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Mitry MMA, Dallas ML, Boateng SY, Greco F, Osborn HMI. Selective activation of prodrugs in breast cancer using metabolic glycoengineering and the tetrazine ligation bioorthogonal reaction. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107304. [PMID: 38643563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Increasing the selectivity of chemotherapies by converting them into prodrugs that can be activated at the tumour site decreases their side effects and allows discrimination between cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Herein, the use of metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) to selectively label MCF-7 breast cancer cells with tetrazine (Tz) activators for subsequent activation of prodrugs containing the trans-cyclooctene (TCO) moiety by a bioorthogonal reaction is demonstrated. Three novel Tz-modified monosaccharides, Ac4ManNTz 7, Ac4GalNTz 8, and Ac4SiaTz 16, were used for expression of the Tz activator within sialic-acid rich breast cancer cells' surface glycans through MGE. Tz expression on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was evaluated versus the non-cancerous L929 fibroblasts showing a concentration-dependant effect and excellent selectivity with ≥35-fold Tz expression on the MCF-7 cells versus the non-cancerous L929 fibroblasts. Next, a novel TCO-N-mustard prodrug and a TCO-doxorubicin prodrug were analyzed in vitro on the Tz-bioengineered cells to probe our hypothesis that these could be activated via a bioorthogonal reaction. Selective prodrug activation and restoration of cytotoxicity were demonstrated for the MCF-7 breast cancer cells versus the non-cancerous L929 cells. Restoration of the parent drug's cytotoxicity was shown to be dependent on the level of Tz expression where the Ac4ManNTz 7 and Ac4GalNTz 8 derivatives (20 µM) lead to the highest Tz expression and full restoration of the parent drug's cytotoxicity. This work suggests the feasibility of combining MGE and tetrazine ligation for selective prodrug activation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M A Mitry
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD. UK; Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Mark L Dallas
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD. UK.
| | - Samuel Y Boateng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, UK.
| | - Francesca Greco
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD. UK.
| | - Helen M I Osborn
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD. UK.
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Ioele G, Chieffallo M, Occhiuzzi MA, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Ragno G, Grande F. Anticancer Drugs: Recent Strategies to Improve Stability Profile, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175436. [PMID: 36080203 PMCID: PMC9457551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In past decades, anticancer research has led to remarkable results despite many of the approved drugs still being characterized by high systemic toxicity mainly due to the lack of tumor selectivity and present pharmacokinetic drawbacks, including low water solubility, that negatively affect the drug circulation time and bioavailability. The stability studies, performed in mild conditions during their development or under stressing exposure to high temperature, hydrolytic medium or light source, have demonstrated the sensitivity of anticancer drugs to many parameters. For this reason, the formation of degradation products is assessed both in pharmaceutical formulations and in the environment as hospital waste. To date, numerous formulations have been developed for achieving tissue-specific drug targeting and reducing toxic side effects, as well as for improving drug stability. The development of prodrugs represents a promising strategy in targeted cancer therapy for improving the selectivity, efficacy and stability of active compounds. Recent studies show that the incorporation of anticancer drugs into vesicular systems, such as polymeric micelles or cyclodextrins, or the use of nanocarriers containing chemotherapeutics that conjugate to monoclonal antibodies can improve solubility, pharmacokinetics, cellular absorption and stability. In this study, we summarize the latest advances in knowledge regarding the development of effective highly stable anticancer drugs formulated as stable prodrugs or entrapped in nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fedora Grande
- Correspondence: (G.I.); (F.G.); Tel.: +39-0984-493268 (G.I.)
