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Fang Z, Bai J. Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals the bidirectional effects of TSPAN6 for cisplatin resistance in lung cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14570. [PMID: 38887156 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is frequently employed as the primary therapeutic approach for advanced lung cancer. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients may develop resistance to cisplatin, leading to diminished efficacy of chemotherapy. Through analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus databases, TSPAN6 has been identified as a key factor in conferring resistance to cisplatin, attributed to its activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Knockdown of TSPAN6 using siRNA resulted in decreased expression levels of NF-κB in A549 cells. This indicates that TSPAN6 may have dual effects on lung cancer cisplatin resistance and could serve as a promising therapeutic target for individuals with cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Children's Hospital), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinmei Bai
- Department of Respiratory, Affiliated Wuxi Fifth Hospital of Jiangnan University (The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Ebrahimi N, Fardi E, Ghaderi H, Palizdar S, Khorram R, Vafadar R, Ghanaatian M, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Baziyar P, Ahmadi A, Hamblin MR, Aref AR. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:104. [PMID: 36947256 PMCID: PMC11073124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a new cancer treatment approach, involving drugs that particularly target specific proteins in cancer cells, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) which are involved in promoting growth and proliferation, Therefore inhibiting these proteins could impede cancer progression. An understanding of RTKs and the relevant signaling cascades, has enabled the development of many targeted drug therapies employing RTK inhibitors (RTKIs) some of which have entered clinical application. Here we discuss RTK structures, activation mechanisms and functions. Moreover, we cover the potential effects of combination drug therapy (including chemotherapy or immunotherapy agents with one RTKI or multiple RTKIs) especially for drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elmira Fardi
- Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajarossadat Ghaderi
- Laboratory of Regenerative and Medical Innovation, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Palizdar
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Tehran East Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Vafadar
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghanaatian
- Master 1 Bio-Santé-Parcours Toulouse Graduate School of Cancer, Ageing and Rejuvenation (CARe), Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Payam Baziyar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Uinversity of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Translational Medicine Group, Xsphera Biosciences, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
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3
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Pradhan V, Salahuddin, Kumar R, Mazumder A, Abdullah MM, Shahar Yar M, Ahsan MJ, Ullah Z. Molecular Target Interactions of Quinoline Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: A Review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 101:977-997. [PMID: 36533867 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of death worldwide is cancer, which poses substantial risks to both society and an individual's life. Cancer therapy is still challenging, despite developments in the field and continued research into cancer prevention. The search for novel anticancer active agents with a broader cytotoxicity range is therefore continuously ongoing. The benzene ring gets fused to a pyridine ring at two carbon atoms close to one another to form the double ring structure of the heterocyclic aromatic nitrogen molecule known as quinoline (1-azanaphthalene). Quinoline derivatives contain a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antitubercular, antifungal, antibacterial, and antimalarial properties. Quinoline derivatives have also been shown to have anticancer properties. There are many quinoline derivatives widely available as anticancer drugs that act via a variety of mechanisms on various molecular targets, such as inhibition of topoisomerase, inhibition of tyrosine kinases, inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs), inhibition of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibition of tubulin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida
| | - Salahuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida
| | | | - Mohammad Shahar Yar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi
| | - Mohamed Jawed Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Zabih Ullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Xiang T, Jin W. Mechanism of Glycitein in the Treatment of Colon Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Lifestyle Genom 2022; 16:1-10. [PMID: 36183698 DOI: 10.1159/000527124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of colon cancer remains high across the world. The early diagnosis of colon cancer is challenging. Moreover, patients with colon cancer frequently suffer from poor prognoses. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in colon cancer were acquired based on TCGA-COAD dataset screening. DEGs were input into the Connectivity Map (CMap) database to screen small molecule compounds with the potential to reverse colon cancer pathological function. Glycitein ranked first among the screened small-molecule compounds. We downloaded the main targets of glycitein from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) database and constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of those which were closely related to targets by the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interaction Gene/Proteins (STRING). Five potential targets of glycitein for treating colon cancer were identified (CCNA2, ESR1, ESR2, MAPK14, and PTGS2). These targets were used as seeds for random walk with restart (RWR) analysis of PPI networks. Then, the interaction network of glycitein-colon cancer-related genes was constructed based on the top 50 genes in affinity coefficients. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted on the potential genes targeted by glycitein in colon cancer treatment and those that were closely bound up with targets. RESULTS GO analysis demonstrated that the enrichment of these genes was primarily discovered in biological functions including regulation of fibroblast proliferation, response to oxygen levels, and epithelial cell proliferation. The KEGG analysis results illustrated that the signaling pathways where these genes were mostly involved consisted of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway, and the p53 signaling pathway. Finally, stable binding of glycitein to five potential targets in colon cancer was verified by molecular docking. CONCLUSION This study elucidated the key targets and main pathways of glycitein on the basis of network pharmacology and preliminarily analyzed molecular mechanisms in the treatment of colon cancer. A scientific basis is provided for glycitein application in treating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Jin
