1
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Fare CM, Rothstein JD. Nuclear pore dysfunction and disease: a complex opportunity. Nucleus 2024; 15:2314297. [PMID: 38383349 PMCID: PMC10883112 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2314297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The separation of genetic material from bulk cytoplasm has enabled the evolution of increasingly complex organisms, allowing for the development of sophisticated forms of life. However, this complexity has created new categories of dysfunction, including those related to the movement of material between cellular compartments. In eukaryotic cells, nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is a fundamental biological process, and cumulative disruptions to nuclear integrity and nucleocytoplasmic transport are detrimental to cell survival. This is particularly true in post-mitotic neurons, where nuclear pore injury and errors to nucleocytoplasmic trafficking are strongly associated with neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of nuclear pore biology in physiological and pathological contexts and discuss potential therapeutic approaches for addressing nuclear pore injury and dysfunctional nucleocytoplasmic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Fare
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Voicu V, Tataru CP, Toader C, Covache-Busuioc RA, Glavan LA, Bratu BG, Costin HP, Corlatescu AD, Ciurea AV. Decoding Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Genetic Influences, and Therapeutic Innovations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13006. [PMID: 37629187 PMCID: PMC10455143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders often acquire due to genetic predispositions and genomic alterations after exposure to multiple risk factors. The most commonly found pathologies are variations of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia, as well as rare subtypes of cerebral and cerebellar atrophy-based syndromes. In an emerging era of biomedical advances, molecular-cellular studies offer an essential avenue for a thorough recognition of the underlying mechanisms and their possible implications in the patient's symptomatology. This comprehensive review is focused on deciphering molecular mechanisms and the implications regarding those pathologies' clinical advancement and provides an analytical overview of genetic mutations in the case of neurodegenerative disorders. With the help of well-developed modern genetic investigations, these clinically complex disturbances are highly understood nowadays, being an important step in establishing molecularly targeted therapies and implementing those approaches in the physician's practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Voicu
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Psychopharmacology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Medical Section within the Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Petre Tataru
- Department of Opthamology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (H.P.C.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (H.P.C.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (H.P.C.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (H.P.C.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (H.P.C.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (H.P.C.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (L.A.G.); (B.-G.B.); (H.P.C.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Canals I, Comella-Bolla A, Cepeda-Prado E, Avaliani N, Crowe JA, Oburoglu L, Bruzelius A, King N, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D, Heuer A, Rylander Ottosson D, Soriano J, Ahlenius H. Astrocyte dysfunction and neuronal network hyperactivity in a CRISPR engineered pluripotent stem cell model of frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad158. [PMID: 37274831 PMCID: PMC10233896 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most prevalent type of early-onset dementia and up to 40% of cases are familial forms. One of the genes mutated in patients is CHMP2B, which encodes a protein found in a complex important for maturation of late endosomes, an essential process for recycling membrane proteins through the endolysosomal system. Here, we have generated a CHMP2B-mutated human embryonic stem cell line using genome editing with the purpose to create a human in vitro FTD disease model. To date, most studies have focused on neuronal alterations; however, we present a new co-culture system in which neurons and astrocytes are independently generated from human embryonic stem cells and combined in co-cultures. With this approach, we have identified alterations in the endolysosomal system of FTD astrocytes, a higher capacity of astrocytes to uptake and respond to glutamate, and a neuronal network hyperactivity as well as excessive synchronization. Overall, our data indicates that astrocyte alterations precede neuronal impairments and could potentially trigger neuronal network changes, indicating the important and specific role of astrocytes in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Canals
- Correspondence to: Isaac Canals Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University Klinikgatan 26 BMC B10, 22184, Lund, Sweden E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - James A Crowe
- Lund Stem Cell Center, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Glial and Neuronal Biology lab, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leal Oburoglu
- Lund Stem Cell Center, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bruzelius
- Lund Stem Cell Center, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Regenerative Neurophysiology group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Naomi King
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Lund Stem Cell Center, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Regenerative Neurophysiology group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jordi Soriano
- The Neurophysics group, Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Henrik Ahlenius E-mail:
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4
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Diab R, Pilotto F, Saxena S. Autophagy and neurodegeneration: Unraveling the role of C9ORF72 in the regulation of autophagy and its relationship to ALS-FTD pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1086895. [PMID: 37006471 PMCID: PMC10060823 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1086895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of the cell clearance machinery is critical for neuronal health within the central nervous system (CNS). In normal physiological conditions, the cell clearance machinery is actively involved in the elimination of misfolded and toxic proteins throughout the lifetime of an organism. The highly conserved and regulated pathway of autophagy is one of the important processes involved in preventing and neutralizing pathogenic buildup of toxic proteins that could eventually lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The most common genetic cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a hexanucleotide expansion consisting of GGGGCC (G4C2) repeats in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9ORF72). These abnormally expanded repeats have been implicated in leading to three main modes of disease pathology: loss of function of the C9ORF72 protein, the generation of RNA foci, and the production of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). In this review, we discuss the normal physiological role of C9ORF72 in the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP), and present recent research deciphering how dysfunction of the ALP synergizes with C9ORF72 haploinsufficiency, which together with the gain of toxic mechanisms involving hexanucleotide repeat expansions and DPRs, drive the disease process. This review delves further into the interactions of C9ORF72 with RAB proteins involved in endosomal/lysosomal trafficking, and their role in regulating various steps in autophagy and lysosomal pathways. Lastly, the review aims to provide a framework for further investigations of neuronal autophagy in C9ORF72-linked ALS-FTD as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Diab
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Pilotto
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Smita Saxena,
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5
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Robbins M, Clayton EL. Synaptopathy in CHMP2B frontotemporal dementia highlights the synaptic vesicle cycle as a therapeutic target. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:315-316. [PMID: 35900412 PMCID: PMC9396515 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Robbins
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma L Clayton
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
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6
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Todd TW, Petrucelli L. Modelling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in rodents. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:231-251. [PMID: 35260846 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficient study of human disease requires the proper tools, one of the most crucial of which is an accurate animal model that faithfully recapitulates the human condition. The study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is no exception. Although the majority of ALS cases are considered sporadic, most animal models of this disease rely on genetic mutations identified in familial cases. Over the past decade, the number of genes associated with ALS has risen dramatically and, with each new genetic variant, there is a drive to develop associated animal models. Rodent models are of particular importance as they allow for the study of ALS in the context of a living mammal with a comparable CNS. Such models not only help to verify the pathogenicity of novel mutations but also provide critical insight into disease mechanisms and are crucial for the testing of new therapeutics. In this Review, we aim to summarize the full spectrum of ALS rodent models developed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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7
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Garrett LR, Niccoli T. Frontotemporal Dementia and Glucose Metabolism. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:812222. [PMID: 35281504 PMCID: PMC8906510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.812222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), hallmarked by antero-temporal degeneration in the human brain, is the second most common early onset dementia. FTD is a diverse disease with three main clinical presentations, four different identified proteinopathies and many disease-associated genes. The exact pathophysiology of FTD remains to be elucidated. One common characteristic all forms of FTD share is the dysregulation of glucose metabolism in patients’ brains. The brain consumes around 20% of the body’s energy supply and predominantly utilizes glucose as a fuel. Glucose metabolism dysregulation could therefore be extremely detrimental for neuronal health. Research into the association between glucose metabolism and dementias has recently gained interest in Alzheimer’s disease. FTD also presents with glucose metabolism dysregulation, however, this remains largely an unexplored area. A better understanding of the link between FTD and glucose metabolism may yield further insight into FTD pathophysiology and aid the development of novel therapeutics. Here we review our current understanding of FTD and glucose metabolism in the brain and discuss the evidence of impaired glucose metabolism in FTD. Lastly, we review research potentially suggesting a causal relationship between FTD proteinopathies and impaired glucose metabolism in FTD.