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Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Potential Metabolites of Quinoline Glycoconjugates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031040. [PMID: 35164304 PMCID: PMC8838273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The design of prodrugs is one of the important strategies for selective anti-cancer therapies. When designing prodrugs, attention is paid to the possibility of their targeting tumor-specific markers such as proteins responsible for glucose uptake. That is why glycoconjugation of biologically active compounds is a frequently used strategy. Glycoconjugates consisting of three basic building blocks: a sugar unit, a linker containing a 1,2,3-triazole ring, and an 8-hydroxyquinoline fragment was described earlier. It is not known whether their cytotoxicity is due to whole glycoconjugates action or their metabolites. To check the biological activity of products that can be released from glycoconjugates under the action of hydrolytic enzymes, the synthetically obtained potential metabolites were tested in vitro for the inhibition of proliferation of HCT-116, MCF-7, and NHDF-Neo cell lines using the MTT assay. Research shows that for the full activity of glycoconjugates, the presence of all three building blocks in the structure of a potential drug is necessary. For selected derivatives, additional tests of targeted drug delivery to tumor cells were carried out using polymer nanocarriers in which they are encapsulated. This approach significantly lowered the determined IC50 values of the tested compounds and improved their selectivity and effectiveness.
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Harnessing the therapeutic potential of anticancer drugs through amorphous solid dispersions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188319. [PMID: 31678141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer is still a major challenge. But tremendous progress in anticancer drug discovery and development has occurred in the last few decades. However, this progress has resulted in few effective oncology products due to challenges associated with anticancer drug delivery. Oral administration is the most preferred route for anticancer drug delivery, but the majority of anticancer drugs currently in product pipelines and the majority of those that have been commercially approved have inherently poor water solubility, and this cannot be mitigated without compromising their potency and stability. The poor water solubility of anticancer drugs, in conjunction with other factors, leads to suboptimal pharmacokinetic performance. Thus, these drugs have limited efficacy and safety when administered orally. The amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a promising formulation technology that primarily enhances the aqueous solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with the oral administration of anticancer drugs and the use of ASD technology in alleviating these challenges. We emphasize the ability of ASDs to improve not only the pharmacokinetics of poorly water-soluble anticancer drugs, but also their efficacy and safety. The goal of this paper is to rationalize the application of ASD technology in the formulation of anticancer drugs, thereby creating superior oncology products that lead to improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Abstract
Introduction: Prodrugs have been used to improve the selectivity and efficacy of cancer therapy by targeting unique abnormal markers that are overexpressed by cancer cells and are absent in normal tissues. In this context, different strategies have been exploited and new ones are being developed each year. Areas covered: In this review, an integrated view of the potential use of prodrugs in targeted cancer therapy is provided. Passive and active strategies are discussed in light of the advantages of each one and some successful examples are provided, as well as the clinical status of several prodrugs. Among them, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are the most commonly used. However, several drawbacks, including limited prodrug uptake, poor pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity problems, difficulties in selective targeting and gene expression, and optimized bystander effects limit their clinical applications. Expert opinion: Despite the efforts of different companies and research groups, several drawbacks, such as the lack of relevant in vivo models, complexity of the human metabolism, and economic limitations, have hampered the development of new prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy. As a result, we believe that the combination of prodrugs with cancer nanotechnology and other newly developed approaches, such as aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials, are efficient strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Souza
- a Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemistry , School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto- USP , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Diogo Silva Pellosi
- b Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Hybrid Materials , Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP , Diadema , Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- a Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemistry , School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto- USP , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Mishra AP, Chandra S, Tiwari R, Srivastava A, Tiwari G. Therapeutic Potential of Prodrugs Towards Targeted Drug Delivery. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2018; 12:111-123. [PMID: 30505359 PMCID: PMC6210501 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501812010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In designing of Prodrugs, targeting can be achieved in two ways: site-specified drug delivery and site-specific drug bioactivation. Prodrugs can be designed to target specific enzymes or carriers by considering enzyme-substrate specificity or carrier-substrate specificity in order to overcome various undesirable drug properties. There are certain techniques which are used for tumor targeting such as Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy [ADEPT] Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy [GDEPT], Virus Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy [VDEPT] and Gene Prodrug Activation Therapy [GPAT]. Our review focuses on the Prodrugs used in site-specific drug delivery system specially on tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav P Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur-Agra-Delhi National Highway (NH-2), Bhauti, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Development and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with a Highly Active Doxorubicin Derivative. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8020110. [PMID: 29462932 PMCID: PMC5853741 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) comprise a versatile drug delivery system that has been developed for the treatment of a variety of diseases. The present study will investigate the feasibility of entrapping an active doxorubicin prodrug (a squalenoyl-derivative) in SLNs. The doxorubicin derivative-loaded SLNs are spherically shaped, have a mean diameter of 300-400 nm and show 85% w/w drug entrapment efficiency. The effects on cell growth of loaded SLNs, free doxorubicin and the prodrug have been examined using cytotoxicity and colony-forming assays in both human ovarian cancer line A2780 wild-type and doxorubicin-resistant cells. Further assessments as to the treatment's ability to induce cell death by apoptosis have been carried out by analyzing annexin-V staining and the activation of caspase-3. The in vitro data demonstrate that the delivery of the squalenoyl-doxorubicin derivative by SLNs increases its cytotoxic activity, as well as its apoptosis effect. This effect was particularly evident in doxorubicin-resistant cells.
