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Li G, Liang S, Qiao K, Wang C. Quantitative Determination of AZD3264, a Selective Ikb-Kinase IKK2 Inhibitor, in Dog Plasma by Solvent-Induced Phase Transition Extraction Coupled with HPLC-MS/MS and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study in Dogs. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:348-354. [PMID: 33259588 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZD3264 is a small molecule inhibitor of selective IkB-kinase IKK2 currently in preclinical development for the potential treatment of asthma and chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder. OBJECTIVE A method for the quantitative analysis of AZD3264 was established and optimized by using HPLC tandem mass spectrometry in dog plasma. METHOD Plasma samples were pretreated using a solvent-induced phase transition extraction method with a methanol solution of omeprazole as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Thermo Hypersil GOLD-C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) column with the temperature maintained at 25°C. Mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection was carried out in selected reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization, and the mass transitions of AZD3264 and omeprazole were m/z 442.1 → 425.0 and m/z 346.0 → 198.0, respectively. RESULTS The intra-batch accuracy was within 95.11-105.06% and the precision was within 6.50-9.98%. The inter-batch accuracy was within 96.83-102.80% with a precision of 7.62-9.50%. The selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, dilution linearity, extraction recovery and matrix effect, stability, and carry-over met all requirements of the guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. AZD3264 showed linear pharmacokinetic characteristics following intravenous administration to dogs at 0.3-2.7 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS The developed and validated method was successfully employed in pharmacokinetic studies in dogs following intravenous administration at the doses of 0.3, 0.9, and 2.7 mg/kg. HIGHLIGHTS This was the first investigation of the in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of AZD3264 in dogs by LC-MS/MS with SIPTE method for plasma sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China, 255036
| | - Shuofu Liang
- Zibo Zhoucun District People's Hospital, Zibo, China, 255300
| | - Kesen Qiao
- Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China, 255036
| | - Chao Wang
- Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China, 255036
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Patchoulene Epoxide Isolated from Patchouli Oil Suppresses Acute Inflammation through Inhibition of NF- κB and Downregulation of COX-2/iNOS. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:1089028. [PMID: 28811678 PMCID: PMC5547712 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1089028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the GC-MS analysis, compositional variation was observed between samples of patchouli oil, of which an unknown compound identified as patchoulene epoxide (PAO) was found only in the long-stored oil, whose biological activity still remains unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory activity with three in vivo inflammatory models: xylene-induced ear edema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Further investigation into its underlying mechanism on carrageenan-induced paw edema was conducted. Results demonstrated that PAO significantly inhibited the ear edema induced by xylene, lowered vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and decreased the paw edema induced by carrageenan. Moreover, PAO markedly decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO), but increased levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). PAO was also shown to significantly downregulate the protein and mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS). Western blot analysis revealed that PAO remarkably inhibited p50 and p65 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus by suppressing IKKβ and IκBα phosphorylation. In conclusion, PAO exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity probably by suppressing the activation of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Chen D, Ireland SJ, Remington G, Alvarez E, Racke MK, Greenberg B, Frohman EM, Monson NL. CD40-Mediated NF-κB Activation in B Cells Is Increased in Multiple Sclerosis and Modulated by Therapeutics. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4257-4265. [PMID: 27798157 PMCID: PMC5312703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD40 interacts with CD40L and plays an essential role in immune regulation and homeostasis. Recent research findings, however, support a pathogenic role of CD40 in a number of autoimmune diseases. We previously showed that memory B cells from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients exhibited enhanced proliferation with CD40 stimulation compared with healthy donors. In this study, we used a multiparameter phosflow approach to analyze the phosphorylation status of NF-κB and three major MAPKs (P38, ERK, and JNK), the essential components of signaling pathways downstream of CD40 engagement in B cells from MS patients. We found that memory and naive B cells from RRMS and secondary progressive MS patients exhibited a significantly elevated level of phosphorylated NF-κB (p-P65) following CD40 stimulation compared with healthy donor controls. Combination therapy with IFN-β-1a (Avonex) and mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept) modulated the hyperphosphorylation of P65 in B cells of RRMS patients at levels similar to healthy donor controls. Lower disease activity after the combination therapy correlated with the reduced phosphorylation of P65 following CD40 stimulation in treated patients. Additionally, glatiramer acetate treatment also significantly reduced CD40-mediated P65 phosphorylation in RRMS patients, suggesting that reducing CD40-mediated p-P65 induction may be a general mechanism by which some current therapies modulate MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sara J Ireland
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Gina Remington
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Enrique Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael K Racke