- Department of Tumor Thoracic Surgery, Pujiang Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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5
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Zhang T, Zhang C, Fu Z, Gao Q. Immune Modulatory Effects of Molecularly Targeted Therapy and Its Repurposed Usage in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091768. [PMID: 36145516 PMCID: PMC9505720 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast evolution of anti-tumor agents embodies a deeper understanding of cancer pathogenesis. To date, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are three pillars of the paradigm for cancer treatment. The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) implies that reinstatement of immunity can efficiently control tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. However, only a fraction of patients benefit from ICI therapy, which turns the spotlight on developing safe therapeutic strategies to overcome the problem of an unsatisfactory response. Molecular-targeted agents were designed to eliminate cancer cells with oncogenic mutations or transcriptional targets. Intriguingly, accumulating shreds of evidence demonstrate the immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive capacity of targeted agents. By virtue of the high attrition rate and cost of new immunotherapy exploration, drug repurposing may be a promising approach to discovering combination strategies to improve response to immunotherapy. Indeed, many clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of the combination of targeted agents and immunotherapy have been completed. Here, we review and discuss the effects of targeted anticancer agents on the tumor immune microenvironment and explore their potential repurposed usage in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zile Fu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-6403-7181
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Drug resistance of targeted therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer harbored EGFR mutation: from mechanism analysis to clinical strategy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3653-3664. [PMID: 34661758 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% in all cases of lung cancer. In recent years, molecular targeting drugs for NSCLC have been developed rapidly. The epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have changed the paradigm of cancer therapy from empirical cytotoxic chemotherapy to molecular-targeted cancer therapy. Currently, there are three generations of EGFR-TKIs, all of which have achieved good efficacy in clinical therapy. However, most patients developed drug resistance after 6-13 months EGFR-TKIs treatment. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of EGFR-TKIs resistance mechanisms is of vital importance for clinical management of NSCLC. METHODS Relevant data and information about the topic were obtained by searching PubMed (Medline), Web of Science and Google Scholar using the subject headings, such as "NSCLC", "EGFR-TKIs resistance", "EGFR mutations", "human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2/erbB-2)", "hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)", "vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)", "insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)", "epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)", "phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)", "RAS mutation", "BRAF mutation", "signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)", and "tumor microenvironment", etc. RESULTS: The mechanisms for EGFR-TKIs resistance include EGFR mutations, upregulation of HER2, HGF/c-MET, VEGF IGF1, EMT and STAT3 pathways, mutations of PTEN, RAS and BRAF genes, and activation of other by-pass pathways. These mechanisms are interconnected and can be potential targets for the treatment of NSCLC. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of EGFR-TKIs drug resistance and the clinical strategies to overcome drug resistance from the perspective of EGFR-TKIs combined treatment.
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Elbatanony RS, Parvathaneni V, Kulkarni NS, Shukla SK, Chauhan G, Kunda NK, Gupta V. Afatinib-loaded inhalable PLGA nanoparticles for localized therapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-development and in-vitro efficacy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:927-943. [PMID: 32557351 PMCID: PMC7738377 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Afatinib (AFA) is a potent aniline-quinazoline derivative, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013, as a first-line treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its clinical application is highly limited by its poor solubility, and consequently low bioavailability. We hypothesize that loading of AFA into biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles for localized inhalational drug delivery will be instrumental in improving therapeutic outcomes in NSCLC patients. Formulated AFA nanoparticles (AFA-NP) were evaluated for physicochemical properties (particle size: 180.2 ± 15.6 nm, zeta potential: - 23.1 ± 0.2 mV, % entrapment efficiency: 34.4 ± 2.3%), formulation stability, in-vitro aerosol deposition behavior, and anticancer efficacy. Stability studies revealed the physicochemical stability of AFA-NP. Moreover, AFA-NP exhibited excellent inhalable properties (mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD): 4.7 ± 0.1 μm; fine particle fraction (FPF): 77.8 ± 4.3%), indicating efficient particle deposition in deep lung regions. With respect to in-vitro drug release, AFA-NP showed sustained drug release with cumulative release of 56.8 ± 6.4% after 48 h. Cytotoxic studies revealed that encapsulation of AFA into PLGA nanoparticles significantly enhanced its cytotoxic potential in KRAS-mutated NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460). Cellular uptake studies revealed enhanced internalization of coumarin-loaded nanoparticles compared to plain coumarin in A549. In addition, 3D tumor spheroid studies demonstrated superior efficacy of AFA-NP in tumor penetration and growth inhibition. To conclude, we have established in-vitro efficacy of afatinib-loaded PLGA nanoparticles as inhalable NSCLC therapy, which will be of great significance when designing preclinical and clinical studies. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha S Elbatanony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway,, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Vineela Parvathaneni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway,, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Nishant S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway,, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Snehal K Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway,, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Gautam Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway,, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Nitesh K Kunda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway,, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway,, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
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8
