/day) in low dairy consumers enhances brain GSH concentrations through an intervention trial. Methods Seventy-three older adults (60–89 years) with a low dairy intake (≤1.5 servings/day) were randomized (5:2 ratio) in this 3-month randomized clinical trial. The intervention group was provided 1% milk weekly and instructed to consume 3 cups of milk/day for 3 months while the control group continued their habitual intake of total dairy ≤ 1.5 servings/day (<1 cup of milk/day). Brain GSH concentrations were measured in the fronto-parietal region using our unique 3 T magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging technique at baseline and 3 months. Results Among 73 randomized participants, 66 participants (49 intervention; 17 controls) completed the study. Milk intake in the intervention group increased from 0.2 ± 0.3 cups/day to 3.0 ± 0.6 cups/day (p < 0.001) between baseline and the end of the study, while milk intake in the control group did not differ throughout the study duration (0.4 ± 0.4 cups/day). The intervention group showed increases in brain GSH concentrations by 7.4 ± 11.7% (p < 0.001) in parietal and 4.7 ± 9.8% (p = 0.003) in fronto-parietal regions, and 4.6 ± 8.7% (p < 0.001) in overall brain concentration after the intervention compared with baseline, while the control group showed no changes. Conclusion This study provides evidence that milk serves as a good dietary source to increase and/or restore brain GSH concentrations in older adults. Identifying dietary sources that effectively enhance antioxidant defenses and neuroprotection could lead to the development of new strategies to promote brain health in the aging population. Clinical trial registration [https://ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT02957422].
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Matthew K Taylor
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Phil Lee
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sibelle Alwatchi Alhayek
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Misty Bechtel
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jill Hamilton-Reeves
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Kendra Spaeth
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Peter Adany
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Debra K Sullivan
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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YİĞİT U, KIRZIOĞLU FY, ÖZMEN Ö, UĞUZ YA. Effects of LDD and CAPE administration on total antioxidant and total oxidant levels in experimental periodontitis model of rat brain. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2022. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.1052586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Kunutsor SK, Isiozor NM, Voutilainen A, Laukkanen JA. Handgrip strength and risk of cognitive outcomes: new prospective study and meta-analysis of 16 observational cohort studies. GeroScience 2022; 44:2007-2024. [PMID: 35013908 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Handgrip strength (HGS), a measure of muscular strength, might be a risk indicator for cognitive functioning, but the evidence is not consistent. Using a new prospective study and meta-analysis of published observational cohort studies, we aimed to evaluate the prospective associations of HGS with poor cognitive outcomes including cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Handgrip strength, measured using a Martin-Balloon-Vigorimeter, was assessed at baseline in a population-based sample of 852 men and women with good cognitive function in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease cohort. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for cognitive outcomes. Relevant published studies were sought in MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science from inception until October 2021 and pooled using random effects meta-analysis. During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 229 dementia cases were recorded. Comparing extreme tertiles of HGS, the multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI) for dementia, AD and vascular dementia was 0.77 (0.55-1.07), 0.75 (0.52-1.10) and 0.49 (0.16-1.48), respectively. In a meta-analysis of 16 population-based prospective cohort studies (including the current study) comprising 180,920 participants, the pooled multivariable adjusted relative risks (95% CIs) comparing the top vs bottom thirds of HGS levels were as follows: 0.58 (0.52-0.65) for cognitive impairment; 0.37 (0.07-1.85) for cognitive decline; 0.73 (0.62-0.86) for dementia; 0.68 (0.53-0.87) for AD; and 0.48 (0.32-0.73) for vascular dementia. GRADE quality of evidence ranged from low to very low. Meta-analysis of aggregate prospective data suggests that HGS may be a risk indicator for poor cognitive outcomes such as cognitive impairment, dementia and AD. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO 2021: CRD42021237750.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor K Kunutsor
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK. .,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4WP, UK. .,Department of Medicine, Central Finland Health Care District Hospital District, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Nzechukwu M Isiozor
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Department of Medicine, Central Finland Health Care District Hospital District, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Lionaki E, Ploumi C, Tavernarakis N. One-Carbon Metabolism: Pulling the Strings behind Aging and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020214. [PMID: 35053330 PMCID: PMC8773781 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism (OCM) is a network of biochemical reactions delivering one-carbon units to various biosynthetic pathways. The folate cycle and methionine cycle are the two key modules of this network that regulate purine and thymidine synthesis, amino acid homeostasis, and epigenetic mechanisms. Intersection with the transsulfuration pathway supports glutathione production and regulation of the cellular redox state. Dietary intake of micronutrients, such as folates and amino acids, directly contributes to OCM, thereby adapting the cellular metabolic state to environmental inputs. The contribution of OCM to cellular proliferation during development and in adult proliferative tissues is well established. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence reveals the pivotal role of OCM in cellular homeostasis of non-proliferative tissues and in coordination of signaling cascades that regulate energy homeostasis and longevity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on OCM and related pathways and discuss how this metabolic network may impact longevity and neurodegeneration across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Lionaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (E.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Christina Ploumi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (E.L.); (C.P.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (E.L.); (C.P.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-391069
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10
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Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA, Kauhanen J, Willeit P. Physical activity may not be associated with long-term risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13415. [PMID: 32991743 PMCID: PMC7988584 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is well established that physical activity is associated with reduced risk of vascular and nonvascular outcomes as well as mortality, evidence on the association between physical activity and dementia is inconsistent. We aimed to assess the associations of physical activity with the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). MATERIAL AND METHODS We analysed data on 2394 apparently healthy men with good baseline cognitive function from the prospective population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease study. We assessed habits of physical activity at baseline using a 12-month leisure time physical activity (LTPA) questionnaire. Using Cox regression, we calculated hazard ratios adjusted for body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, history of type-2 diabetes, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alcohol consumption, history of coronary heart disease and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 24.9 years (interquartile range: 18.3-26.9), 208 men developed dementia and 128 developed AD. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for dementia comparing top vs bottom tertiles of physical activity were 0.97 (95% confidence intervals: 0.69-1.38) for total physical activity volume, 0.96 (0.69-1.34) for conditioning LTPA volume and 1.13 (0.80-1.61) for total LTPA volume. Corresponding hazard ratios for AD were 1.19 (0.76-1.85), 0.98 (0.64-1.49) and 1.22 (0.77-1.93). Associations were consistent in analyses restricted to participants with ≥10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged Caucasian men, various physical activity exposures were not associated with all-cause dementia or AD. Future studies should address biases due to reverse causation and regression dilution and should involve objective measures of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor K Kunutsor
