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Elgendy DI, Elmahy RA, Amer AIM, Ibrahim HA, Eltantawy AF, Mansour FR, Salama AM. Efficacy of artemether against toxocariasis in mice: parasitological and immunopathological changes in brain, liver, and lung. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:47-64. [PMID: 37978995 PMCID: PMC10769145 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2285182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonosis that represents a serious threat to public health particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Currently, albendazole, the most effective drug for treating visceral toxocariasis, shows moderate efficacy against the larvae in tissues and has some adverse effects. Artemether is an antiparasitic drug mainly used in the treatment of malaria and showed effectiveness against numerous helminthic infections. Besides, it possesses potent anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antifibrotic, and neuroprotective properties. Thus, the study's aim was to investigate artemether's effects in comparison with albendazole on the therapeutic outcome of experimental toxocariasis. For this aim, 140 laboratory-bred mice were divided into four main groups: uninfected control, treatment control, albendazole-treated, and artemether-treated groups. The treatment regimens were started at the 15th dpi (early treatment), and at the 35th dpi (late treatment). The effectiveness of treatment was determined by brain larval count, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical examination. Artemether showed more effectiveness than albendazole in reducing brain larval counts, markers of brain injury including NF-κB, GFAP, and caspase-3, the diameter and number of hepatic granulomas, hepatic oxidative stress, hepatic IL-6, and TG2 mRNA, and pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The efficacy of artemether was the same when administered early or late in the infection. Finally, our findings illustrated that artemether might be a promising therapy for T. canis infection and it could be a good substitution for albendazole in toxocariasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina I. Elgendy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Elmahy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Hoda A. Ibrahim
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Fotouh Rashed Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amina M. Salama
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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2
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Guan L, Wang H, Xu X, Fan H. Therapeutical Utilization and Repurposing of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives: A Narrative Review. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300086. [PMID: 37178448 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives have great therapeutical utility as antimalarials and can be repurposed for other indications, such as viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic effects of ART-based drugs, beyond their antimalarial effects. This review also summarizes the information on their repurposing in other pathologies, with the hope that it will guide the future optimization of the use of ART-based drugs and of the treatment strategies for the listed diseases. By reviewing related literature, ART extraction and structure as well as the synthesis and structure of its derivatives are presented. Subsequently, the traditional roles of ART and its derivatives against malaria are reviewed, including antimalarial mechanism and occurrence of antimalarial resistance. Finally, the potential of ART and its derivatives to be repurposed for the treatment of other diseases are summarized. The great repurposing potential of ART and its derivatives may be useful for the control of emerging diseases with corresponding pathologies, and future research should be directed toward the synthesis of more effective derivatives or better combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Huiyong Wang
- Wuhan Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430206, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, P. R. China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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3
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Bezuidenhout JW, Aucamp M, Stieger N, Liebenberg W, Haynes RK. Assessment of Thermal and Hydrolytic Stabilities and Aqueous Solubility of Artesunate for Formulation Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:33. [PMID: 36627467 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For the purpose of establishing the optimum processing parameters and storage conditions associated with nanolipid formulations of the artemisinin derivative artesunate, it was necessary to evaluate the thermal stability and solubility profiles of artesunate in aqueous solutions at various temperatures and pH. The effect of increased temperature and humidity on artesunate was determined by storing samples of the raw material in a climate chamber for 3 months and analyzing these by an established HPLC method. Artesunate remained relatively stable during storage up to 40°C ± 0.5°C and 75% relative humidity for 3 months, wherein it undergoes approximately 9% decomposition. At higher temperatures, substantially greater decomposition supervenes, with formation of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and other products. In solution, artesunate is relatively stable at 15°C with less than 10% degradation over 24 h. The aqueous solubility of artesunate at different pH values after 60 min are pH 1.2 (0.1 M HCl) 0.26 mg/mL, pH 4.5 (acetate buffer) 0.92 mg/mL, distilled water 1.40 mg/mL, and pH 6.8 (phosphate buffer) 6.59 mg/mL, thus relating to the amount of ionized drug present. Overall, for optimal preparation and storage of the designated formulations of artesunate, relatively low temperatures will have to be maintained throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Bezuidenhout
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - M Aucamp
- School of Pharmacy, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Drive, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
| | - N Stieger
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - W Liebenberg
