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Hochnadel I, Kossatz-Boehlert U, Jedicke N, Lenzen H, Manns MP, Yevsa T. Cancer vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2931-2952. [PMID: 29112462 PMCID: PMC5718787 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1359362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers along with other gastrointestinal malignancies remain the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Strategies developed in the recent years on immunotherapy and cancer vaccines in the setting of primary liver cancer as well as in pancreatic cancer are the scope of this review. Significance of orthotopic and autochthonous animal models which mimic and/or closely reflect human malignancies allowing for a prompt and trustworthy analysis of new therapeutics is underlined. Combinational approaches that on one hand, specifically target a defined cancer-driving pathway, and on the other hand, restore the functions of immune cells, which effector functions are often suppressed by a tumor milieu, are shown to have the strongest perspectives and future directions. Among combinational immunotherapeutic approaches a personalized- and individual cancer case-based therapy is of special importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Hochnadel
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Uta Kossatz-Boehlert
- b Institute for Neuroanatomy, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen , Tuebingen , Germany
| | - Nils Jedicke
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Henrike Lenzen
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Pistamaltzian NF, Perez SA, Baxevanis CN. Reinstating endogenous antitumor immunity: The concept of therapeutic management of cancer. FORUM OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/fco-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Strong evidence points to the role of cancer immunoediting and tumor immune infiltrates in regulating cancer progression. By understanding the immune tumor microenvironment, we can now target key pathways that suppress endogenous antitumor responses, thereby re-instating such immune responses and identifying novel targets for immune therapies. Therapies targeting oncogenic pathways and checkpoint blockades turn on a new paradigm shift in immune-therapy for cancer with remarkable clinical efficacy seen in various malignancies. However, a lot of cancer patients will fail to respond and therefore, it becomes crucial to identify biomarkers to predict who of the patients will most likely benefit from these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos F. Pistamaltzian
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
- MITERA Hospital, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Sonia A. Perez
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
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3
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ABO blood type correlates with survival on prostate cancer vaccine therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32244-56. [PMID: 26338967 PMCID: PMC4741674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies for cancer are transforming patient care, but clinical responses vary considerably from patient to patient. Simple, inexpensive strategies to target treatment to likely responders could substantially improve efficacy while simultaneously reducing health care costs, but identification of reliable biomarkers has proven challenging. Previously, we found that pre-treatment serum IgM to blood group A (BG-A) correlated with survival for patients treated with PROSTVAC-VF, a therapeutic cancer vaccine in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer. These results suggested that ABO blood type might influence efficacy. Unfortunately, blood types were not available in the clinical records for all but 8 patients and insufficient amounts of sera were left for standard blood typing methods. To test the hypothesis, therefore, we developed a new glycan microarray-based method for determining ABO blood type. The method requires only 4 μL of serum, provides 97% accuracy, and allows simultaneous profiling of many other serum anti-glycan antibodies. After validation with 220 healthy subjects of known blood type, the method was then applied to 74 PROSTVAC-VF patients and 37 control patients from a phase II trial. In this retrospective study, we found that type B and O PROSTVAC-VF patients demonstrated markedly improved clinical outcomes relative to A and AB patients, including longer median survival, longer median survival relative to Halabi predicted survival, and improved overall survival via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p = 0.006). Consequently, blood type may provide an inexpensive screen to pre-select patients likely to benefit from PROSTVAC-VF therapy.
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A poxviral-based cancer vaccine the transcription factor twist inhibits primary tumor growth and metastases in a model of metastatic breast cancer and improves survival in a spontaneous prostate cancer model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28194-210. [PMID: 26317648 PMCID: PMC4695054 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several transcription factors play a role in the alteration of gene expression that occurs during cancer metastasis. Twist expression has been shown to be associated with the hallmarks of the metastatic process, as well as poor prognosis and drug resistance in many tumor types. However, primarily due to their location within the cell and the lack of a hydrophobic groove required for drug attachment, transcription factors such as Twist are difficult to target with conventional therapies. An alternative therapeutic strategy is a vaccine comprised of a Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), incorporating the Twist transgene and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, LFA-3; TRICOM). Here we characterize an MVA-TWIST/TRICOM vaccine that induced both CD4+ and CD8+ Twist-specific T-cell responses in vivo. In addition, administration of this vaccine reduced both the primary tumor growth and metastasis in the 4T1 model of metastatic breast cancer. In the TRAMP transgenic model of spontaneous prostate cancer, MVA-TWIST/TRICOM alone significantly improved survival, and when combined with the androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide, the vaccine further improved survival. These studies thus provide a rationale for the use of active immunotherapy targeting transcription factors involved in the metastatic process and for the combination of cancer vaccines with androgen deprivation.