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Mao Y, Soni K, Sangani C, Yao Y. An Overview of Privileged Scaffold: Quinolines and Isoquinolines in Medicinal Chemistry as Anticancer Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2599-2633. [PMID: 32942976 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620999200917154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most difficult diseases and causes of death for many decades. Many pieces of research are continuously going on to get a solution for cancer. Quinoline and isoquinoline derivatives have shown their possibilities to work as an antitumor agent in anticancer treatment. The members of this privileged scaffold quinoline and isoquinoline have shown their controlling impacts on cancer treatment through various modes. In particular, this review suggests the current scenario of quinoline and isoquinoline derivatives as antitumor agents and refine the path of these derivatives to find and develop new drugs against an evil known as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Mao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital,
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Kunjal Soni
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 362024, India
| | - Chetan Sangani
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 362024, India
| | - Yongfang Yao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital,
Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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9
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Kruspig B, Monteverde T, Neidler S, Hock A, Kerr E, Nixon C, Clark W, Hedley A, Laing S, Coffelt SB, Le Quesne J, Dick C, Vousden KH, Martins CP, Murphy DJ. The ERBB network facilitates KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/446/eaao2565. [PMID: 29925636 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated driver oncogene in human adenocarcinoma of the lung. There are presently no clinically proven strategies for treatment of KRAS-driven lung cancer. Activating mutations in KRAS are thought to confer independence from upstream signaling; however, recent data suggest that this independence may not be absolute. We show that initiation and progression of KRAS-driven lung tumors require input from ERBB family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): Multiple ERBB RTKs are expressed and active from the earliest stages of KRAS-driven lung tumor development, and treatment with a multi-ERBB inhibitor suppresses formation of KRASG12D-driven lung tumors. We present evidence that ERBB activity amplifies signaling through the core RAS pathway, supporting proliferation of KRAS-mutant tumor cells in culture and progression to invasive disease in vivo. Brief pharmacological inhibition of the ERBB network enhances the therapeutic benefit of MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibition in an autochthonous tumor setting. Our data suggest that lung cancer patients with KRAS-driven disease may benefit from inclusion of multi-ERBB inhibitors in rationally designed treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kruspig
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Tiziana Monteverde
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sarah Neidler
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andreas Hock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Emma Kerr
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William Clark
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sarah Laing
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Craig Dick
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.,National Health Service Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | | | - Carla P Martins
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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10
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Jeibouei S, Akbari ME, Kalbasi A, Aref AR, Ajoudanian M, Rezvani A, Zali H. Personalized medicine in breast cancer: pharmacogenomics approaches. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2019; 12:59-73. [PMID: 31213877 PMCID: PMC6549747 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s167886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Breast cancer is the fifth cause of cancer death among women worldwide and represents a global health concern due to the lack of effective therapeutic regimens that could be applied to all disease groups. Nowadays, strategies based on pharmacogenomics constitute novel approaches that minimize toxicity while maximizing drug efficacy; this being of high importance in the oncology setting. Besides, genetic profiling of malignant tumors can lead to the development of targeted therapies to be included in effective drug regimens. Advances in molecular diagnostics have revealed that breast cancer is a multifaceted disease, characterized by inter-tumoral and intra-tumoral heterogeneity and, unlike the past, molecular classifications based on the expression of individual biomarkers have led to devising novel therapeutic strategies that improve patient survival. In this review, we report and discuss the molecular classification of breast cancer subtypes, the heterogeneity resource, and the advantages and disadvantages of current drug regimens with consideration of pharmacogenomics in response and resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Jeibouei
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Ajoudanian
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Proteomics Research Centre, Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Costa V, Fregnani ER, Fonseca FP, Abreu Alves F, Pinto CAL, Kaminagakura E. EGFR is not amplified in ameloblastoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:454-458. [PMID: 29602688 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in the EGFR gene and its protein expression for a better understanding of the biologic behavior of ameloblastoma. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-five samples of ameloblastoma were selected, and dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization assay was performed. The results of the assay and immunohistochemistry reaction for EGFR and Ki67 were associated with clinicopathologic features and recurrence. RESULTS All analyzed cases presented disomy without any gene polysomy or amplification. With regard to EGFR immunoexpression, 3 cases (12%) were considered negative, and 22 (88%) were positive, of which 13 (52%) were weak and 9 (36%) were strong. All samples presented low positivity for Ki67. There was no association between EGFR expression and clinicopathologic features or recurrence (P > .05). In some cases, EGFR immunoexpression was observed without gene amplification. CONCLUSIONS Ameloblastoma development, progression, or recurrence does not appear to be related to EGFR amplification or polysomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Costa
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Paiva Fonseca
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fábio Abreu Alves
- Department of Stomatology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Estela Kaminagakura
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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12