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - R K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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Elfiky M, Gaber M, Mousa M, Salahuddin N. Synthesis and validation of ultrasensitive stripping voltammetric sensor based on polypyrrole@ZnO/Fe 3O 4 core-shell nanostructure for picomolar detection of artesunate and dopamine drugs. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3739-3750. [PMID: 36124547 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00864e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A stripping voltammetric sensor for ultrasensitive detection of artesunate (ART) and dopamine HCl (DA) has been successfully developed using a Ppy@ZnO/Fe3O4 core-shell nanocomposite ([PZM])-modified carbon paste sensor (MCPS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area method, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials. Noteworthily, the morphology of [PZM] reveals a spherical core-shell nanostructure with an increase in the average diameter range of 20-37.5 nm (specific surface area (SSA) of 28.5 m2 g-1 (0.0247 cm3 g-1)) when compared with the average diameter range 7.5-15.7 nm (SSA of 5.43 m2 g-1 (0.0111 cm3 g-1)) of ZnO/Fe3O4[ZM]. The [PZM] MCPS provided the best electroactive surface area (0.078 cm2) and the least electrocatalytic activity (Rst = 370 Ω). Furthermore, the MCPS showed low detection limits (LODs) of 0.092 pg mL-1 (0.24 pM) and 0.0046 pg mL-1 (0.03 pM) for ART and DA, respectively. Moreover, LODs were found to be 0.029 pg mL-1 (0.75 pM) and 0.014 pg mL-1 (0.09 pM) for ART mixed with 0.7 pM of DA (ART1) and DA in the presence of 2.0 pM of ART drug (DA1), respectively. In addition, the MCPS revealed a proper repeatability, reproducibility, and storage stability (93.5-90.48%). During the routine analysis, the [PZM] MCPS detected ART and DA concentrations in human urine, without interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elfiky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Gaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Maie Mousa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Rao Q, Li R, Yu H, Xiang L, He B, Wu F, Zhao G. Effects of dihydroartemisinin combined with cisplatin on proliferation, apoptosis and migration of HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:275. [PMID: 35782905 PMCID: PMC9247656 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP) is a potent and widely applied chemotherapeutic agent. However, its clinical efficacy for the treatment of liver cancer is limited by adverse effects and the development of resistance. Combinatorial therapy may alleviate these issues. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a first-generation derivative of artemisinin. The effects of DDP on liver cancer when applied in combination with DHA have not previously been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of DHA combined with DDP on HepG2 cells and their potential underlying molecular mechanisms. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of DHA and/or DDP. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to assess the cell viability. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were quantified using flow cytometry, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent dual staining and the colony formation assay. Cell migration was quantified using the Transwell and wound healing assays. The HepG2 cell protein expression levels of Fas, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, pro-caspase-8, cleaved caspase-8, Bax, Bcl-2, E-cadherin and N-cadherin, were detected via western blotting. Gelatin zymography was used to assess the levels of MMP-9 secreted by HepG2 cells into the supernatant. Following combined DHA and DDP treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly increased, whereas cell proliferation and migration were significantly reduced, compared with cells treated with DDP only. DHA and DPP in combination significantly inhibited the expression of MMP-9, significantly increased the protein expression levels of Fas, FADD, Bax and E-cadherin, significantly increased the ratio of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-8 to their precursor proteins and significantly decreased the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and N-cadherin. The findings of the present study suggested that, DHA may confer synergistic effects with DDP in potentially promoting apoptosis and inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Rao
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Ruochan Li
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - He Yu
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Fenghua Wu
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
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Yang J, Wang Y, Guan W, Su W, Li G, Zhang S, Yao H. Spiral molecules with antimalarial activities: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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Kolesar JM, Seeberger PH. Editorial: Anticancer Potential of Artemisia annua. Front Oncol 2022; 12:853406. [PMID: 35280785 PMCID: PMC8909362 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.853406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jill M. Kolesar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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Sivanandan ST, Bharath Krishna R, Baiju TV, Mohan C. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Ring‐Opening Reactions of Cyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Bharath Krishna
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam 686560 India
| | - Thekke V. Baiju
- Department of chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Chithra Mohan
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam 686560 India
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9
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The Artemiside-Artemisox-Artemisone-M1 Tetrad: Efficacies against Blood Stage P. falciparum Parasites, DMPK Properties, and the Case for Artemiside. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122066. [PMID: 34959347 PMCID: PMC8704606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the need to replace the current clinical artemisinins in artemisinin combination therapies, we are evaluating fitness of amino-artemisinins for this purpose. These include the thiomorpholine derivative artemiside obtained in one scalable synthetic step from dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and the derived sulfone artemisone. We have recently shown that artemiside undergoes facile metabolism via the sulfoxide artemisox into artemisone and thence into the unsaturated metabolite M1; DHA is not a metabolite. Artemisox and M1 are now found to be approximately equipotent with artemiside and artemisone in vitro against asexual P. falciparum (Pf) blood stage parasites (IC50 1.5–2.6 nM). Against Pf NF54 blood stage gametocytes, artemisox is potently active (IC50 18.9 nM early-stage, 2.7 nM late-stage), although against the late-stage gametocytes, activity is expressed, like other amino-artemisinins, at a prolonged incubation time of 72 h. Comparative drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties were assessed via po and iv administration of artemiside, artemisox, and artemisone in a murine model. Following oral administration, the composite Cmax value of artemiside plus its metabolites artemisox and artemisone formed in vivo is some 2.6-fold higher than that attained following administration of artemisone alone. Given that efficacy of short half-life rapidly-acting antimalarial drugs such as the artemisinins is associated with Cmax, it is apparent that artemiside will be more active than artemisone in vivo, due to additive effects of the metabolites. As is evident from earlier data, artemiside indeed possesses appreciably greater efficacy in vivo against murine malaria. Overall, the higher exposure levels of active drug following administration of artemiside coupled with its synthetic accessibility indicate it is much the preferred drug for incorporation into rational new artemisinin combination therapies.