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Central Finland Health Care District Hospital District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Tang Z, Chen X, Zhang W, Sun X, Hou Q, Li Y, Feng X, Chen Y, Lv J, Ji L, Ding G, Li D. Association Between Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Women. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:630409. [PMID: 33643024 PMCID: PMC7902766 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.630409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dementia, as a global public health problem, is becoming increasingly serious. As a precursor of dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) plays an important role in the diagnosis and prevention of dementia. Recent studies have found a correlation between gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels and cognitive function in men. The relationship between GGT levels and cognitive function in women remains unclear because GGT activity and expression differ between the sexes. Method: We recruited a total of 2,943 Chinese women from Jidong and Taian in 2019. We grouped the participants according to GGT levels, diagnosed MCI using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) scale, and modeled the study outcomes using logistic regression to explore the relationship between GGT level and MCI. We also analyzed the interaction of obesity, sleep duration, and hyperuricemia with GGT in the development of MCI. Results: The prevalence of MCI increased with increasing GGT level, from the lowest quartile to the highest quartile of GGT: 8.4% (66/786), 14.2% (119/840), 17.6% (108/613), and 21.4% (151/704), respectively. At the same time, as GGT levels increased, so did the risk of MCI. In the fully adjusted model, compared with those for participants in the lowest GGT quartiles, the odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MCI for participants in the second, third, and fourth GGT quartiles were 1.49 (1.04-2.12), 1.53(1.06-2.21), and 1.88 (1.33-2.65), respectively. The risk of developing MCI was further increased in people with high GGT levels who were obese (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.39-2.76, P < 0.001), slept less (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.35-2.71, P < 0.001), had high levels of uric acid (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.03-2.32, P < 0.001), or after menopause (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 2.07-4.12, P < 0.001). Conclusion: We found that MCI is more common in women with elevated GGT levels, so GGT could be a potential diagnostic marker for MCI. Meanwhile, our findings indicated that women with high GGT levels had an increased risk of MCI when they were obese, sleep deprived, had high serum uric acid (SUA) levels or underwent menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Wenran Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | | | - Qingzhi Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Xia Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Long Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
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12
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Bagheri F, Rashedi V. Simultaneous exposure to noise and carbon monoxide increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a literature review. Med Gas Res 2020; 10:85-90. [PMID: 32541134 PMCID: PMC7885712 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.285562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome of cognitive and functional decline, commonly occurring in later life as a result of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular processes beginning earlier in the life course. An excess of free radicals has an essential role in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. This paper aims to review the effects of noise and carbon monoxide as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease as well as the role of free radicals in the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Articles included in this review were identified through a search of the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the search terms Alzheimer's disease, dementia, noise, reactive oxygen species, and Carbon Monoxide. The literature search was restricted to the years 1982 to 2020 and articles published in the English language. The metabolism rate of the body is very high when exposed to noise and carbon monoxide; this leads to overproduction of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress conditions. Oxidative stress has an essential role in the mechanisms concerned in Alzheimer's disease. In addition to the consequences of noise and a chemical substance on the auditory system, they also have non-auditory effects that affect the brain and induced neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Bagheri
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Oxidative Damage of DNA as Early Marker of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246136. [PMID: 31817451 PMCID: PMC6940966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and its characteristic histopathological hallmarks are neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. Among involved mechanisms, oxidative stress plays an important role in damaging cell components (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids). In this study, different oxidized products of proteins and DNA were determined in the urine samples from mild cognitive impairment due to AD patients (n = 53) and healthy controls (n = 27) by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A multivariate model developed by partial least squares generated a diagnostic model for AD with an AUC-ROC (area under the curve-receiver operating characteristic) of 0.843. From the studied analytes, 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine) and the ratio 8-OHdG/2dG (2’-deoxyguanosine) were able to distinguish between AD and healthy participants, showing statistically significant differences between groups, postulating DNA oxidation as a molecular pathway involved in early AD.
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14
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Shen L, Xia S, Zhang H, Yao F, Liu X, Zhao Y, Ying M, Iqbal J, Liu Q. Precision Medicine: Role of Biomarkers in Early Prediction and Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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15
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Fattoretti P, Malavolta M, Fabbietti P, Papa R, Giacconi R, Costarelli L, Galeazzi R, Paoloni C, Postacchini D, Lattanzio F, Giuli C. Oxidative Stress in Elderly with Different Cognitive Status: My Mind Project. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1405-1414. [PMID: 29843238 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of oxidative stress have been associated with cognitive status in humans and have been proposed to guide prognosis/treatment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare oxidative stress status in the plasma of mild-moderate AD, MCI, and healthy elderly with normal cognition (HE) undergoing a non-pharmacological intervention including multi-modal cognitive training ("My Mind Project"). METHODS A prospective randomized trial involving 321 elderly people enrolled in Marche Region, Italy. Each subject was randomly assigned to an experimental (cognitive training) or to a control group. Cognitive performances and biomarkers have been analyzed before intervention (baseline), immediately after termination (follow-up 1), after 6 months (follow-up 2), and after 2 years (follow-up 3). The biological antioxidant potential (BAP) to Diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) ratio has been used as an indicator of oxidative stress status and as outcome variable. RESULTS We have found no differences in the oxidative status among AD, MCI, and HE. Neither did we find a significant effect of the intervention within experimental groups. Gender was the sole factor with a strong significant effect on BAP/d-ROM. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the utility of biomarkers of oxidative stress to guide prognosis/treatment in AD or MCI seems to be limited by lack of specificity, large interindividual variability, and gender bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Fattoretti
- Cellular Bioenergetics Laboratory, Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Fabbietti
- Unit of Geriatric Pharmacoepidemiology, INRCA-IRCCS, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Papa
- Centre of Socio-Economic Gerontological Research, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Costarelli
- Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostics, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostics, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Cinzia Giuli
- Geriatrics Operative Unit, INRCA-IRCCS, Fermo, Italy
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16