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Garnett-Benson C, Hodge JW, Gameiro SR. Combination regimens of radiation therapy and therapeutic cancer vaccines: mechanisms and opportunities. Semin Radiat Oncol 2015; 25:46-53. [PMID: 25481266 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is widely used with curative or palliative intent in the clinical management of multiple cancers. Although mainly aimed at direct tumor cell killing, mounting evidence suggests that radiation can alter the tumor to become an immunostimulatory milieu. Data suggest that the immunogenic effects of radiation can be exploited to promote synergistic antitumor effects in combination with immunotherapeutic agents. We review concepts associated with the immunogenic consequences of RT and highlight how preclinical findings are translating into clinical benefit for patients receiving combination regimens of RT and therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Banday AH, Jeelani S, Hruby VJ. Cancer vaccine adjuvants--recent clinical progress and future perspectives. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 37:1-11. [PMID: 25318595 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.971963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in the prognosis, prevention and treatment, cancer still remains the leading cause of death and affects millions of people worldwide. With the US FDA approval of various preventive cancer vaccines such as Gardasil (Merck), Cervarix (Glaxosmithkline) and the therapeutic vaccine Sipulencel-T (Provenge), cancer vaccine development is gaining huge ground. Approval of these vaccines has encouraged the concept of cancer treatment through cellular immunotherapy. The FDA approval of the above vaccines has provided support for renewed interest and attention which the development of new therapeutic cancer vaccines deserves. However, most of the new generation vaccines including that for cancer are poorly immunogenic sub-unit vaccines and thus essentially need adjuvants in their formulations to compensate for the immune suppression. Adjuvants are the essential components of a potent vaccine which increases the efficacy by enhancing the antigen-specific immune response. However, the design of a successful adjuvant is not easy because of the complexity and the difficulty in designing adjuvants that are safe, potent and economically viable. The present communication takes a short review of the advancements in adjuvant technology, current clinical scenario of new adjuvants and application of their molecularly defined formulations to new generation cancer vaccines which are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid H Banday
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shamsi R, Seifi-Alan M, Javaheri M, Tabarestani S. Cancer-testis genes as candidates for immunotherapy in breast cancer. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:165-79. [PMID: 24491090 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are tumor-associated antigens attracting immunologists for their possible application in the immunotherapy of cancer. Several clinical trials have assessed their therapeutic potentials in cancer patients. Breast cancers, especially triple-negative cancers are among those with significant expression of CT genes. Identification of CT genes with high expression in cancer patients is the prerequisite for any immunotherapeutic approach. CT genes have gained attention not only for immunotherapy of cancer patients, but also for immunoprevention in high-risk individuals. Many CT genes have proved to be immunogenic in breast cancer patients suggesting the basis for the development of polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
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Mittendorf EA, Alatrash G, Xiao H, Clifton GT, Murray JL, Peoples GE. Breast cancer vaccines: ongoing National Cancer Institute-registered clinical trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:755-74. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Vaccines. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6486-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since vaccination was documented by Edward Jenner in 1798, it has become the most successful means of preventing infectious diseases, saving millions of lives every year. However, application of vaccines is currently not limited to the prevention of infectious diseases. Vaccines in the pipeline include anti-drug abuse vaccines (nicotine, cocaine) and vaccines against allergies, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Zheng J, Liu Q, Yang J, Ren Q, Cao W, Yang J, Yu Z, Yu F, Wu Y, Shi H, Liu W. Co-culture of apoptotic breast cancer cells with immature dendritic cells: a novel approach for DC-based vaccination in breast cancer. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:510-5. [PMID: 22527124 PMCID: PMC3854298 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine strategy could reduce the risk of recurrence and improve the survival of breast cancer patients. However, while therapy-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cells can enhance maturation and antigen presentation of DCs, whether this effect occurs in breast cancer is currently unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of doxorubicin (ADM)-induced apoptotic MCF-7 breast cancer cells on the activation of DCs. ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cells could effectively induce immature DC (iDC) maturation. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of DC maturity marker CD83 was 23.3 in the ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cell group compared with 8.5 in the MCF-7 cell group. The MFI of DC co-stimulatory marker CD86 and HLA-DR were also increased after iDCs were treated with ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the proliferating autologous T-lymphocytes increased from 14.2 to 40.3% after incubated with DCs induced by apoptotic MCF-7 cells. The secretion of interferon-γ by these T-lymphocytes was also increased. In addition, cell-cell interaction between apoptotic MCF-7 cells and iDCs, but not soluble factors released by apoptotic MCF-7 cells, was crucial for the maturation of iDCs. These findings constitute a novel in vitro DC-based vaccine strategy for the treatment of breast cancer by ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zheng