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8
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Deng X, Sun X, Yue W, Duan Y, Hu R, Zhang K, Ni J, Cui J, Wang Q, Chen Y, Li A, Fang Y. CHMP2B regulates TDP-43 phosphorylation and cytotoxicity independent of autophagy via CK1. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212740. [PMID: 34726688 PMCID: PMC8570292 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESCRT protein CHMP2B and the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 are both associated with ALS and FTD. The pathogenicity of CHMP2B has mainly been considered a consequence of autophagy–endolysosomal dysfunction, whereas protein inclusions containing phosphorylated TDP-43 are a pathological hallmark of ALS and FTD. Intriguingly, TDP-43 pathology has not been associated with the FTD-causing CHMP2BIntron5 mutation. In this study, we identify CHMP2B as a modifier of TDP-43–mediated neurodegeneration in a Drosophila screen. Down-regulation of CHMP2B reduces TDP-43 phosphorylation and toxicity in flies and mammalian cells. Surprisingly, although CHMP2BIntron5 causes dramatic autophagy dysfunction, disturbance of autophagy does not alter TDP-43 phosphorylation levels. Instead, we find that inhibition of CK1, but not TTBK1/2 (all of which are kinases phosphorylating TDP-43), abolishes the modifying effect of CHMP2B on TDP-43 phosphorylation. Finally, we uncover that CHMP2B modulates CK1 protein levels by negatively regulating ubiquitination and the proteasome-mediated turnover of CK1. Together, our findings propose an autophagy-independent role and mechanism of CHMP2B in regulating CK1 abundance and TDP-43 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Deng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Sun
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkai Yue
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjia Duan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rirong Hu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangxia Ni
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Cui
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yelin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanshan Fang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Giunta M, Solje E, Gardoni F, Borroni B, Benussi A. Experimental Disease-Modifying Agents for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:359-376. [PMID: 33790662 PMCID: PMC8005747 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s262352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia is a clinically, genetically and pathologically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, enclosing a wide range of different pathological entities, associated with the accumulation of proteins such as tau and TPD-43. Characterized by a high hereditability, mutations in three main genes, MAPT, GRN and C9orf72, can drive the neurodegenerative process. The connection between different genes and proteinopathies through specific mechanisms has shed light on the pathophysiology of the disease, leading to the identification of potential pharmacological targets. New experimental strategies are emerging, in both preclinical and clinical settings, which focus on small molecules rather than gene therapy. In this review, we provide an insight into the aberrant mechanisms leading to FTLD-related proteinopathies and discuss recent therapies with the potential to ameliorate neurodegeneration and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Giunta
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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10
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Gupta N, Sahar T, Khowal S, Ganaie IA, Mughees M, Khullar D, Jain SK, Wajid S. Differential levels of CHMP2B, LLPH, and SLC25A51 proteins in secondary renal amyloidosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:65-73. [PMID: 33583303 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1890588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Renal amyloidosis (RA) is a rare disease, typically manifested with proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and ultimately leads to renal failure. The present study aims to profile the proteomes of renal amyloidosis patient's serum and healthy controls, along with relative quantification to find out robust markers for RA. METHODS In this study, 12 RA patients and their corresponding age and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited from the Nephrology department of Max Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi. We employed gel-based proteomic approach coupled with MALDI-TOF MS to compare protein expression patterns in RA patients and controls. Furthermore, validation of differential proteins (selected) was done using bio-layer interferometry. RESULTS Eleven proteins showed remarkably altered expression levels. Moreover, expression modulation of three proteins (LLPH, SLC25A51, and CHMP2B) was validated which corroborated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) results showing significant upregulation (p < 0.05) in RA patients followed by ROC analysis which demonstrated the diagnostic potential of these proteins. A protein-protein master network was generated implicating the above identified proteins along with their interactors, fishing out the routes leading to amyloidosis. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the identified serum proteomic signatures could improve early diagnosis and lead to possible therapeutic targets in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Tahreem Sahar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Mohd Mughees
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Dinesh Khullar
- Department of Nephrology Nephrology and Renal Transplant Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), New Delhi, INDIA
| | - S K Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, INDIA
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11
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Amin A, Perera ND, Beart PM, Turner BJ, Shabanpoor F. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Autophagy: Dysfunction and Therapeutic Targeting. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112413. [PMID: 33158177 PMCID: PMC7694295 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been a drastically increased understanding of the genetic basis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Despite the identification of more than 40 different ALS-causing mutations, the accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded proteins, inclusions, and aggregates within motor neurons is the main pathological hallmark in all cases of ALS. These protein aggregates are proposed to disrupt cellular processes and ultimately result in neurodegeneration. One of the main reasons implicated in the accumulation of protein aggregates may be defective autophagy, a highly conserved intracellular “clearance” system delivering misfolded proteins, aggregates, and damaged organelles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is one of the primary stress response mechanisms activated in highly sensitive and specialised neurons following insult to ensure their survival. The upregulation of autophagy through pharmacological autophagy-inducing agents has largely been shown to reduce intracellular protein aggregate levels and disease phenotypes in different in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the intriguing interface between ALS and autophagy, provide a most comprehensive summary of autophagy-targeted drugs that have been examined or are being developed as potential treatments for ALS to date, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting autophagy in ALS.
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12
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Häkkinen S, Chu SA, Lee SE. Neuroimaging in genetic frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105063. [PMID: 32890771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have a strong clinical, genetic and pathological overlap. This review focuses on the current understanding of structural, functional and molecular neuroimaging signatures of genetic FTD and ALS. We overview quantitative neuroimaging studies on the most common genes associated with FTD (MAPT, GRN), ALS (SOD1), and both (C9orf72), and summarize visual observations of images reported in the rarer genes (CHMP2B, TARDBP, FUS, OPTN, VCP, UBQLN2, SQSTM1, TREM2, CHCHD10, TBK1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Häkkinen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Chu
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Neumann M, Mackenzie IRA. Review: Neuropathology of non-tau frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 45:19-40. [PMID: 30357887 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) as a relatively consistent neuropathological hallmark feature. However, the discoveries in the past decade of many of the relevant pathological proteins aggregating in human FTD brains in addition to several new FTD causing gene mutations underlined that FTD is a diverse condition on the neuropathological and genetic basis. This resulted in a novel molecular classification of these conditions based on the predominant protein abnormality and allows most cases of FTD to be placed now into one of three broad molecular subgroups; FTLD with tau, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 or FET protein accumulation (FTLD-tau, FTLD-TDP and FTLD-FET respectively). This review will provide an overview of the molecular neuropathology of non-tau FTLD, insights into disease mechanisms gained from the study of human post mortem tissue as well as discussion of current controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neumann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - I R A Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Development of disease-modifying drugs for frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:213-228. [PMID: 32203398 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) encompasses a spectrum of clinical syndromes characterized by progressive executive, behavioural and language dysfunction. The various FTD spectrum disorders are associated with brain accumulation of different proteins: tau, the transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP43), or fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein, Ewing sarcoma protein and TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15 (TAF15) (collectively known as FET proteins). Approximately 60% of patients with FTD have autosomal dominant mutations in C9orf72, GRN or MAPT genes. Currently available treatments are symptomatic and provide limited benefit. However, the increased understanding of FTD pathogenesis is driving the development of potential disease-modifying therapies. Most of these drugs target pathological tau - this category includes tau phosphorylation inhibitors, tau aggregation inhibitors, active and passive anti-tau immunotherapies, and MAPT-targeted antisense oligonucleotides. Some of these therapeutic approaches are being tested in phase II clinical trials. Pharmacological approaches that target the effects of GRN and C9orf72 mutations are also in development. Key results of large clinical trials will be available in a few years. However, clinical trials in FTD pose several challenges, and the development of specific brain imaging and molecular biomarkers could facilitate the recruitment of clinically homogenous groups to improve the chances of positive clinical trial results.