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Mullan K, Cardwell CR, McGuinness B, Woodside JV, McKay GJ. Plasma Antioxidant Status in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitively Intact Elderly: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:305-317. [PMID: 29439339 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum antioxidants may afford neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via correction of the pro-oxidative imbalance but findings reported have been inconsistent. We compared the pooled mean difference in serum levels of ten dietary antioxidants between patients with AD and cognitively intact controls from 52 studies in meta-analyses using random-effects models. Patients with AD had significantly lower plasma levels of α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, vitamin A, C, and E, and uric acid. No significant difference was observed for plasma levels of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin. Considerable heterogeneity was detected across studies. The lower serum levels of dietary antioxidants from the carotene and vitamin subclasses observed in individuals with AD suggest reduced systemic availability of these subclasses in this prevalent form of dementia. To our knowledge, these are the first meta-analyses to demonstrate lower serum lycopene and to evaluate β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin levels in AD. In light of the significant heterogeneity detected across studies, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of the data and therapeutic intervention approaches considered through supplementation measures. Our data may better inform interventions to improve antioxidant status in a condition of major public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Mullan
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Chris R Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Jayne V Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gareth J McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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17
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Prendecki M, Florczak-Wyspianska J, Kowalska M, Ilkowski J, Grzelak T, Bialas K, Wiszniewska M, Kozubski W, Dorszewska J. Biothiols and oxidative stress markers and polymorphisms of TOMM40 and APOC1 genes in Alzheimer's disease patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35207-35225. [PMID: 30443289 PMCID: PMC6219666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disease, with frequently observed improper biothiols turnover, homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH). GSH protects cells from oxidative stress and may be determined by 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo2dG) level and its repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). The presence of unfavorable alleles, e.g., in APOE cluster, TOMM40 or APOC1 is known to facilitate the dementia onset under oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to analyze rs1052452, rs2075650 TOMM40 polymorphisms, rs4420638 APOC1, and their correlation with Hcy, GSH, 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 levels in plasma of AD patients and controls. We recruited 230 individuals: 88 AD, 80 controls without (UC), 62 controls with (RC) positive family history of AD. The TOMM40 genotype was determined by HRM and capillary electrophoresis, while APOC1 by HRM. The concentrations of OGG1, 8-oxo2dG were determined by ELISA, whereas Hcy, GSH by HPLC/EC. We showed that over 60% of AD patients had increased Hcy levels (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC), while GSH (p<0.01 vs. UC), 8-oxo2dG (p<0.01 vs. UC, p<0.001 vs. RC) were reduced. Minor variants: rs10524523-L, rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G were significantly overrepresented in AD. For rs4420638-G, rs2075650-G variants, the association remained significant in APOE E4 non-carriers. The misbalance of analyzed biothiols, and 8-oxo2dG, OGG1 were more pronounced in carriers of major variants: rs10524523-S/VL, rs4420638-A, rs2075650-A. We showed, for the first time, that APOC1 and TOMM40 rs2075650 polymorphisms may be independent risk factors of developing AD, whose major variants are accompanied by disruption of biothiols metabolism and inefficient removal of DNA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Prendecki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Marta Kowalska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Ilkowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Teresa Grzelak
- Division of Biology of Civilization-Linked Diseases, Department of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bialas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wiszniewska
- Faculty of Health Care, Stanislaw Staszic University of Applied Sciences in Pila, Pila, Poland.,Department of Neurology, Specialistic Hospital in Pila, Pila, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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18
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Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA, Burgess S. Genetically elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase and Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2018; 106:61-66. [PMID: 29505811 PMCID: PMC5915296 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Observational epidemiological evidence supports a linear and independent association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentrations and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causality of this association has not been previously investigated. We sought to assess the causal nature of this association using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Using inverse-variance weighted MR analysis, we assessed the association between GGT and AD using summary statistics for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-AD associations obtained from the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project of 17,008 individuals with AD and 37,154 controls. We used 26 SNPs significantly associated with GGT in a previous genome-wide association study on liver enzymes as instruments. Sensitivity analyses to account for potential genetic pleiotropy included MR-Egger and weighted median MR. The odds ratio of AD was 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 1.22; p = 0.10) per one standard deviation genetically elevated GGT based on all 26 SNPs. The results were similar in both MR-Egger and weighted median MR methods. Overall, our findings cannot confirm a strong causal effect of GGT on AD risk. Further MR investigations using individual-level data are warranted to confirm or rule out causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor K Kunutsor
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Learning & Research Building (Level 1), Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Central Finland Health Care District Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0SR, UK; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB1 8RN, UK
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19
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Robinson N, Grabowski P, Rehman I. Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: Is there a role for folate? Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 174:86-94. [PMID: 29037490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, including changes in DNA methylation, have been implicated in a wide range of diseases including neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's. The role of dietary folate in providing methyl groups required for maintenance and modulation of DNA methylation makes it a nutrient of interest in Alzheimer's. Late onset Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and at present its aetiology is largely undetermined. From epidemiological studies, the interactions between folate, B-vitamins and homocysteine as well as the long latency period has led to difficulties in interpretation of the data, thus current evidence exploring the role of dietary folate in Alzheimer's is contradictory and unresolved. Therefore, examining the effects at a molecular level and exploring potential epigenetic mechanisms could increase our understanding of the disease and aetiology. The aim of this review is to examine the role that folate could play in Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and will focus on the effects of folate on DNA methylation which link to disease pathology, initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natassia Robinson
- Institute of Health & Society, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Grabowski
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ishtiaq Rehman
- Academic Urology Unit, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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20
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Pu Z, Xu W, Lin Y, He J, Huang M. Oxidative Stress Markers and Metal Ions are Correlated With Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2017; 32:353-359. [PMID: 28554217 PMCID: PMC10852590 DOI: 10.1177/1533317517709549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated oxidative stress markers and metal ions in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The serum levels of ceruloplasmin (CER), C-reactive protein (CRP), uric acid (UA), homocysteine (Hcy), copper, iron, and zinc were determined in 125 patients with AD (mild, n = 2 8; moderate, n = 42; and severe, n = 55) and 40 healthy control (HC) participants. Compared to HC, CER and UA levels were significantly lower in moderate and severe AD groups, whereas CRP and Hcy levels were significantly higher in the severe AD group. Copper level was significantly higher in moderate and severe AD groups than the other groups. Compared to HC, iron level was significantly higher in patients with AD, whereas zinc level was significantly lower in patients with AD. In patients with AD, the severity of cognitive impairment was positively correlated with CER, UA, and zinc levels, whereas it was negatively correlated with copper level. Taken together, our findings provide a novel approach to assess AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Pu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangci Hospital of Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Third People’s Hospital of Tongxiang, Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangci Hospital of Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jincai He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Mental Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Peauger L, Azzouz R, Gembus V, Ţînţaş ML, Sopková-de Oliveira Santos J, Bohn P, Papamicaël C, Levacher V. Donepezil-Based Central Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors by Means of a “Bio-Oxidizable” Prodrug Strategy: Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5909-5926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Peauger
