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de Oliveira FA, Albuquerque LJC, Castro CE, Riske KA, Bellettini IC, Giacomelli FC. Reduced cytotoxicity of nanomaterials driven by nano-bio interactions: Case study of single protein coronas enveloping polymersomes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 213:112387. [PMID: 35151044 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The protein adsorption onto poly(acrylic acid)-block-polystyrene (PAA22-b-PS144) polymersomes has been investigated with regard to structural features, thermodynamic aspects and biological consequences. The light scattering measurements revealed the formation of protein coronas enveloping the polymeric capsules regardless of the chemical nature of the biomacromolecules. The experiments were conducted by using lysozyme, immunoglobulin G - IgG and bovine serum albumin - BSA as model proteins due to their differences concerning size and residual surface charge at physiological pH. The protein adsorption was further confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry, and the experimental data suggest that the phenomenon is mainly governed by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. The pre-existing protein layer via the pre-incubation in protein environments notably attenuates the cytotoxicity of the nanomaterial compared to the pristine counterparts. This approach can possibly be extended to different types of assemblies when intermolecular interactions are able to induce protein adsorption and the development of protein coronas around nanoparticles. Such fairly simple method may be convenient to engineer safer nanomaterials towards a variety of biomedical applications when the nanotoxicity is an issue. Additionally, the strategy can possibly be used to tailor the surface properties of nanoparticles by adsorbing specific proteins for targeting purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos E Castro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ismael C Bellettini
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Giacomelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.
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2
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Ruiz-Garcia H, Alvarado-Estrada K, Krishnan S, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Trifiletti DM. Nanoparticles for Stem Cell Therapy Bioengineering in Glioma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:558375. [PMID: 33365304 PMCID: PMC7750507 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.558375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a dismal disease associated with poor survival and high morbidity. Current standard treatments have reached a therapeutic plateau even after combining maximal safe resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. In this setting, stem cells (SCs) have risen as a promising therapeutic armamentarium, given their intrinsic tumor homing as well as their natural or bioengineered antitumor properties. The interplay between stem cells and other therapeutic approaches such as nanoparticles holds the potential to synergize the advantages from the combined therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles represent a broad spectrum of synthetic and natural biomaterials that have been proven effective in expanding diagnostic and therapeutic efforts, either used alone or in combination with immune, genetic, or cellular therapies. Stem cells have been bioengineered using these biomaterials to enhance their natural properties as well as to act as their vehicle when anticancer nanoparticles need to be delivered into the tumor microenvironment in a very precise manner. Here, we describe the recent developments of this new paradigm in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ruiz-Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Daniel M Trifiletti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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3
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Outstanding protein-repellent feature of soft nanoparticles based on poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) outer shells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 574:260-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Pandya AD, Jäger E, Bagheri Fam S, Höcherl A, Jäger A, Sincari V, Nyström B, Štěpánek P, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Hrubý M, Mælandsmo GM. Paclitaxel-loaded biodegradable ROS-sensitive nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6269-6285. [PMID: 31496685 PMCID: PMC6689768 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s208938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, trigger biodegradation of polymer-based nanoparticles (NPs) bearing pinacol-type boronic ester groups. These NPs may selectively release their cargo, in this case paclitaxel (PTX), at the high levels of ROS present in the intracellular environment of inflamed tissues and most tumors. Purpose The main objective was to determine anti-tumor efficacy of PTX-loaded ROS-sensitive NPs and to examine whether macrophage infiltration had any impact on treatment efficacy. Methods NPs were synthesized and their characteristics in the presence of H2O2 were demonstrated. Both confocal microscopy as well as flow cytometry approaches were used to determine degradation of ROS-sensitive NPs. HeLa cells were cultured in vitro and used to establish tumor xenografts in nude mice. In vivo experiments were performed to understand toxicity, biodistribution and anti-tumor efficacy of the NPs. Moreover, we performed immunohistochemistry on tumor sections to study infiltration of M1 and M2 subsets of macrophages. Results We demonstrated that PTX delivered in NPs containing a ROS-sensitive polymer exhibits a better anti-tumor efficacy than PTX in NPs containing ROS-non-sensitive polymer, free PTX or Abraxane® (nab-PTX). The biodistribution revealed that ROS-sensitive NPs exhibit retention in liver, spleen and lungs, suggesting a potential to target cancer metastasizing to these organs. Finally, we demonstrated a correlation between infiltrated macrophage subsets and treatment efficacy, possibly contributing to the efficient anti-tumor effects. Conclusion Treatment with ROS-sensitive NPs containing PTX gave an improved therapeutic effect in HeLa xenografts than their counterpart, free PTX or nab-PTX. Our data revealed a correlation between macrophage infiltration and efficiency of the different antitumor treatments, as the most effective NPs resulted in the highest infiltration of the anti-tumorigenic M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash D Pandya
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shahla Bagheri Fam
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Höcherl
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sincari
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bo Nyström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gunhild M Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway - University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Jäger A, Jäger E, Syrová Z, Mazel T, Kováčik L, Raška I, Höcherl A, Kučka J, Konefal R, Humajova J, Poučková P, Štěpánek P, Hrubý M. Poly(ethylene oxide monomethyl ether)- block-poly(propylene succinate) Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization, Enzymatic and Cellular Degradation, Micellar Solubilization of Paclitaxel, and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2443-2458. [PMID: 29601729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyester-based nanostructures are widely studied as drug-delivery systems due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. They are already used in the clinic. In this work, we describe a new and simple biodegradable and biocompatible system as the Food and Drug Administration approved polyesters (poly-ε-caprolactone, polylactic acid, and poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)) for the delivery of the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) as a model drug. A hydrophobic polyester, poly(propylene succinate) (PPS), was prepared from a nontoxic alcohol (propylene glycol) and monomer from the Krebs's cycle (succinic acid) in two steps via esterification and melt polycondensation. Furthermore, their amphiphilic block copolyester, poly(ethylene oxide monomethyl ether)- block-poly(propylene succinate) (mPEO- b-PPS), was prepared by three steps via esterification followed by melt polycondensation and the addition of mPEO to the PPS macromolecules. Analysis of the in vitro cellular behavior of the prepared nanoparticle carriers (NPs) (enzymatic degradation, uptake, localization, and fluorescence resonance energy-transfer pair degradation studies) was performed by fluorescence studies. PTX was loaded to the NPs of variable sizes (30, 70, and 150 nm), and their in vitro release was evaluated in different cell models and compared with commercial PTX formulations. The mPEO- b-PPS copolymer analysis displays glass transition temperature < body temperature < melting temperature, lower toxicity (including the toxicity of their degradation products), drug solubilization efficacy, stability against spontaneous hydrolysis during transport in bloodstream, and simultaneous enzymatic degradability after uptake into the cells. The detailed cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo tumor efficacy studies have shown the superior efficacy of the NPs compared with PTX and PTX commercial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Heyrovsky Square 2 , 162 06 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Heyrovsky Square 2 , 162 06 Prague , Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Anita Höcherl