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Fouejio D, Yossa Kamsi R, Tadjouteu Assatse Y, Ejuh G, Ndjaka J. DFT studies of the structural, chemical descriptors and nonlinear optical properties of the drug dihydroartemisinin functionalized on C60 fullerene. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Watson DJ, Laing L, Gibhard L, Wong HN, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Toward New Transmission-Blocking Combination Therapies: Pharmacokinetics of 10-Amino-Artemisinins and 11-Aza-Artemisinin and Comparison with Dihydroartemisinin and Artemether. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0099021. [PMID: 34097488 PMCID: PMC8284440 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00990-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are compromised by resistance, we are evaluating triple combination therapies (TACTs) comprising an amino-artemisinin, a redox drug, and a third drug with a different mode of action. Thus, here we briefly review efficacy data on artemisone, artemiside, other amino-artemisinins, and 11-aza-artemisinin and conduct absorption, distribution, and metabolism and excretion (ADME) profiling in vitro and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling in vivo via intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to mice. The sulfamide derivative has a notably long murine microsomal half-life (t1/2 > 150 min), low intrinsic liver clearance and total plasma clearance rates (CLint 189.4, CLtot 32.2 ml/min/kg), and high relative bioavailability (F = 59%). Kinetics are somewhat similar for 11-aza-artemisinin (t1/2 > 150 min, CLint = 576.9, CLtot = 75.0 ml/min/kg), although bioavailability is lower (F = 14%). In contrast, artemether is rapidly metabolized to dihydroartemisinin (DHA) (t1/2 = 17.4 min) and eliminated (CLint = 855.0, CLtot = 119.7 ml/min/kg) and has low oral bioavailability (F) of 2%. While artemisone displays low t1/2 of <10 min and high CLint of 302.1, it displays a low CLtot of 42.3 ml/min/kg and moderate bioavailability (F) of 32%. Its active metabolite M1 displays a much-improved t1/2 of >150 min and a reduced CLint of 37.4 ml/min/kg. Artemiside has t1/2 of 12.4 min, CLint of 673.9, and CLtot of 129.7 ml/kg/min, likely a reflection of its surprisingly rapid metabolism to artemisone, reported here for the first time. DHA is not formed from any amino-artemisinin. Overall, the efficacy and PK data strongly support the development of selected amino-artemisinins as components of new TACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Watson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lizahn Laing
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- H3D, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Pan Z, Bo Y, Liang Y, Lu B, Zhan J, Zhang J, Zhang J. Intermolecular interactions in natural deep eutectic solvents and their effects on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Adebayo JO, Tijjani H, Adegunloye AP, Ishola AA, Balogun EA, Malomo SO. Enhancing the antimalarial activity of artesunate. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2749-2764. [PMID: 32638101 PMCID: PMC7340003 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The global challenge to the treatment of malaria is mainly the occurrence of resistance of malaria parasites to conventionally used antimalarials. Artesunate, a semisynthetic artemisinin compound, and other artemisinin derivatives are currently used in combination with selected active antimalarial drugs in order to prevent or delay the emergence of resistance to artemisinin derivatives. Several methods, such as preparation of hybrid compounds, combination therapy, chemical modification and the use of synthetic materials to enhance solubility and delivery of artesunate, have been employed over the years to improve the antimalarial activity of artesunate. Each of these methods has advantages it bestows on the efficacy of artesunate. This review discussed the various methods employed in enhancing the antimalarial activity of artesunate and delaying the emergence of resistance of parasite to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - H Tijjani
- Department of Biochemistry, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - A P Adegunloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - A A Ishola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - E A Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - S O Malomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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15
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Simorangkir TPH. Study of possibility physical interactions antimalarial combination drugs. Infect Dis Rep 2020; 12:8761. [PMID: 32874476 PMCID: PMC7447933 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2020.8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of solid state to investigate the possibility of physical interaction between Antimalarial Artemisinin Combination Treatment base Artesunate (AS) and Amodiaquine (AQ) by hot contact method Kofler, cold contact method (crystallization reaction) and binary phase diagram confirmation had been carried out. The results of hot contact method Kofler shown the formation a new crystalline habit as a long and thin needle on the contact zone (mixing zone) between AS and AQ. A different melting point was seen in its single component. Cold contact methods between two of supersaturated solution of component AS and AQ in methanol solvent also indicated the growth of crystal habit as similar as hot contact method Kofler. Confirmation by biner phase diagram shown the specific diagram for cocrystalline phase. Solid state interaction between AS and AQ was analysed by powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra Red) spectrophotometric, microscopic SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopic) and thermal DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis), TG-DSC (Thermal Gravimetry- Differential Scanning Calorimetry). Microscopic analysis by SEM showed significantly the change of habit and morphology of crystal to long and thin needle shaped. The difference of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) interferences peaks were observed in addition to PXRD interference peaks of each component and its physical mixtures that proved formation of cocrystalline phase. DSC Thermogram indicated a new endothermic peak corresponding to melting point of a new cocrystalline phase at temperature 160,4°C.
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16
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Synthesis and Antileishmanial Activity of 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes against Leishmania donovani. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030465. [PMID: 31979089 PMCID: PMC7038143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically diverse range of novel tetraoxanes was synthesized and evaluated in vitro against intramacrophage amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani. All 15 tested tetraoxanes displayed activity, with IC50 values ranging from 2 to 45 µm. The most active tetraoxane, compound LC140, exhibited an IC50 value of 2.52 ± 0.65 µm on L. donovani intramacrophage amastigotes, with a selectivity index of 13.5. This compound reduced the liver parasite burden of L. donovani-infected mice by 37% after an intraperitoneal treatment at 10 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days, whereas miltefosine, an antileishmanial drug in use, reduced it by 66%. These results provide a relevant basis for the development of further tetraoxanes as effective, safe, and cheap drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Tiwari MK, Chaudhary S. Artemisinin-derived antimalarial endoperoxides from bench-side to bed-side: Chronological advancements and future challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1220-1275. [PMID: 31930540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO World Malaria Report (2018), nearly 219 million new cases of malaria occurred and a total no. of 435 000 people died in 2017 due to this infectious disease. This is due to the rapid spread of parasite-resistant strains. Artemisinin (ART), a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has been recognized as a novel class of antimalarial drugs. The 2015 "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was given to Prof Dr Tu Youyou for the discovery of ART. Hence, ART is termed as "Nobel medicine." The present review article accommodates insights from the chronological advancements and direct statistics witnessed during the past 48 years (1971-2019) in the medicinal chemistry of ART-derived antimalarial endoperoxides, and their clinical utility in malaria chemotherapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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18