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15
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Heuer HW, Wang P, Rascovsky K, Wolf A, Appleby B, Bove J, Bordelon Y, Brannelly P, Brushaber DE, Caso C, Coppola G, Dickerson B, Dickinson S, Domoto-Reilly K, Faber K, Ferrall J, Fields J, Fishman A, Fong J, Foroud T, Forsberg LK, Gearhart D, Ghazanfari B, Ghoshal N, Goldman J, Graff-Radford J, Graff-Radford N, Grant I, Grossman M, Haley D, Hsiung GY, Huey E, Irwin D, Jones D, Kantarci K, Karydas A, Kaufer D, Kerwin D, Knopman D, Kornak J, Kramer JH, Kraft R, Kremers WK, Kukull W, Litvan I, Ljubenkov P, Mackenzie IR, Maldonado M, Manoochehri M, McGinnis S, McKinley E, Mendez MF, Miller BL, Onyike C, Pantelyat A, Pearlman R, Petrucelli L, Potter M, Rademakers R, Ramos EM, Rankin KP, Roberson ED, Rogalski E, Sengdy P, Shaw L, Syrjanen J, Tartaglia MC, Tatton N, Taylor J, Toga A, Trojanowski J, Weintraub S, Wong B, Wszolek Z, Boeve BF, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL. Comparison of sporadic and familial behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in a North American cohort. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:60-70. [PMID: 31914226 PMCID: PMC7192555 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) may present sporadically or due to an autosomal dominant mutation. Characterization of both forms will improve understanding of the generalizability of assessments and treatments. METHODS A total of 135 sporadic (s-bvFTD; mean age 63.3 years; 34% female) and 99 familial (f-bvFTD; mean age 59.9; 48% female) bvFTD participants were identified. f-bvFTD cases included 43 with known or presumed chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene expansions, 28 with known or presumed microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) mutations, 14 with known progranulin (GRN) mutations, and 14 with a strong family history of FTD but no identified mutation. RESULTS Participants with f-bvFTD were younger and had earlier age at onset. s-bvFTD had higher total Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) scores due to more frequent endorsement of depression and irritability. DISCUSSION f-bvFTD and s-bvFTD cases are clinically similar, suggesting the generalizability of novel biomarkers, therapies, and clinical tools developed in either form to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary W Heuer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - P Wang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - K Rascovsky
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Wolf
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - B Appleby
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - J Bove
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Y Bordelon
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - P Brannelly
- Tau Consortium, Rainwater Charitable Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas
| | | | - C Caso
- U Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - G Coppola
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - B Dickerson
- Harvard University/MGH, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Dickinson
- Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, Radnor, Pennsylvania
| | | | - K Faber
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - J Ferrall
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J Fields
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - A Fishman
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - J Fong
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - T Foroud
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | - N Ghoshal
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - J Goldman
- Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | - I Grant
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M Grossman
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Haley
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - G-Y Hsiung
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E Huey
- Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - D Irwin
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Jones
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - A Karydas
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - D Kaufer
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - D Kerwin
- The University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - J Kornak
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - J H Kramer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - R Kraft
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - W Kukull
- National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - I Litvan
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - P Ljubenkov
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - I R Mackenzie
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Maldonado
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - S McGinnis
- Harvard University/MGH, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E McKinley
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - M F Mendez
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - B L Miller
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - C Onyike
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - A Pantelyat
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - R Pearlman
- Bluefield Project, San Francisco, California
| | | | - M Potter
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - E M Ramos
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - K P Rankin
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - E D Roberson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - E Rogalski
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - P Sengdy
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L Shaw
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - N Tatton
- Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, Radnor, Pennsylvania
| | - J Taylor
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - A Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging (LONI), USC, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - B Wong
- Harvard University/MGH, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - H J Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - A L Boxer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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16
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Hyttel P, de Figueiredo Pessôa LV, Secher JBM, Dittlau KS, Freude K, Hall VJ, Fair T, Assey RJ, Laurincik J, Callesen H, Greve T, Stroebech LB. Oocytes, embryos and pluripotent stem cells from a biomedical perspective. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:508-523. [PMID: 32435294 PMCID: PMC7234146 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The veterinary and animal science professions are rapidly developing and their inherent and historical connection to agriculture is challenged by more biomedical and medical directions of research. While some consider this development as a risk of losing identity, it may also be seen as an opportunity for developing further and more sophisticated competences that may ultimately feed back to veterinary and animal science in a synergistic way. The present review describes how agriculture-related studies on bovine in vitro embryo production through studies of putative bovine and porcine embryonic stem cells led the way to more sophisticated studies of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using e.g. gene editing for modeling of neurodegeneration in man. However, instead of being a blind diversion from veterinary and animal science into medicine, these advanced studies of human iPSC-derived neurons build a set of competences that allowed us, in a more competent way, to focus on novel aspects of more veterinary and agricultural relevance in the form of porcine and canine iPSCs. These types of animal stem cells are of biomedical importance for modeling of iPSC-based therapy in man, but in particular the canine iPSCs are also important for understanding and modeling canine diseases, as e.g. canine cognitive dysfunction, for the benefit and therapy of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Katarina Stoklund Dittlau
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanessa J Hall
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trudee Fair
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Remmy John Assey
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
| | - Jozef Laurincik
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia.,The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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17
