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Poddar NK, Khan A, Fatima F, Saxena A, Ghaley G, Khan S. Association of mTOR Pathway and Conformational Alterations in C-Reactive Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Infections. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3815-3832. [PMID: 37665407 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory biomarkers have been very useful in detecting and monitoring inflammatory processes along with providing helpful information to select appropriate therapeutic strategies. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a nonspecific, but quite useful medical acute inflammatory biomarker and is associated with persistent chronic inflammatory processes. Several studies suggest that different levels of CRP are correlated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, dynamics of CRP levels have also been observed in virus/bacterial-related infections leading to inflammatory responses and this triggers mTOR-mediated pathways for neurodegeneration diseases. The biophysical structural transition from CRP to monomeric CRP (mCRP) and the significance of the ratio of CRP levels on the onset of symptoms associated with inflammatory response have been discussed. In addition, mTOR inhibitors act as immunomodulators by downregulating the expression of viral infection and can be explored as a potential therapy for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007.
| | - Arshma Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, 243123
| | - Falak Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Anshulika Saxena
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Garima Ghaley
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303007
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 247554.
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Khudadah K, Ramadan A, Othman A, Refaey N, Elrosasy A, Rezkallah A, Heseba T, Moawad M, Mektebi A, Elejla S, Abouzid M, Abdelazeem B. Surfactant replacement therapy as promising treatment for COVID-19: an updated narrative review. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230504. [PMID: 37497603 PMCID: PMC10412525 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 exhibit similar symptoms to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been shown to target alveolar type 2 lung cells which synthesize and secrete endogenous surfactants leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome in some patients. This was proven by post-mortem histopathological findings revealing desquamated alveolar type 2 cells. Surfactant use in patients with COVID-19 respiratory distress syndrome results in marked improvement in respiratory parameters but not mortality which needs further clinical trials comparing surfactant formulas and modes of administration to decrease the mortality. In addition, surfactants could be a promising vehicle for specific drug delivery as a liposomal carrier, which requires more and more challenging efforts. In this review, we highlight the current reviews and two clinical trials on exogenous surfactant therapy in COVID-19-associated respiratory distress in adults, and how surfactant could be a promising drug to help fight the COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaa Ramadan
- Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Othman
- Kuwait Oil Company Ahmadi Hospital, Al Ahmadi, Kuwait
| | - Neveen Refaey
- Women’s Health department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Elrosasy
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayoub Rezkallah
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Algeirs, Algeirs, Algeria
- Department of Hematology Laboratory and Blood Transfusion, Hospital Center University Lamine Debaghine, Algeirs, Algeria
| | - Toka Heseba
- Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Hossam El Din Moawad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Clinical Department, Alexandria University, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ammar Mektebi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Sewar A Elejla
- Faculty of Medicine, Alquds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Mohamed Abouzid
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Basel Abdelazeem
- McLaren Health Care, Flint, Michigan, U.S.A
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A
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Sharma H, Ilyas A, Chowdhury A, Poddar NK, Chaudhary AA, Shilbayeh SAR, Ibrahim AA, Khan S. Does COVID-19 lockdowns have impacted on global dengue burden? A special focus to India. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1402. [PMID: 35869470 PMCID: PMC9304795 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The world has been battling several vector-borne diseases since time immemorial. Socio-economic marginality, precipitation variations and human behavioral attributes play a major role in the proliferation of these diseases. Lockdown and social distancing have affected social behavioral aspects of human life and somehow impact on the spread of vector borne diseases. This article sheds light into the relationship between COVID-19 lockdown and global dengue burden with special focus on India. It also focuses on the interconnection of the COVID-19 pandemic (waves 1 and 2) and the alteration of human behavioral patterns in dengue cases. Methods We performed a systematic search using various resources from different platforms and websites, such as Medline; Pubmed; PAHO; WHO; CDC; ECDC; Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Health (Sri Lanka Government); NASA; NVBDCP from 2015 until 2021. We have included many factors, such as different geographical conditions (tropical climate, semitropic and arid conditions); GDP rate (developed nations, developing nations, and underdeveloped nations). We also categorized our data in order to conform to COVID-19 duration from 2019 to 2021. Data was extracted for the complete duration of 10 years (2012 to 2021) from various countries with different geographical region (arid region, semitropic/semiarid region and tropical region). Results There was a noticeable reduction in dengue cases in underdeveloped (70–85%), developing (50–90%), and developed nations (75%) in the years 2019 and 2021. The dengue cases drastically reduced by 55–65% with the advent of COVID-19 s wave in the year 2021 across the globe. Conclusions At present, we can conclude that COVID-19 and dengue show an inverse relationship. These preliminary, data-based observations should guide clinical practice until more data are made public and basis for further medical research. • COVID-19 has increased the burden on the health care system across the globe. • COVID-19 has inverse relation with the occurrence of Dengue cases. • Dengue situation is worse in countries with low GDP. • Human behavior and social distancing have direct correlation with the number of Dengue cases. • Cross-reactivity or overlap between Dengue and COVID-19, has proportional effect on each other.