- Department of Oncology, State Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Kamrava M, Kesarwala AH, Madan RA, Lita E, Kaushal A, Tsang KY, Poole DJ, Steinberg SM, Ferrara T, Dahut W, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Long-term follow-up of prostate cancer patients treated with vaccine and definitive radiation therapy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012; 15:289-95. [PMID: 22391584 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine therapy in combination with radiation therapy may improve distant and/or local control in prostate cancer. We present long-term follow-up data on the secondary and exploratory endpoints of safety and biochemical failure, respectively, from patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated definitively with a poxviral vector-based therapeutic vaccine combined with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). METHODS Thirty-six prostate cancer patients received definitive EBRT plus vaccine. A total of 18 patients were treated with adjuvant standard-dose interleukin-2 (S-IL-2) (4 MIU m(-2)) and 18 were treated with very low-dose IL-2 (M-IL-2) (0.6 MIU m(-2)). Seven patients were treated with EBRT alone. Twenty-six patients treated with EBRT plus vaccine returned for follow-up, and we reviewed the most recent labs and clinical notes of the remaining patients. RESULTS Median follow-up for the S-IL-2, M-IL-2 and EBRT-alone groups was 98, 76 and 79 months, respectively. Actuarial 5-year PSA failure-free probability was 78%, 82% and 86% (P=0.58 overall), respectively. There were no significant differences between the actuarial overall survival and the prostate cancer-specific survival between the two vaccine arms. Of the 26 patients who returned for follow-up, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade ≥2 genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity was seen in 19% and 8%, respectively, with no difference between the arms (P=1.00 and P=0.48 for grade ≥2 GU and GI toxicity, respectively). In all, 12 patients were evaluated for PSA-specific immune responses, and 1 demonstrated a response 66 months post-enrollment. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that vaccine combined with EBRT does not appear to have significant differences with regard to PSA control or late-term toxicity compared with standard treatment. We also found limited evidence of long-term immune response following vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamrava
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Harnessing the immune response in treating breast cancer would potentially offer a less toxic, more targeted approach to eradicating residual disease. Breast cancer vaccines are being developed to effectively train cytotoxic T cells to recognize and kill transformed cells while sparing normal ones. However, achieving this goal has been problematic due to the ability of established cancers to suppress and evade the immune response. METHODS A review of the literature on vaccines and breast cancer treatment was conducted, specifically addressing strategies currently available, as well as appropriate settings, paradigms for vaccine development and response monitoring, and challenges with immunosuppression. RESULTS Multiple issues need to be addressed in order to optimize the benefits offered by breast cancer vaccines. Primary issues include the following: (1) cancer vaccines will likely work better in a minimal residual disease state, (2) clinical trial design for immunotherapy should incorporate recommendations from expert groups such as the Cancer Vaccine Working Group and use standardized immune response measurements, (3) the presently available cancer vaccine approaches, including dendritic cell-based, tumor-associated antigen peptide-based, and whole cell-based, have various pros and cons, (4) to date, no one approach has been shown to be superior to another, and (5) vaccines will need to be combined with immunoregulatory agents to overcome tumor-related immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS Combining a properly optimized cancer vaccine with novel immunomodulating agents that overcome tumor-related immunosuppression in a well-designed clinical trial offers the best hope for developing an effective breast cancer vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Soliman
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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13
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Preclinical Qualification of a New Multi-antigen Candidate Vaccine for Metastatic Melanoma. J Immunother 2010; 33:743-58. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181eccc87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang Y, Campbell C, Li Q, Gildersleeve JC. Multidimensional glycan arrays for enhanced antibody profiling. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1583-91. [PMID: 20711537 PMCID: PMC3462433 DOI: 10.1039/c002259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding antibodies play a critical role in basic and clinical research. Monoclonal antibodies that bind glycans are used to measure carbohydrate expression, and serum antibodies to glycans can be important elements of the immune response to pathogens and vaccines. Carbohydrate antigen arrays, or glycan arrays, have emerged as powerful tools for the high-throughput analysis of carbohydrate-protein interactions. Our group has focused on the development and application of neoglycoprotein arrays, a unique array format wherein carbohydrates are covalently attached to a carrier protein prior to immobilization on the surface. The neoglycoprotein format permits variations of glycan structure, glycan density, and neoglycoprotein density on a single array. The focus of this study was on the effects of neoglycoprotein density on antibody binding. First, we evaluated binding of five monoclonal antibodies (81FR2.2, HE-195, HE-193, B480, and Z2A) to the blood group A antigen and found that neoglycoprotein density had a substantial effect on recognition. Next, we profiled serum antibodies in 15 healthy individuals and showed that inclusion of multiple neoglycoprotein densities helps distinguish different subpopulations of antibodies. Finally, we evaluated immune responses induced by a prostate cancer vaccine and showed that variations in neoglycoprotein density enable one to detect antibody responses that could not be detected otherwise. Neoglycoprotein density is a useful element of diversity for evaluating antibody recognition and, when combined with variations in glycan structure and glycan density, provides multidimensional glycan arrays with enhanced performance for monoclonal antibody development, biomarker discovery, and vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Christopher Campbell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Qian Li