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8
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Design, synthesis and anti-cancer evaluation of novel podophyllotoxin derivatives as potent tubulin-targeting agents. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Aksoy M, Küfrevioglu I. Inhibition of human erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase by some flavonoid derivatives. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1345945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mine Aksoy
- Science Faculty, Chemistry Department, Ataturk Universitesi, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Irfan Küfrevioglu
- Science Faculty, Chemistry Department, Ataturk Universitesi, Erzurum, Turkey
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10
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Pronounced anti-proliferative activity and tumor cell selectivity of 5-alkyl-2-amino-3-methylcarboxylate thiophenes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:219-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Perreault M, Maltais R, Dutour R, Poirier D. Explorative study on the anticancer activity, selectivity and metabolic stability of related analogs of aminosteroid RM-133. Steroids 2016; 115:105-113. [PMID: 27553727 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RM-133 is a key representative of a new family of aminosteroids reported as potent anticancer agents. Although RM-133 produced interesting results in 4 mouse xenograft cancer models when injected subcutaneously, it needs to be improved to increase its in vivo potency. Thus, to obtain an analog of RM-133 with a better drug potential, a structure-activity relationship study was conducted by synthesizing eleven RM-133-related compounds and addressing their antiproliferative activity on 3 human cancer cells (HL-60, OVCAR-3 and PANC-1) and 3 human normal cell lines (primary ovary, pancreas and renal proximal tubule) as well as their metabolic stability in human liver microsomes. When the 2β-tertiary amine of RM-133 was transformed into a salt or moved to position 3β, the anticancer activity was lost. Modifying the orientation of the side chain of RM-133 increased anticancer activity and selectivity, but led to a drastic loss of stability. The protection of the 3α-hydroxyl of RM-133 by the formation of an ester or a carbamate stabilized the molecule against the phase I metabolic enzymes without affecting its anticancer activity. In comparison to RM-133, the 3-dimethylcarbamate derivative 3 is more selective for cancer cells over normal cells and is much more stable in liver microsomes. Those results support the use of a pro-drug strategy targeting the 3α-hydroxyl of RM-133 as an approach to improve its drug properties. The work presented will enable the development of an optimized anticancer drug of the aminosteroid family that is suitable for a future phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Perreault
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec (Québec), Canada
| | - René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec (Québec), Canada
| | - Raphaël Dutour
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec (Québec), Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec - Research Center, Québec (Québec), Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada.
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Shin WS, Lee MG, Verwilst P, Lee JH, Chi SG, Kim JS. Mitochondria-targeted aggregation induced emission theranostics: crucial importance of in situ activation. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6050-6059. [PMID: 30034745 PMCID: PMC6022148 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02236g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A mitochondria targeted AIE fluorophore was further decorated with an NQO1 cleavable masking unit and showed selective targeting to and activation in cancer cells resulting in bright AIE fluorescence and apoptosis triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction.