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Guix FX. The interplay between aging‐associated loss of protein homeostasis and extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:262-283. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Gossye H, Van Broeckhoven C, Engelborghs S. The Use of Biomarkers and Genetic Screening to Diagnose Frontotemporal Dementia: Evidence and Clinical Implications. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:757. [PMID: 31447625 PMCID: PMC6691066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the wide range of neurodegenerative brain diseases, the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) frequently poses a challenge. Often, signs and symptoms are not characteristic of the disease and may instead reflect atypical presentations. Consequently, the use of disease biomarkers is of importance to correctly identify the patients. Here, we describe how neuropsychological characteristics, neuroimaging and neurochemical biomarkers and screening for causal gene mutations can be used to differentiate FTD from other neurodegenerative diseases as well as to distinguish between FTD subtypes. Summarizing current evidence, we propose a stepwise approach in the diagnostic evaluation. Clinical consensus criteria that take into account a full neuropsychological examination have relatively good accuracy (sensitivity [se] 75–95%, specificity [sp] 82–95%) to diagnose FTD, although misdiagnosis (mostly AD) is common. Structural brain MRI (se 70–94%, sp 89–99%) and FDG PET (se 47–90%, sp 68–98%) or SPECT (se 36–100%, sp 41–100%) brain scans greatly increase diagnostic accuracy, showing greater involvement of frontal and anterior temporal lobes, with sparing of hippocampi and medial temporal lobes. If these results are inconclusive, we suggest detecting amyloid and tau cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers that can indicate the presence of AD with good accuracy (se 74–100%, sp 82–97%). The use of P-tau181 and the Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 ratio significantly increases the accuracy of correctly identifying FTD vs. AD. Alternatively, an amyloid brain PET scan can be performed to differentiate FTD from AD. When autosomal dominant inheritance is suspected, or in early onset dementia, mutation screening of causal genes is indicated and may also be offered to at-risk family members. We have summarized genotype–phenotype correlations for several genes that are known to cause familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which is the neuropathological substrate of FTD. The genes most commonly associated with this disease (C9orf72, MAPT, GRN, TBK1) are discussed, as well as some less frequent ones (CHMP2B, VCP). Several other techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging, tau PET imaging and measuring serum neurofilament levels, show promise for future implementation as diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gossye
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born - Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born - Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born - Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, UZ Brussel and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Salim S, Nasir J, Chen PE. Overexpression of the dopamine receptor-interacting protein Alix/AIP1 modulates NMDA receptor-triggered cell death. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1381-1391. [PMID: 31077357 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alix/AIP1 is an adaptor protein involved in apoptosis, endocytic membrane trafficking and brain development. Alix has been found within the human postsynaptic density (PSD) and, since NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are central components of the PSD, we hypothesized that the close proximity of both proteins may allow Alix to influence the downstream pathways following NMDAR activation. NMDARs play important roles in excitotoxicity and we evaluated the effects of recombinant Alix in an NMDAR cell death assay. Overexpression of Alix with NMDARs increases the potency of NMDAR- induced cell death compared to cells expressing only NMDARs, and this requires expression of the Alix C-terminal region. Therefore, we demonstrate a previously unreported role for Alix as a potential modulator of NMDAR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Salim
- Centres for Biomedical Sciences and Gene & Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Jamal Nasir
- Molecular Biosciences Research Group, Faculty of Health & Society, University of Northampton, Waterside Campus, Northampton, UK
| | - Philip E Chen
- Centres for Biomedical Sciences and Gene & Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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20
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Fenoglio C, Scarpini E, Serpente M, Galimberti D. Role of Genetics and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:913-932. [PMID: 29562532 PMCID: PMC5870004 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent the first cause of dementia in senile and pre-senile population, respectively. A percentage of cases have a genetic cause, inherited with an autosomal dominant pattern of transmission. The majority of cases, however, derive from complex interactions between a number of genetic and environmental factors. Gene variants may act as risk or protective factors. Their combination with a variety of environmental exposures may result in increased susceptibility to these diseases or may influence their course. The scenario is even more complicated considering the effect of epigenetics, which encompasses mechanisms able to alter the expression of genes without altering the DNA sequence. In this review, an overview of the current genetic and epigenetic progresses in AD and FTD will be provided, with particular focus on 1) causative genes, 2) genetic risk factors and disease modifiers, and 3) epigenetics, including methylation, non-coding RNAs and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Cá Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Cá Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serpente
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Cá Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione Cá Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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21
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Ferrari R, Manzoni C, Hardy J. Genetics and molecular mechanisms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: an update and future avenues. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 78:98-110. [PMID: 30925302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. The study and the dissection of FTLD is complex due to its clinical, pathological, and genetic heterogeneity. In this review, we survey the state-of-the-art genetics of familial FTLD and recapitulate our current understanding of the genetic architecture of sporadic FTLD by summarizing results of genome-wide association studies performed in FTLD to date. We then discuss the challenges of translating these heterogeneous genetic features into the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of FTLD pathogenesis. We particularly highlight a number of susceptibility processes that appear to be conserved across familial and sporadic cases (e.g., and the cellular waste disposal pathways, and immune system signaling) and finally describe cutting-edge approaches, based on mathematical prediction tools, highlighting novel intriguing risk pathways such as DNA damage response as an emerging theme in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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22
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Abstract
The development of the reprogramming technology led to generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) from a variety of somatic cells. Ever since, fast growing knowledge of different efficient protocols enabled the differentiation of these iPSCs into different cells types utilized for disease modeling. Indeed, iPSC-derived cells have been increasingly used for investigating molecular and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms underlying inherited diseases. However, a major barrier in the field of iPSC-based disease modeling relies on discriminating between the effects of the causative mutation and the genetic background of these cells. In the past decade, researchers have made great improvement in genome editing techniques, with one of the latest being CRISPR/Cas9. Using a single non-sequence specific protein combined with a small guiding RNA molecule, this state-of-the-art approach enables modifications of genes with high efficiency and accuracy. By so doing, this technique enables the generation of isogenic controls or isogenic mutated cell lines in order to focus on the pathologies caused by a specific mutation. In this article, we review the latest studies combining iPSC and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying inherited diseases including immunological, metabolic, hematological, neurodegenerative and cardiac diseases.
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23
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Neuronal activity regulates DROSHA via autophagy in spinal muscular atrophy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7907. [PMID: 29784949 PMCID: PMC5962575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated miRNA expression and mutation of genes involved in miRNA biogenesis have been reported in motor neuron diseases including spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, identifying molecular mechanisms governing miRNA expression is important to understand these diseases. Here, we report that expression of DROSHA, which is a critical enzyme in the microprocessor complex and essential for miRNA biogenesis, is reduced in motor neurons from an SMA mouse model. We show that DROSHA is degraded by neuronal activity induced autophagy machinery, which is also dysregulated in SMA. Blocking neuronal activity or the autophagy-lysosome pathway restores DROSHA levels in SMA motor neurons. Moreover, reducing DROSHA levels enhances axonal growth. As impaired axonal growth is a well described phenotype of SMA motor neurons, these data suggest that DROSHA reduction by autophagy may mitigate the phenotype of SMA. In summary, these findings suggest that autophagy regulates RNA metabolism and neuronal growth via the DROSHA/miRNA pathway and this pathway is dysregulated in SMA.