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
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Sengupta N, MacFie TS, MacDonald TT, Pennington D, Silver AR. Cancer immunoediting and "spontaneous" tumor regression. Pathol Res Pract 2009; 206:1-8. [PMID: 19945228 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The combination of host protective and tumor-promoting actions of the immune system throughout tumor development is termed cancer immunoediting. This review briefly summarizes the currently vast evidence supporting the immune system's role in not only protecting against developing cancer, but also sculpting tumor immunogenicity and immune escape. We also briefly summarize the history of immunotherapy and discuss the immunoediting process in the context of spontaneous tumor regression and whether this observation can be utilized in future treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Sengupta
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Academic Surgery, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
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Abstract
SUMMARY Despite the expression of antigens by tumor cells, spontaneous immune-mediated rejection of cancer seems to be a rare event. T-cell receptor engagement by peptide/major histocompatibility complexes constitutes the main signal for the activation of naive T cells but is not sufficient to initiate a productive generation and maintenance of effector cells. Full activation of T cells requires additional signals driven by costimulatory molecules present on activated antigen-presenting cells but rarely on tumors. Following the discovery of B7-1 (CD80), several other costimulatory molecules have been shown to contribute to T-cell activation and have relevance for improving anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, increasing the understanding of coinhibitory receptors has highlighted key additional pathways that can dominantly inhibit anti-tumor T-cell function. Improving positive costimulation, and interfering with negative regulation, continues to represent an attractive immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses upon those pathways with the highest potential for clinical application in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Driessens
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas F. Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease and notoriously difficult to treat. Only a small proportion is curative by surgical resection, whilst standard chemotherapy for patients with advanced disease has only modest effect with substantial toxicity. Clearly there is a need for the continual development of novel therapeutic agents to improve the current situation. Improvement of our understanding of the disease has generated a large number of studies on biological approaches targeting the molecular abnormalities of pancreatic cancer, including gene therapy and signal transduction inhibition, antiangiogenic and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, oncolytic viral therapy and immunotherapy. This article provides a review of these approaches, both investigated in the laboratories and in subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsi Wong
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
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Ichim TE, Zhong Z, Kaushal S, Zheng X, Ren X, Hao X, Joyce JA, Hanley HH, Riordan NH, Koropatnick J, Bogin V, Minev BR, Min WP, Tullis RH. Exosomes as a tumor immune escape mechanism: possible therapeutic implications. J Transl Med 2008; 6:37. [PMID: 18644158 PMCID: PMC2504474 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapy have been substantial in terms of molecular understanding of disease mechanisms, however these advances have not translated into increased survival in the majority of cancer types. One unsolved problem in current cancer therapeutics is the substantial immune suppression seen in patients. Conventionally, investigations in this area have focused on antigen-nonspecific immune suppressive molecules such as cytokines and T cell apoptosis inducing molecules such as Fas ligand. More recently, studies have demonstrated nanovesicle particles termed exosomes are involved not only in stimulation but also inhibition of immunity in physiological conditions. Interestingly, exosomes secreted by cancer cells have been demonstrated to express tumor antigens, as well as immune suppressive molecules such as PD-1L and FasL. Concentrations of exosomes from plasma of cancer patients have been associated with spontaneous T cell apoptosis, which is associated in some situations with shortened survival. In this paper we place the "exosome-immune suppression" concept in perspective of other tumor immune evasion mechanisms. We conclude by discussing a novel therapeutic approach to cancer immune suppression by extracorporeal removal of exosomes using hollow fiber filtration technology
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Carson WE, Liang MI. Current immunotherapeutic strategies in breast cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 16:841-60, ix. [PMID: 18022548 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the administration of combination cytotoxic chemotherapy, the overall 5-year survival rate is about 75% for a woman who has node-positive breast cancer, and metastatic disease is considered incurable. Recent advances in our understanding of the immune system have led to the hope that manipulation of this organ system could be used as a cancer treatment. Strategies that have been used in the immune therapy of breast cancer include the administration of exogenous cytokines, vaccines, and humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Each of these approaches is discussed in turn in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Carson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1228, USA.
