1
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Wong KC, Jayapalan JJ, Subramanian P, Ismail MN, Abdul-Rahman PS. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of the circadian proteome of Drosophila melanogaster lethal giant larvae mutants reveals potential therapeutic effects of melatonin. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22008. [PMID: 36915983 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutation in the Drosophila melanogaster lethal giant larvae (lgl), a tumor suppressor gene with a well-established role in cellular polarity, is known to results in massive cellular proliferation and neoplastic outgrowths. Although the tumorigenic properties of lgl mutant have been previously studied, however, little is known about its consequences on the proteome. In this study, mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics was employed to investigate the changes in the head and intestinal tissues proteins of Drosophila melanogaster, due to lgl mutation and following treatment with melatonin. Additionally, to uncover the time-influenced variations in the proteome during tumorigenesis and melatonin treatment, the rhythmic expression of proteins was also investigated at 6-h intervals within 24-h clock. Together, the present study has identified 434 proteins of altered expressions (p < 0.05 and fold change ±1.5) in the tissues of flies in response to lgl mutation as well as posttreatment with melatonin. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed that lgl mutation had significantly affected the biological functions, including metabolism, and protein synthesis and degradation, in flies' tissues. Besides, melatonin had beneficially mitigated the deleterious effects of lgl mutation by reversing the alterations in protein expression closer to baseline levels. Further, changes in protein expression in the tissues due to lgl mutation and melatonin treatment were found rhythmically orchestrated. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the pathways involved in lgl-induced tumorigenesis as well as demonstrated the efficacy of melatonin as a potential anticancer agent. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar-Cheng Wong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaime J Jayapalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Perumal Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Puteri S Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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2
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Chatterjee D, Costa CAM, Wang XF, Jevitt A, Huang YC, Deng WM. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies Keap1-Nrf2 regulated collective invasion in a Drosophila tumor model. eLife 2022; 11:80956. [PMID: 36321803 PMCID: PMC9708074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicobasal cell polarity loss is a founding event in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and epithelial tumorigenesis, yet how pathological polarity loss links to plasticity remains largely unknown. To understand the mechanisms and mediators regulating plasticity upon polarity loss, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of Drosophila ovaries, where inducing polarity-gene l(2)gl-knockdown (Lgl-KD) causes invasive multilayering of the follicular epithelia. Analyzing the integrated Lgl-KD and wildtype transcriptomes, we discovered the cells specific to the various discernible phenotypes and characterized the underlying gene expression. A genetic requirement of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in promoting multilayer formation of Lgl-KD cells was further identified. Ectopic expression of Keap1 increased the volume of delaminated follicle cells that showed enhanced invasive behavior with significant changes to the cytoskeleton. Overall, our findings describe the comprehensive transcriptome of cells within the follicle cell tumor model at the single-cell resolution and identify a previously unappreciated link between Keap1-Nrf2 signaling and cell plasticity at early tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptiman Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Caique Almeida Machado Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Xian-Feng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Allison Jevitt
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, United States.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States
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3
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Ding X, Li Z, Lin G, Li W, Xue L. Toll-7 promotes tumour growth and invasion in Drosophila. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13188. [PMID: 35050535 PMCID: PMC8828261 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Drosophila melanogaster has become an excellent model organism to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying tumour progression. Here, by using well‐established Drosophila tumour models, we identified Toll‐7 as a novel regulator of tumour growth and invasion. Materials and methods Transgenic flies and genetic epistasis analysis were used. All flies were raised on a standard cornmeal and agar medium at 25°C unless otherwise indicated. Immunostaining and RT‐qPCR were performed by standard procedures. Images were taken by OLYMPUS BX51 microscope and Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope. Adobe Photoshop 2020 and Zeiss Zen were used to analyse the images. All results were presented in Scatter plots or Column bar graphs created by GraphPad Prism 8.0. Results Loss of Toll‐7 suppresses RasV12/lgl−/−‐induced tumour growth and invasion, as