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Costa V, Kowalski LP, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Begnami MD, Calsavara VF, Neves JI, Kaminagakura E. EGFR amplification and expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma in young adults. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:817-823. [PMID: 29395668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alterations in two groups of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (a test group of subjects aged ≤40 years and a control group of subjects aged ≥50 years) and to associate the results with EGFR immunostaining, clinicopathological features, and the prognosis. Sixty cases of OSCC were selected (test group, n=21; control group, n=39). The tissue microarray technique was applied to ensure the uniformity of results. Gene amplification was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemical staining for EGFR was analyzed using an automated imaging system. EGFR amplification was higher in the test group than in the control group (P=0.018) and was associated with advanced clinical stage (P=0.013), regardless of age. Patients with EGFR overexpression had worse survival rates, as did patients who had T3-T4 tumours and positive margins. EGFR overexpression has a negative impact on disease progression. Despite the higher amplification of EGFR in young adults, it does not significantly impact the survival rates of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Costa
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - L P Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Coutinho-Camillo
- International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Anatomic Pathology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M D Begnami
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V F Calsavara
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J I Neves
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Kaminagakura
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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13
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Avogadri-Connors F, Cutler RE, Lalani AS, Poklepovic A, Dent P. The irreversible ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor neratinib interacts with the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax to kill mammary cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:239-247. [PMID: 29333953 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1423927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The irreversible ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor, neratinib, down-regulates the expression of ERBB1/2/4 as well as the levels of MCL-1 and BCL-XL. Venetoclax (ABT199) is a BCL-2 inhibitor. At physiologic concentrations neratinib interacted in a synergistic fashion with venetoclax to kill HER2 + and TNBC mammary carcinoma cells. This was associated with the drug-combination: reducing the expression and phosphorylation of ERBB1/2/3; in an eIF2α-dependent fashion reducing the expression of MCL-1 and BCL-XL and increasing the expression of Beclin1 and ATG5; and increasing the activity of the ATM-AMPKα-ULK1 S317 pathway which was causal in the formation of toxic autophagosomes. Although knock down of BAX or BAK reduced drug combination lethality, knock down of BAX and BAK did not prevent the drug combination from increasing autophagosome and autolysosome formation. Knock down of ATM, AMPKα, Beclin1 or over-expression of activated mTOR prevented the induction of autophagy and in parallel suppressed tumor cell killing. Knock down of ATM, AMPKα, Beclin1 or cathepsin B prevented the drug-induced activation of BAX and BAK whereas knock down of BID was only partially inhibitory. A 3-day transient exposure of established estrogen-independent HER2 + BT474 mammary tumors to neratinib or venetoclax did not significantly alter tumor growth whereas exposure to [neratinib + venetoclax] caused a significant 7-day suppression of growth by day 19. The drug combination neither altered animal body mass nor behavior. We conclude that venetoclax enhances neratinib lethality by facilitating toxic BH3 domain protein activation via autophagy which enhances the efficacy of neratinib to promote greater levels of cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Richmond , VA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Richmond , VA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Poklepovic
- b Departments of Medicine , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA
| | - Paul Dent
- a Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Richmond , VA
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14
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, Avogadri-Connors F, Cutler RE, Lalani AS, Dent P. HDAC inhibitors enhance neratinib activity and when combined enhance the actions of an anti-PD-1 immunomodulatory antibody in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90262-90277. [PMID: 29163826 PMCID: PMC5685747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients whose NSCLC tumors become afatinib resistant presently have few effective therapeutic options to extend their survival. Afatinib resistant NSCLC cells were sensitive to clinically relevant concentrations of the irreversible pan-HER inhibitor neratinib, but not by the first generation ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor lapatinib. In multiple afatinib resistant NSCLC clones, HDAC inhibitors reduced the expression of ERBB1/3/4, but activated c-SRC, which resulted in higher total levels of ERBB1/3 phosphorylation. Neratinib also rapidly reduced the expression of ERBB1/2/3/4, c-MET and of mutant K-/N-RAS; K-RAS co-localized with phosphorylated ATG13 and with cathepsin B in vesicles. Combined exposure of cells to [neratinib + HDAC inhibitors] caused inactivation of mTORC1 and mTORC2, enhanced autophagosome and subsequently autolysosome formation, and caused an additive to greater than additive induction of cell death. Knock down of Beclin1 or ATG5 prevented HDAC inhibitors or neratinib from reducing ERBB1/3/4 and K-/N-RAS expression and reduced [neratinib + HDAC inhibitor] lethality. Neratinib and HDAC inhibitors reduced the expression of multiple HDAC proteins via autophagy that was causal in the reduced expression of PD-L1, PD-L2 and ornithine decarboxylase, and increased expression of Class I MHCA. In vivo, neratinib and HDAC inhibitors interacted to suppress the growth of 4T1 mammary tumors, an effect that was enhanced by an anti-PD-1 antibody. Our data support the premises that neratinib lethality can be enhanced by HDAC inhibitors, that neratinib may be a useful therapeutic tool in afatinib resistant NSCLC, and that [neratinib + HDAC inhibitor] exposure facilitates anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jane L. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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15
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Molecular mechanisms of human papillomavirus-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:464-475. [PMID: 28619685 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the general cellular and molecular underpinnings of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinogenesis in the context of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and focuses on HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in areas for which specific data is available. It covers the major pathways dysregulated in HPV-positive HNSCC and the genome-wide changes associated with this disease.