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Cottingham MG, Andersen RF, Spencer AJ, Saurya S, Furze J, Hill AVS, Gilbert SC. Recombination-mediated genetic engineering of a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). PLoS One 2008; 3:e1638. [PMID: 18286194 PMCID: PMC2242847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The production, manipulation and rescue of a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of Vaccinia virus (VAC-BAC) in order to expedite construction of expression vectors and mutagenesis of the genome has been described (Domi & Moss, 2002, PNAS99 12415–20). The genomic BAC clone was ‘rescued’ back to infectious virus using a Fowlpox virus helper to supply transcriptional machinery. We apply here a similar approach to the attenuated strain Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), now widely used as a safe non-replicating recombinant vaccine vector in mammals, including humans. Four apparently full-length, rescuable clones were obtained, which had indistinguishable immunogenicity in mice. One clone was shotgun sequenced and found to be identical to the parent. We employed GalK recombination-mediated genetic engineering (recombineering) of MVA-BAC to delete five selected viral genes. Deletion of C12L, A44L, A46R or B7R did not significantly affect CD8+ T cell immunogenicity in BALB/c mice, but deletion of B15R enhanced specific CD8+ T cell responses to one of two endogenous viral epitopes (from the E2 and F2 proteins), in accordance with published work (Staib et al., 2005, J. Gen. Virol.86, 1997–2006). In addition, we found a higher frequency of triple-positive IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 secreting E3-specific CD8+ T-cells 8 weeks after vaccination with MVA lacking B15R. Furthermore, a recombinant vaccine capable of inducing CD8+ T cells against an epitope from Plasmodium berghei was created using GalK counterselection to insert an antigen expression cassette lacking a tandem marker gene into the traditional thymidine kinase locus of MVA-BAC. MVA continues to feature prominently in clinical trials of recombinant vaccines against diseases such as HIV-AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Here we demonstrate in proof-of-concept experiments that MVA-BAC recombineering is a viable route to more rapid and efficient generation of new candidate mutant and recombinant vaccines based on a clinically deployable viral vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Cottingham
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Rogers CJ, Berrigan D, Zaharoff DA, Hance KW, Patel AC, Perkins SN, Schlom J, Greiner JW, Hursting SD. Energy restriction and exercise differentially enhance components of systemic and mucosal immunity in mice. J Nutr 2008; 138:115-22. [PMID: 18156413 PMCID: PMC2431174 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, an established risk factor for several chronic diseases, including cancer, has risen dramatically over the past 4 decades. Dietary change and/or increased physical activity are the most commonly recommended lifestyle-based strategies for preventing or reversing obesity. One of several physiological systems that may be enhanced by dietary change and exercise is the immune system. In this study, we examined the effects of energy restriction (ER; 30% reduction relative to control energy intake) and/or exercise (EX; voluntary wheel running) on systemic and mucosal immune function. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomized into 4 treatment conditions: 1) controls consumed ad libitum (AL); 2) AL with access to running wheels (AL + EX); 3) 30% ER; and 4) 30% ER with access to running wheels (ER + EX). Both ER and EX reduced spleen weight and the number of splenic T and B lymphocytes (P < 0.05). ER enhanced natural killer (NK) cell function, but reduced concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-cell proliferation (P < 0.05). In contrast, EX enhanced Con A-induced proliferation and cytokine production from Peyer's patch cells (P < 0.05). These data suggest that ER and EX enhance some, but not all, components of the immune system and are likely working via different biological mechanisms to regulate NK and T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie J Rogers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bernstein MB, Chakraborty M, Wansley EK, Guo Z, Franzusoff A, Mostböck S, Sabzevari H, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast-CEA) as a potent activator of murine dendritic cells. Vaccine 2007; 26:509-21. [PMID: 18155327 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) represents a unique and attractive vehicle to deliver antigens in vaccine immunotherapy protocols for cancer or infectious disease, in that it has been shown to be extremely safe and can be administered multiple times to hosts. In the studies reported here, we describe the effects of treatment with recombinant yeast on murine immature dendritic cells (DCs). Yeast expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a model antigen was studied. Injection of mice subcutaneously with yeast-CEA resulted in rapid increases in MHC class II(+) cells and total antigen-presenting cells in draining lymph nodes. Post-treatment with yeast-CEA, DCs rapidly elevated both MHC class I and class II, numerous costimulatory molecules and other DC maturation markers, and secreted a range of Type I inflammatory cytokines. Gene expression arrays also revealed the rapid up-regulation of numerous cytokine and chemokine mRNAs, as well as genes involved in signal transduction and antigen uptake. Functional studies demonstrated enhanced allospecific reactivity of DCs following treatment with yeast-CEA or control yeast. Additionally, treatment of DCs with yeast-CEA resulted in specific activation of CEA-specific CD8(+) T cells in an MHC-restricted manner in vitro. Lastly, vaccination of CEA-transgenic mice with yeast-CEA elicited antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) immune responses in vivo. Thus, these studies taken together form a scientific rationale for the use of recombinant yeast in vaccination protocols for cancer or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Bernstein