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François
Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Rabah Azzouz
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François
Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Gembus
- VFP Therapies, 15 rue François
Couperin, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mihaela-Liliana Ţînţaş
- Normandie
Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Univ Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Jana Sopková-de Oliveira Santos
- Centre
d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Université de Caen, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Bohn
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Henri Becquerel Cancer Center and Rouen University
Hospital and QuantIF LITIS (Equipe d’Accueil (EA) 4108-Federation
Recherche (FR) National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) 3638),
Faculty of Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen 76821, France
| | - Cyril Papamicaël
- Normandie
Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Univ Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Levacher
- Normandie
Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Univ Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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22
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Navigatore-Fonzo L, Castro A, Pignataro V, Garraza M, Casais M, Anzulovich AC. Daily rhythms of cognition-related factors are modified in an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 2017; 1660:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Laukkanen T, Kunutsor S, Kauhanen J, Laukkanen JA. Sauna bathing is inversely associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease in middle-aged Finnish men. Age Ageing 2017; 46:245-249. [PMID: 27932366 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afw212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background there are no previous studies linking repeated heat exposure of sauna and the risk of memory diseases. We aimed to investigate whether frequency of sauna bathing is associated with risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Setting prospective population-based study. Methods the frequency of sauna bathing was assessed at baseline in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease population-based prospective cohort study of 2,315 apparently healthy men aged 42-60 years at baseline, with baseline examinations conducted between 1984 and 1989. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dementia and Alzheimer's disease were ascertained using Cox-regression modelling with adjustment for potential confounders. Results during a median follow-up of 20.7 (interquartile range 18.1-22.6) years, a total of 204 and 123 diagnosed cases of dementia and Alzheimer's disease were respectively recorded. In analysis adjusted for age, alcohol consumption, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, Type 2 diabetes, previous myocardial infarction, resting heart rate and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with men with only 1 sauna bathing session per week, the HR for dementia was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.57-1.06) for 2-3 sauna bathing sessions per week and 0.34 (95% CI: 0.16-0.71) for 4-7 sauna bathing sessions per week. The corresponding HRs for Alzheimer's disease were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.53-1.20) and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.14-0.90). Conclusion in this male population, moderate to high frequency of sauna bathing was associated with lowered risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Further studies are warranted to establish the potential mechanisms linking sauna bathing and memory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjaniina Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Setor Kunutsor
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Antero Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Kunutsor SK. Gamma-glutamyltransferase-friend or foe within? Liver Int 2016; 36:1723-1734. [PMID: 27512925 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a liver enzyme, which is located on the plasma membranes of most cells and organ tissues, but more commonly in hepatocytes, and is routinely used in clinical practice to help indicate liver injury and as a marker of excessive alcohol consumption. Among the liver enzymes, important advances have especially been made in understanding the physiological functions of GGT. The primary role of GGT is the extracellular catabolism of glutathione, the major thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells, which plays a relevant role in protecting cells against oxidants produced during normal metabolism; GGT, therefore, plays an important role in cellular defence. Beyond its physiological functions, circulating serum GGT has been linked to a remarkable array of chronic conditions and diseases, which include nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, vascular and nonvascular diseases and mortality outcomes. This review summarizes the available epidemiological and genetic evidence for the associations between GGT and these adverse outcomes, the postulated biologic mechanisms underlying these associations, outlines areas of outstanding uncertainty and the implications for clinical practice.
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Yuan M, Xu L, Yin X. Uric Acid and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: Is There an Association? Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2016; 31:294-5. [PMID: 26385943 PMCID: PMC10852652 DOI: 10.1177/1533317515602550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by dementia, cognitive impairment, and memory loss, and the global prevalence is increasing. Many epidemiologic studies have considered the association between uric acid and AD, yet the relationship remains elusive. The objective of this study was to validate whether or not uric acid is indeed associated with AD. We compared different prospective studies and ultimately found that it is also a controversial issue. Further higher quality prospective evidence on the relationship between uric acid and AD in different age stage are needed to determine the causal association and its exact pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Gamma glutamyltransferase and risk of future dementia in middle-aged to older Finnish men: A new prospective cohort study. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:931-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Setor K. Kunutsor
- School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital; Bristol UK
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Finland
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Redox Proteomic Profiling of Specifically Carbonylated Proteins in the Serum of Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:469. [PMID: 27077851 PMCID: PMC4848925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key event in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To investigate the role of oxidative stress in AD and to search for potential biomarkers in peripheral blood, serums were collected in this study from the 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old triple transgenic AD mice (3×Tg-AD mice) and the age- and sex-matched non-transgenic (non-Tg) littermates. The serum oxidized proteins were quantified by slot-blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate the total levels of serum protein carbonyl groups. Western blotting, in conjunction with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-Oxyblot), was employed to identify and quantify the specifically-carbonylated proteins in the serum of 3×Tg-AD mice. The results showed that the levels of serum protein carbonyls were increased in the three month old 3×Tg-AD mice compared with the non-Tg control mice, whereas no significant differences were observed in the six and 12 months old AD mice, suggesting that oxidative stress is an early event in AD progression. With the application of 2D-Oxyblot analysis, (immunoglobin) Ig gamma-2B chain C region (IGH-3), Ig lambda-2 chain C region (IGLC2), Ig kappa chain C region (IGKC), and Ig kappa chain V-V region HP R16.7 were identified as significantly oxidized proteins compared with the control. Among them IGH-3 and IGKC were validated via immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. Identification of oxidized proteins in the serums of 3×Tg-AD mice can not only reveal potential roles of those proteins in the pathogenesis of AD but also provide potential biomarkers of AD at the early stage.