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Wong HN, Padín-Irizarry V, van der Watt ME, Reader J, Liebenberg W, Wiesner L, Smith P, Eribez K, Winzeler EA, Kyle DE, Birkholtz LM, Coertzen D, Haynes RK. Optimal 10-Aminoartemisinins With Potent Transmission-Blocking Capabilities for New Artemisinin Combination Therapies-Activities Against Blood Stage P. falciparum Including PfKI3 C580Y Mutants and Liver Stage P. berghei Parasites. Front Chem 2020; 7:901. [PMID: 31998692 PMCID: PMC6967409 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that amino-artemisinins including artemiside and artemisone in which an amino group replaces the oxygen-bearing substituents attached to C-10 of the current clinical artemisinin derivatives dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artemether and artesunate, display potent activities in vitro against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). In particular, the compounds are active against late blood stage Pf gametocytes, and are strongly synergistic in combination with the redox active drug methylene blue. In order to fortify the eventual selection of optimum amino-artemisinins for development into new triple combination therapies also active against artemisinin-resistant Pf mutants, we have prepared new amino-artemisinins based on the easily accessible and inexpensive DHA-piperazine. The latter was converted into alkyl- and aryl sulfonamides, ureas and amides. These derivatives were screened together with the comparator drugs DHA and the hitherto most active amino-artemisinins artemiside and artemisone against asexual and sexual blood stages of Pf and liver stage P. berghei (Pb) sporozoites. Several of the new amino-artemisinins bearing aryl-urea and -amide groups are potently active against both asexual, and late blood stage gametocytes (IC50 0.4-1.0 nM). Although the activities are superior to those of artemiside (IC50 1.5 nM) and artemisone (IC50 42.4 nM), the latter are more active against the liver stage Pb sporozoites (IC50 artemisone 28 nM). In addition, early results indicate these compounds tend not to display reduced susceptibility against parasites bearing the Pf Kelch 13 propeller domain C580Y mutation characteristic of artemisinin-resistant Pf. Thus, the advent of the amino-artemisinins including artemiside and artemisone will enable the development of new combination therapies that by virtue of the amino-artemisinin component itself will possess intrinsic transmission-blocking capabilities and may be effective against artemisinin resistant falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Vivian Padín-Irizarry
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mariëtte E van der Watt
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wilna Liebenberg
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Korina Eribez
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Malaria Parasite Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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19
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Budde S, Goerdeler F, Floß J, Kreitmeier P, Hicks EF, Moscovitz O, Seeberger PH, Davies HML, Reiser O. Visible-light mediated oxidative ring expansion of anellated cyclopropanes to fused endoperoxides with antimalarial activity. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hetero- and carbocyclic anellated cyclopropanes were converted in one step by a visible light induced photooxidation to their corresponding polycyclic endoperoxides, which show promising antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Budde
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Felix Goerdeler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | | | | | | | - Oren Moscovitz
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
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20
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Caesar LK, Cech NB. Synergy and antagonism in natural product extracts: when 1 + 1 does not equal 2. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:869-888. [PMID: 31187844 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2019 According to a 2012 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 18% of the U.S. population uses natural products (including plant-based or botanical preparations) for treatment or prevention of disease. The use of plant-based medicines is even more prevalent in developing countries, where for many they constitute the primary health care modality. Proponents of the medicinal use of natural product mixtures often claim that they are more effective than purified compounds due to beneficial "synergistic" interactions. A less-discussed phenomenon, antagonism, in which effects of active constituents are masked by other compounds in a complex mixture, also occurs in natural product mixtures. Synergy and antagonism are notoriously difficult to study in a rigorous fashion, particularly given that natural products chemistry research methodology is typically devoted to reducing complexity and identifying single active constituents for drug development. This report represents a critical review with commentary about the current state of the scientific literature as it relates to studying combination effects (including both synergy and antagonism) in natural product extracts. We provide particular emphasis on analytical and Big Data approaches for identifying synergistic or antagonistic combinations and elucidating the mechanisms that underlie their interactions. Specific case studies of botanicals in which synergistic interactions have been documented are also discussed. The topic of synergy is important given that consumer use of botanical natural products and associated safety concerns continue to garner attention by the public and the media. Guidance by the natural products community is needed to provide strategies for effective evaluation of safety and toxicity of botanical mixtures and to drive discovery in botanical natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Caesar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
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21
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Pinet A, Nguyen TL, Bernadat G, Figadère B, Ferrié L. Synthesis of 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2-Dioxolanes through the Use of Acetoxy Peroxyacetals. Org Lett 2019; 21:4729-4733. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Pinet
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry 92290, France
| | - Thuy Linh Nguyen
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry 92290, France
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau
Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Guillaume Bernadat
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry 92290, France
| | - Bruno Figadère
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry 92290, France
| | - Laurent Ferrié
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry 92290, France
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22
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Goswami L, Paul S, Kotammagari TK, Bhattacharya AK. Synthesis of artemisinin derived glycoconjugates inspired by click chemistry. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu(i)-catalysed click reactions between β-propargylated dihydroartemisinin and azido sugars were carried out to furnish artemisinin based glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Goswami
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411 008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Sayantan Paul
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411 008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Tharun K. Kotammagari
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411 008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Asish K. Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411 008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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23