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive changes in behavior, personality, and language with involvement of the frontal and temporal regions of the brain. About 40% of FTD cases have a positive family history, and about 10% of these cases are inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. These gene defects present with distinct clinical phenotypes. As the diagnosis of FTD becomes more recognizable, it will become increasingly important to keep these gene mutations in mind. In this chapter, we review the genes with known associations to FTD. We discuss protein functions, mutation frequencies, clinical phenotypes, imaging characteristics, and pathology associated with these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Deleon
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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25
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Serpente M, Galimberti D. Autosomal Dominant Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: From Genotype to Phenotype. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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26
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Rostgaard N, Roos P, Portelius E, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Simonsen AH, Nielsen JE. CSF neurofilament light concentration is increased in presymptomatic CHMP2B mutation carriers. Neurology 2017; 90:e157-e163. [PMID: 29237796 PMCID: PMC5772154 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A rare cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a mutation in the CHMP2B gene on chromosome 3 (FTD-3), described in a Danish family. Here we examine whether CSF biomarkers change in the preclinical phase of the disease. Methods In this cross-sectional explorative study, we analyzed CSF samples from 16 mutation carriers and 14 noncarriers from the Danish FTD-3 family. CSF biomarkers included total tau (t-tau) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a marker for neurodegeneration, phosphorylated tau (p-tau) as a marker for tau pathology, β-amyloid (Aβ) 38, 40, and 42 (Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42) to monitor Aβ metabolism, and YKL-40 as a marker of neuroinflammation. Aβ isoform concentrations were measured using a multiplexed immunoassay; t-tau, p-tau, NfL, and YKL-40 concentrations were measured using sandwich ELISAs. Results CSF NfL concentration was significantly increased in mutation carriers vs noncarriers. Further, CSF NfL concentration was significantly higher in symptomatic mutation carriers compared to presymptomatic carriers, and also significantly higher in presymptomatic carriers compared to noncarriers. No differences in t-tau and p-tau and YKL-40 concentrations between controls and mutation carriers were observed. CSF concentrations of the Aβ peptides Aβ38 and Aβ40 but not Aβ42 were significantly lower in mutation carriers compared to noncarriers. Conclusions Increased NfL levels in presymptomatic individuals and in symptomatic patients with FTD-3 indicate a continuous process of neurodegeneration from the presymptomatic to symptomatic state. Although not specific for FTD-3 pathology, our data suggest that CSF NfL could serve as a valuable biomarker to detect onset of neurodegeneration in FTD-3 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rostgaard
- From the Danish Dementia Research Centre (N.R., P.R., A.H.S., J.E.N.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Peter Roos
- From the Danish Dementia Research Centre (N.R., P.R., A.H.S., J.E.N.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Erik Portelius
- From the Danish Dementia Research Centre (N.R., P.R., A.H.S., J.E.N.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Danish Dementia Research Centre (N.R., P.R., A.H.S., J.E.N.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Danish Dementia Research Centre (N.R., P.R., A.H.S., J.E.N.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anja H Simonsen
- From the Danish Dementia Research Centre (N.R., P.R., A.H.S., J.E.N.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- From the Danish Dementia Research Centre (N.R., P.R., A.H.S., J.E.N.), Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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27
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Clayton EL, Mancuso R, Nielsen TT, Mizielinska S, Holmes H, Powell N, Norona F, Larsen JO, Milioto C, Wilson KM, Lythgoe MF, Ourselin S, Nielsen JE, Johannsen P, Holm I, Collinge J, Oliver PL, Gomez-Nicola D, Isaacs AM. Early microgliosis precedes neuronal loss and behavioural impairment in mice with a frontotemporal dementia-causing CHMP2B mutation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:873-887. [PMID: 28093491 PMCID: PMC5409096 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-causing mutations in the CHMP2B gene lead to the generation of mutant C-terminally truncated CHMP2B. We report that transgenic mice expressing endogenous levels of mutant CHMP2B developed late-onset brain volume loss associated with frank neuronal loss and FTD-like changes in social behaviour. These data are the first to show neurodegeneration in mice expressing mutant CHMP2B and indicate that our mouse model is able to recapitulate neurodegenerative changes observed in FTD. Neuroinflammation has been increasingly implicated in neurodegeneration, including FTD. Therefore, we investigated neuroinflammation in our CHMP2B mutant mice. We observed very early microglial proliferation that develops into a clear pro-inflammatory phenotype at late stages. Importantly, we also observed a similar inflammatory profile in CHMP2B patient frontal cortex. Aberrant microglial function has also been implicated in FTD caused by GRN, MAPT and C9orf72 mutations. The presence of early microglial changes in our CHMP2B mutant mice indicates neuroinflammation may be a contributing factor to the neurodegeneration observed in FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Clayton
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, South Laboratory and Pathology Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | - Troels Tolstrup Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Mizielinska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Holly Holmes
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Nicholas Powell
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Frances Norona
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jytte Overgaard Larsen
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, UK
| | - Carmelo Milioto
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Katherine M Wilson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Sebastian Ourselin
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jörgen E Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Neurogenetics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Holm
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Randers Hospital, DK-8930 Randers NØ, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John Collinge
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, South Laboratory and Pathology Block, Tremona Road, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | - Adrian M Isaacs
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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28
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Tang SS, Li J, Tan L, Yu JT. Genetics of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: From the Bench to the Clinic. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1157-76. [PMID: 27104909 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. In this review, we summarize most common mutations in MAPT, GRN, and C90RF72, as well as less common mutations in VCP, CHMP2B, TARDBP, FUS gene and so on. Several guidelines have been developed to help gene testing based on genotype-phenotype correlation, the underlying histopathological subtypes, and the neuroanatomic associations. Furthermore, we also summarize molecular pathways implicated by genes and novel targets for FTLD prevention and management in recent years.
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29
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Wang C, Telpoukhovskaia MA, Bahr BA, Chen X, Gan L. Endo-lysosomal dysfunction: a converging mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 48:52-58. [PMID: 29028540 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endo-lysosomal pathways are essential in maintaining protein homeostasis in the cell. Numerous genes in the endo-lysosomal pathways have been found to associate with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mutations of these genes lead to dysfunction in multiple steps of the endo-lysosomal network: autophagy, endocytic trafficking and lysosomal degradation, resulting in accumulation of pathogenic proteins. Although the exact pathogenic mechanism varies for different disease-associated genes, dysfunction of the endo-lysosomal pathways represents a converging mechanism shared by these diseases. Therefore, strategies that correct or compensate for endo-lysosomal dysfunction may be promising therapeutic approaches to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maria A Telpoukhovskaia
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common cause of dementia following Alzheimer's disease (AD). Between 20 and 50% of cases are familial. Mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9orf72 are found in 60% of familial FTD cases. C9orf72 mutations are the most common and account for 25%. Rarer mutations (<5%) occur in other genes such as VPC, CHMP2B, TARDP, FUS, ITM2B, TBK1 and TBP. The diagnosis is often challenging due to symptom overlap with AD and other conditions. We review the genetics, clinical presentations, neuroimaging, neuropathology, animal studies and therapeutic trials in FTD. We describe clinical scenarios including the original family with the tau stem loop mutation (+14) and also the recently discovered 'missing tau' mutation +15 that 'closed the loop' in 2015.
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31
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De Conti L, Borroni B, Baralle M. New routes in frontotemporal dementia drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:659-671. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1329294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Conti
- Biotechnology Development Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders - Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Baralle
- Biotechnology Development Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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32