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Enhui Z, Na C, MengYun L, Jia L, Dan L, Yongsheng Y, Ying Z, DeFu H. Isomers and their metabolites of endosulfan induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:496-504. [PMID: 25363902 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As an organochlorine insecticide, endosulfan has been widely banned or restricted, but it is still largely used in many developing countries. Previous studies have shown multiple adverse health effects of endosulfan. However, the neurotoxicity of endosulfan has not been fully elucidated. In this study, endosulfan isomers (α-/β-endosulfan) and their major metabolites (endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan diol, and endosulfan lactone) were, respectively, exposed to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Results showed that both α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan caused decrease of cell viability and morphological damages in a dose-dependent manner. Their median effective concentrations (EC50s) were respectively 79.6 μM (α-endosulfan) and 50.37 μM (β-endosulfan) for 72 h exposure. EC50s of α/β-endosulfan mixture were lower than that of the single isomer. However, EC50s of its metabolites were higher than that of technical endosulfan. Endosulfan and its metabolites caused increases of reactive oxygen species and the lipid peroxidation, but decrease of superoxide dismutase in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that α-endosulfan exhibits higher neurotoxicity than β-endosulfan. Mixture of endosulfan isomers shows stronger cytotoxicity than the single isomer. After endosulfan is degraded, cytotoxicity of its metabolites decreases gradually. The neurotoxicity of endosulfan and its metabolites is closely related to oxidative damage and antioxidative deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Enhui
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chen Na
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Liu MengYun
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, 3663# N ZhongShan RD, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Li Jia
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Li Dan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yang Yongsheng
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhang Ying
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - He DeFu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai, 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, 3663# N ZhongShan RD, Shanghai, 200062, China
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Khan AA, Quinn TJ, Hewitt J, Fan Y, Dawson J. Serum uric acid level and association with cognitive impairment and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:16. [PMID: 26820749 PMCID: PMC5005871 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Serum uric acid (sUA) level may be associated with cognitive impairment/dementia. It is possible this relationship varies with dementia subtype, particularly between vascular dementias (VaD) and Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PDD)-related dementia. We aimed to present a synthesis of all published data on sUA and relationship with dementia/cognition through systematic review and meta-analysis. We included studies that assessed the association between sUA and any measure of cognitive function or a clinical diagnosis of dementia. We pre-defined subgroup analyses for patients with AD, VaD, PDD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mixed or undifferentiated. We assessed risk of bias/generalizability, and where data allowed, we performed meta-analysis to describe pooled measures of association across studies. From 4811 titles, 46 papers (n = 16,688 participants) met our selection criteria. Compared to controls, sUA was lower in dementia (SDM -0.33 (95%CI)). There were differences in association by dementia type with apparent association for AD (SDM -0.33 (95%CI)) and PDD (SDM -0.67 (95%CI)) but not in cases of mixed dementia (SDM 0.19 (95%CI)) or VaD (SDM -0.05 (95%CI)). There was no correlation between scores on Mini-Mental State Examination and sUA level (summary r 0.08, p = 0.27), except in patients with PDD (r 0.16, p = 0.003). Our conclusions are limited by clinical heterogeneity and risk of bias in studies. Accepting this caveat, the relationship between sUA and dementia/cognitive impairment is not consistent across all dementia groups and in particular may differ in patients with VaD compared to other dementia subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir A Khan
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Terence J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Hewitt
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department, National Key Discipline, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Pharmacological induction of hemeoxygenase-1 activity attenuates intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced neurocognitive deficit and oxidative stress in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 772:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Effects of an antioxidant beverage on biomarkers of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's patients. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2105-16. [PMID: 26298312 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to test whether daily consumption of a beverage with high antioxidant power, combining extracts of green tea and apple over a period of 8 months, would affect blood and urinary concentrations of biomarkers of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's patients. METHODS The study included 100 subjects, 48 of them were Alzheimer's patients, aged 76.5 ± 3.5 years, and 52 were control subjects, aged 79 ± 4 years, without dementia. Three blood and urine samples were taken from each participant, the first (T i) before starting the antioxidant or placebo beverage intake, the second (T m) 4 months after the antioxidant or placebo beverage intake and the third (T f) 8 months after the antioxidant or placebo beverage intake, and concentrations of biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured on serum, lysed erythrocytes or urine by UV-Vis spectrophotometry or by competitive in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, according to the parameter analyzed. RESULTS The administration of the antioxidant beverage to the Alzheimer's patients prevented the decrease in total antioxidant status in the moderate phase of the disease (T i = 1.40 ± 0.10 mmol/L vs T f = 1.20 ± 0.08 mmol/L), increased values of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in initial (165 and 24 % respectively) and moderate phase (75 and 85 % respectively), and prevented the increase in protein carbonyls in moderate phase (T i = 0.17 ± 0.07 nmol/mg protein vs T f = 0.21 ± 0.06 nmol/mg protein), with a significant decrease in protein carbonyls since the fourth month of the intake in initial phase (T m = 0.21 ± 0.06 nmol/mg protein vs T f = 0.11 ± 0.05 nmol/mg protein). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that antioxidant beverage could be used as a natural complementary therapy for alleviate or decrease the oxidative stress effects in the stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Du N, Xu D, Hou X, Song X, Liu C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Li X. Inverse Association Between Serum Uric Acid Levels and Alzheimer's Disease Risk. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2594-9. [PMID: 26084440 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The association between Alzheimer's disease and uric acid levels had gained great interest in recent years, but there was still lack of definite evidence. A systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies was performed to comprehensively estimate the association. Relevant studies published before October 26, 2014, were searched in PubMed, Embase, and China Biology Medicine (CBM) databases. Study-specific data were combined using random-effects or fixed-effects models of meta-analysis according to between-study heterogeneity. Twenty-four studies (21 case-control and 3 cohort studies) were finally included into the meta-analysis. Those 21 case-control studies included a total of 1128 cases of Alzheimer's disease and 2498 controls without Alzheimer's disease. Those 3 cohort studies included a total of 7327 participants. Meta-analysis showed that patients with Alzheimer's disease had lower levels of uric acid than healthy controls (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.77 mg/dl, 95% CI -2.28 to -0.36, P = 0.0002). High serum uric acid levels were significantly associated with decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease (risk ratio (RR) = 0.66, 95% CI 0.52-0.85, P = 0.001). There was low risk of publication bias in the meta-analysis. There is an inverse association between serum uric acid levels and Alzheimer's disease. High serum uric acid level is a protective factor of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Donghua Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuejia Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Cancan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Physiology, Functional Laboratory of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China.
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Trolox and ascorbic acid reduce direct and indirect oxidative stress in the IPEC-J2 cells, an in vitro model for the porcine gastrointestinal tract. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120485. [PMID: 25745867 PMCID: PMC4351986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the small intestinal epithelium is a major cause of barrier malfunction and failure to regenerate. This study presents a functional in vitro model using the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 to examine the effects of oxidative stress and to estimate the antioxidant and regenerative potential of Trolox, ascorbic acid and glutathione monoethyl ester. Hydrogen peroxide and diethyl maleate affected the tight junction (zona occludens-1) distribution, significantly increased intracellular oxidative stress (CM-H2DCFDA) and decreased the monolayer integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance and FD-4 permeability), viability (neutral red) and wound healing capacity (scratch assay). Trolox (2 mM) and 1 mM ascorbic acid pre-treatment significantly reduced intracellular oxidative stress, increased wound healing capacity and reduced FD-4 permeability in oxidatively stressed IPEC-J2 cell monolayers. All antioxidant pre-treatments increased transepithelial electrical resistance and viability only in diethyl maleate-treated cells. Glutathione monoethyl ester (10 mM) pre-treatment significantly decreased intracellular oxidative stress and monolayer permeability only in diethyl maleate-treated cells. These data demonstrate that the IPEC-J2 oxidative stress model is a valuable tool to screen antioxidants before validation in piglets.