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Kumari A, Karnatak M, Singh D, Shankar R, Jat JL, Sharma S, Yadav D, Shrivastava R, Verma VP. Current scenario of artemisinin and its analogues for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:804-829. [PMID: 30579122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human malaria, one of the most striking, reemerging infectious diseases, is caused by several types of Plasmodium parasites. Whilst advances have been made in lowering the numbers of cases and deaths, it is clear that a strategy based solely on disease control year on year, without reducing transmission and ultimately eradicating the parasite, is unsustainable. Natural products have served as a template for the design and development of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinic or in the development phase. Artemisinin combine potent, rapid antimalarial activity with a wide therapeutic index and an absence of clinically important resistance. The alkylating ability of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogues toward heme related to their antimalarial efficacy are underlined. Although impressive results have already been achieved in malaria research, more systematization and concentration of efforts are required if real breakthroughs are to be made. This review will concisely cover the clinical, preclinical antimalarial and current updates in artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Diverse classes of semi-synthetic analogs of artemisinin reported in the last decade have also been extensively studied. The experience gained in this respect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jawahar L Jat
- Department of Applied Chemistry, BabaSaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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24
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Chan WC, Wai Chan DH, Lee KW, Tin WS, Wong HN, Haynes RK. Evaluation and optimization of synthetic routes from dihydroartemisinin to the alkylamino-artemisinins artemiside and artemisone: A test of N-glycosylation methodologies on a lipophilic peroxide. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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de Lange C, Coertzen D, Smit FJ, Wentzel JF, Wong HN, Birkholtz LM, Haynes RK, N'Da DD. Synthesis, antimalarial activities and cytotoxicities of amino-artemisinin-1,2-disubstituted ferrocene hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3161-3163. [PMID: 30174153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-ferrocene conjugates incorporating a 1,2-disubstituted ferrocene analogous to that embedded in ferroquine but attached via a piperazine linker to C10 of the artemisinin were prepared from the piperazine artemisinin derivative, and activities were evaluated against asexual blood stages of chloroquine (CQ) sensitive NF54 and CQ resistant K1 and W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The most active was the morpholino derivative 5 with IC50 of 0.86 nM against Pf K1 and 1.4 nM against Pf W2. The resistance indices were superior to those of current clinical artemisinins. Notably, the compounds were active against Pf NF54 early and late blood stage gametocytes - these exerted >86% inhibition at 1 µM against both stages; they are thus appreciably more active than methylene blue (∼57% inhibition at 1 µM) against late stage gametocytes. The data portends transmission blocking activity. Cytotoxicity was determined against human embryonic kidney cells (Hek293), while human malignant melanoma cells (A375) were used to assess their antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo de Lange
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Frans J Smit
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Johannes F Wentzel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Makhmudiyarova NN, Ishmukhametova IR, Tyumkina TV, Ibragimov AG, Dzhemilev UM. Synthesis of N -aryl-hexaoxazadispiroalkanes using lanthanide catalysts. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wu Y, Parapini S, Williams ID, Misiano P, Wong HN, Taramelli D, Basilico N, Haynes RK. Facile Preparation of N-Glycosylated 10-Piperazinyl Artemisinin Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antimalarial and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071713. [PMID: 30011856 PMCID: PMC6100044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the precepts that C-10 amino-artemisinins display optimum biological activities for the artemisinin drug class, and that attachment of a sugar enhances specificity of drug delivery, polarity and solubility so as to attenuate toxicity, we assessed the effects of attaching sugars to N-4 of the dihydroartemisinin (DHA)-piperazine derivative prepared in one step from DHA and piperazine. N-Glycosylated DHA-piperazine derivatives were obtained according to the Kotchetkov reaction by heating the DHA-piperazine with the sugar in a polar solvent. Structure of the D-glucose derivative is secured by X-ray crystallography. The D-galactose, L-rhamnose and D-xylose derivatives displayed IC50 values of 0.58–0.87 nM against different strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and selectivity indices (SI) >195, on average, with respect to the mouse fibroblast WEHI-164 cell line. These activities are higher than those of the amino-artemisinin, artemisone (IC50 0.9–1.1 nM). Notably, the D-glucose, D-maltose and D-ribose derivatives were the most active against the myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line with IC50 values of 0.78–0.87 µM and SI > 380 with respect to the human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). In comparison, artemisone has an IC50 of 0.26 µM, and a SI of 88 with the same cell lines. Overall, the N-glycosylated DHA-piperazine derivatives display antimalarial activities that are greatly superior to O-glycosides previously obtained from DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DiSBIOC), University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Inter University Center for Malaria Research, Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paola Misiano
- Department of Pharmacological & Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological & Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Inter University Center for Malaria Research, Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DiSBIOC), University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Inter University Center for Malaria Research, Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Kung SH, Lund S, Murarka A, McPhee D, Paddon CJ. Approaches and Recent Developments for the Commercial Production of Semi-synthetic Artemisinin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29445390 PMCID: PMC5797932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial drug artemisinin is a natural product produced by the plant Artemisia annua. Extracts of A. annua have been used in Chinese herbal medicine for over two millennia. Following the re-discovery of A. annua extract as an effective antimalarial, and the isolation and structural elucidation of artemisinin as the active agent, it was recommended as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in combination with another effective antimalarial drug (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2002. Following the WHO recommendation, the availability and price of artemisinin fluctuated greatly, ranging from supply shortfalls in some years to oversupply in others. To alleviate these supply and price issues, a second source of artemisinin was sought, resulting in an effort to produce artemisinic acid, a late-stage chemical precursor of artemisinin, by yeast fermentation, followed by chemical conversion to artemisinin (i.e., semi-synthesis). Engineering to enable production of artemisinic acid in yeast relied on the discovery of A. annua genes encoding artemisinic acid biosynthetic enzymes, and synthetic biology to engineer yeast metabolism. The progress of this effort, which resulted in semi-synthetic artemisinin entering commercial production in 2013, is reviewed with an emphasis on recent publications and opportunities for further development. Aspects of both the biology of artemisinin production in A. annua, and yeast strain engineering are discussed, as are recent developments in the chemical conversion of artemisinic acid to artemisinin.
