1
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Prabaharan R, Rengan R, Thangavel SK, Małecki JG. Exploration of Antiproliferative Activity and Apoptosis Induction of New Nickel(II) Complexes Encompassing Carbazole Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12584-12591. [PMID: 37033823 PMCID: PMC10077545 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To attest the effectiveness of nickel complexes as anticancer drug candidates with minimum side effects, the present investigation describes the facile synthesis and anticancer activities of nickel(II) complexes enriched with three derivatives of carbazolone-based benzhydrazone ligands(L) having a [Ni(L)2] composition. Analytical and spectral techniques were used to characterize the synthesized Ni(II) complexes. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction performed for complex 4 confirmed the square planar geometry with a [Ni(κ2-N,O-L)2] arrangement. The MTT assay was carried out for the complexes to determine in vitro cytotoxicity against cancerous human-cervical carcinoma, human-colon carcinoma, and non-cancerous L929 (fibroblast) cells. All three complexes exhibited good toxicity against the cancer cells with a low IC50 concentration. Complex 4, containing -OCH3 fragment, exhibits high lipophilicity and revealed exceptional cytotoxicity against cancer cells. AO-EB fluorescent staining indicated apoptosis-associated cell morphological changes after exposure to complex 4. The apoptosis induction was further confirmed by a HOECHST-33342 fluorescent staining technique via chromosomal condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Further, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) mechanistic studies revealed that complex 4 can raise ROS levels and reduce MMP and promote mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptotic cell death. Further, stimulation of late apoptosis by complex 4 in cervical cancer cells was quantitatively differentiated through the staining of phosphatidylserine externalization by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the ELISA analysis confirmed that complex 4 induced apoptosis through caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Prabaharan
- Centre
for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre
for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Sathiya Kamatchi Thangavel
- Centre
for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department
of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice 40-006, Poland
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2
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Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Caruso A, Mariconda A, Petrou A, Geronikaki A, Rosano C, Saturnino C, Catalano A, Longo P, Sinicropi MS. 5,8-Dimethyl-9H-carbazole Derivatives Blocking hTopo I Activity and Actin Dynamics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030353. [PMID: 36986453 PMCID: PMC10051477 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, carbazoles have been largely studied for their numerous biological properties, including antibacterial, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anticancer, and many more. Some of them have gained great interest for their anticancer activity in breast cancer due to their capability in inhibiting essential DNA-dependent enzymes, namely topoisomerases I and II. With this in mind, we studied the anticancer activity of a series of carbazole derivatives against two breast cancer cell lines, namely the triple negative MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Compounds 3 and 4 were found to be the most active towards the MDA-MB-231 cell line without interfering with the normal counterpart. Using docking simulations, we assessed the ability of these carbazole derivatives to bind human topoisomerases I and II and actin. In vitro specific assays confirmed that the lead compounds selectively inhibited the human topoisomerase I and interfered with the normal organization of the actin system, triggering apoptosis as a final effect. Thus, compounds 3 and 4 are strong candidates for further drug development in multi-targeted therapy for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer, for which safe therapeutic regimens are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-493200
| | - Anna Caruso
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | | | - Anthi Petrou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Camillo Rosano
- U.O. Proteomica e Spettrometria di Massa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 1632 Genova, Italy
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Occhiuzzi MA, Lico G, Ioele G, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Grande F. Recent advances in PI3K/PKB/mTOR inhibitors as new anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114971. [PMID: 36462440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical role of the PI3K/PKB/mTOR signalling pathway in cell-cycle regulation is now well known. During the onset and development of different forms of cancer it becomes overactive reducing apoptosis and allowing cell proliferation. Therefore, this pathway has become an important target for the treatment of various forms of malignant tumors, including breast cancer and follicular lymphoma. Recently, several more or less selective inhibitors targeting these proteins have been identified. In general, drugs that act on multiple targets within the entire pathway are more efficient than single targeting inhibitors. Multiple inhibitors exhibit high potency and limited drug resistance, resulting in promising anticancer agents. In this context, the present survey focuses on small molecule drugs capable of modulating the PI3K/PKB/mTOR signalling pathway, thus representing drugs or drug candidates to be used in the pharmacological treatment of different forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernando Lico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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4