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16
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Gerson JN, Skariah S, Denlinger CS, Astsaturov I. Perspectives of HER2-targeting in gastric and esophageal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:531-540. [PMID: 28387541 PMCID: PMC5563845 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1315406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blockade of HER2 signaling has significantly improved the outlook for esophagogastric cancer patients. However, targeting HER2 still remains challenging due to complex biology of this receptor in gastric and esophageal cancers. Areas covered: Here, we review complex HER2 biology, current methods of HER2 testing and tumor heterogeneity of gastroesophageal cancer. Ongoing and completed clinical research data are discussed. Expert opinion: HER2 overexpression is a validated target in gastroesophageal cancer, with therapeutic implications resulting in prolonged survival when inhibited in the front-line setting. With standardized HER2 testing in gastro-esophageal cancer, the ongoing trials are testing newer agents and combinations including combination of anti-HER2 antibodies with immunotherapy. Clonal heterogeneity and emergence of resistance will challenge our approach to treating these patients beyond the frontline settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Gerson
- a Department of Hemagology/Oncology , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Sam Skariah
- b Abington Memorial Hospital , Abington , PA , USA
| | - Crystal S Denlinger
- a Department of Hemagology/Oncology , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- c Program in Molecular Therapeutics and Department of Medical Oncology , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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17
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Musiol R. An overview of quinoline as a privileged scaffold in cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:583-597. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1319357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Li K, Yang M, Liang N, Li S. Determining EGFR-TKI sensitivity of G719X and other uncommon EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: Perplexity and solution (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1347-1358. [PMID: 28184913 PMCID: PMC5364853 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and they are highly associated with sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). While the pathogenic and pharmacological characteristics of common mutations in EGFR have been thoroughly investigated, those of uncommon mutations remain to be elucidated. Traditional approaches to study common mutations by randomized controlled trials are not feasible for uncommon mutations owing to their rarity. Therefore, by systematically reviewing laboratory and clinical studies of the G719X mutation, one of the uncommon mutations, we concluded that the G719X mutation was intermediately sensitive to TKIs, with an average response rate of 35.1% (47/134). Moreover, accordingly, we proposed a comprehensive model to investigate uncommon mutations in EGFR. The model involves both basic and clinical components, composed of structural analyses, functional alterations, cell viabilities and animal models with various types of clinical studies. In this review, we systematically reviewed studies of the G719X mutation and put forward a research model that could be generalized to explore uncommon mutations in diseases associated with gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Maojun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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19
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Sicklick JK, Fanta PT, Shimabukuro K, Kurzrock R. Genomics of gallbladder cancer: the case for biomarker-driven clinical trial design. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:263-75. [PMID: 26857926 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gallbladder carcinoma is a rare, aggressive malignancy of the biliary tract associated with a poor prognosis. Despite the deployment of targeted therapies that have demonstrated marked survival benefits in many tumor types, traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy has remained the mainstay of treatment for unresectable and metastatic gallbladder cancer. METHODS Systematic review of ongoing and prior clinical studies shows a paucity of biomarker-driven therapeutic trials using targeted agents in gallbladder cancer. In fact, over the past 6 years, of the 38 therapeutic biliary tract protocols listed on clinicaltrials.gov, only 6 (21 %) utilized targeted therapies based upon tumor biomarkers or genomics. Now that we have entered the era of next-generation sequencing and precision medicine, we are beginning to identify common and specific genetic alterations in gallbladder carcinomas. RESULTS A review of the literature reveals alterations in ARID1A, BRAF, CDKN2A/B, EGFR, ERBB2-4, HKN-RAS, PIK3CA, PBRM1, and TP53. Given the widespread use of tumor genomic profiling and the fact that most of the aforementioned alterations are pharmacologically tractable, these observations suggest the potential for new therapeutic strategies in this aggressive malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, further understanding of the genomic landscape of gallbladder cancer coupled with biomarker-driven clinical trials that match therapies to targets are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Sicklick
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0987, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0987, USA.