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Yamansarov EY, Kazakov DV, Medvedeva NI, Khusnutdinova EF, Kazakova OB, Legostaeva YV, Ishmuratov GY, Huong LM, Ha TTH, Huong DT, Suponitsky KY. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 3'-trifluoromethylated 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane based on deoxycholic acid. Steroids 2018; 129:17-23. [PMID: 29180289 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of new steroidal peroxides - 3'-trifluoromethylated 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes based on deoxycholic acid were prepared via the reactions of the Griesbaum coozonolysis and peroxycondensation, respectively. 1,2,4-Trioxolanes were synthesized by the interaction of methyl O-methyl-3-oximino-12α-acetoxy-deoxycholate with CF3C(O)CH3 or CF3C(O)Ph and O3 as the mixtures of four possible stereoisomers at ratios of 1:2:2:1 and in yields of 50% and 38%, respectively. The major diastereomer of methyl 12α-acetoxy-5β-cholan-24-oate-3-spiro-5'-(3'-methyl-3'-trifluoromethyl-1',2',4'-trioxolane) was isolated via crystallization of a mixture of stereoisomers from hexane and its (3S,3'R)-configuration was determined using X-ray crystallographic analysis. Peroxycondensation of methyl 3-bishydroperoxy-12α-acetoxy-deoxycholate with CF3C(O)CH3 or acetone led to 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes in yields of 44% and 37%, respectively. Antimalarial activity of these new steroidal peroxides was evaluated in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) T96 and chloroquine-resistant (CQR) K1 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Deoxycholic acid 3'-trifluoromethylated 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane demonstrated a good IC50 value against CQR-strain (IC50 (K1) = 7.6 nM) of P. falciparum. Tetraoxane with the acetone subunit demonstrated the best results among all tested peroxides with an IC50 value of 3 nM against the CQ-resistant K1 strain. In general, 1,2,4-trioxolanes of deoxycholic acid are less active than 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Yu Yamansarov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Kazakov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation; Noncommercial Partnership "Center for Diagnostic of Nanostructures and Nanomaterials", 4 ul. Kosygina, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natal'ya I Medvedeva
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Elmira F Khusnutdinova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Oxana B Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuliya V Legostaeva
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Gumer Yu Ishmuratov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Le Mai Huong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Hong Ha
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Thi Huong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kyrill Yu Suponitsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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PINHEIRO LUIZC, FEITOSA LÍVIAM, SILVEIRA FLÁVIAFDA, BOECHAT NUBIA. Current Antimalarial Therapies and Advances in the Development of Semi-Synthetic Artemisinin Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:1251-1271. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - LÍVIA M. FEITOSA
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Synthesis, in vitro antimalarial activities and cytotoxicities of amino-artemisinin-ferrocene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:289-292. [PMID: 29317166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel derivatives bearing a ferrocene attached via a piperazine linker to C-10 of the artemisinin nucleus were prepared from dihydroartemisinin and screened against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive NF54 and CQ resistant K1 and W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites. The overall aim is to imprint oxidant (from the artemisinin) and redox (from the ferrocene) activities. In a preliminary assessment, these compounds were shown to possess activities in the low nM range with the most active being compound 6 with IC50 values of 2.79 nM against Pf K1 and 3.2 nM against Pf W2. Overall the resistance indices indicate that the compounds have a low potential for cross resistance. Cytotoxicities were determined with Hek293 human embryonic kidney cells and activities against proliferating cells were assessed against A375 human malignant melanoma cells. The selectivity indices of the amino-artemisinin ferrocene derivatives indicate there is overall an appreciably higher selectivity towards the malaria parasite than mammalian cells.
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Hu YQ, Gao C, Zhang S, Xu L, Xu Z, Feng LS, Wu X, Zhao F. Quinoline hybrids and their antiplasmodial and antimalarial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:22-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aratikatla EK, Valkute TR, Puri SK, Srivastava K, Bhattacharya AK. Norepinephrine alkaloids as antiplasmodial agents: Synthesis of syncarpamide and insight into the structure-activity relationships of its analogues as antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:1089-1105. [PMID: 28763644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Syncarpamide 1, a norepinephrine alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum syncarpum (Rutaceae) exhibited promising antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium falciparum with reported IC50 values of 2.04 μM (D6 clone), 3.06 μM (W2 clone) and observed by us 3.90 μM (3D7 clone) and 2.56 μM (K1 clone). In continuation of our work on naturally occurring antimalarial compounds, synthesis of syncarpamide 1 and its enantiomer, (R)-2 using Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as a key step has been accomplished. In order to study structure-activity-relationship (SAR) in detail, a library of 55 compounds (3-57), which are analogues/homologues of syncarpamide 1 were synthesized by varying the substituents on the aromatic ring, by changing the stereocentre at the C-7 and/or by varying the acid groups in the ester and/or amide side chain based on the natural product lead molecule and further assayed in vitro against 3D7 and K1 strains of P. falciparum to evaluate their antiplasmodial activities. In order to study the effect of position of functional groups on antiplasmodial activity profile, a regioisomer (S)-58 of syncarpamide 1 was synthesized however, it turned out to be inactive against both the strains. Two compounds, (S)-41 and its enantiomer, (R)-42 having 3,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamoyl groups as side chains showed better antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 3.16, 2.28 μM (3D7) and 1.78, 2.07 μM (K1), respectively than the natural product, syncarpamide 1. Three compounds (S)-13, (S)-17, (S)-21 exhibited antiplasmodial activities with IC50 values of 6.39, 6.82, 6.41 μM against 3D7 strain, 4.27, 7.26, 2.71 μM against K1 strain and with CC50 values of 147.72, 153.0, >200 μM respectively. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity data of synthesized library suggests that the electron density and possibility of resonance in both the ester and amide side chains increases the antiplasmodial activity as compared to the parent natural product 1. The natural product syncarpamide 1 and four analogues/homologues out of the synthesized library of 55, (S)-41, (R)-42, (S)-55 and (S)-57 were assayed in vivo assay against chloroquine-resistant P. yoelii (N-67) strain of Plasmodium. However, none of the five molecules, 1, (S)-41, (R)-42, (S)-55 and (S)-57 exhibited any promising in vivo antimalarial activity against P. yoelii (N-67) strain. Compounds 4, 6, 7 and 11 showed high cytotoxicities with CC50 values of 5.87, 5.08, 6.44 and 14.04 μM, respectively. Compound 6 was found to be the most cytotoxic as compared to the standard drug, podophyllotoxin whereas compounds 4 and 7 showed comparable cytotoxicities to podophyllotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar K Aratikatla
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Tushar R Valkute
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Sunil K Puri
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Kumkum Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Asish K Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411 008, India.