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Alanazi J, Unnisa A, Alanazi M, Alharby TN, Moin A, Rizvi SMD, Hussain T, Awadelkareem AM, Elkhalifa AO, Faiyaz SSM, Khalid M, Gowda DV. 3-Methoxy Carbazole Impedes the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells by Suppressing NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111410. [PMID: 36422540 PMCID: PMC9699412 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the most frequently occurring cancer globally among women. As per the recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO), it was documented that by the end of the year 2020, approximately 7.8 million females were positively diagnosed with breast cancer and in 2020 alone, 685,000 casualties were documented due to breast cancer. The use of standard chemotherapeutics includes the frontline treatment option for patients; however, the concomitant side effects represent a major obstacle for their usage. Carbazole alkaloids are one such group of naturally-occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the Rutaceae family. Among the various carbazole alkaloids, 3-Methoxy carbazole or C13H11NO (MHC) is obtained from Clausena heptaphylla as well as from Clausena indica. In this study, MHC was investigated for its anti-breast cancer activity based on molecular interactions with specific proteins related to breast cancer, where the MHC had predicted binding affinities for NF-κB with −8.3 kcal/mol. Furthermore, to evaluate the biological activity of MHC, we studied its in vitro cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells. This alkaloid showed significant inhibitory effects and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by enhanced caspase activities and the cellular generation of ROS. It was observed that a treatment with MHC inhibited the gene expression of NF-kB in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These results suggest that MHC could be a promising medical plant for breast cancer treatment. Further studies are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the anticancer action of MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowaher Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziz Unnisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.U.); (A.M.)
| | - Muteb Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Nafea Alharby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.U.); (A.M.)
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Mahgoub Awadelkareem
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - AbdElmoneim O. Elkhalifa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdilaziz, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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5
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King A, Blackledge MS. Evaluation of small molecule kinase inhibitors as novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:1038-1064. [PMID: 34581492 PMCID: PMC8616828 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global and pressing concern. Our current therapeutic arsenal is increasingly limited as bacteria are developing resistance at a rate that far outpaces our ability to create new treatments. Novel approaches to treating and curing bacterial infections are urgently needed. Bacterial kinases have been increasingly explored as novel drug targets and are poised for development into novel therapeutic agents to combat bacterial infections. This review describes several general classes of bacterial kinases that play important roles in bacterial growth, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation. General features of these kinase classes are discussed and areas of particular interest for the development of inhibitors will be highlighted. Small molecule kinase inhibitors are described and organized by phenotypic effect, spotlighting particularly interesting inhibitors with novel functions and potential therapeutic benefit. Finally, we provide our perspective on the future of bacterial kinase inhibition as a viable strategy to combat bacterial infections and overcome the pressures of increasing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley King
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268
| | - Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268
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6
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Wang G, Sun S, Guo H. Current status of carbazole hybrids as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:113999. [PMID: 34838335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The drug resistance and low specificity of current available chemotherapeutics to cancer cells are the main reasons responsible for the failure of cancer chemotherapy and remain dramatic challenges for cancer therapy, creating an urgent need to develop novel anticancer agents. Carbazole nucleus, widely distributed in nature, is a predominant feature of a vast array of biologically active compounds. Carbazole derivatives exhibited potential antiproliferative activity against different cancer cell lines by diverse mechanisms, inclusive of arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis, and several anticancer agents are carbazole-based compounds. Thus, carbazole derivatives represent a fertile source for discovery of novel anticancer therapeutic agents. Over the past several years, a variety of carbazole hybrids have been developed as potential anticancer agents. The present review focuses on the recent progress, from 2016 until now, in knowledge on anticancer properties, structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action of carbazole hybrids to provide a basis for development of relevant therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, PR China
| | - Hua Guo