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Singh M, Jayant K, Singh D, Bhutani S, Poddar NK, Chaudhary AA, Khan SUD, Adnan M, Siddiqui AJ, Hassan MI, Khan FI, Lai D, Khan S. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) for the possible therapeutics and clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Plant-based drug discovery and targeted therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:933824. [PMID: 36046742 PMCID: PMC9421373 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.933824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed huge populations throughout the world and acts as a high-risk factor for elderly and young immune-suppressed patients. There is a critical need to build up secure, reliable, and efficient drugs against to the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Bioactive compounds of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] may implicate as herbal medicine for the management and treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the current work is to update the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection and information about the implication of various compounds of medicinal plant Withania somnifera with minimum side effects on the patients' organs. The herbal medicine Withania somnifera has an excellent antiviral activity that could be implicated in the management and treatment of flu and flu-like diseases connected with SARS-CoV-2. The analysis was performed by systematically re-evaluating the published articles related to the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and the herbal medicine Withania somnifera. In the current review, we have provided the important information and data of various bioactive compounds of Withania somnifera such as Withanoside V, Withanone, Somniferine, and some other compounds, which can possibly help in the management and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Withania somnifera has proved its potential for maintaining immune homeostasis of the body, inflammation regulation, pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression, protection of multiple organs, anti-viral, anti-stress, and anti-hypertensive properties. Withanoside V has the potential to inhibit the main proteases (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. At present, synthetic adjuvant vaccines are used against COVID-19. Available information showed the antiviral activity in Withanoside V of Withania somnifera, which may explore as herbal medicine against to SARS-CoV-2 infection after standardization of parameters of drug development and formulation in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Kuldeep Jayant
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, Kharagpur, India
| | - Dipti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Shivani Bhutani
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, UP, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Fu YS, Ho WY, Kang N, Tsai MJ, Wu J, Huang L, Weng CF. Pharmaceutical Prospects of Curcuminoids for the Remedy of COVID-19: Truth or Myth. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:863082. [PMID: 35496320 PMCID: PMC9047796 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.863082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive-strand RNA virus, and has rapidly spread worldwide as a pandemic. The vaccines, repurposed drugs, and specific treatments have led to a surge of novel therapies and guidelines nowadays; however, the epidemic of COVID-19 is not yet fully combated and is still in a vital crisis. In repositioning drugs, natural products are gaining attention because of the large therapeutic window and potent antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Of note, the predominant curcumoid extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) including phenolic curcumin influences multiple signaling pathways and has demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, wound healing, chemopreventive, chemosensitizing, and radiosensitizing spectrums. In this review, all pieces of current information related to curcumin-used for the treatment and prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies, clinical trials, and new formulation designs are retrieved to re-evaluate the applications based on the pharmaceutical efficacy of clinical therapy and to provide deep insights into knowledge and strategy about the curcumin's role as an immune booster, inflammatory modulator, and therapeutic agent against COVID-19. Moreover, this study will also afford a favorable application or approach with evidence based on the drug discovery and development, pharmacology, functional foods, and nutraceuticals for effectively fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Syan Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Anatomy and Functional Physiology Section, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China,Department of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Wan-Yi Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ning Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Neurological Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Anatomy and Functional Physiology Section, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Liyue Huang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Anatomy and Functional Physiology Section, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Anatomy and Functional Physiology Section, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China,Department of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China,*Correspondence: Ching-Feng Weng, ,