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Dong Y, Wang X, Kamaraj S, Bulbule VJ, Chiu FCK, Chollet J, Dhanasekaran M, Hein CD, Papastogiannidis P, Morizzi J, Shackleford DM, Barker H, Ryan E, Scheurer C, Tang Y, Zhao Q, Zhou L, White KL, Urwyler H, Charman WN, Matile H, Wittlin S, Charman SA, Vennerstrom JL. Structure–Activity Relationship of the Antimalarial Ozonide Artefenomel (OZ439). J Med Chem 2017; 60:2654-2668. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Sriraghavan Kamaraj
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Vivek J. Bulbule
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Francis C. K. Chiu
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jacques Chollet
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manickam Dhanasekaran
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Christopher D. Hein
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Petros Papastogiannidis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Morizzi
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David M. Shackleford
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Helena Barker
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christian Scheurer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuanqing Tang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Karen L. White
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Heinrich Urwyler
- Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 487, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - William N. Charman
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hugues Matile
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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Jana A, Grela K. Mild Functionalization of Tetraoxane Derivatives via Olefin Metathesis: Compatibility of Ruthenium Alkylidene Catalysts with Peroxides. Org Lett 2017; 19:520-523. [PMID: 28094973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Jana
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki
i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki
i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Vil' VA, Yaremenko IA, Ilovaisky AI, Terent'ev AO. Synthetic Strategies for Peroxide Ring Construction in Artemisinin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010117. [PMID: 28085073 PMCID: PMC6155923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes publications on the artemisinin peroxide fragment synthesis from 1983 to 2016. The data are classified according to the structures of a precursor used in the key peroxidation step of artemisinin peroxide cycle synthesis. The first part of the review comprises the construction of artemisinin peroxide fragment in total syntheses, in which peroxide artemisinin ring resulted from reactions of unsaturated keto derivatives with singlet oxygen or ozone. In the second part, the methods of artemisinin synthesis based on transformations of dihydroartemisinic acid are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexey I Ilovaisky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia.
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A simplified and scalable synthesis of artesunate. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 148:63-68. [PMID: 28127092 PMCID: PMC5225229 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract An efficient and economically viable approach for the large-scale conversion of artemisinin into the antimalarial frontline drug artesunate was developed. This advanced synthesis includes an NaBH4-induced reduction, followed by an esterification with succinic anhydride under basic conditions. The entire conversion follows the principles of green chemistry, i.e., application of reusable solvents. Graphical abstract ![]()
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38
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Nguyen TL, Ferrié L, Figadère B. Synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted-1,2-dioxolanes: access to analogues of mycangimycin and some rearrangement products. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Silva AF, Oliveira VX, Silva LS, Pinheiro AA, Ciscato LF. Antiplasmodial activity of alkyl-substituted 1,2-dioxetanes against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5007-5008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sisto F, Scaltrito MM, Masia C, Bonomi A, Coccè V, Marano G, Haynes RK, Miani A, Farronato G, Taramelli D. In vitro activity of artemisone and artemisinin derivatives against extracellular and intracellular Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:101-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wu Y, Wu RWK, Cheu KW, Williams ID, Krishna S, Slavic K, Gravett AM, Liu WM, Wong HN, Haynes RK. Methylene Homologues of Artemisone: An Unexpected Structure-Activity Relationship and a Possible Implication for the Design of C10-Substituted Artemisinins. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1469-79. [PMID: 27273875 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We sought to establish if methylene homologues of artemisone are biologically more active and more stable than artemisone. The analogy is drawn with the conversion of natural O- and N-glycosides into more stable C-glycosides that may possess enhanced biological activities and stabilities. Dihydroartemisinin was converted into 10β-cyano-10-deoxyartemisinin that was hydrolyzed to the α-primary amide. Reduction of the β-cyanide and the α-amide provided the respective methylamine epimers that upon treatment with divinyl sulfone gave the β- and α-methylene homologues, respectively, of artemisone. Surprisingly, the compounds were less active in vitro than artemisone against P. falciparum and displayed no appreciable activity against A549, HCT116, and MCF7 tumor cell lines. This loss in activity may be rationalized in terms of one model for the mechanism of action of artemisinins, namely the cofactor model, wherein the presence of a leaving group at C10 assists in driving hydride transfer from reduced flavin cofactors to the peroxide during perturbation of intracellular redox homeostasis by artemisinins. It is noted that the carba analogue of artemether is less active in vitro than the O-glycoside parent toward P. falciparum, although extrapolation of such activity differences to other artemisinins at this stage is not possible. However, literature data coupled with the leaving group rationale suggest that artemisinins bearing an amino group attached directly to C10 are optimal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ronald Wai Kung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kwan Wing Cheu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ksenija Slavic
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew M Gravett
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, Jenner Wing, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Wai M Liu
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital, University of London, Jenner Wing, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. , .,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China. ,
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Makhmudiyarova NN, Khatmullina GM, Rakhimov RS, Meshcheryakova ES, Ibragimov AG, Dzhemilev UM. The first example of catalytic synthesis of N-aryl-substituted tetraoxazaspiroalkanes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kiani BH, Suberu J, Mirza B. Cellular engineering of Artemisia annua and Artemisia dubia with the rol ABC genes for enhanced production of potent anti-malarial drug artemisinin. Malar J 2016; 15:252. [PMID: 27142388 PMCID: PMC4855502 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is causing more than half of a million deaths and 214 million clinical cases annually. Despite tremendous efforts for the control of malaria, the global morbidity and mortality have not been significantly changed in the last 50 years. Artemisinin, extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia sp. is an effective anti-malarial drug. In 2015, elucidation of the effectiveness of artemisinin as a potent anti-malarial drug was acknowledged with a Nobel prize. Owing to the tight market and low yield of artemisinin, an economical way to increase its production is to increase its content in Artemisia sp. through different biotechnological approaches including genetic transformation. METHODS Artemisia annua and Artemisia dubia were transformed with rol ABC genes through Agrobacterium tumefacienes and Agrobacterium rhizogenes methods. The artemisinin content was analysed and compared between transformed and untransformed plants with the help of LC-MS/MS. Expression of key genes [Cytochrome P450 (CYP71AV1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), amorpha-4, 11 diene synthase (ADS)] in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin and gene for trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic (TFAR1) were measured using Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Trichome density was analysed using confocal microscope. RESULTS Artemisinin content was significantly increased in transformed material of both Artemisia species when compared to un-transformed plants. The artemisinin content within leaves of transformed lines was increased by a factor of nine, indicating that the plant is capable of synthesizing much higher amounts than has been achieved so far through traditional breeding. Expression of all artemisinin biosynthesis genes was significantly increased, although variation between the genes was observed. CYP71AV1 and ALDH1 expression levels were higher than that of ADS. Levels of the TFAR1 expression were also increased in all transgenic lines. Trichome density was also significantly increased in the leaves of transformed plants, but no trichomes were found in control roots or transformed roots. The detection of significantly raised levels of expression of the genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis in transformed roots correlated with the production of significant amounts of artemisinin in these tissues. This suggests that synthesis is occurring in tissues other than the trichomes, which contradicts previous theories. CONCLUSION Transformation of Artemisia sp. with rol ABC genes can lead to the increased production of artemisinin, which will help to meet the increasing demand of artemisinin because of its diverse pharmacological and anti-malarial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Hafeez Kiani