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, 114005, Liaoning, PR China
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7
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Song F, Liu D, Huo X, Qiu D. The anticancer activity of carbazole alkaloids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100277. [PMID: 34486161 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the first choice for the majority of cancers, but severe side effects and drug resistance restrict the actual clinical efficacy. Carbazole alkaloids, mainly from the Rutaceae family, possess favorable donor ability, good planarity, rich photophysical properties, and excellent biocompatibility. Carbazole alkaloids could not only intercalate in DNA but could also inhibit telomerase and topoisomerase and regulate protein phosphorylation. Hence, carbazole alkaloids are useful in providing lead hits/candidates for the development of novel anticancer agents. This review summarizes the research progress made regarding the anticancer properties of carbazole alkaloids, covering articles published from January 2010 to June 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Dezhou Number One Middle School, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Xiankai Huo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Abstract
The carbazole class is made up of heterocyclically structured compounds first isolated from coal tar. Their structural motif is preponderant in different synthetic materials and naturally occurring alkaloids extracted from the taxonomically related higher plants of the genus Murraya, Glycosmis, and Clausena from the Rutaceae family. Concerning the biological activity of these compounds, many research groups have assessed their antiproliferative action of carbazoles on different types of tumoral cells, such as breast, cervical, ovarian, hepatic, oral cavity, and small-cell lung cancer, and underlined their potential effects against psoriasis. One of the principal mechanisms likely involved in these effects is the ability of carbazoles to target the JAK/STATs pathway, considered essential for cell differentiation, proliferation, development, apoptosis, and inflammation. In this review, we report the studies carried out, over the years, useful to synthesize compounds with carbazole moiety designed to target these kinds of kinases.
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Luparello C, Cruciata I, Joerger AC, Ocasio CA, Jones R, Tareque RK, Bagley MC, Spencer J, Walker M, Austin C, Ferrara T, D′Oca P, Bellina R, Branni R, Caradonna F. Genotoxicity and Epigenotoxicity of Carbazole-Derived Molecules on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073410. [PMID: 33810274 PMCID: PMC8038095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbazole compounds PK9320 (1-(9-ethyl-7-(furan-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine) and PK9323 (1-(9-ethyl-7-(thiazol-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine), second-generation analogues of PK083 (1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine), restore p53 signaling in Y220C p53-mutated cancer cells by binding to a mutation-induced surface crevice and acting as molecular chaperones. In the present paper, these three molecules have been tested for mutant p53-independent genotoxic and epigenomic effects on wild-type p53 MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells, employing a combination of Western blot for phospho-γH2AX histone, Comet assay and methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed PCR to analyze their intrinsic DNA damage-inducing and DNA methylation-changing abilities. We demonstrate that small modifications in the substitution patterns of carbazoles can have profound effects on their intrinsic genotoxic and epigenetic properties, with PK9320 and PK9323 being eligible candidates as “anticancer compounds” and “anticancer epi-compounds” and PK083 a “damage-corrective” compound on human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Such different properties may be exploited for their use as anticancer agents and chemical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luparello
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Ilenia Cruciata
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Andreas C. Joerger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cory A. Ocasio
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Rhiannon Jones
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Raysa Khan Tareque
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Mark C. Bagley
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Martin Walker
- Eurofins Integrated Discovery UK Ltd., Fyfield Business & Research Park, Fyfield Road, Ongar, Essex CM5 0GS, UK; (M.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Carol Austin
- Eurofins Integrated Discovery UK Ltd., Fyfield Business & Research Park, Fyfield Road, Ongar, Essex CM5 0GS, UK; (M.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Tiziana Ferrara
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Pietro D′Oca
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Rossella Bellina
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Rossella Branni
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.S.); (F.C.)
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Abstract
The diarylurea is a scaffold of great importance in medicinal chemistry as it is present in numerous heterocyclic compounds with antithrombotic, antimalarial, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Some diarylureas, serine-threonine kinase or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, were recently reported in literature. The first to come into the market as an anticancer agent was sorafenib, followed by some others. In this review, we survey progress over the past 10 years in the development of new diarylureas as anticancer agents.
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