Tissue selective targeting and specific suborganellular localization combined with an efficient pathology associated enzymatic activation of drugs in drug delivery systems may exhibit a clear advantage over conventional cancer treatment. Here, a mitochondria targeted aggregation induced emission (AIE) fluorophore further conjugated with an NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) cleavable masking unit showed preferential uptake in cancer cells and was selectively activated, resulting in bright AIE fluorescence and apoptosis via the caspase pathway, triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo experimental data further support the conclusions from in vitro experiments, clearly showing the dependence of the therapy's success on both the suborganelle localization and specific in situ activation. And the site specific and enzyme dependent activation and aggregation was further supported by in vivo and ex vivo imaging. As a whole, the data comprised in this work represent a strong argument for the further development of this type of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon Sup Shin
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul , 136-701 , Korea .
| | - Min-Goo Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , 136-701 , Korea .
| | - Peter Verwilst
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul , 136-701 , Korea .
| | - Joung Hae Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon 305-600 , Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul , 136-701 , Korea .
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul , 136-701 , Korea .
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Lv PC, Elsayed MSA, Agama K, Marchand C, Pommier Y, Cushman M. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potential Prodrugs Related to the Experimental Anticancer Agent Indotecan (LMP400). J Med Chem 2016; 59:4890-9. [PMID: 27097152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Indenoisoquinoline topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors are a novel class of anticancer agents with two compounds in clinical trials. Recent metabolism studies of indotecan (LMP400) led to the discovery of the biologically active 2-hydroxylated analogue and 3-hydroxylated metabolite, thus providing strategically placed functional groups for the preparation of a variety of potential ester prodrugs of these two compounds. The current study details the design and synthesis of two series of indenoisoquinoline prodrugs, and it also reveals how substituents on the O-2 and O-3 positions of the A ring, which are next to the cleaved DNA strand in the drug-DNA-Top1 ternary cleavage complex, affect Top1 inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity. Many of the indenoisoquinoline prodrugs were very potent antiproliferative agents with GI50 values below 10 nM in a variety of human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mohamed S A Elsayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Guan X. Metabolic Activation and Drug Targeting. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel artesunate–podophyllotoxin conjugate as anticancer agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Jiang Y, Hu L. Peptide conjugates of 4-aminocyclophosphamide as prodrugs of phosphoramide mustard for selective activation by prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7507-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Mantu D, Maftei D, Iurea D, Ursu C, Bejan V. Synthesis, structure, and in vitro anticancer activity of new polycyclic 1,2-diazines. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hybrid anticancer 1,2-diazine derivatives with multiple mechanism of action. Part 3. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:11-5. [PMID: 24239342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antitumour chemotherapy is nowadays a very active field of research, DNA targeting drugs being the most widely used group in therapy. The design, synthesis and anticancer activity of a new class of anticancer derivatives with pyrrolo-1,2-diazine and benzoquinone skeleton is presented. The synthesis is direct and efficient, involving an alkylation followed by a [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition. The penta- and tetra-cyclic pyrrolo-1,2-diazine were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against an NCI 60 human tumour cell line panel. The pentacyclic-1,2-diazine exhibit a significant anticancer activity against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer NCI-H460, Leukemia MOLT-4, Leukemia CCRF-CEM and Breast Cancer MCF7. We hypothesize that these molecules will exert their anticancer activity through multiple mechanisms of action: intercalating the DNA, inhibiting the topoisomerase enzymes and, destroying the DNA strands via electron transfer mechanism. However, the intercalation with the DNA seems to prevail in competition with the others mechanisms.
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Arouri A, Hansen AH, Rasmussen TE, Mouritsen OG. Lipases, liposomes and lipid-prodrugs. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Ruzza P, Calderan A. Glutathione Transferase (GST)-Activated Prodrugs. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:220-31. [PMID: 24300447 PMCID: PMC3834953 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (formerly GST) catalyzes the inactivation of various electrophile-producing anticancer agents via conjugation to the tripeptide glutathione. Moreover, several data link the overexpression of some GSTs, in particular GSTP1-1, to both natural and acquired resistance to various structurally unrelated anticancer drugs. Tumor overexpression of these proteins has provided a rationale for the search of GST inhibitors and GST activated cytotoxic prodrugs. In the present review we discuss the current structural and pharmacological knowledge of GST-activated cytotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padova Unit, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy.
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