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
The primary focus of our work is the initiation of an antiviral immune response. While we employ many experimental systems to address this fundamental issue, much of our work revolves around the use of vaccinia virus. Concerns over the negative effects of vaccination have prevented the return of the smallpox immunization program to the general population and underscored the importance of understanding the primary immune response to vaccinia virus. This response is comprised of a complex symphony of immune system components employing a variety of different mechanisms. In this review, we will both highlight the roles of many of these components and touch on the applications of vaccinia virus in the laboratory and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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24
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Abstract
B7-H1, B7-DC, B7-H2, B7-H3, and B7-H4, all new additions to the B7 family, here termed "the new B7s," are emerging as important tools in directing immune function; each with unique, yet often overlapping functions. Clearly, each B7 molecule has developed its own indispensable niche in the immune system. The expression of both stimulatory and inhibitory B7 molecules seems to play an essential role in regulating the immune response to transformed cells through a variety of mechanisms. As specific niches of B7 family members continue to be dissected, their diagnostic and therapeutic potential becomes ever more apparent. In this review, we will discuss the role of the new B7s in activation and inhibition of antitumor immune responses, their prospects in diagnostics, and also potential and developing immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas B Flies
- Immunology Graduate Program and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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25
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Anderson RJ, Schneider J. Plasmid DNA and viral vector-based vaccines for the treatment of cancer. Vaccine 2007; 25 Suppl 2:B24-34. [PMID: 17698262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA and viral vector-based cancer vaccines have many inherent features that make them promising cancer vaccine candidates. This review focuses on the use of plasmid DNA and viral vector vaccines to deliver tumour-specific antigens to induce a tumour-specific immune response. Examples of different antigen delivery systems that have been tested in recent clinical trials are summarised and advantages and disadvantages of a number of delivery systems and approaches are discussed. Finally, an outlook on how plasmid DNA and viral vectors might be developed further as cancer vaccines is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Anderson
- Oxxon Therapeutics Ltd., 2nd Floor Florey House, 3 Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GP, UK
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Farzaneh L, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F. The strange case of TGN1412. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:129-34. [PMID: 16783575 PMCID: PMC11030174 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - N. Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL-1551, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - F. Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological and Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU UK
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27
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Abstract
The broad field of gene therapy promises a number of innovative treatments that are likely to become important in preventing deaths from cancer. In this review, we discuss the history, highlights and future of three different gene therapy treatment approaches: immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy and gene transfer. Immunotherapy uses genetically modified cells and viral particles to stimulate the immune system to destroy cancer cells. Recent clinical trials of second and third generation vaccines have shown encouraging results with a wide range of cancers, including lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and malignant melanoma. Oncolytic virotherapy, which uses viral particles that replicate within the cancer cell to cause cell death, is an emerging treatment modality that shows great promise, particularly with metastatic cancers. Initial phase I trials for several vectors have generated excitement over the potential power of this technique. Gene transfer is a new treatment modality that introduces new genes into a cancerous cell or the surrounding tissue to cause cell death or slow the growth of the cancer. This treatment technique is very flexible, and a wide range of genes and vectors are being used in clinical trials with successful outcomes. As these therapies mature, they may be used alone or in combination with current treatments to help make cancer a manageable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Cross
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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