well as cell polarity disruption‐induced invasive cell migration, whereas expression of a constitutively active allele of Toll‐7 is sufficient to promote tumorous growth and cell migration. In addition, the Egr‐JNK signalling is necessary and sufficient for Toll‐7‐induced invasive cell migration. Mechanistically, Toll‐7 facilitates the endocytosis of Egr, which is known to activate JNK in the early endosomes. Moreover, Toll‐7 activates the EGFR‐Ras signalling, which cooperates with the Egr‐JNK signalling to promote Yki‐mediated cell proliferation and tissue overgrowth. Finally, Toll‐7 is necessary and sufficient for the proper maintenance of EGFR protein level. Conclusions Our findings characterized Toll‐7 as a proto‐oncogene that promotes tumour growth and invasion in Drosophila, which shed light on the pro‐tumour function of mammalian Toll‐like receptors (TLRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuojie Li
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gufa Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
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4
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Wong KC, Sankaran S, Jayapalan JJ, Subramanian P, Abdul-Rahman PS. Melatonin improves cognitive behavior, oxidative stress, and metabolism in tumor-prone lethal giant larvae mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21785. [PMID: 33818826 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutant lethal giant larvae (lgl) flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are known to develop epithelial tumors with invasive characteristics. The present study has been conducted to investigate the influence of melatonin (0.025 mM) on behavioral responses of lgl mutant flies as well as on biochemical indices (redox homeostasis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, transaminases, and minerals) in hemolymph, and head and intestinal tissues. Behavioral abnormalities were quantitatively observed in lgl flies but were found normalized among melatonin-treated lgl flies. Significantly decreased levels of lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants involved in redox homeostasis were observed in hemolymph and tissues of lgl flies, but had restored close to normalcy in melatonin-treated flies. Carbohydrates including glucose, trehalose, and glycogen were decreased and increased in the hemolymph and tissues of lgl and melatonin-treated lgl flies, respectively. Key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism showed a significant increment in their levels in lgl mutants but had restored close to wild-type baseline levels in melatonin-treated flies. Variables of lipid metabolism showed significantly inverse levels in hemolymph and tissues of lgl flies, while normalization of most of these variables was observed in melatonin-treated mutants. Lipase, chitinase, transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase showed an increment in their activities and minerals exhibited decrement in lgl flies; reversal of changes was observed under melatonin treatment. The impairment of cognition, disturbance of redox homeostasis and metabolic reprogramming in lgl flies, and restoration of normalcy in all these cellular and behavioral processes indicate that melatonin could act as oncostatic and cytoprotective agents in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar-Cheng Wong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srivani Sankaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaime J Jayapalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Perumal Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Puteri S Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Paul MS, Singh A, Dutta D, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Notch signals modulate lgl mediated tumorigenesis by the activation of JNK signaling. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:247. [PMID: 29661224 PMCID: PMC5902968 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oncogenic potential of Notch signaling and its cooperation with other factors to affect proliferation are widely established. Notch exhibits a cooperative effect with loss of a cell polarity gene, scribble to induce neoplastic overgrowth. Oncogenic Ras also show cooperative effect with loss of cell polarity genes such as scribble (scrib), lethal giant larvae (lgl) and discs large to induce neoplastic overgrowth and invasion. Our study aims at assessing the cooperation of activated Notch with loss of function of lgl in tumor overgrowth, and the mode of JNK signaling activation in this context. RESULTS In the present study, we use Drosophila as an in vivo model to show the synergy between activated Notch (N act ) and loss of function of lgl (lgl-IR) in tumor progression. Coexpression of N act and lgl-IR results in massive tumor overgrowth and displays hallmarks of cancer, such as MMP1 upregulation and loss of epithelial integrity. We further show activation of JNK signaling and upregulation of its receptor, Grindelwald in N act /lgl-IR tumor. In contrast to previously described Notch act /scrib-/- tumor, our experiments in N act /lgl-IR tumor showed the presence of dying cells along with tumorous overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimuna Sali Paul
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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6