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Alonso C, Lucas R, Barba C, Marti M, Rubio L, Comelles F, Morales JC, Coderch L, Parra JL. Skin delivery of antioxidant surfactants based on gallic acid and hydroxytyrosol. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:900-8. [PMID: 25645286 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study has been to investigate the dermal absorption profile of the antioxidant compounds gallic acid and hydroxytyrosol as well as their derivatives, hexanoate (hexyl gallate and hydroxytyrosol hexanoate) and octanoate (octyl gallate and octanoate derivative) alkyl esters (antioxidant surfactants). Previously, the scavenging capacity of these compounds, expressed as efficient dose ED50, has also determined. METHODS The percutaneous absorption of these compounds was obtained by an in vitro methodology using porcine skin biopsies on Franz static diffusion cells. The antiradical activity of compounds was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical method. KEY FINDINGS The percutaneous penetration results show the presence of antioxidants in all layers of the skin. The content of the cutaneously absorbed compound is higher for the antioxidant surfactants (ester derivatives). This particular behaviour could be due to the higher hydrophobicity of these compounds and the presence of surface activity in the antioxidant surfactants. CONCLUSIONS These new antioxidant surfactants display optimum properties, which may be useful in the preparation of emulsified systems in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations because of their suitable surface activity and because they can protect the skin from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alonso
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lucas
- Chemical Research Institute CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Clara Barba
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Marti
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Rubio
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Comelles
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luisa Coderch
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luís Parra
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Choi IY, Lee P, Denney DR, Spaeth K, Nast O, Ptomey L, Roth AK, Lierman JA, Sullivan DK. Dairy intake is associated with brain glutathione concentration in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:287-93. [PMID: 25646325 PMCID: PMC4307202 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.096701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reduction in key antioxidants such as glutathione has been noted in brain tissue undergoing oxidative stress in aging and neurodegeneration. To date, no dietary factor has been linked to a higher glutathione concentration. However, in an earlier pilot study, we showed evidence of a positive association between cerebral glutathione and dairy intake. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that dairy food consumption is associated with cerebral glutathione concentrations in older adults. DESIGN In this observational study, we measured cerebral glutathione concentrations in 60 healthy subjects (mean ± SD age: 68.7 ± 6.2 y) whose routine dairy intakes varied. Glutathione concentrations were measured by using a unique, noninvasive magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging technique at 3 T and compared with dairy intakes reported in 7-d food records. RESULTS Glutathione concentrations in the frontal [Spearman's rank-order correlation (rs) = 0.39, P = 0.013], parietal (rs = 0.50, P = 0.001), and frontoparietal regions (rs = 0.47, P = 0.003) were correlated with average daily dairy servings. In particular, glutathione concentrations in all 3 regions were positively correlated with milk servings (P ≤ 0.013), and those in the parietal region were also correlated with cheese servings (P = 0.015) and calcium intake (P = 0.039). Dairy intake was related to sex, fat-free mass, and daily intakes of energy, protein, and carbohydrates. However, when these factors were controlled through a partial correlation, correlations between glutathione concentrations and dairy and milk servings remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Higher cerebral glutathione concentrations were associated with greater dairy consumption in older adults. One possible explanation for this association is that dairy foods may serve as a good source of substrates for glutathione synthesis in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Phil Lee
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Douglas R Denney
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Kendra Spaeth
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Olivia Nast
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Lauren Ptomey
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Alexandra K Roth
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Jo Ann Lierman
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
| | - Debra K Sullivan
- From the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center (I-YC, PL, and JAL) and the Departments of Neurology (I-YC), Molecular & Integrative Physiology (I-YC and PL), and Dietetics and Nutrition (KS, ON, LP, and DKS), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, and the Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (DRD and AKR)
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Ferreira MES, de Vasconcelos AS, da Costa Vilhena T, da Silva TL, da Silva Barbosa A, Gomes ARQ, Dolabela MF, Percário S. Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease: Should We Keep Trying Antioxidant Therapies? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:595-614. [PMID: 25616523 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The risk of chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease is growing as a result of the continuous increasing average life span of the world population, a syndrome characterized by the presence of intraneural neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques composed mainly by beta-amyloid protein, changes that may cause a number of progressive disorders in the elderly, causing, in its most advanced stage, difficulty in performing normal daily activities, among other manifestations. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this syndrome. Nevertheless, despite intensive effort to access the physiopathological pathways of the disease, it remains poorly understood. In that context, some hypotheses have arisen, including the recent oxidative stress hypothesis, theory supported by the involvement of oxidative stress in aging, and the vulnerability of neurons to oxidative attack. In the present revision, oxidative changes and redox mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease will be further stressed, as well as the grounds for antioxidant supplementation as adjuvant therapy for the disease will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelli Erica Souza Ferreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Lab, Institute of Biological Sciences (LAPEO - ICB), Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
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Serum uric acid levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94084. [PMID: 24714617 PMCID: PMC3979756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum uric acid (UA) could exert neuro-protective effects against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via its antioxidant capacities. Many studies investigated serum UA levels in AD patients, but to date, results from these observational studies are conflicting. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis to compare serum UA levels between AD patients and healthy controls by the random-effects model. Studies were identified by searching PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library databases from 1966 through July 2013 using the Medical Subject Headings and keywords without restriction in languages. Only case-control studies were included if they had data on serum UA levels in AD patients and healthy controls. Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test were applied to assess the potential publication bias. Sensitivity analyses and meta-regression were conducted to explore possible explanations for heterogeneity. Results A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria including 2708 participants were abstracted. Serum UA levels were not significantly different in AD patients compared to healthy controls (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.23 to 0.22). Little evidence of publication bias was observed. Sensitivity analyses showed that the combined SMD was consistent every time omitting any one study, except only one study which greatly influenced the overall results. Meta-regression showed that year of publication, race, sample size, and mean age were not significant sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion Our meta-analysis of case-control studies suggests that serum UA levels do not differ significantly in AD patients, but there may be a trend toward decreased UA in AD after an appropriate interpretation. More well-designed investigations are needed to demonstrate the potential change of serum UA levels in AD patients.
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Schrag M, Mueller C, Zabel M, Crofton A, Kirsch W, Ghribi O, Squitti R, Perry G. Oxidative stress in blood in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Effects of combined acupuncture and eugenol on learning-memory ability and antioxidation system of hippocampus in Alzheimer disease rats via olfactory system stimulation. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 33:399-402. [PMID: 24024340 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of combined acupuncture and eugenol on learning-memory ability and the antioxidation system of the hippocampus in Alzheimer disease (AD) rats. METHODS Sixty Sprague Dawley rats, weighing (300 +/- 10) g, were randomly divided with 10 rats per group into a normal control group, AD model group, AD with cut olfactory nerve group, Xiu three-needle group, eugenol group, and combined acupuncture and eugenol group. The AD model was established by injection of amyloid beta1-40 (Abeta 1-40). Morris maze tests were conducted for evaluating the learning-memory ability. Content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the hippocampus were detected. RESULTS The average escape latency and the mean swimming distance in the normal control group, the Xiu three-needle group, the eugenol group, and the combined acupuncture and eugenol group were significantly shorter than those in the AD model group (all P < 0.01). The combined acupuncture and eugenol group had shorter escape latency and mean swimming distance than those in the Xiu three-needle group and the eugenol group. There were no significant differences between the Xiu three-needle group and the eugenol group and between the AD group and the AD with cut olfactory nerve group (P > 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the MDA content in the hippocampus significantly increased (P < 0.05) and GSH-Px and SOD activities significantly decreased in the AD model group (P < 0.01). Compared with the AD model group, significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and SOD and GSH-Px activities significantly increased in the Xiu three-needle group, eugenol group, and combined acupuncture and eugenol group (P < 0.05). Compared with the Xiu three-needle group and eugenol group, the MDA content significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and SOD and GSH-Px activities increased (P < 0.05) in the combined acupuncture and eugenol group. There were no significant differences among the three indices between the Xiu three-needle group and the eugenol group and between the AD model group and the AD with cut olfactory nerve group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Both Xiu three-needle and eugenol can increase learning-memory ability, decrease MDA content, and increase SOD and GSH-Px activities in the hippocampus in AD rats. The combination of acupuncture with eugenol has stronger effects, and the effects depend on the olfactory pathway.