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6
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Müller S, Ackloo S, Al Chawaf A, Al-Lazikani B, Antolin A, Baell JB, Beck H, Beedie S, Betz UAK, Bezerra GA, Brennan PE, Brown D, Brown PJ, Bullock AN, Carter AJ, Chaikuad A, Chaineau M, Ciulli A, Collins I, Dreher J, Drewry D, Edfeldt K, Edwards AM, Egner U, Frye SV, Fuchs SM, Hall MD, Hartung IV, Hillisch A, Hitchcock SH, Homan E, Kannan N, Kiefer JR, Knapp S, Kostic M, Kubicek S, Leach AR, Lindemann S, Marsden BD, Matsui H, Meier JL, Merk D, Michel M, Morgan MR, Mueller-Fahrnow A, Owen DR, Perry BG, Rosenberg SH, Saikatendu KS, Schapira M, Scholten C, Sharma S, Simeonov A, Sundström M, Superti-Furga G, Todd MH, Tredup C, Vedadi M, von Delft F, Willson TM, Winter GE, Workman P, Arrowsmith CH. Target 2035 - update on the quest for a probe for every protein. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:13-21. [PMID: 35211674 PMCID: PMC8792830 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty years after the publication of the first draft of the human genome, our knowledge of the human proteome is still fragmented. The challenge of translating the wealth of new knowledge from genomics into new medicines is that proteins, and not genes, are the primary executers of biological function. Therefore, much of how biology works in health and disease must be understood through the lens of protein function. Accordingly, a subset of human proteins has been at the heart of research interests of scientists over the centuries, and we have accumulated varying degrees of knowledge about approximately 65% of the human proteome. Nevertheless, a large proportion of proteins in the human proteome (∼35%) remains uncharacterized, and less than 5% of the human proteome has been successfully targeted for drug discovery. This highlights the profound disconnect between our abilities to obtain genetic information and subsequent development of effective medicines. Target 2035 is an international federation of biomedical scientists from the public and private sectors, which aims to address this gap by developing and applying new technologies to create by year 2035 chemogenomic libraries, chemical probes, and/or biological probes for the entire human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
| | - Suzanne Ackloo
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | | | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research London SM2 5NG UK
- CRUK ICR/Imperial Convergence Science Centre London SM2 5NG UK
| | - Albert Antolin
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research London SM2 5NG UK
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research London SM2 5NG UK
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University No. 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 People's Republic of China
| | - Hartmut Beck
- Research and Development, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals 42103 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Shaunna Beedie
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | - Gustavo Arruda Bezerra
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford Oxford OX3 7FZ UK
| | - David Brown
- Institut Recherches de Servier 125 Chemin de Ronde 78290 Croissy France
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Adrian J Carter
- Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
| | - Mathilde Chaineau
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee James Black Centre Dundee UK
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research London SM2 5NG UK
| | - Jan Dreher
- Research and Development, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals 42103 Wuppertal Germany
| | - David Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Chapel Hill NC USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Kristina Edfeldt
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Aled M Edwards
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Ursula Egner
- Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin GmbH Müllerstraße 178 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Stephen V Frye
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | | | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health Rockville Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Ingo V Hartung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Global R&D, Merck Healthcare KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexander Hillisch
- Research and Development, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals 42103 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | - Evert Homan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - James R Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco California 94080 USA
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
| | - Milka Kostic
- Department of Cancer Biology and Chemical Biology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 450 Brookline Ave Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Andrew R Leach
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD UK
| | - Sven Lindemann
- Strategic Innovation, Global R&D, Merck Healthcare KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford UK
| | - Hisanori Matsui
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Fujisawa Kanagawa Japan
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Frederick MD USA
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