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Stephens R, Lim K, Portela M, Kvansakul M, Humbert PO, Richardson HE. The Scribble Cell Polarity Module in the Regulation of Cell Signaling in Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3585-3612. [PMID: 29409995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The Scribble module proteins play key functions in the establishment and maintenance of different modes of cell polarity, as well as in the control of tissue growth, differentiation and directed cell migration, and therefore are major regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. Whilst molecular details are known regarding the roles of Scribble module proteins in cell polarity regulation, their precise mode of action in the regulation of other key cellular processes remains enigmatic. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that Scribble module proteins play scaffolding roles in the control of various signaling pathways, which are linked to the control of tissue growth, differentiation and cell migration. Multiple Scrib, Dlg and Lgl interacting proteins have been discovered, which are involved in diverse processes, however many function in the regulation of cellular signaling. Herein, we review the components of the Scrib, Dlg and Lgl protein interactomes, and focus on the mechanism by which they regulate cellular signaling pathways in metazoans, and how their disruption leads to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Krystle Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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7
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Daniel SG, Russ AD, Guthridge KM, Raina AI, Estes PS, Parsons LM, Richardson HE, Schroeder JA, Zarnescu DC. miR-9a mediates the role of Lethal giant larvae as an epithelial growth inhibitor in Drosophila. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.027391. [PMID: 29361610 PMCID: PMC5829493 DOI: 10.1242/bio.027391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila lethal giant larvae (lgl) encodes a conserved tumor suppressor with established roles in cell polarity, asymmetric division, and proliferation control. Lgl's human orthologs, HUGL1 and HUGL2, are altered in human cancers, however, its mechanistic role as a tumor suppressor remains poorly understood. Based on a previously established connection between Lgl and Fragile X protein (FMRP), a miRNA-associated translational regulator, we hypothesized that Lgl may exert its role as a tumor suppressor by interacting with the miRNA pathway. Consistent with this model, we found that lgl is a dominant modifier of Argonaute1 overexpression in the eye neuroepithelium. Using microarray profiling we identified a core set of ten miRNAs that are altered throughout tumorigenesis in Drosophila lgl mutants. Among these are several miRNAs previously linked to human cancers including miR-9a, which we found to be downregulated in lgl neuroepithelial tissues. To determine whether miR-9a can act as an effector of Lgl in vivo, we overexpressed it in the context of lgl knock-down by RNAi and found it able to reduce the overgrowth phenotype caused by Lgl loss in epithelia. Furthermore, cross-comparisons between miRNA and mRNA profiling in lgl mutant tissues and human breast cancer cells identified thrombospondin (tsp) as a common factor altered in both fly and human breast cancer tumorigenesis models. Our work provides the first evidence of a functional connection between Lgl and the miRNA pathway, demonstrates that miR-9a mediates Lgl's role in restricting epithelial proliferation, and provides novel insights into pathways controlled by Lgl during tumor progression. Summary: Mir-9a overexpression can suppress the overgrowth phenotype caused by Lgl knock-down in epithelia. Gene profiling identifies pathways dysregulated in lgl mutants and shared features between flies and human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Daniel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Atlantis D Russ
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kathryn M Guthridge
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ammad I Raina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Patricia S Estes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Linda M Parsons
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Joyce A Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Daniela C Zarnescu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA .,Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.,Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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8
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Evaluation of Lethal Giant Larvae as a Schistosomiasis Vaccine Candidate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4680812. [PMID: 27957496 PMCID: PMC5120214 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4680812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of humans, and it is considered to be the second most devastating parasitic disease after malaria. Eggs produced by normally developed female worms are important in the transmission of the parasite, and they responsible for the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. The tumor suppressor gene lethal giant larvae (lgl) has an essential function in establishing apical-basal cell polarity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue organization. In our earlier study, downregulation of the lgl gene induced a significant reduction in the egg hatching rate of Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) eggs. In this study, the Sjlgl gene was used as a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis, and vaccination achieved and maintained a stable reduction of the egg hatching rate, which is consistent with previous studies, in addition to reducing the worm burden and liver egg burden in some trials.