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Benjamin Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Shin Y, Lim SM, Yan HH, Jung S, Fang Z, Jung KH, Hong SS, Hong S. Optimization and biological evaluation of aminopyrimidine-based IκB kinase β inhibitors with potent anti-inflammatory effects. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:544-556. [PMID: 27517803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting IκB kinase β (IKKβ) can be a promising strategy in the development of a therapeutic treatment of inflammatory diseases because IKKβ is well-recognized as a key mediator of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In this study, we have successfully developed a structure-activity relationship (SAR) profile of the aminopyrimidine-based IKKβ inhibitors through the structure-based design strategy to improve the physicochemical properties and cellular activity in terms of the anti-inflammatory effects. Representative compounds exhibited desirable activity in nitric oxide (NO) reduction by inhibiting the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and strongly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α). The inhibitory effects of 8e on the phosphorylation in the NF-κB pathway further supported that the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway induced the anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongje Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sang Min Lim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hong Hua Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Zhenghuan Fang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, South Korea.
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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Patil KR, Mohapatra P, Patel HM, Goyal SN, Ojha S, Kundu CN, Patil CR. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Inhibit IKKβ Mediated Activation of NF-κB Pathway: In Silico and In Vitro Evidences. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125709. [PMID: 25938234 PMCID: PMC4418667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids (PTs) and their analogues as well as derivatives are emerging as important drug leads for various diseases. They act through a variety of mechanisms and a majority of them inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In this study, we examined the effects of the naturally occurring PTs on IκB kinase-β (IKKβ), which has great scientific relevance in the NF-κB signaling pathway. On virtual screening, 109 PTs were screened through the PASS (prediction of activity spectra of substances) software for prediction of NF-κB inhibitory activity followed by docking on the NEMO/IKKβ association complex (PDB: 3BRV) and testing for compliance with the softened Lipinski’s Rule of Five using Schrodinger (LLC, New York, USA). Out of the projected 45 druggable PTs, Corosolic Acid (CA), Asiatic Acid (AA) and Ursolic Acid (UA) were assayed for IKKβ kinase activity in the cell free medium. The UA exhibited a potent IKKβ inhibitory effect on the hotspot kinase assay with IC50 of 69 μM. Whereas, CA at 50 μM concentration markedly reduced the NF-κB luciferase activity and phospho-IKKβ protein expressions. The PTs tested, attenuated the expression of the NF-κB cascade proteins in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, prevented the phosphorylation of the IKKα/β and blocked the activation of the Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). The results suggest that the IKKβ inhibition is the major mechanism of the PTs-induced NF-κB inhibition. PASS predictions along with in-silico docking against the NEMO/IKKβ can be successfully applied in the selection of the prospective NF-κB inhibitory downregulators of IKKβ phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh R. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist- Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Purusottam Mohapatra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Harun M. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist- Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist- Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, UAE
| | - Chanakya N. Kundu
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (CRP); (CNK); (KRP)
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist- Dhule, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail: (CRP); (CNK); (KRP)
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Park H, Shin Y, Choe H, Hong S. Computational Design and Discovery of Nanomolar Inhibitors of IκB Kinase β. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:337-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510636t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Yongje Shin
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS) and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Choe
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS) and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science
(IBS) and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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Burke SJ, Lu D, Sparer TE, Karlstad MD, Collier JJ. Transcription of the gene encoding TNF-α is increased by IL-1β in rat and human islets and β-cell lines. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:54-62. [PMID: 24972324 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and secretion of immunomodulatory proteins, such as cytokines and chemokines, controls the inflammatory response within pancreatic islets. When this inflammation does not resolve, destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells leads to diabetes mellitus. Production of the soluble mediators of inflammation, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, from resident and invading immune cells, as well as directly from islet β-cells, is also associated with suboptimal islet transplantation outcomes. In this study, we found that IL-1β induces rapid increases in TNF-α mRNA in rat and human islets and the 832/13 clonal β-cell line. The surge in transcription of the TNF-α gene required the inhibitor of kappa B kinase beta (IκKβ), the p65 subunit of the NF-κB and a signal-specific recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the gene promoter. Of note was the increased intracellular production of TNF-α protein in a manner consistent with mRNA accumulation in response to IL-1β, but no detectable secretion of TNF-α into the media. Additionally, TNF-α specifically induces expression of CD11b, but not CD11c, on neutrophils, which could contribute to the inflammatory milieu and diabetes progression. We conclude that activation of the NF-κB pathway in pancreatic β-cells leads to rapid intracellular production of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α protein through a combination of specific histone covalent modifications and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Burke
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | - Danhong Lu
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, United States
| | - Tim E Sparer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Michael D Karlstad
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States
| | - J Jason Collier
- Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States.