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Couratier P, Corcia P, Lautrette G, Nicol M, Marin B. ALS and frontotemporal dementia belong to a common disease spectrum. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:273-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Mann DMA, Snowden JS. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Pathogenesis, pathology and pathways to phenotype. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:723-736. [PMID: 28100023 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) is a clinically, pathologically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that affect principally the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. There are three major associated clinical syndromes, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), semantic dementia (SD) and progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA); three principal histologies, involving tau, TDP-43 and FUS proteins; and mutations in three major genes, MAPT, GRN and C9orf72, along with several other less common gene mutations. All three clinical syndromes can exist separately or in combination with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). SD is exclusively a TDP-43 proteinopathy, and PNFA may be so, with both showing tight clinical, histological and genetic inter-relationships. bvFTD is more of a challenge with overlapping histological and genetic features, involvement of any of the three aggregating proteins, and changes in any of the three major genes. However, when ALS is present, all cases show a clear histological phenotype with TDP-43 aggregated proteins, and familial forms are associated with expansions in C9orf72. TDP-43 and FUS are nuclear carrier proteins involved in the regulation of RNA metabolism, whereas tau protein - the product of MAPT - is responsible for the assembly/disassembly of microtubules, which are vital for intracellular transport. Mutations in TDP-43 and FUS genes are linked to clinical ALS rather than FTLD (with or without ALS), suggesting that clinical ALS may be a disorder of RNA metabolism. Conversely, the protein products of GRN and C9orf72, along with those of the other minor genes, appear to form part of the cellular protein degradation machinery. It is possible therefore that FTLD is a reflection of dysfunction within lysosomal/proteasomal systems resulting in failure to remove potentially neurotoxic (TDP-43 and tau) aggregates, which ultimately overwhelm capacity to function. Spread of aggregates along distinct pathways may account for the different clinical phenotypes, and patterns of progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M A Mann
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.,Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
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34
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Zhang Y, Schmid B, Nikolaisen NK, Rasmussen MA, Aldana BI, Agger M, Calloe K, Stummann TC, Larsen HM, Nielsen TT, Huang J, Xu F, Liu X, Bolund L, Meyer M, Bak LK, Waagepetersen HS, Luo Y, Nielsen JE, Holst B, Clausen C, Hyttel P, Freude KK. Patient iPSC-Derived Neurons for Disease Modeling of Frontotemporal Dementia with Mutation in CHMP2B. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:648-658. [PMID: 28216144 PMCID: PMC5355623 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The truncated mutant form of the charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) is causative for frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3 (FTD3). CHMP2B is a constituent of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and, when mutated, disrupts endosome-to-lysosome trafficking and substrate degradation. To understand the underlying molecular pathology, FTD3 patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into forebrain-type cortical neurons. FTD3 neurons exhibited abnormal endosomes, as previously shown in patients. Moreover, mitochondria of FTD3 neurons displayed defective cristae formation, accompanied by deficiencies in mitochondrial respiration and increased levels of reactive oxygen. In addition, we provide evidence for perturbed iron homeostasis, presenting an in vitro patient-specific model to study the effects of iron accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases. All phenotypes observed in FTD3 neurons were rescued in CRISPR/Cas9-edited isogenic controls. These findings illustrate the relevance of our patient-specific in vitro models and open up possibilities for drug target development. FTD3 neurons show abnormalities in endosomes and mitochondria Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease core genes are altered in FTD3 neurons Iron homeostasis is perturbed in FTD3 neurons Impairments in FTD3 neurons are rescued in CRISPR/Cas9-edited isogenic controls
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Stem Cells and Embryology Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | - Nanett K Nikolaisen
- Stem Cells and Embryology Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Blanca I Aldana
- Neurometabolism Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Agger
- Stem Cell and Developmental Neurobiology Group, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Calloe
- The Physiology Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Hjalte M Larsen
- Stem Cells and Embryology Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Troels T Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Lab, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China; China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengping Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China; China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China; China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China
| | - Lars Bolund
- Danish Regenerative Engineering Alliance for Medicine (DREAM), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Stem Cell and Developmental Neurobiology Group, Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lasse K Bak
- Neurometabolism Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Neurometabolism Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Danish Regenerative Engineering Alliance for Medicine (DREAM), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Lab, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Poul Hyttel
- Stem Cells and Embryology Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Stem Cells and Embryology Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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35
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Zhang W, Jiao B, Xiao T, Pan C, Liu X, Zhou L, Tang B, Shen L. Mutational analysis of PRNP in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38435. [PMID: 27910931 PMCID: PMC5133586 DOI: 10.1038/srep38435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PRNP) gene is associated with prion diseases, whereas variants of the PRNP gene may also explain some cases of Alzheimer disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in Caucasian populations. To determine the prevalence of the PRNP gene in patients with AD and FTD in China, we screened all exons of the PRNP gene in a cohort of 683 cases (606 AD and 77 FTD) in the Chinese Han population and we detected a novel missense mutation p.S17G in a late-onset AD (LOAD) patient. Furthermore, we analyzed the PRNP M/V polymorphism at codon 129, which was previously reported as a risk factor. However, there were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequency either in AD (OR = 0.75[0.378-1.49], P = 0.492), or FTD patients (OR = 2.046[0.265-15.783], P = 0.707). To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal a correlation between the PRNP gene and Chinese AD and FTD patients in a large cohort. This study reports a novel p.S17G mutation in a clinically diagnosed LOAD patient, suggesting that the PRNP mutation is present in Chinese AD patients, whereas, M129V polymorphism is not a risk factor for AD or FTD in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuzheng Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
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36
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What we know about TMEM106B in neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:639-651. [PMID: 27543298 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 50,000 people in the United States alone. The most common pathological subtype of FTLD is the presence of ubiquitinated TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) accumulations in frontal and temporal brain regions at autopsy. While some cases of FTLD-TDP can be attributed to the inheritance of disease-causing mutations, the majority of cases arise with no known genetic cause. In 2010, the first genome-wide association study was conducted in patients with FTLD-TDP to determine potential genetic risk factors for this homogenous subgroup of dementia patients, leading to the identification of the TMEM106B locus on chromosome 7. In this manuscript, we review the initial discovery and replication studies describing TMEM106B variants as disease risk factors and modifiers in TDP-43 proteinopathies, such as FTLD-TDP caused by progranulin (GRN) or chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) mutations, as well as Alzheimer's disease and hippocampal sclerosis. We further summarize what is currently known about the previously uncharacterized TMEM106B protein and its role as a potential regulator of lysosomal function, and we discuss how modifying TMEM106B levels might uncover promising therapeutic strategies for individuals suffering from TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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37
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Granulovacuolar degeneration: a neurodegenerative change that accompanies tau pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:339-59. [PMID: 27062260 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Granule-containing vacuoles in the cytoplasm of hippocampal neurons are a neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) is not disease-specific and can be observed in other neurodegenerative disorders and even in the brains of non-demented elderly people. However, several studies have reported much higher numbers of neurons undergoing GVD in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease cases. Recently, a neuropathological staging system for GVD has facilitated neuropathological assessment. Data obtained by electron microscopy and immunolabeling suggest that GVD inclusions are a special form of autophagic vacuole. GVD frequently occurs together with pathological changes of the microtubule-associated protein tau, but to date, the relationship between the two lesions remains elusive. Originally identified in hematoxylin- and silver-stained sections, immunolabeling has shown that the granules are composed of a variety of proteins, including those related to tau pathology, autophagy, diverse signal transduction pathways, cell stress and apoptosis. Several of these proteins serve as markers of GVD. Most researchers and authors have interpreted the sequestration of proteins into GVD inclusions as either a cellular defense mechanism or one that leads to the impairment of important cellular functions. This review provides a detailed overview of the various aspects of GVD and focuses on the relationship between tau pathology and GVD.