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9
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Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that affects multiple organs. Whole-body animal models provide important insights into oncology that can lead to clinical impact. Here, we review novel concepts that Drosophila studies have established for cancer biology, drug discovery, and patient therapy. Genetic studies using Drosophila have explored the roles of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes that when dysregulated promote cancer formation, making Drosophila a useful model to study multiple aspects of transformation. Not limited to mechanism analyses, Drosophila has recently been showing its value in facilitating drug development. Flies offer rapid, efficient platforms by which novel classes of drugs can be identified as candidate anticancer leads. Further, we discuss the use of Drosophila as a platform to develop therapies for individual patients by modeling the tumor's genetic complexity. Drosophila provides both a classical and a novel tool to identify new therapeutics, complementing other more traditional cancer tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sonoshita
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R L Cagan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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10
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Occluding junctions of invertebrate epithelia. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:17-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Dong W, Zhang X, Liu W, Chen YJ, Huang J, Austin E, Celotto AM, Jiang WZ, Palladino MJ, Jiang Y, Hammond GRV, Hong Y. A conserved polybasic domain mediates plasma membrane targeting of Lgl and its regulation by hypoxia. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:273-86. [PMID: 26483556 PMCID: PMC4621827 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane targeting of Lgl, a key polarity and tumor suppressor protein, is mediated by electrostatic interactions between a polybasic motif in Lgl and phospholipids on the plasma membrane, and this mechanism is regulated by hypoxia and aPKC-phosphorylation. Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) plays essential and conserved functions in regulating both cell polarity and tumorigenesis in Drosophila melanogaster and vertebrates. It is well recognized that plasma membrane (PM) or cell cortex localization is crucial for Lgl function in vivo, but its membrane-targeting mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we discovered that hypoxia acutely and reversibly inhibits Lgl PM targeting through a posttranslational mechanism that is independent of the well-characterized atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) or Aurora kinase–mediated phosphorylations. Instead, we identified an evolutionarily conserved polybasic (PB) domain that targets Lgl to the PM via electrostatic binding to membrane phosphatidylinositol phosphates. Such PB domain–mediated PM targeting is inhibited by hypoxia, which reduces inositol phospholipid levels on the PM through adenosine triphosphate depletion. Moreover, Lgl PB domain contains all the identified phosphorylation sites of aPKC and Aurora kinases, providing a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylations neutralize the positive charges on the PB domain to inhibit Lgl PM targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Weijie Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yi-jiun Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Erin Austin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Alicia M Celotto
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Wendy Z Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gerald R V Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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12
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Liu X, Lu D, Ma P, Liu H, Cao Y, Sang B, Zhu X, Shi Q, Hu J, Yu R, Zhou X. Hugl-1 inhibits glioma cell growth in intracranial model. J Neurooncol 2015; 125:113-21. [PMID: 26341367 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila lethal (2) giant larvae (lgl) has been reported as a tumor suppressor and could regulate the Drosophila hippo signaling. Human giant larvae-1(Hugl-1), one human homologue of Drosophila lgl, also has been reported to be involved in the development of some human cancers. However, whether Hugl-1 is associated with the pathogenesis of malignant gliomas remains poorly understood. In the present work, we examined the effect of Hugl-1 on glioma cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, we found that Hugl-1 protein levels decreased in the human glioma tissues, suggesting that Hugl-1 is involved in glioma progression. Unfortunately, either stably or transiently over-expressing Hugl-1 did not affect glioma cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, Hugl-1 over-expression did not regulate hippo signaling pathway. Interestingly, over-expression of Hugl-1 not only inhibited gliomagenesis but also markedly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of U251 cells in an orthotopic model of nude mice. Taken together, this study provides the evidence that Hugl-1 inhibits glioma cell growth in intracranial model of nude mice, suggesting that Hugl-1 might be a potential tumor target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Lu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ma
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiang Liu