| | - Paul T Fanta
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0987, La Jolla, 92093-0987, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Shimabukuro
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0987, La Jolla, 92093-0987, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0987, La Jolla, 92093-0987, CA, USA
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20
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Modos D, Brooks J, Fazekas D, Ari E, Vellai T, Csermely P, Korcsmaros T, Lenti K. Identification of critical paralog groups with indispensable roles in the regulation of signaling flow. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38588. [PMID: 27922122 PMCID: PMC5138592 DOI: 10.1038/srep38588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive cross-talk between signaling pathways is required to integrate the myriad of extracellular signal combinations at the cellular level. Gene duplication events may lead to the emergence of novel functions, leaving groups of similar genes - termed paralogs - in the genome. To distinguish critical paralog groups (CPGs) from other paralogs in human signaling networks, we developed a signaling network-based method using cross-talk annotation and tissue-specific signaling flow analysis. 75 CPGs were found with higher degree, betweenness centrality, closeness, and ‘bowtieness’ when compared to other paralogs or other proteins in the signaling network. CPGs had higher diversity in all these measures, with more varied biological functions and more specific post-transcriptional regulation than non-critical paralog groups (non-CPG). Using TGF-beta, Notch and MAPK pathways as examples, SMAD2/3, NOTCH1/2/3 and MEK3/6-p38 CPGs were found to regulate the signaling flow of their respective pathways. Additionally, CPGs showed a higher mutation rate in both inherited diseases and cancer, and were enriched in drug targets. In conclusion, the results revealed two distinct types of paralog groups in the signaling network: CPGs and non-CPGs. Thus highlighting the importance of CPGs as compared to non-CPGs in drug discovery and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezso Modos
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Johanne Brooks
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich, UK
| | - David Fazekas
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Ari
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Katalin Lenti
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Ochnik AM, Baxter RC. Combination therapy approaches to target insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R513-R536. [PMID: 27733416 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) signaling as a therapeutic target has been widely studied and clinically tested. Despite the vast amount of literature supporting the biological role of IGF1R in breast cancer, effective clinical translation in targeting its activity as a cancer therapy has not been successful. The intrinsic complexity of cancer cell signaling mediated by many tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors that work together to modulate each other and intracellular downstream mediators in the cell highlights that studying IGF1R expression and activity as a prognostic factor and therapeutic target in isolation is certainly associated with problems. This review discusses the current literature and clinical trials associated with IGF-1 signaling and attempts to look at new ways of designing novel IGF1R-directed breast cancer therapy approaches to target its activity
and/or intracellular downstream signaling pathways in IGF1R-expressing breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Ochnik
- Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Johnson SC, Gonzalez B, Zhang Q, Milholland B, Zhang Z, Suh Y. Network analysis of mitonuclear GWAS reveals functional networks and tissue expression profiles of disease-associated genes. Hum Genet 2016; 136:55-65. [PMID: 27704213 PMCID: PMC5214989 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While mitochondria have been linked to many human diseases through genetic association and functional studies, the precise role of mitochondria in specific pathologies, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases, is often unclear. Here, we take advantage of the catalog of human genome-wide associations, whole-genome tissue expression and expression quantitative trait loci datasets, and annotated mitochondrial proteome databases to examine the role of common genetic variation in mitonuclear genes in human disease. Through pathway-based analysis we identified distinct functional pathways and tissue expression profiles associated with each of the major human diseases. Among our most striking findings, we observe that mitonuclear genes associated with cancer are broadly expressed among human tissues and largely represent one functional process, intrinsic apoptosis, while mitonuclear genes associated with other diseases, such as neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, show tissue-specific expression profiles and are associated with unique functional pathways. These results provide new insight into human diseases using unbiased genome-wide approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Brenda Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Brandon Milholland
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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23
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Schneider S, Thurnher D, Kadletz L, Seemann R, Brunner M, Kotowski U, Schmid R, Lill C, Heiduschka G. Effects of neratinib and combination with irradiation and chemotherapy in head and neck cancer cells. Oral Dis 2016; 22:797-804. [PMID: 27476950 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is still poor. Novel therapeutic approaches are of great interest to improve the effects of radiochemotherapy. We evaluated the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor neratinib on HNSCC cell lines CAL27, SCC25 and FaDu as a single agent and in combination with irradiation and chemotherapy. METHODS Effects of neratinib were evaluated in HNSCC cell lines CAL27, SCC25 and FaDu. Effect on cell viability of neratinib and combination with cisplatin and irradiation was measured using CCK-8 assays and clonogenic assays. Western blot analysis was performed to distinguish the effect on epithelial growth factor receptor and HER2 expression. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Growth inhibition was achieved in all cell lines, whereas combination of cisplatin and neratinib showed greater inhibition than each agent alone. Apoptosis was induced in all cell lines. Combination of neratinib with irradiation or cisplatin showed significantly increased apoptosis. In clonogenic assays, significant growth inhibition was observed in all investigated cell lines. CONCLUSION Neratinib, as a single agent or in combination with chemo-irradiation, may be a promising treatment option for patients with head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schneider