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38
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A rapidly progressive dementia case with pathological diagnosis of FTLD-UPS. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:309-311. [PMID: 27271575 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Vernay A, Therreau L, Blot B, Risson V, Dirrig-Grosch S, Waegaert R, Lequeu T, Sellal F, Schaeffer L, Sadoul R, Loeffler JP, René F. A transgenic mouse expressing CHMP2Bintron5 mutant in neurons develops histological and behavioural features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3341-3360. [PMID: 27329763 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) are associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and with a mixed ALS-FTD syndrome. To model this syndrome, we generated a transgenic mouse line expressing the human CHMP2Bintron5 mutant in a neuron-specific manner. These mice developed a dose-dependent disease phenotype. A longitudinal study revealed progressive gait abnormalities, reduced muscle strength and decreased motor coordination. CHMP2Bintron5 mice died due to generalized paralysis. When paralyzed, signs of denervation were present as attested by altered electromyographic profiles, by decreased number of fully innervated neuromuscular junctions, by reduction in size of motor endplates and by a decrease of sciatic nerve axons area. However, spinal motor neurons cell bodies were preserved until death. In addition to the motor dysfunctions, CHMP2Bintron5 mice progressively developed FTD-relevant behavioural modifications such as disinhibition, stereotypies, decrease in social interactions, compulsivity and change in dietary preferences. Furthermore, neurons in the affected spinal cord and brain regions showed accumulation of p62-positive cytoplasmic inclusions associated or not with ubiquitin and CHMP2Bintron5 As observed in FTD3 patients, these inclusions were negative for TDP-43 and FUS. Moreover, astrogliosis and microgliosis developed with age. Altogether, these data indicate that the neuronal expression of human CHMP2Bintron5 in areas involved in motor and cognitive functions induces progressive motor alterations associated with dementia symptoms and with histopathological hallmarks reminiscent of both ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Vernay
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludivine Therreau
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Blot
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, F-38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Valérie Risson
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL/HCL Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sylvie Dirrig-Grosch
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robin Waegaert
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thiebault Lequeu
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Sellal
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Neurology department, Hôpitaux civils and CMRR, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL/HCL Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, F-38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédérique René
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, F-67000 Strasbourg, France .,Université de Strasbourg, UMRS1118, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationelle de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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40
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Mackenzie IRA, Neumann M. Molecular neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia: insights into disease mechanisms from postmortem studies. J Neurochem 2016; 138 Suppl 1:54-70. [PMID: 27306735 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinical syndrome with a heterogeneous molecular basis. The past decade has seen the discovery of several new FTD-causing genetic mutations and the identification of many of the relevant pathological proteins. The current neuropathological classification is based on the predominant protein abnormality and allows most cases of FTD to be placed into one of three broad molecular subgroups; frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau, TDP-43 or FET protein accumulation. This review will describe our current understanding of the molecular basis of FTD, focusing on insights gained from the study of human postmortem tissue, as well as some of the current controversies. Most cases of FTD can be subclassified into one of three broad molecular subgroups based on the predominant protein that accumulates as pathological cellular inclusions. Understanding the associated pathogenic mechanisms and recognizing these FTD molecular subtypes in vivo will likely be crucial for the development and use of targeted therapies. This article is part of the Frontotemporal Dementia special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R A Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Manuela Neumann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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41
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Geiger JT, Ding J, Crain B, Pletnikova O, Letson C, Dawson TM, Rosenthal LS, Pantelyat A, Gibbs JR, Albert MS, Hernandez DG, Hillis AE, Stone DJ, Singleton AB, Hardy JA, Troncoso JC, Scholz SW. Next-generation sequencing reveals substantial genetic contribution to dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:55-62. [PMID: 27312774 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Although an increasing number of genetic factors have been connected to this debilitating condition, the proportion of cases that can be attributed to distinct genetic defects is unknown. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the frequency and spectrum of pathogenic missense mutations and coding risk variants in nine genes previously implicated in DLB, we performed exome sequencing in 111 pathologically confirmed DLB patients. All patients were Caucasian individuals from North America. Allele frequencies of identified missense mutations were compared to 222 control exomes. Remarkably, ~25% of cases were found to carry a pathogenic mutation or risk variant in APP, GBA or PSEN1, highlighting that genetic defects play a central role in the pathogenesis of this common neurodegenerative disorder. In total, 13% of our cohort carried a pathogenic mutation in GBA, 10% of cases carried a risk variant or mutation in PSEN1, and 2% were found to carry an APP mutation. The APOE ε4 risk allele was significantly overrepresented in DLB patients (p-value <0.001). Our results conclusively show that mutations in GBA, PSEN1, and APP are common in DLB and consideration should be given to offer genetic testing to patients diagnosed with Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Geiger
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Crain
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Letson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Synder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neuroregeneration Program, Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Argye E Hillis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Stone
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - John A Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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42
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Tang M, Gu X, Wei J, Jiao B, Zhou L, Zhou Y, Weng L, Yan X, Tang B, Xu J, Shen L. Analyses MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72 mutations in Chinese patients with frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 46:235.e11-5. [PMID: 27311648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, including behavior behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic dementia, progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), FTD-parkinsonism, and FTD-motor neuron disease. To date, there are at least 8 causative genes identified in patients with FTD. Among them, variants in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), GRN, and chromosome 9 open-reading frame 72 (C9orf72) genes are considered the major cause of FTD. To date, no comprehensive analyses of mutations in these 3 genes have been conducted in the Chinese population. In this study, we screened all exons of MAPT, and GRN, as well as GGGGCC repeats in C9orf72 in a cohort of 52 patients from mainland China, including 38 bvFTD, 7 PNFA, 2 semantic dementia, and 5 FTD-parkinsonism. As a result, 2 novel mutations in MAPT (p.D177V and p.P513A) were identified in a sporadic and familial patient with PNFA respectively, and one known mutation in MAPT (p.N279K) was detected in an FTD-parkinsonism family. In addition, one reported nonsense mutation (p.Q300Term) in GRN was found in a sporadic patient with bvFTD. Finally, no pathogenic GGGGCC repeats in C9orf72 were detected in any case. To our knowledge, this is the first cohort report screening for common causative mutations in patients with FTD in the Chinese population. Our findings indicate that variants of MAPT and GRN are a common cause of FTD in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, Neurological Institute, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingya Wei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Weng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, Neurological Institute, Northern Jiangsu Province Hospital, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China.
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43
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Krasniak CS, Ahmad ST. The role of CHMP2B Intron5 in autophagy and frontotemporal dementia. Brain Res 2016; 1649:151-157. [PMID: 26972529 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) - a component of the endosomal complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) - is responsible for the vital membrane deformation functions in autophagy and endolysosomal trafficking. A dominant mutation in CHMP2B (CHMP2BIntron5) is associated with a subset of heritable frontotemporal dementia - frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 3 (FTD-3). ESCRT-III recruits Vps4, an AAA-ATPase that abscises the membrane during various cellular processes including autophagy and intraluminal vesicle formation. CHMP2BIntron5 results in a C-terminus truncation removing an important Vps4 binding site as well as eliminating the normal autoinhibitory resting state of CHMP2B. CHMP2B is expressed in most cell types but seems to be especially vital for proper neuronal function. CHMP2BIntron5-mediated phenotypes include misregulation of transmembrane receptors, accumulation of multilamellar structures, abnormal lysosomal morphology, down regulation of a brain-specific micro RNA (miRNA-124), abnormal dendritic spine morphology, decrease in dendritic arborization, and cell death. Currently, transgenic-fly,-mouse, and -human cell lines are being used to better understand the diverse phenotypes and develop therapeutic approaches for the CHMP2BIntron5-induced FTD-3. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Tariq Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Colby College, 5720 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
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44
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Alonso Y Adell M, Migliano SM, Teis D. ESCRT-III and Vps4: a dynamic multipurpose tool for membrane budding and scission. FEBS J 2016; 283:3288-302. [PMID: 26910595 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Complex molecular machineries bud, scission and repair cellular membranes. Components of the multi-subunit endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery are enlisted when multivesicular bodies are generated, extracellular vesicles are formed, the plasma membrane needs to be repaired, enveloped viruses bud out of host cells, defective nuclear pores have to be cleared, the nuclear envelope must be resealed after mitosis and for final midbody abscission during cytokinesis. While some ESCRT components are only required for specific processes, the assembly of ESCRT-III polymers on target membranes and the action of the AAA-ATPase Vps4 are mandatory for every process. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of structural and functional features of ESCRT-III/Vps4 assemblies in the growing pantheon of ESCRT-dependent pathways. We describe specific recruitment processes for ESCRT-III to different membranes, which could be useful to selectively inhibit ESCRT function during specific processes, while not affecting other ESCRT-dependent processes. Finally, we speculate how ESCRT-III and Vps4 might function together and highlight how the characterization of their precise spatiotemporal organization will improve our understanding of ESCRT-mediated membrane budding and scission in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona M Migliano
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Teis
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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45
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders that are a common cause of adult-onset behavioural and cognitive impairment. FTD often presents in combination with various hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders, and evidence suggests that various genetic mutations underlie these different presentations. Here, we review the known syndromatic-genetic correlations in FTD. Although no direct genotype-phenotype correlations have been identified, mutations in multiple genes have been associated with various presentations. Mutations in the genes that encode microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (PGRN) can manifest as symmetrical parkinsonism, including the phenotypes of Richardson syndrome and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Expansions in the C9orf72 gene are most frequently associated with familial FTD, typically combined with motor neuron disease, but other manifestations, such as symmetrical parkinsonism, CBS and multiple system atrophy-like presentations, have been described in patients with these mutations. Less common gene mutations, such as those in TARDBP, CHMP2B, VCP, FUS and TREM2, can also present as atypical parkinsonism. The most common hyperkinetic movement disorders in FTD are motor and vocal stereotypies, which have been observed in up to 78% of patients with autopsy-proven FTD. Other hyperkinetic movements, such as chorea, orofacial dyskinesias, myoclonus and dystonia, are also observed in some patients with FTD.