- />Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - John Suberu
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bushra Mirza
- />Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Disruption of spermatogenesis in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica by two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate. J Helminthol 2016; 91:55-71. [PMID: 26979164 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo study in the laboratory rat model has been carried out to monitor changes to the spermatogenic cells in the testis tubules of adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment with the artemisinins, artemether and artesunate. Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment (pt). Rats infected with the TCBZ-resistant Oberon isolate were dosed orally with artesunate at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered 24, 48, 72 and 96 h pt. The flukes were processed for histological and transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination. Changes to the spermatogenic cells were evident at 24 h pt with artemether. The spermatogonial and spermatocyte cells contained abnormal mitochondria, there were fewer spermatids and spermatozoa in the tubules than normal, and a number of cells showed signs of apoptosis. There was a further decline in cell numbers at 48 h pt and the organization of the spermatocyte and spermatid rosettes was atypical. Sperm formation had become abnormal and those spermatozoa present possessed only a single axoneme. By 72 h pt, the testis tubules were vacuolated and filled with abnormal cells and cell debris. Only spermatogonial cells could be identified and there was widespread evidence of apoptosis in the cells. Distinct cellular changes following artesunate treatment did not become apparent until 48 h pt. The changes seen were similar to those described for artemether, but were generally less severe at matching time-periods. The fine structural changes occurring in the spermatogenic cells were compared to those observed in other cell types and fluke tissues and the overall information was collated to identify the cellular targets for artemisinin action and to establish the time-line for drug action.
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Mohammadnejad F, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Mohammad Hassan Z. In Vitro Effects of Artemether, Artemisinine, Albendazole, and Their Combinations on Echinococcus granolosus Protoscoleces. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-30565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Chand HR, Bhattacharya AK. Diastereoselective Synthesis of β-Ether Derivatives of Artemisinin, an Antimalarial Drug: The Effect of Nitrile on Stereoselectivity. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemender R. Chand
- Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL); Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411 008 India
| | - Asish K. Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL); Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune- 411 008 India
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Multivariate data analysis and metabolic profiling of artemisinin and related compounds in high yielding varieties of Artemisia annua field-grown in Madagascar. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:522-31. [PMID: 26476297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) protocol for rapid analysis of co-metabolites of A. annua in raw extracts was developed and extensively characterized. The new method was used to analyse metabolic profiles of 13 varieties of A. annua from an in-field growth programme in Madagascar. Several multivariate data analysis techniques consistently show the association of artemisinin with dihydroartemisinic acid. These data support the hypothesis of dihydroartemisinic acid being the late stage precursor to artemisinin in its biosynthetic pathway.
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O'Neill J, Johnston R, Halferty L, Brennan G, Fairweather I. Ultrastructural changes in the tegument and gut of adult Fasciola hepatica following in vivo treatment with artesunate. Exp Parasitol 2015; 154:143-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A high-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of artesunate and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma and saliva. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2357-69. [PMID: 25384589 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Saliva is an alternative sampling matrix to plasma, offering a noninvasive technique, but requires a highly sensitive bioanalytical method. MATERIALS & METHODS An API 3000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source operated in the positive ion mode was used for the analysis. RESULTS A high-throughput LC-MS/MS method using SPE for the quantification of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in plasma and saliva has been optimized and validated according to US FDA guidelines. For both analytes the LLOQ was determined to 5 ng/ml and the calibration range was 5-1000 ng/ml for artesunate and 5-2000 ng/ml for dihydroartemisinin. CONCLUSION For the first time, a bioanalytical method for determination of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in human saliva has been described, showing possible applicability in clinical saliva samples in addition to plasma samples.
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O'Neill JF, Johnston RC, Halferty L, Hanna REB, Brennan GP, Fairweather I. A comparative study on the impact of two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate, on the female reproductive system of Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:182-94. [PMID: 26093822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo study in the laboratory rat model has been carried out to monitor changes to the female reproductive system in adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment with the artemisinins, artemether and artesunate. Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (pt). Rats infected with the TCBZ-resistant Oberon isolate were dosed orally with artesunate at a concentration of 200mg/kg and flukes recovered 24, 48, 72 and 96 h pt. The flukes were processed for histological and transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination of the uterus, Mehlis' gland, ovary and vitellaria. After treatment with artemether, egg production had become abnormal by 72 h pt, with free vitelline cells and masses of shell protein material within the uterus; spermatozoa were absent. The Mehlis' gland and ovary retained a normal morphology over the 3-day period. A change in the cell population in the vitelline follicles was seen at 48 h pt, with a decline in the number of immature cells. This became more marked by 72 h and the follicles became progressively vacuolated over the 3-day period. At the TEM level, there were changes in the immature vitelline cells at 24h pt, as evidenced by a decrease in shell protein production and the presence of lipid droplets and abnormal mitochondria. Spaces in the follicles separated the cells from each other. The changes became progressively more severe with time, so that, by 72 h pt, the follicles were very disrupted, containing cells in the advanced stages of apoptotic breakdown. In extreme cases, the follicles were scarcely recognisable and had become filled with cellular debris. Fine structural changes to the vitelline cells induced by artesunate treatment were similar to those described for artemether, but generally occurred more quickly and were greater; this was particularly true of the swelling of the ger cisternae. Overall, the results have shown that artemisinin treatment has a severe impact on egg production by TCBZ-resistant flukes, an effect that is mediated by disruption of the vitelline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F O'Neill
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - R C Johnston
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - L Halferty
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - R E B Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - G P Brennan
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - I Fairweather
- Parasite Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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