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuewen Cao
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Sang
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zhu
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxia Hu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuping Zhou
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Sinkovics JG. The cell survival pathways of the primordial RNA-DNA complex remain conserved in the extant genomes and may function as proto-oncogenes. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:25-43. [PMID: 25883792 PMCID: PMC4397846 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi-d-14-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignantly transformed (cancer) cells of multicellular hosts, including human cells, operate activated biochemical pathways that recognizably derived from unicellular ancestors. The descendant heat shock proteins of thermophile archaea now chaperon oncoproteins. The ABC cassettes of toxin-producer zooxantella Symbiodinia algae pump out the cytoplasmic toxin molecules; malignantly transformed cells utilize the derivatives of these cassettes to get rid of chemotherapeuticals. High mobility group helix-loop-helix proteins, protein arginine methyltransferases, proliferating cell nuclear antigens, and Ki-67 nuclear proteins, that protect and repair DNA in unicellular life forms, support oncogenes in transformed cells. The cell survival pathways of Wnt-β-catenin, Hedgehog, PI3K, MAPK-ERK, STAT, Ets, JAK, Pak, Myb, achaete scute, circadian rhythms, Bruton kinase and others, which are physiological in uni- and early multicellular eukaryotic life forms, are constitutively encoded in complex oncogenic pathways in selected single cells of advanced multicellular eukaryotic hosts. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in advanced multicellular hosts recreate selected independently living and immortalized unicellular life forms, which are similar to extinct and extant protists. These unicellular life forms are recognized at the clinics as autologous "cancer cells".
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Sinkovics
- St. Joseph's Hospital Cancer Institute Affiliated with the H. L. Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center, Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of South Florida Tampa, FL USA
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14
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Cao F, Miao Y, Xu K, Liu P. Lethal (2) giant larvae: an indispensable regulator of cell polarity and cancer development. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:380-9. [PMID: 25798058 PMCID: PMC4366637 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is one of the most basic properties of all normal cells and is essential for regulating numerous biological processes. Loss of polarity is considered a hallmark for cancer. Multiple polarity proteins are implicated in maintenance of cell polarity. Lethal (2) giant larvae (Lgl) is one of polarity proteins that plays an important role in regulating cell polarity, asymmetric division as well as tumorigenesis. Lgl proteins in different species have similar structures and conserved functions. Lgl acts as an indispensable regulator of cell biological function, including cell polarity and asymmetric division, through interplaying with other polarity proteins, regulating exocytosis, mediating cytoskeleton and being involved in signaling pathways. Furthermore, Lgl plays a role of a tumor suppressor, and the aberrant expression of Hugl, a human homologue of Lgl, contributes to multiple cancers. However, the exact functions of Lgl and the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. In this review, we will give an overview of the Lgl functions in cell polarity and cancer development, discuss the potential mechanisms underlying these functions, and raise our conclusion of previous studies and points of view about the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Miao
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- 2. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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15
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Parisi F, Stefanatos RK, Strathdee K, Yu Y, Vidal M. Transformed epithelia trigger non-tissue-autonomous tumor suppressor response by adipocytes via activation of Toll and Eiger/TNF signaling. Cell Rep 2014; 6:855-67. [PMID: 24582964 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High tumor burden is associated with increased levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines that influence the pathophysiology of the tumor and its environment. The cellular and molecular events mediating the organismal response to a growing tumor are poorly understood. Here, we report a bidirectional crosstalk between epithelial tumors and the fat body-a peripheral immune tissue-in Drosophila. Tumors trigger a systemic immune response through activation of Eiger/TNF signaling, which leads to Toll pathway upregulation in adipocytes. Reciprocally, Toll elicits a non-tissue-autonomous program in adipocytes, which drives tumor cell death. Hemocytes play a critical role in this system by producing the ligands Spätzle and Eiger, which are required for Toll activation in the fat body and tumor cell death. Altogether, our results provide a paradigm for a long-range tumor suppression function of adipocytes in Drosophila, which may represent an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in the organismal response to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Parisi
