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Yang X, Wang Y, Ding X, Ju S, An X, Zhang B, Lin Z. Network pharmacology identification and in vivo validation of key pharmacological pathways of Qin Jiao for gout and arthritis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1525-1535. [PMID: 38069821 PMCID: PMC11001277 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2288289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Context: Gout is a chronic disease that imposes a huge financial and health burden on patients, which might diminish quality of life. Qin Jiao, a perennial herb found in northwestern China and Japan, is commonly used for treating various ailments.Objective: This study investigates the effects of Qin Jiao on gout and joint inflammation and elucidates its potential mechanism for gouty arthritis.Materials and methods: Study 1, a literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI to assess the applications of Qin Jiao in arthritis treatment. Study 2 was performed to discover the component targets and gouty disease targets via TCMSP, OMIM, GeneCards and DRUGBANK, and network pharmacology analysis. Study 3, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal, model, colchicine, Qin Jiao low-dose (QJL), and Qin Jiao high-dose group (QJH), oral gavage for 40 d. Serum, synovial fluid, and synovial membrane tissue were collected to measure the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and STAT3.Results: The research also identified potential targets and pharmacological pathways of Qin Jiao for gout treatment. In vivo study demonstrated Qin Jiao can reduce IL-1β levels in serum and ankle flushing fluid. ELISA analysis confirmed that Qin Jiao significantly reduces the protein expression of IL-6 and STAT3.Discussion and conclusion: Qin Jiao exerts anti-inflammatory effects on gouty arthritis by modulating the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. This study provides a biological basis for the use of Qin Jiao in treating arthritis-related diseases and offers experimental evidence for potential future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Yang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Ding
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Ju
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoye An
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Lin
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Dai LL, Cho SB, Li HF, A LS, Ji XP, Pan S, Bao ML, Bai L, Ba GN, Fu MH. Lomatogonium rotatum extract alleviates diabetes mellitus induced by a high-fat, high-sugar diet and streptozotocin in rats. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:846-861. [PMID: 37383587 PMCID: PMC10294064 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lomatogonium rotatum (LR) is traditionally used in Mongolian folk medicine as a hypoglycemic agent, but its evidence-based pharmacological effects and me-chanisms of action have not been fully elucidated.
AIM To emphasize the hypoglycemic action mechanism of LR in a type 2 diabetic rat model and examine potential biomarkers to obtain mechanistic understanding regarding serum metabolite modifications.
METHODS A high-fat, high-sugar diet and streptozotocin injection-induced type 2 diabetic rat model was established. The chemical composition of the LR was identified by high performance liquid chromatography. LR extract administrated as oral gavage at 0.5 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, and 5 g/kg for 4 wk. Anti-diabetic effects of LR extract were evaluated based on histopathological examination as well as the measurement of blood glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and lipid levels. Serum metabolites were analyzed using an untargeted metabolomics approach.
RESULTS According to a chemical analysis, swertiamarin, sweroside, hesperetin, coumarin, 1.7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyl xanthone, and 1-hydroxy-2,3,5 trimethoxanone are the principal active ingredients in LR. An anti-diabetic experiment revealed that the LR treatment significantly increased plasma insulin and GLP-1 levels while effectively lowering blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and oral glucose tolerance test compared to the model group. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomic analysis of serum samples detected 236 metabolites, among which 86 were differentially expressed between the model and the LR group. It was also found that LR considerably altered the levels of metabolites such as vitamin B6, mevalonate-5P, D-proline, L-lysine, and taurine, which are involved in the regulation of the vitamin B6 metabolic pathway, selenium amino acid metabolic pathway, pyrimidine metabolic pathway, and arginine and proline metabolic pathways.