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Murugan A, Bachu S, Manjunatha SG, Ramakrishnan R, Kadambar VK, Reddy C, Torlikonda VR, George S, Ramasubramanian S, Nambiar S. Exploiting the Differential Reactivities of Halogen Atoms: Development of a Scalable Route to IKK2 Inhibitor AZD3264. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500105n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andiappan Murugan
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sreekanth Bachu
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sulur G. Manjunatha
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Ravi Ramakrishnan
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Vasantha Krishna Kadambar
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Chandrasekhara Reddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Venkata Rao Torlikonda
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sajan George
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sridharan Ramasubramanian
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sudhir Nambiar
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd, Hebbal, Off Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, India
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Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B. Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:750-71. [PMID: 23770053 PMCID: PMC3791396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Austria, like in most Western countries, knowledge about traditional medicinal plants is becoming scarce. Searching the literature concerning Austria's ethnomedicine reveals its scant scientific exploration. Aiming to substantiate the potential of medicinal plants traditionally used in Austria, 63 plant species or genera with claimed anti-inflammatory properties listed in the VOLKSMED database were assessed for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS 71 herbal drugs from 63 plant species or genera were extracted using solvents of varying polarities and subsequently depleted from the bulk constituents, chlorophylls and tannins to avoid possible interferences with the assays. The obtained 257 extracts were assessed for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The expression of the inflammatory mediators E-selectin and interleukin-8 (IL-8), induced by the inflammatory stimuli tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured in endothelial cells. The potential of the extracts to activate the nuclear factors PPARα and PPARγ and to inhibit TNF-α-induced activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in HEK293 cells was determined by luciferase reporter gene assays. RESULTS In total, extracts from 67 of the 71 assessed herbal drugs revealed anti-inflammatory activity in the applied in vitro test systems. Thereby, 30 could downregulate E-selectin or IL-8 gene expression, 28 were strong activators of PPARα or PPARγ (inducing activation of more than 2-fold at a concentration of 10µg/mL) and 21 evoked a strong inhibition of NF-κB (inhibition of more than 80% at 10µg/mL). CONCLUSION Our research supports the efficacy of herbal drugs reported in Austrian folk medicine used for ailments associated with inflammatory processes. Hence, an ethnopharmacological screening approach is a useful tool for the discovery of new drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Vogl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paolo Picker
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nanang Fakhrudin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wawrosch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Reznicek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Saukel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 4277 55273; fax: +43 1 4277 9552.
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Platelet secretion plays a key role in thrombosis, thus the platelet secretory machinery offers a unique target to modulate hemostasis. We report the regulation of platelet secretion via phosphorylation of SNAP-23 at Ser95. Phosphorylation of this t-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) occurs upon activation of known elements of the platelet signaling cascades (ie, phospholipase C, [Ca(2+)]i, protein kinase C) and requires IκB kinase (IKK)-β. Other elements of the nuclear factor κB/IκB cascade (ie, IKK-α,-β,-γ/NEMO and CARMA/MALT1/Bcl10 complex) are present in anucleate platelets and IκB is phosphorylated upon activation, suggesting that this pathway is active in platelets and implying a nongenomic role for IKK. Inhibition of IKK-β, either pharmacologically (with BMS-345541, BAY11-7082, or TPCA-1) or by genetic manipulation (platelet factor 4 Cre:IKK-β(flox/flox)), blocked SNAP-23 phosphorylation, platelet secretion, and SNARE complex formation; but, had no effect on platelet morphology or other metrics of platelet activation. Consistently, SNAP-23 phosphorylation enhanced membrane fusion of SNARE-containing proteoliposomes. In vivo studies with IKK inhibitors or platelet-specific IKK-β knockout mice showed that blocking IKK-β activity significantly prolonged tail bleeding times, suggesting that currently available IKK inhibitors may affect hemostasis.