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The Janus face of the heme oxygenase/biliverdin reductase system in Alzheimer disease: it's time for reconciliation. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:144-59. [PMID: 24095978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. These clinical features are due in part to the increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that mediate neurotoxic effects. The up-regulation of the heme oxygenase-1/biliverdin reductase-A (HO-1/BVR-A) system is one of the earlier events in the adaptive response to stress. HO-1/BVR-A reduces the intracellular levels of pro-oxidant heme and generates equimolar amounts of the free radical scavengers biliverdin-IX alpha (BV)/bilirubin-IX alpha (BR) as well as the pleiotropic gaseous neuromodulator carbon monoxide (CO) and ferrous iron. Two main and opposite hypotheses for a role of the HO-1/BVR-A system in AD propose that this system mediates neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects, respectively. This apparent controversy was mainly due to the fact that for over about 20years HO-1 was the only player on which all the analyses were focused, excluding the other important and essential component of the entire system, BVR. Following studies from the Butterfield laboratory that reported alterations in BVR activity along with decreased phosphorylation and increased oxidative/nitrosative post-translational modifications in the brain of subjects with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, a debate was opened on the real pathophysiological and clinical significance of BVR-A. In this paper we provide a review of the main discoveries about the HO/BVR system in AD and MCI, and propose a mechanism that reconciles these two hypotheses noted above of neurotoxic and the neuroprotective aspects of this important stress responsive system.
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Lorrio S, Romero A, González-Lafuente L, Lajarín-Cuesta R, Martínez-Sanz FJ, Estrada M, Samadi A, Marco-Contelles J, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Villarroya M, López MG, de los Ríos C. PP2A ligand ITH12246 protects against memory impairment and focal cerebral ischemia in mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1267-77. [PMID: 23763493 DOI: 10.1021/cn400050p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ITH12246 (ethyl 5-amino-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylate) is a 1,8-naphthyridine described to feature an interesting neuroprotective profile in in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease. These effects were proposed to be due in part to a regulatory action on protein phosphatase 2A inhibition, as it prevented binding of its inhibitor okadaic acid. We decided to investigate the pharmacological properties of ITH12246, evaluating its ability to counteract the memory impairment evoked by scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist described to promote memory loss, as well as to reduce the infarct volume in mice suffering phototrombosis. Prior to conducting these experiments, we confirmed its in vitro neuroprotective activity against both oxidative stress and Ca(2+) overload-derived excitotoxicity, using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and rat hippocampal slices. Using a predictive model of blood-brain barrier crossing, it seems that the passage of ITH12246 is not hindered. Its potential hepatotoxicity was observed only at very high concentrations, from 0.1 mM. ITH12246, at the concentration of 10 mg/kg i.p., was able to improve the memory index of mice treated with scopolamine, from 0.22 to 0.35, in a similar fashion to the well-known Alzheimer's disease drug galantamine 2.5 mg/kg. On the other hand, ITH12246, at the concentration of 2.5 mg/kg, reduced the phototrombosis-triggered infarct volume by 67%. In the same experimental conditions, 15 mg/kg melatonin, used as control standard, reduced the infarct volume by 30%. All of these findings allow us to consider ITH12246 as a new potential drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, which would act as a multifactorial neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lorrio
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología
y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4,
28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta del Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura González-Lafuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria,
Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología
y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4,
28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Lajarín-Cuesta
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología
y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4,
28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Sanz
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología
y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4,
28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Estrada
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM, CSIC),
C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abdelouahid Samadi
- Laboratorio de Química Médica (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3,
28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Marco-Contelles
- Laboratorio de Química Médica (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3,
28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Villarroya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria,
Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología
y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4,
28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria,
Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología
y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4,
28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria,
Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología
y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4,
28029 Madrid, Spain
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Chico L, Simoncini C, Lo Gerfo A, Rocchi A, Petrozzi L, Carlesi C, Volpi L, Tognoni G, Siciliano G, Bonuccelli U. Oxidative stress and APO E polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease and in mild cognitive impairment. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:569-76. [PMID: 23668794 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.804622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of evidences indicates oxidative stress as a relevant pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Considering its recognized major genetic risk factors in AD, apolipoprotein (APO E) has been investigated in several experimental settings regarding its role in the process of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The aim of this work has been to evaluate possible relationships between APO E genotype and plasma levels of selected oxidative stress markers in both AD and MCI patients. APO E genotypes were determined using restriction enzyme analysis. Plasma levels of oxidative markers, advanced oxidation protein products, iron-reducing ability of plasma and, in MCI, activity of superoxide dismutases were evaluated using spectrophotometric analysis. We found, compared to controls, increased levels of oxidized proteins and decreased values of plasma-reducing capacity in both AD patients (p < 0.0001) and MCI patients (p < 0.001); the difference between AD and MCI patients was significant only for plasma-reducing capacity (p < 0.0001), the former showing the lowest values. Superoxide dismutase activity was reduced, although not at statistical level, in MCI compared with that in controls. E4 allele was statistically associated (p < 0.05) with AD patients. When comparing different APO E genotype subgroups, no difference was present, as far as advanced oxidation protein products and iron-reducing ability of plasma levels were concerned, between E4 and non-E4 carriers, in both AD and MCI; on the contrary, E4 carriers MCI patients showed significantly decreased (p < 0.05) superoxide dismutase activity with respect to non-E4 carriers. This study, in confirming the occurrence of oxidative stress in AD and MCI patients, shows how it can be related, at least for superoxide dismutase activity in MCI, to APO E4 allele risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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43
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Greenough MA, Camakaris J, Bush AI. Metal dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:540-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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A review on cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:375-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Eskici G, Axelsen PH. Copper and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6289-311. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3006169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Eskici
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics,
and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United
States
| | - Paul H. Axelsen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics,
and Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United
States