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - D Thurnher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - L Kadletz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Seemann
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - U Kotowski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Schmid
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - C Lill
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G Heiduschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Minder P, Zajac E, Quigley JP, Deryugina EI. EGFR regulates the development and microarchitecture of intratumoral angiogenic vasculature capable of sustaining cancer cell intravasation. Neoplasia 2016; 17:634-49. [PMID: 26408256 PMCID: PMC4674488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many malignant characteristics of cancer cells are regulated through pathways induced by the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Herein, we show that besides directly affecting the biology of cancer cells per se, EGFR also regulates the primary tumor microenvironment. Specifically, our findings demonstrate that both the expression and signaling activity of EGFR are required for the induction of a distinct intratumoral vasculature capable of sustaining tumor cell intravasation, a critical rate-limiting step in the metastatic cascade. An intravasation-sustaining mode of intratumoral angiogenic vessels depends on high levels of tumor cell EGFR and the interplay between EGFR-regulated production of interleukin 8 by tumor cells, interleukin-8–induced influx of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils delivering their unique matrix metalloproteinase-9, and neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase-9–dependent release of the vascular permeability and endothelial growth factor, VEGF. Our data indicate that through VEGF-mediated disruption of endothelial layer integrity and increase of intratumoral vasculature permeability, EGFR activity significantly facilitates active intravasation of cancer cells. Therefore, this study unraveled an important but overlooked function of EGFR in cancer, namely, its ability to create an intravasation-sustaining microenvironment within the developing primary tumor by orchestrating several interrelated processes required for the initial steps of cancer metastasis through vascular routes. Our findings also suggest that EGFR-targeted therapies might be more effective when implemented in cancer patients with early-staged primary tumors containing a VEGF-dependent angiogenic vasculature. Accordingly, early EGFR inhibition combined with various anti-VEGF approaches could synergistically suppress tumor cell intravasation through inhibiting the highly permeable angiogenic vasculature induced by EGFR-overexpressing aggressive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Minder
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ewa Zajac
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - James P Quigley
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elena I Deryugina
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.
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25
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Ross JS, Gay LM, Wang K, Ali SM, Chumsri S, Elvin JA, Bose R, Vergilio JA, Suh J, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Chmielecki J, Waintraub S, Leyland-Jones B, Miller VA, Stephens PJ. Nonamplification ERBB2 genomic alterations in 5605 cases of recurrent and metastatic breast cancer: An emerging opportunity for anti-HER2 targeted therapies. Cancer 2016; 122:2654-62. [PMID: 27284958 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating, nonamplification ERBB2 mutations (ERBB2mut) are not detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), but are detected by DNA sequencing and may predict clinical responses to human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-targeted therapy. The authors queried 5605 advanced/metastatic breast cancers (mBC) to uncover the frequency of ERBB2mut genomic alterations. Clinical responses to anti-HER2 therapeutics were identified. METHODS DNA was extracted from 40 µm of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) was used to evaluate up to 315 genes (592× mean coverage depth). Results were analyzed for base substitutions, short indels, copy number changes, and selected rearrangements. RESULTS Of 5605 cases, 698 (12.5%) featured ERBB2 alterations, including 596 (10.6%) ERBB2 amplifications (ERBB2amp) and 138 (2.4%) ERBB2mut; 38 cases (0.7%) had co-occurring ERBB2amp and ERBB2mut. ERBB2mut predominantly affected the kinase (124 cases; 90%) or extracellular (15 cases; 11%) domains. Both primary BC (52 cases; 38%) and metastatic site biopsies (86 cases; 62%) were found to harbor ERBB2mut, which were distributed across carcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS) (69 cases; 50%), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (40 cases; 29%), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (27 cases; 20%), and mucinous mBC (2 cases; 1%). Genes commonly coaltered with ERBB2 were tumor protein 53 (TP53) (49%); phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) (42%); cadherin 1, type 1 (CDH1) (37%); MYC (17%); and cyclin D1 protein (CCND1) (16%). CDH1 mutations were enriched in ERBB2mut mBC (P<0.0006) and associated with recurrent mBC. Selected patients with ERBB2mut, without ERBB2amp, who responded to anti-HER2 targeted therapies are presented herein. CONCLUSIONS Within this large series, 1.8% of cases harbored ERBB2mut, which are undetectable by standard-of-care IHC or FISH tests. Metastatic BC driven by ERBB2mut respond to anti-HER2 targeted therapies, and expanding clinical trials designed to detect ERBB2mut by CGP and optimize targeted treatments are warranted. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2654-2662. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Laurie M Gay
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Computational Biology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Saranya Chumsri
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Ron Bose
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - James Suh
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Doron Lipson
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stanley Waintraub
- Department of Breast Oncology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
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26