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A novel small molecule, HK-156, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-κB signaling and improves survival in mouse models of sepsis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1204-16. [PMID: 22684031 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize a small molecule compound HK-156 as a novel inhibitor of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. METHODS THP-1 monocytes and HEK293/hTLR4A-MD2-CD14 cells were tested. HK-156 and compound 809, an HK-156 analogue, were synthesized. A luciferase assay was used to evaluate the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. The levels of cytokines were measured with cytokine arrays, ELISA and quantitative PCR. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), immunofluorescence, Western blot and mass spectrometry were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of the agent. BALB/c mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg, ip) were used as a mouse experimental endotoxemia model. RESULTS In HEK293hTLR4/NF-κB-luc cells treated with LPS (1000 ng/mL), HK-156 inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF-κB in a concentration-dependent manner (IC₅₀=6.54 ± 0.37 μmol/L). Pretreatment of THP-1 monocytes with HK-156 (5, 10 and 20 μmol/L) significantly inhibited LPS-induced release and production of TNF-α and IL-1β, attenuated LPS-induced translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus and its binding to DNA, and suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and phosphorylation of IKKβ and TGFβ-activated kinase (TAK1). Meanwhile, HK-156 (5, 10 and 20 μmol/L) slightly suppressed LPS-induced activation of p38. The effect of HK-156 on LPS-induced activation of NF-κB signaling was dependent on thiol groups of cysteines in upstream proteins. In mouse models of sepsis, pre-injection of HK-156 (50 mg/kg, iv) significantly inhibited TNFα production and reduced the mortality caused by the lethal dose of LPS. CONCLUSION HK-156 inhibits LPS-induced activation of NF-κB signaling by suppressing the phosphorylation of TAK1 in vitro, and exerts beneficial effects in a mouse sepsis model. HK-156 may therefore be a useful therapeutic agent for treating sepsis.
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4-Phenyl-7-azaindoles as potent, selective and bioavailable IKK2 inhibitors demonstrating good in vivo efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5222-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Watterson SH, Langevine CM, Van Kirk K, Kempson J, Guo J, Spergel SH, Das J, Moquin RV, Dyckman AJ, Nirschl D, Gregor K, Pattoli MA, Yang X, McIntyre KW, Yang G, Galella MA, Booth-Lute H, Chen L, Yang Z, Wang-Iverson D, McKinnon M, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Burke JR, Pitts WJ. Novel tricyclic inhibitors of IKK2: Discovery and SAR leading to the identification of 2-methoxy-N-((6-(1-methyl-4-(methylamino)-1,6-dihydroimidazo[4,5-d]pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)acetamide (BMS-066). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7006-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Oh KS, Oh BK, Mun J, Seo HW, Lee BH. Salvianolic acid A suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting IKKβ. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1901-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Atwal RS, Desmond CR, Caron N, Maiuri T, Xia J, Sipione S, Truant R. Kinase inhibitors modulate huntingtin cell localization and toxicity. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:453-60. [PMID: 21623356 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two serine residues within the first 17 amino acid residues of huntingtin (N17) are crucial for modulation of mutant huntingtin toxicity in cell and mouse genetic models of Huntington's disease. Here we show that the stress-dependent phosphorylation of huntingtin at Ser13 and Ser16 affects N17 conformation and targets full-length huntingtin to chromatin-dependent subregions of the nucleus, the mitotic spindle and cleavage furrow during cell division. Polyglutamine-expanded mutant huntingtin is hypophosphorylated in N17 in both homozygous and heterozygous cell contexts. By high-content screening in live cells, we identified kinase inhibitors that modulated N17 phosphorylation and hence huntingtin subcellular localization. N17 phosphorylation was reduced by casein kinase-2 inhibitors. Paradoxically, IKKβ kinase inhibition increased N17 phosphorylation, affecting huntingtin nuclear and subnuclear localization. These data indicate that huntingtin phosphorylation at Ser13 and Ser16 can be modulated by small-molecule drugs, which may have therapeutic potential in Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Singh Atwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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3,5-Disubstituted-indole-7-carboxamides: The discovery of a novel series of potent, selective inhibitors of IKK-β. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2255-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Oh BK, Mun J, Seo HW, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Lee BH, Oh KS. Euonymus alatus extract attenuates LPS-induced NF-κB activation via IKKβ inhibition in RAW 264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:288-293. [PMID: 21182917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects with the extract of Euonymus alatus (EEA), and specially focused on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by targeting the IκB kinase β (IKKβ). MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of EEA for IKKβ activity was analyzed using an immobilized metal affinity for phosphochemicals (IMAP)-based time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. The effect of EEA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with western blotting and immunofluorescent staining was evaluated. RESULTS IKKβ studies based on IMAP-TR-FRET showed that EEA possesses a potent IKKβ inhibitory activity with IC(50) value of 11.83μg/ml. EEA (10, 30μg/ml) also attenuated the LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation/degradation, NF-κB translocation and subsequent NO synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that EEA abrogates LPS-induced NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting the IKKβ in RAW 264.7 cells and these properties may provide a molecular basis for understanding the inhibitory effects of EEA on LPS-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Koo Oh
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 100, Jangdong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
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Dyckman AJ, Langevine CM, Quesnelle C, Kempson J, Guo J, Gill P, Spergel SH, Watterson SH, Li T, Nirschl DS, Gillooly KM, Pattoli MA, McIntyre KW, Chen L, McKinnon M, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Burke JR, Pitts WJ. Imidazo[4,5-d]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine based inhibitors of IKK2: Synthesis, SAR, PK/PD and activity in a preclinical model of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:383-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Scindia YM, Deshmukh US, Bagavant H. Mesangial pathology in glomerular disease: targets for therapeutic intervention. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1337-43. [PMID: 20828589 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glomerulus is the filtration unit of the kidney. Disruption of glomerular function may be caused by primary glomerular pathology or secondary to systemic diseases. The mesangial, endothelial and epithelial cells of the glomerulus are involved in most pathologic processes. Animal models provide an understanding of the molecular basis of glomerular disease. These studies show that mesangial cells are critical players in the initiation and progression of disease. Therefore, modulation of mesangial cell responses offers a novel therapeutic approach. The complex architecture of the kidney, specifically the renal glomerulus, makes targeted drug delivery especially challenging. Targeted delivery of therapeutic agents reduces dose of administration and minimises unwanted side effects caused by toxicity to other tissues. The currently available modalities demonstrating the feasibility of mesangial cell targeting are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh M Scindia
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, USA
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Discovery of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives as IKKbeta inhibitors. Part 1: Hit-to-lead study and structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5113-8. [PMID: 20675134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives from high-throughput screening were developed as IKKbeta inhibitors. By the optimization of the 3- and 6-position of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine scaffold, cell-free IKKbeta inhibitory activity and TNFalpha inhibitory activity in THP-1 cell increased. Also, these compounds showed high kinase selectivity. The structure-activity relationship was revealed and the interaction model of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compounds with IKKbeta was constructed.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic anilinopyrimidines as IKKbeta inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3821-5. [PMID: 20471256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of tricyclic anilinopyrimidines were synthesized and evaluated as IKKbeta inhibitors. Several analogues, including tricyclic phenyl (10, 18a, 18c, 18d, and 18j) and thienyl (26 and 28) derivatives were shown to have good in vitro enzyme potency and excellent cellular activity. Pharmaceutical profiling of a select group of tricyclic compounds compared to the non-tricyclic analogues suggested that in some cases, the improved cellular activity may be due to increased clog P and permeability.
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