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González-Lafuente L, Egea J, León R, Martínez-Sanz FJ, Monjas L, Perez C, Merino C, García-De Diego AM, Rodríguez-Franco MI, García AG, Villarroya M, López MG, de los Ríos C. Benzothiazepine CGP37157 and its isosteric 2'-methyl analogue provide neuroprotection and block cell calcium entry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:519-29. [PMID: 22860221 DOI: 10.1021/cn300009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzothiazepine CGP37157 is widely used as tool to explore the role of mitochondria in cell Ca(2+) handling, by its blocking effect of the mitochondria Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Recently, CGP37157 has shown to exhibit neuroprotective properties. In the trend to improve its neuroprotection profile, we have synthesized ITH12505, an isosteric analogue having a methyl instead of chlorine at C2' of the phenyl ring. ITH12505 has exerted neuroprotective properties similar to CGP37157 in chromaffin cells and hippocampal slices stressed with veratridine. Also, both compounds afforded neuroprotection in hippocampal slices stressed with glutamate. However, while ITH12505 elicited protection in SH-SY5Y cells stressed with oligomycin A/rotenone, CGP37157 was ineffective. In hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation plus reoxygenation, ITH12505 offered protection at 3-30 μM, while CGP37157 only protected at 30 μM. Both compounds caused blockade of Ca(2+) channels in high K(+)-depolarized SH-SY5Y cells. An in vitro experiment for assaying central nervous system penetration (PAMPA-BBB; parallel artificial membrane permeability assay for blood-brain barrier) revealed that both compounds could cross the blood-brain barrier, thus reaching their biological targets in the central nervous system. In conclusion, by causing a mild isosteric replacement in the benzothiazepine CGP37157, we have obtained ITH12505, with improved neuroprotective properties. These findings may inspire the design and synthesis of new benzothiazepines targeting mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, having antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González-Lafuente
- Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Martínez-Sanz
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Monjas
- Instituto de Química Médica
(IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Perez
- Instituto de Química Médica
(IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Merino
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M. García-De Diego
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María I. Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica
(IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G. García
- Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villarroya
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario La Paz-IDIPaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de León,
62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando
and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad
de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ferreiro E, Baldeiras I, Ferreira IL, Costa RO, Rego AC, Pereira CF, Oliveira CR. Mitochondrial- and endoplasmic reticulum-associated oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: from pathogenesis to biomarkers. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:735206. [PMID: 22701485 PMCID: PMC3373122 DOI: 10.1155/2012/735206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting several million of people worldwide. Pathological changes in the AD brain include the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of neurons and synapses, and oxidative damage. These changes strongly associate with mitochondrial dysfunction and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mitochondrial dysfunction is intimately linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial-driven apoptosis, which appear to be aggravated in the brain of AD patients. Concomitantly, mitochondria are closely associated with ER, and the deleterious crosstalk between both organelles has been shown to be involved in neuronal degeneration in AD. Stimuli that enhance expression of normal and/or folding-defective proteins activate an adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) that, if unresolved, can cause apoptotic cell death. ER stress also induces the generation of ROS that, together with mitochondrial ROS and decreased activity of several antioxidant defenses, promotes chronic oxidative stress. In this paper we discuss the critical role of mitochondrial and ER dysfunction in oxidative injury in AD cellular and animal models, as well as in biological fluids from AD patients. Progress in developing peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers related to oxidative stress will also be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. Baldeiras
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- University Coimbra Hospital, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. L. Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R. O. Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. C. Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. F. Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. R. Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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48
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Ki YW, Lee JE, Park JH, Shin IC, Koh HC. Reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase induce apoptotic death of SH-SY5Y cells in response to fipronil. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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49
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Qu ZQ, Zhou Y, Zeng YS, Lin YK, Li Y, Zhong ZQ, Chan WY. Protective effects of a Rhodiola crenulata extract and salidroside on hippocampal neurogenesis against streptozotocin-induced neural injury in the rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29641. [PMID: 22235318 PMCID: PMC3250459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated that a Rhodiola crenulata extract (RCE), containing a potent antioxidant salidroside, promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus of depressive rats. The current study was designed to further investigate the protective effect of the RCE on neurogenesis in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and to determine whether this neuroprotective effect is induced by the antioxidative activity of salidroside. Our results showed that pretreatment with the RCE significantly improved the impaired neurogenesis and simultaneously reduced the oxidative stress in the hippocampus of AD rats. In vitro studies revealed that (1) exposure of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the hippocampus to STZ strikingly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, induced cell death and perturbed cell proliferation and differentiation, (2) hydrogen peroxide induced similar cellular activities as STZ, (3) pre-incubation of STZ-treated NSCs with catalase, an antioxidant, suppressed all these cellular activities induced by STZ, and (4) likewise, pre-incubation of STZ-treated NSCs with salidroside, also an antioxidant, suppressed all these activities as catalase: reduction of ROS levels and NSC death with simultaneous increases in proliferation and differentiation. Our findings indicated that the RCE improved the impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat model of AD through protecting NSCs by its main ingredient salidroside which scavenged intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-qiang Qu
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-shan Zeng
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-kun Lin
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-qiang Zhong
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mueller C, Schrag M, Crofton A, Stolte J, Muckenthaler MU, Magaki S, Kirsch W. Altered serum iron and copper homeostasis predicts cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 29:341-50. [PMID: 22232013 PMCID: PMC3596019 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain is marked by severe neuronal death which has been partly attributed to increased oxidative stress. The pathophysiology accounting for this free radical injury is not well-delineated at this point, but one hypothesis is that a derangement in transition metal metabolism contributes to the process. We tested the hypothesis that peripheral derangement of transition metal metabolism is present early in the dementing process. We analyzed non-heme iron and copper levels in serum from subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and early stage senile dementia and followed these subjects over 5 years. An increase in the ratio of serum copper to non-heme iron levels predicted which subjects with mild cognitive impairment would progress to dementia versus those that would remain cognitively stable. This increase did not correlate with changes in expression of iron regulatory protein 2 or selected downstream targets in peripheral lymphocytes. A cDNA-based microarray (IronChip) containing genes relevant to iron and copper metabolism was used to assess transition metal metabolism in circulating lymphocytes from cognitively normal and demented subjects. No gene was identified as being dysregulated more than 2-fold, and verification using quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated no significant changes in expression for ALAS2, FOS, and CTR1. The increased ratio of serum copper to serum iron prior to dementia has potential as a biomarker for cognitive decline and mirrors other changes in serum previously reported by others, but iron and copper metabolism pathways appear to be broadly unaffected in peripheral blood in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Mueller
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Matthew Schrag
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Crofton
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Human Anatomy and Pathology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jens Stolte
- Molecular Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Shino Magaki
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wolff Kirsch
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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