CONCLUSION These findings indicated that LR may have a hypoglycemic impact and that its role may be related to changes in the serum metabolites and to facilitate the release of insulin and GLP-1, which lower blood glucose and lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Dai
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Sung-Bo Cho
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hui-Fang Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Sha A
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Ji
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Sirigunqiqige Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ming-Lan Bao
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Laxinamujila Bai
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gen-Na Ba
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ming-Hai Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
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Patel N, Zinzuvadia A, Prajapati M, Tyagi RK, Dalai S. Swertiamarin-mediated immune modulation/adaptation confers protection against Plasmodium berghei. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:931-941. [PMID: 35704297 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Development of resistance by the malaria parasite, a systemic inflammatory and infectious pathogen, has raised the need for novel efficacious antimalarials. Plant-derived natural compounds are known to modulate the immune response and eradicate the infectious pathogens. Therefore we carried out experiments with swertiamarin to dissect its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential. Materials & methods: We carried out studies in Swiss albino mice that received infectious challenge with Plasmodium berghei and swertiamarin treatment in a prophylactic manner. Results & conclusion: Oral administration of swertiamarin prior to infectious challenge with P. berghei in experimental mice showed delayed parasite development as compared with untreated control. IFN-γ and IL-10 appeared to be adapted/modulated by regular swertiamarin treatment. Further, withdrawal of swertiamarin pressure did not affect parasite replication. However, the short half-life of swertiamarin limited its long-lasting therapeutic effect, requiring higher and frequent dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisargee Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Mitali Prajapati
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology LabCSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)Sec-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Zhou D, Lv D, Zhang H, Cheng T, Wang H, Lin P, Shi S, Chen S, Shen J. Quantitative analysis of the profiles of twelve major compounds in Gentiana straminea Maxim. Roots by LC-MS/MS in an extensive germplasm survey in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114068. [PMID: 33766757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE Gentiana straminea Maxim. is a well-known Tibetan traditional herb, which has been used to treat rheumatic arthritis, iceteric hepatitis, and other diseases for thousands years. However, there is still lack of comprehensive active constituents profiling of this species throughout the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). AIM OF STUDY This study was designed to provide a comprehensive quality map of G.straminea germplasm based on twelve active constituents (loganic acid, gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, sweroside, 6-O-β-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, oleanic acid, morroniside, trilobatin, isoorientin, isovite, Shanzhisidemethylester and quercetin) on the QTP. MATERIALS AND METHODS G.straminea root samples collected throughout QTP in the flowering period were analyzed by the LC-MS/MS. Statistics analysis methods PCA, clustering and ecological regions analysis for G.straminea constituents differentiation was demonstrated. RESULTS The active constituents varied greatly across the QTP; the majority of constituents were secoiridoid derivatives, with gentiopicroside being the most abundant compound. Most constituents were significantly affected by the latitudes and altitudes other than longitudes. PCA and hierarchical clustering analysis showed that all samples could be separated into six distinct groups, and 15 populations showed the highest constituent abundances. Further, geographical region analysis showed that the highest quality populations mainly located near the source region of Yellow River, especially in the Qinghai and Sichuan areas. Additionally, correlation analysis showed that there were relationships among genetiopicroside, loganic acid, and other compounds, which might be related to the enzymatic pathways involved in the metabolism of these constituents. CONCLUSION LC-MS/MS method allowed separation of quality profiling of G.straminea on the QTP, 15 populations showed the highest constituent abundances. In six geographical groups, the highest quality populations mainly located near the source region of Yellow River, especially in the Qinghai and Sichuan areas, which may be due to the climate caused by the westerlies and Indian Ocean monsoons in the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dangwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, Qinghai, PR China; Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China.