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Hu Y, Dong XZ, Liu X, Liu P, Chen YB. Enhanced Antitumor Activity of Cetuximab in Combination with the Jak Inhibitor CYT387 against Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Various Genotypes. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:689-97. [PMID: 26685983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy Care Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xian-Zhe Dong
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy Care Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy Care Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy Care Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Bang Chen
- Department
of Pharmacology and System Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York, New York 10029, United States
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27
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Seashore-Ludlow B, Rees MG, Cheah JH, Cokol M, Price EV, Coletti ME, Jones V, Bodycombe NE, Soule CK, Gould J, Alexander B, Li A, Montgomery P, Wawer MJ, Kuru N, Kotz JD, Hon CSY, Munoz B, Liefeld T, Dančík V, Bittker JA, Palmer M, Bradner JE, Shamji AF, Clemons PA, Schreiber SL. Harnessing Connectivity in a Large-Scale Small-Molecule Sensitivity Dataset. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1210-23. [PMID: 26482930 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Identifying genetic alterations that prime a cancer cell to respond to a particular therapeutic agent can facilitate the development of precision cancer medicines. Cancer cell-line (CCL) profiling of small-molecule sensitivity has emerged as an unbiased method to assess the relationships between genetic or cellular features of CCLs and small-molecule response. Here, we developed annotated cluster multidimensional enrichment analysis to explore the associations between groups of small molecules and groups of CCLs in a new, quantitative sensitivity dataset. This analysis reveals insights into small-molecule mechanisms of action, and genomic features that associate with CCL response to small-molecule treatment. We are able to recapitulate known relationships between FDA-approved therapies and cancer dependencies and to uncover new relationships, including for KRAS-mutant cancers and neuroblastoma. To enable the cancer community to explore these data, and to generate novel hypotheses, we created an updated version of the Cancer Therapeutic Response Portal (CTRP v2). SIGNIFICANCE We present the largest CCL sensitivity dataset yet available, and an analysis method integrating information from multiple CCLs and multiple small molecules to identify CCL response predictors robustly. We updated the CTRP to enable the cancer research community to leverage these data and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew G Rees
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jaime H Cheah
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Murat Cokol
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edmund V Price
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew E Coletti
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Victor Jones
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole E Bodycombe
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christian K Soule
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua Gould
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Alexander
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ava Li
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Philip Montgomery
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mathias J Wawer
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nurdan Kuru
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joanne D Kotz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - C Suk-Yee Hon
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benito Munoz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ted Liefeld
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua A Bittker
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Palmer
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cancer Biology and Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alykhan F Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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28
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Comprehensive genomic profiling of inflammatory breast cancer cases reveals a high frequency of clinically relevant genomic alterations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:155-62. [PMID: 26458824 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity that carries a worse prognosis relative to non-IBC breast cancer even when matched for standard biomarkers (ER/PR/HER2). The objective of this study was to identify opportunities for benefit from targeted therapy, which are not currently identifiable in the standard workup for advanced breast cancer. Comprehensive genomic profiling on 53 IBC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens (mean, 800× + coverage) using the hybrid capture-based FoundationOne assay. Academic and community oncology clinics. From a series of 2208 clinical cases of advanced/refractory invasive breast cancers, 53 cases with IBC were identified. The presence of clinically relevant genomic alterations (CRGA) in IBC and responses to targeted therapies. CRGA were defined as genomic alterations (GA) associated with on label targeted therapies and targeted therapies in mechanism-driven clinical trials. For the 44 IBCs with available biomarker data, 19 (39 %) were ER-/PR-/HER2- (triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC). For patients in which the clinical HER2 status was known, 11 (25 %) were HER2+ with complete (100 %) concordance with ERBB2 (HER2) amplification detected by the CGP assay. The 53 sequenced IBC cases harbored a total of 266 GA with an average of 5.0 GA/tumor (range 1-15). At least one alteration associated with an FDA approved therapy or clinical trial was identified in 51/53 (96 %) of cases with an average of 2.6 CRGA/case. The most frequently altered genes were TP53 (62 %), MYC (32 %), PIK3CA (28 %), ERBB2 (26 %), FGFR1 (17 %), BRCA2 (15 %), and PTEN (15 %). In the TNBC subset of IBC, 8/19 (42 %) showed MYC amplification (median copy number 8X, range 7-20) as compared to 9/32 (28 %) in non-TNBC IBC (median copy number 7X, range 6-21). Comprehensive genomic profiling uncovered a high frequency of GA in IBC with 96 % of cases harboring at least 1 CRGA. The clinical benefit of selected targeted therapies in individual IBC cases suggests that a further study of CGP in IBC is warranted.
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29
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Esheba GE, Hassan AA. Comparative immunohistochemical expression of β-catenin, EGFR, ErbB2, and p63 in adamantinomatous and papillary craniopharyngiomas. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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