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46
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Lu L, Pandey AK, Houseal MT, Mulligan MK. The Genetic Architecture of Murine Glutathione Transferases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148230. [PMID: 26829228 PMCID: PMC4734686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes play a protective role against oxidative stress and may influence disease risk and drug pharmacokinetics. In this study, massive multiscalar trait profiling across a large population of mice derived from a cross between C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA2/J (D2)—the BXD family—was combined with linkage and bioinformatic analyses to characterize mechanisms controlling GST expression and to identify downstream consequences of this variation. Similar to humans, mice show a wide range in expression of GST family members. Variation in the expression of Gsta4, Gstt2, Gstz1, Gsto1, and Mgst3 is modulated by local expression QTLs (eQTLs) in several tissues. Higher expression of Gsto1 in brain and liver of BXD strains is strongly associated (P < 0.01) with inheritance of the B6 parental allele whereas higher expression of Gsta4 and Mgst3 in brain and liver, and Gstt2 and Gstz1 in brain is strongly associated with inheritance of the D2 parental allele. Allele-specific assays confirmed that expression of Gsto1, Gsta4, and Mgst3 are modulated by sequence variants within or near each gene locus. We exploited this endogenous variation to identify coexpression networks and downstream targets in mouse and human. Through a combined systems genetics approach, we provide new insight into the biological role of naturally occurring variants in GST genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Ashutosh K. Pandey
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
| | - M. Trevor Houseal
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38106, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Spencer B, Kim C, Gonzalez T, Bisquertt A, Patrick C, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Lee SJ, Desplats P, Masliah E. α-Synuclein interferes with the ESCRT-III complex contributing to the pathogenesis of Lewy body disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1100-15. [PMID: 26740557 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) has been implicated in neurological disorders with parkinsonism, including Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy body. Recent studies have shown α-syn oligomers released from neurons can propagate from cell-to-cell in a prion-like fashion exacerbating neurodegeneration. In this study, we examined the role of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway on the propagation of α-syn. α-syn, which is transported via the ESCRT pathway through multivesicular bodies for degradation, can also target the degradation of the ESCRT protein-charged multivesicular body protein (CHMP2B), thus generating a roadblock of endocytosed α-syn. Disruption of the ESCRT transport system also resulted in increased exocytosis of α-syn thus potentially increasing cell-to-cell propagation of synuclein. Conversely, delivery of a lentiviral vector overexpressing CHMP2B rescued the neurodegeneration in α-syn transgenic mice. Better understanding of the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking of α-syn might be important for understanding the pathogenesis and developing new treatments for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA and
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48
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Beclin 1 regulates neuronal transforming growth factor-β signaling by mediating recycling of the type I receptor ALK5. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:69. [PMID: 26692002 PMCID: PMC4687091 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beclin 1 is a key regulator of multiple trafficking pathways, including autophagy and receptor recycling in yeast and microglia. Decreased beclin 1 levels in the CNS result in neurodegeneration, an effect attributed to impaired autophagy. However, neurons also rely heavily on trophic factors, and signaling through these pathways requires the proper trafficking of trophic factor receptors. Results We discovered that beclin 1 regulates signaling through the neuroprotective TGF-β pathway. Beclin 1 is required for recycling of the type I TGF-β receptor ALK5. We show that beclin 1 recruits the retromer to ALK5 and facilitates its localization to Rab11+ endosomes. Decreased levels of beclin 1, or its binding partners VPS34 and UVRAG, impair TGF-β signaling. Conclusions These findings identify beclin 1 as a positive regulator of a trophic signaling pathway via receptor recycling, and suggest that neuronal death induced by decreased beclin 1 levels may also be due to impaired trophic factor signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0065-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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49
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Biasiotto G, Di Lorenzo D, Archetti S, Zanella I. Iron and Neurodegeneration: Is Ferritinophagy the Link? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5542-74. [PMID: 26468157 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the lysosome-autophagy pathway plays a critical role in iron release from ferritin, the main iron storage cellular protein, hence in the distribution of iron to the cells. The recent identification of nuclear receptor co-activator 4 as the receptor for ferritin delivery to selective autophagy sheds further light on the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this pathway. The emerging view is that iron release from ferritin through the lysosomes is a general mechanism in normal and tumour cells of different tissue origins, but it has not yet been investigated in brain cells. Defects in the lysosome-autophagy pathway are often involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and brain iron homeostasis disruption is a hallmark of many of these diseases. However, in most cases, it has not been established whether iron dysregulation is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases or if it is a secondary effect derived from other pathogenic mechanisms. The recent evidence of the crucial involvement of autophagy in cellular iron handling offers new perspectives about the role of iron in neurodegeneration, suggesting that autophagy dysregulation could cause iron dyshomeostasis. In this review, we recapitulate our current knowledge on the routes through which iron is released from ferritin, focusing on the most recent advances. We summarise the current evidence concerning lysosome-autophagy pathway dysfunctions and those of iron metabolism and discuss their potential interconnections in several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; and frontotemporal lobar dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Biasiotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Di Lorenzo
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvana Archetti
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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50
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Clayton EL, Mizielinska S, Edgar JR, Nielsen TT, Marshall S, Norona FE, Robbins M, Damirji H, Holm IE, Johannsen P, Nielsen JE, Asante EA, Collinge J, Isaacs AM. Frontotemporal dementia caused by CHMP2B mutation is characterised by neuronal lysosomal storage pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:511-23. [PMID: 26358247 PMCID: PMC4575387 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We report that mice which express FTD-causative mutant CHMP2B at physiological levels develop a novel lysosomal storage pathology characterised by large neuronal autofluorescent aggregates. The aggregates are an early and progressive pathology that occur at 3 months of age and increase in both size and number over time. These autofluorescent aggregates are not observed in mice expressing wild-type CHMP2B, or in non-transgenic controls, indicating that they are a specific pathology caused by mutant CHMP2B. Ultrastructural analysis and immuno- gold labelling confirmed that they are derived from the endolysosomal system. Consistent with these findings, CHMP2B mutation patient brains contain morphologically similar autofluorescent aggregates. These aggregates occur significantly more frequently in human CHMP2B mutation brain than in neurodegenerative disease or age-matched control brains. These data suggest that lysosomal storage pathology is the major neuronal pathology in FTD caused by CHMP2B mutation. Recent evidence suggests that two other genes associated with FTD, GRN and TMEM106B are important for lysosomal function. Our identification of lysosomal storage pathology in FTD caused by CHMP2B mutation now provides evidence that endolysosomal dysfunction is a major degenerative pathway in FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Clayton
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah Mizielinska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Troels Tolstrup Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Marshall
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances E Norona
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Miranda Robbins
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hana Damirji
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ida E Holm
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Randers Hospital, 8930, Randers NØ, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emmanuel A Asante
- MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Adrian M Isaacs
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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