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Heyrovsky Square 2 , 162 06 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kučka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Heyrovsky Square 2 , 162 06 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Rafal Konefal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Heyrovsky Square 2 , 162 06 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humajova
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Salmovska 1 , 120 00 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Poučková
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Salmovska 1 , 120 00 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Heyrovsky Square 2 , 162 06 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Heyrovsky Square 2 , 162 06 Prague , Czech Republic
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6
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Obst K, Yealland G, Balzus B, Miceli E, Dimde M, Weise C, Eravci M, Bodmeier R, Haag R, Calderón M, Charbaji N, Hedtrich S. Protein Corona Formation on Colloidal Polymeric Nanoparticles and Polymeric Nanogels: Impact on Cellular Uptake, Toxicity, Immunogenicity, and Drug Release Properties. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1762-1771. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Obst
- Institute
for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Guy Yealland
- Institute
for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Balzus
- Institute
for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Miceli
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Mathias Dimde
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Murat Eravci
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bodmeier
- Institute
for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Nada Charbaji
- Institute
for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute
for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Multifunctional
Biomaterials for Medicine, Helmholtz Virtual Institute, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
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7
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Höcherl A, Jäger E, Jäger A, Hrubý M, Konefał R, Janoušková O, Spěváček J, Jiang Y, Schmidt PW, Lodge TP, Štěpánek P. One-pot synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-self-immolative polyoxalate prodrug nanoparticles for hormone dependent cancer therapy with minimized side effects. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00270j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One-pot synthesis of ROS-self-immolative polyoxalate prodrug NPs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Höcherl
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Rafał Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Olga Janoušková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Spěváček
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | | | | | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 162 06 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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8
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Tukappa A, Ultimo A, de la Torre C, Pardo T, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R. Polyglutamic Acid-Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enzyme-Controlled Drug Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8507-15. [PMID: 27468799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are highly attractive as supports in the design of controlled delivery systems that can act as containers for the encapsulation of therapeutic agents, overcoming common issues such as poor water solubility and poor stability of some drugs and also enhancing their bioavailability. In this context, we describe herein the development of polyglutamic acid (PGA)-capped MSNs that can selectively deliver rhodamine B and doxorubicin. PGA-capped MSNs remain closed in an aqueous environment, yet they are able to deliver the cargo in the presence of pronase because of the hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in PGA. The prepared solids released less than 20% of the cargo in 1 day in water, whereas they were able to reach 90% of the maximum release of the entrapped guest in ca. 5 h in the presence of pronase. Studies of the PGA-capped nanoparticles with SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells were also undertaken. Rhodamine-loaded nanoparticles were not toxic, whereas doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles were able to efficiently kill more than 90% of the cancer cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Tukappa
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València , Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Gulbarga University , Gulbarga 585106, Karnataka, India
| | - Amelia Ultimo
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València , Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Cristina de la Torre
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València , Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Teresa Pardo
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València , Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València , Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València , Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
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9
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Jäger E, Höcherl A, Janoušková O, Jäger A, Hrubý M, Konefał R, Netopilik M, Pánek J, Šlouf M, Ulbrich K, Štěpánek P. Fluorescent boronate-based polymer nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered cargo release for drug-delivery applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6958-6963. [PMID: 26961769 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00791k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new drug-delivery system of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) bearing pinacol-type boronic ester and alkyne moieties displaying triggered self-immolative polymer degradation in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the capability of cellular imaging is presented. The NPs specifically release their drug cargo under concentrations of ROS that are commonly found in the intracellular environment of certain tumors and of inflamed tissues and exhibit significant cytotoxicity to cancer cells compared to their non-ROS-responsive counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliézer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Anita Höcherl
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Janoušková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Rafał Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloš Netopilik
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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10
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HPLC–FLD and spectrofluorometer apparatus: How to best detect fluorescent probe-loaded niosomes in biological samples. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:575-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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