| | - Dongjin Lv
- Qinghai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 810007, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Qinghai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 810007, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Tingfeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Tibetan Medicine Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Shengbo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China
| | - Jianwei Shen
- Qinghai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 810007, Qinghai, PR China
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Muhamad Fadzil NS, Sekar M, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Wu YS, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S, Lum PT, Dhadde SB. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Swertiamarin - A Promising Natural Lead for New Drug Discovery and Development. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2721-2746. [PMID: 34188450 PMCID: PMC8233004 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s299753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a seco-iridoid glycoside, is mainly found in Enicostemma littorale Blume (E. littorale) and exhibits therapeutic activities for various diseases. The present study aimed to provide a review of swertiamarin in terms of its phytochemistry, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Relevant literature was collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar, between 1990 and the present. This review included the distribution of swertiamarin in medicinal plants and its isolation, characterization, physicochemical properties and possible biosynthetic pathways. A comprehensive summary of the pharmacological activities, therapeutic potential and metabolic pathways of swertiamarin was also included after careful screening and tabulation. Based on the reported evidence, swertiamarin meets all five of Lipinski’s rules for drug-like properties. Thereafter, the physicochemical properties of swertiamarin were detailed and analyzed. A simple and rapid method for isolating swertiamarin from E. littorale has been described. The present review proposed that swertiamarin may be biosynthesized by the mevalonate or nonmevalonate pathways, followed by the seco-iridoid pathway. It has also been found that swertiamarin is a potent compound with diverse pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and gastroprotective activities. The anticancer activity of swertiamarin against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. The underlying mechanisms of all these pharmacological effects are diverse and seem to involve the regulation of different molecular targets, including growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, apoptosis-related proteins, receptors and enzymes. Swertiamarin also modulates the activity of several transcription factors, and their signaling pathways in various pathological conditions are also discussed. Moreover, we have highlighted the toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications of swertiamarin. The pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of swertiamarin have been extensively investigated. However, more advanced studies are required including clinical trials and studies on the bioavailability, permeability and administration of safe doses to offer swertiamarin as a novel candidate for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sakinah Muhamad Fadzil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaishree Vaijanathappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
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Wang B, Yao J, Yao X, Lao J, Liu D, Chen C, Lu Y. [Swertiamarin alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats by suppressing NOXS/ ROS/NLRP3 signal pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:937-941. [PMID: 34238748 PMCID: PMC8267977 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the therapeutic effect of swertiamarin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in rats and explore the molecular mechanism in light of the NOXS/ROS/NLRP3 signal pathway. OBJECTIVE Thirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into control group, DPN model group (treated with saline), swertiamarin (5 mg/kg) treatment group and NOXS inhibitor (10 mL/kg DPI) treatment group. Rat models of DPN were established in the latter 3 groups by intraperitoneal injections of STZ, and the treatments were administered on days 1, 7 and 14 after modeling. Tactile hypersensitivity of the rats was evaluated 30 min after the treatment. The expressions of NOXS, ROS, NLRP3 and inflammatory factors in the spinal cord tissue were detected using ELISA, and the protein expressions of NOXS, ROS, and NLRP3 were also detected with Western blotting. OBJECTIVE Compared with those in the control group, the rats in DPN group showed significant hyperalgesia (P < 0.001), increased expressions of TNF-α (P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P < 0.001), decreased expressions of TGF-β (P < 0.001), and increased expressions of NOXS/ROS/NLRP3 signal pathway (P < 0.001). Compared with those in DPN model group, the rats with swertiamarin treatment showed improved hyperalgesia (P < 0.001), decreased expressions of TNF-α (P=0.03) and IL-6 (P=0.002), increased expressions of TGF-β (P=0.04), and decreased expressions of NOXS (P < 0.001), ROS (P < 0.001) and NLRP3 (P=0.002). Treatment with swertiamarin and the NOXS inhibitor produced similar effects on the expressions of the inflammatory factors in the rat models (P>0.05). OBJECTIVE DPN effectively relieves hyperalgesia in rat models of DPN by restoring the balance in the expressions of the inflammatory factors by suppressing NOXs/ROS/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - J Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - X Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - J Lao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - D Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - C Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
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Jaishree V, Narsimha S. Swertiamarin and quercetin combination ameliorates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110561. [PMID: 32795923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Swertiamarin (Sw) and quercetin (Qu) have been isolated from different plants and are reported for their antidiabetic activities. The plants from which swertiamarin and quercetin were isolated are also traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of a combination of swertiamarin and quercetin (CSQ) on α-amylase in vitro and on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus in vivo. METHODS Swertiamarin was isolated from the plant Enicostemma axillare and quercetin was procured in its pure form. Sw, Qu and CSQ were evaluated for in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity. Based on the in vitro study results, CSQ was assessed for in vivo streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats. The effect of CSQ on blood glucose levels, body weight, serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lipid peroxide levels were estimated. The histopathological observations of pancreatic tissues were also made. RESULTS The purity of swertiamarin