- LMU Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Maurice Michel
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maxwell R Morgan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | | | - Dafydd R Owen
- Discovery Network Group, Pfizer Medicine Design Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Benjamin G Perry
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative 15 Chemin Camille Vidart Geneva 1202 Switzerland
| | | | - Kumar Singh Saikatendu
- Global Research Externalization, Takeda California, Inc. 9625 Towne Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Cora Scholten
- Research and Development, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Structural & Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development 1400 McKean Rd Spring House PA 19477 USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health Rockville Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Michael Sundström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Pharmacy, University College London London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Claudia Tredup
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, BMLS, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt 60438 Germany
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Frank von Delft
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
- Research Complex at Harwell Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0FA UK
| | - Timothy M Willson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Georg E Winter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Paul Workman
- CRUK ICR/Imperial Convergence Science Centre London SM2 5NG UK
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research London SM2 5NG UK
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
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7
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Nayak B, Lal G, Kumar S, Das CJ, Saraya A, Shalimar. Host Response to SARS-CoV2 and Emerging Variants in Pre-Existing Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:753249. [PMID: 34760721 PMCID: PMC8573081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.753249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 is evolving continuously with emergence of several variants of increasing transmission capabilities and pandemic potential. Generation of variants occurs through accumulation of mutations due to the RNA nature of viral genome, which is further enhanced by variable selection pressures of this ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 presentations of SARS-CoV2 are mainly pulmonary manifestations with or without mild gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic symptoms. However, the virus has evolved beyond pulmonary manifestations to multisystem disorder due to systemic inflammation and cytokine storm. Definitive cause of acute or late onset of inflammation, infection in various organs, and host response to emerging variants lacks clarity and needs elucidation. Several studies have reported underlying diseases including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardio- and cerebrovascular disorders, and immunocompromised conditions as significant risk factors for severe form of COVID-19. Pre-existing liver and GI diseases are also highly predominant in the population, which can alter COVID-19 outcome due to altered immune status and host response. We aim to review the emerging variants of SARS-CoV2 and host response in patients with pre-existing liver and GI diseases. Methods In this review, we have elucidated the emergence and characteristic features of new SARS-CoV2 variants, mechanisms of infection and host immune response, GI and hepatic manifestation with radiologic features of COVID-19, and outcomes in pre-existing liver and GI diseases. Key Findings Emerging variants of concern (VOC) have shown increased transmissibility and virulence with severe COVID-19 presentation and mortality. There is a drastic swift of variants from the first wave to the next wave of infections with predominated major VOC including alpha (B.1.1.7, UK), beta (B.1.351, South Africa), gamma (B.1.1.28.1, Brazil), and delta (B1.1.617, India) variants. The mutations in the spike protein of VOC are implicated for increased receptor binding (N501Y, P681R) and immune escape (L452R, E484K/Q, T478K/R) to host response. Pre-existing liver and GI diseases not only have altered tissue expression and distribution of viral entry ACE2 receptor but also host protease TMPRSS2, which is required for both spike protein binding and cleavage to initiate infection. Altered immune status due to pre-existing conditions results in delayed virus clearance or prolonged viremia. Even though GI and hepatic manifestations of SARS-CoV2 are less severe, the detection of virus in patient’s stool indicates GI tropism, replication, and shedding from the GI tract. COVID-19-induced liver injury, acute hepatic decompensation, and incidences of acute-on-chronic liver failure may change the disease outcomes. Conclusions The changes in the spike protein of emerging variants, immunomodulation by viral proteins, and altered expression of host viral entry receptor in pre-existing diseases are the key determinants of host response to SARS-CoV2 and its disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Geetanjali Lal
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandan J Das
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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