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rhoda K Stefanatos
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Strathdee
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yachuan Yu
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Marcos Vidal
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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16
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Tipping M, Perrimon N. Drosophila as a model for context-dependent tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:27-33. [PMID: 23836429 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila can exhibit classic hallmarks of cancer, such as evasion of apoptosis, sustained proliferation, metastasis, prolonged survival, genome instability, and metabolic reprogramming, when cancer-related genes are perturbed. In the last two decades, studies in flies have identified several tumor suppressor and oncogenes. However, the greatest strength of the fly lies in its ability to model cancer hallmarks in a variety of tissue types, which enables the study of context-dependent tumorigenesis. We review the organs and tissues that have been used to model tumor formation, and propose new strategies to maximize the potential of Drosophila in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Tipping
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Cao Y, Shi Y, Qiao H, Yang Y, Liu J, Shi Y, Lin J, Zhu G, Jin Y. Distribution of lethal giant larvae (Lgl) protein in the tegument and negative impact of siRNA-based gene silencing on worm surface structure and egg hatching in Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Lethal giant larvae proteins have key roles in regulating polarity in a variety of cell types and function as tumour suppressors. A transcriptional programme initiated by aberrant Snail expression transforms epithelial cells to potentially aggressive cancer cells. Although progress in defining the molecular determinants of this programme has been made, we have little knowledge as to how the Snail-induced phenotype can be suppressed. In our studies we identified the human lethal giant larvae homologue 2, Hugl-2, (Llgl2/Lgl2) polarity gene as downregulated by Snail. Snail binds E-boxes in the Hugl-2 promoter and represses Hugl-2 expression, whereas removal of the E-boxes releases Hugl-2 from Snail repression. We demonstrate that inducing Hugl-2 in cells with constitutive Snail expression reverses the phenotype including changes in morphology, motility, tumour growth and dissemination in vivo, and expression of epithelial markers. Hugl-2 expression reduced the nuclear localization of Snail and thus binding of Snail to its target promoters. Our results placing Hugl-2 within the Snail network as well as its ability to suppress Snail carcinogenesis identifies Hugl-2 as a target molecule driving cascades, which may have preventative and therapeutic promise to minimize cancer progression.
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19
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Miles WO, Dyson NJ, Walker JA. Modeling tumor invasion and metastasis in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:753-61. [PMID: 21979943 PMCID: PMC3209645 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.006908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation of major signaling pathways between humans and flies has made Drosophila a useful model organism for cancer research. Our understanding of the mechanisms regulating cell growth, differentiation and development has been considerably advanced by studies in Drosophila. Several recent high profile studies have examined the processes constraining the metastatic growth of tumor cells in fruit fly models. Cell invasion can be studied in the context of an in vivo setting in flies, enabling the genetic requirements of the microenvironment of tumor cells undergoing metastasis to be analyzed. This Perspective discusses the strengths and limitations of Drosophila models of cancer invasion and the unique tools that have enabled these studies. It also highlights several recent reports that together make a strong case for Drosophila as a system with the potential for both testing novel concepts in tumor progression and cell invasion, and for uncovering players in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne O Miles
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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20
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Robert J. Comparative study of tumorigenesis and tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:915-25. [PMID: 20553753 PMCID: PMC2900388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense study in mammals, the different roles played by the immune system in detecting (immunosurveillance), controlling and remodeling (immunoediting) neoplasia, and perhaps in metastasis are not fully understood. In this review, I will present evidence of neoplasia and invasive malignancy, as well as tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. I will also present a comparative and evolutionary view of the complex interactions between neoplasia and the host immune system. Overall, I wish to go beyond the too simplistic dichotomy between invertebrates with innate immunity that are only affected with benign neoplasia and vertebrates with adaptive immunity that are affected by metastatic malignancies or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. jacques
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