was confirmed by HPLC. The results showed that CSQ was found to possess high percentage of inhibition in an in vitro α-amylase inhibitory study. In a STZ-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), body weight of rats in CSQ treated and control groups were unaltered. A marked reduction in the blood glucose levels was observed in the CSQ treated groups on 14th and 28th day. Decrease in the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, total cholesterol and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was observed in a dose dependant in CSQ treated groups. However, CSQ treated groups could significantly improve antioxidant protection by increasing the levels of serum GSH, SOD, Catalase and GPx and decreasing the levels of lipid peroxide (p < 0.05). In the histopathological study, the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and vacuolization have shown significant increase in both the treated groups. CONCLUSIONS The combination of swertiamarin and quercetin (CSQ) has proven a preventive and therapeutic effect against T2DM and suggests that this is a potential combination of phytoconstituents for excellent hypoglycemic activity in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jaishree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, JSS AHER Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shravan Narsimha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, B.G. Nagar, Karnataka, India
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Pan Z, Xiong F, Chen YL, Wan GG, Zhang Y, Chen ZW, Cao WF, Zhou GY. Traceability of Geographical Origin in Gentiana straminea by UPLC-Q Exactive Mass and Multivariate Analyses. Molecules 2019; 24:E4478. [PMID: 31817679 PMCID: PMC6943584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Gentiana straminea Maxim. (Gentianaceae), is officially listed as "Qin-Jiao" in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, icteric hepatitis, constipation, pain, and hypertension. To establish the geographical origin traceability in G. straminea, its chemical profiles were determined by a UPLC-Q exactive mass spectrometer, from which 43 compounds were identified by comparing retention times and mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, a pair of isomers (loganin and secologanol) was identified by mass spectrometry based on their fragmentation pathway. A total of 42 samples from difference habitats were determined by an UPLC-Q exactive mass spectrometer and the data were assayed with multivariate statistical analysis. Eight characteristic compounds were identified to determine the geographical origin of the herb. To estimate the key characteristic markers associated with pharmacological function, the inhibiting activities of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages were examined. This finding is crucial in realizing the determination of botanical origin and evaluating the quality of G. straminea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Pan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (G.-G.W.); (W.-F.C.)
| | - Feng Xiong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810008, China;
| | - Yi-Long Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 404000, China;
| | - Guo-Guo Wan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (G.-G.W.); (W.-F.C.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Centre for Academic Inheritance and Innovation of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing 400016, China;
| | - Wen-Fu Cao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (G.-G.W.); (W.-F.C.)
| | - Guo-Ying Zhou
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810008, China;
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Esakkimuthu S, Nagulkumar S, Darvin SS, Buvanesvaragurunathan K, Sathya TN, Navaneethakrishnan KR, Kumaravel TS, Murugan SS, Shirota O, Balakrishna K, Pandikumar P, Ignacimuthu S. Antihyperlipidemic effect of iridoid glycoside deacetylasperulosidic acid isolated from the seeds of Spermacoce hispida L. - A traditional antiobesity herb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112170. [PMID: 31434002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE The interest on herbal health supplements for obesity is increasing globally. Our previous ethnobotanical survey in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India indicated the use of Spermacoce hispida L. seeds for the treatment of obesity. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to validate the traditional claim and to identify the antihyperlipidemic principle in the seeds of Spermacoce hispida using bioassay guided fractionation method. METHODS Bioassay monitored fractionation of the aqueous extract from Spermacoce hispida seeds was carried out using triton WR 1339 induced hyperlipidemic animals. It yielded deacetylasperulosidic acid (DAA) as the active ingredient. Pharmacokinetic properties of DAA were predicted using DataWarrior and SwissADME tools. In vitro antiobesity and antihyperlipidemic effects of DAA were evaluated in 3T3L1 preadipocytes and HepG2 cells, respectively. The chronic antihyperlipidemic efficacy of DAA was evaluated in high fat diet fed rats. RESULTS DAA did not show any mutagenic and tumorigenic properties. It bound with PPARα with comparable ligand efficiency as fenofibrate. The treatment with DAA significantly lowered the proliferation of matured adipocytes, but not preadipocytes. The treatment of steatotic HepG2 cells with DAA significantly decreased the LDH leakage by 43.03% (P < 0.05) at 50 μM concentration. In triton WR 1339 induced hyperlipidemic animals, the treatment with 50 mg/kg dose significantly lowered the TC, TG and LDL-c levels by 40.27, 46.00 and 63.65% respectively. In HFD fed animals, the treatment at 10 mg/kg decreased BMI and AC/TC ratio without altering SRBG. It also improved serum lipid, transaminases and phosphatases levels of HFD fed animals. The treatment lowered adipocyte hypertrophy and steatosis of hepatocytes. CONCLUSION This preliminary report supported the traditional use of Spermacoce hispida for the treatment of obesity. Further detailed investigations on the long term safety, efficacy and molecular mode of action of Spermacoce hispida and DAA will throw more light on their usefulness for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esakkimuthu
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College (University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India
| | - S Nagulkumar
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College (University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India
| | - S Sylvester Darvin
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College (University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India
| | - K Buvanesvaragurunathan
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College (University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India
| | - T N Sathya
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited, Mathur, Chennai, 600068, India
| | | | - T S Kumaravel
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited, Mathur, Chennai, 600068, India
| | - S S Murugan
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited, Mathur, Chennai, 600068, India
| | - Osamu Shirota
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan.
| | - K Balakrishna
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College (University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India.
| | - P Pandikumar
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College (University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India.
| | - S Ignacimuthu
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College (University of Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600034, India; St. Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier's College, High Ground Road, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627002, India.
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Biocatalysis as Useful Tool in Asymmetric Synthesis: An Assessment of Recently Granted Patents (2014–2019). Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad interdisciplinary nature of biocatalysis fosters innovation, as different technical fields are interconnected and synergized. A way to depict that innovation is by conducting a survey on patent activities. This paper analyses the intellectual property activities of the last five years (2014–2019) with a specific focus on biocatalysis applied to asymmetric synthesis. Furthermore, to reflect the inventive and innovative steps, only patents that were granted during that period are considered. Patent searches using several keywords (e.g., enzyme names) have been conducted by using several patent engine servers (e.g., Espacenet, SciFinder, Google Patents), with focus on granted patents during the period 2014–2019. Around 200 granted patents have been identified, covering all enzyme types. The inventive pattern focuses on the protection of novel protein sequences, as well as on new substrates. In some other cases, combined processes, multi-step enzymatic reactions, as well as process conditions are the innovative basis. Both industries and academic groups are active in patenting. As a conclusion of this survey, we can assert that biocatalysis is increasingly recognized as a useful tool for asymmetric synthesis and being considered as an innovative option to build IP and protect synthetic routes.
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Santos JLD, Araújo SSD, Silva AMDOE, Lima CA, Vieira Souza LM, Costa RA, Aidar Martins FJ, Voltarelli FA, Estevam CDS, Marçal AC. Ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Coutoubea spicata attenuate hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and muscle damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats subjected to resistance exercise training program. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:401-410. [PMID: 31539486 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gentianaceae family (such as Coutoubea spicata) contains iridoids and flavonoids with antidiabetic properties. However, there is no information available about the antidiabetic effects of C. spicata when combined with resistance exercise training (RET). This study evaluated the effects of the ethanolic extract (EE) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of C. spicata on biochemical markers, muscle damage, and oxidative stress in diabetic rats submitted to RET. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were distributed into 4 groups (each group, n = 8) treated with distilled water (TD), EE, EAF, or metformin and submitted to RET. Two groups without the disease (each group, n = 8) (sedentary control and trained control), as well as a sedentary diabetic group (n = 8) were included. Body weight and glycemia were evaluated weekly. After 30 days, lipid/lipoprotein profile, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, muscle damage ((creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl groups (SH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were evaluated. MDA and SH for pancreas, liver, heart, and muscle were evaluated. C. spicata extract and fraction combined with RET recovered body weight and reduced glycemia, muscle damage (CK: 36.83% and 21.45%; LDH: 49.83% and 68.55%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (70.63%; 59.18%) and improved redox status (MDA: 50.33%, 39.74%; and SH: 53.97%; 76.41%), respectively, when compared with the TD group. C. spicata plus RET promoted anti-hyperglycemic, lipid-reducing, and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats. Novelty C. spicata presents anti-hyperglycemic and lipid-lowering effects potentiated by RET. C. spicata reduces muscle injury and increases antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jymmys Lopes Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Silvan Silva de Araújo
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Clésio Andrade Lima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Marques Vieira Souza
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Rôas Araújo Costa
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Azevedo Voltarelli
- Graduate Program of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Charles Dos Santos Estevam
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
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