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Li Y. DNA Adducts in Cancer Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5113-5143. [PMID: 38552031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
DNA adducting drugs, including alkylating agents and platinum-containing drugs, are prominent in cancer chemotherapy. Their mechanisms of action involve direct interaction with DNA, resulting in the formation of DNA addition products known as DNA adducts. While these adducts are well-accepted to induce cancer cell death, understanding of their specific chemotypes and their role in drug therapy response remain limited. This perspective aims to address this gap by investigating the metabolic activation and chemical characterization of DNA adducts formed by the U.S. FDA-approved drugs. Moreover, clinical studies on DNA adducts as potential biomarkers for predicting patient responses to drug efficacy are examined. The overarching goal is to engage the interest of medicinal chemists and stimulate further research into the use of DNA adducts as biomarkers for guiding personalized cancer treatment.
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Pimenta GF, Awata WMC, Orlandin GG, Silva-Neto JA, Assis VO, da Costa RM, Bruder-Nascimento T, Tostes RC, Tirapelli CR. Melatonin prevents overproduction of reactive oxygen species and vascular dysfunction induced by cyclophosphamide. Life Sci 2024; 338:122361. [PMID: 38158040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a pathologic hallmark of cyclophosphamide toxicity. For this reason, antioxidant compounds emerge as promising tools for preventing tissue damage induced by cyclophosphamide. We hypothesized that melatonin would display cytoprotective action in the vasculature by preventing cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice (22-25 g) were injected with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg; i.p.). Mice were pretreated or not with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.), given during 4 days before cyclophosphamide injection. Functional (vascular reactivity) and oxidative/inflammatory patterns were evaluated at 24 h in resistance arteries. The antioxidant action of melatonin was assessed in vitro in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of mesenteric arteries. KEY FINDINGS Cyclophosphamide induced ROS generation in both mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) and cultured VSMCs, and this was normalized by melatonin. Cyclophosphamide-induced ROS generation and lipoperoxidation in the bladder and kidney was also prevented by melatonin. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were detected in the MAB of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, all of which were prevented by melatonin. Functional assays using second-order mesenteric arteries of cyclophosphamide-treated mice revealed a decrease in vascular contractility. Melatonin prevented vascular hypocontractility in the cyclophosphamide group. Melatonin partially prevented the decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities in the MAB of the cyclophosphamide group. SIGNIFICANCE Melatonin may constitute a novel and promising therapeutic approach for management of the toxic effects induced by cyclophosphamide in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Pimenta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanessa M C Awata
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gabrielly G Orlandin
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio A Silva-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor O Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael M da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rita C Tostes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Meshanni JA, Lee JM, Vayas KN, Sun R, Jiang C, Guo GL, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Suppression of Lung Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis following Nitrogen Mustard Exposure by the Selective Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist Obeticholic Acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:586-595. [PMID: 37188530 PMCID: PMC10801770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause pulmonary injury that can progress to fibrosis. NM toxicity is associated with an influx of inflammatory macrophages in the lung. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor involved in bile acid and lipid homeostasis that has anti-inflammatory activity. In these studies, we analyzed the effects of FXR activation on lung injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis induced by NM. Male Wistar rats were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle control) or NM (0.125 mg/kg) by intratracheal Penncentury-MicroSprayer aerosolization; this was followed by treatment with the FXR synthetic agonist, obeticholic acid (OCA, 15 mg/kg), or vehicle control (0.13-0.18 g peanut butter) 2 hours later and then once per day, 5 days per week thereafter for 28 days. NM caused histopathological changes in the lung, including epithelial thickening, alveolar circularization, and pulmonary edema. Picrosirius red staining and lung hydroxyproline content were increased, indicative of fibrosis; foamy lipid-laden macrophages were also identified in the lung. This was associated with aberrations in pulmonary function, including increases in resistance and hysteresis. Following NM exposure, lung expression of HO-1 and iNOS, and the ratio of nitrates/nitrites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), markers of oxidative stress increased, along with BAL levels of inflammatory proteins, fibrinogen, and sRAGE. Administration of OCA attenuated NM-induced histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered lung function. These findings demonstrate that FXR plays a role in limiting NM-induced lung injury and chronic disease, suggesting that activating FXR may represent an effective approach to limiting NM-induced toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, the role of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) in mustard vesicant-induced pulmonary toxicity was analyzed using nitrogen mustard (NM) as a model. This study's findings that administration of obeticholic acid, an FXR agonist, to rats reduces NM-induced pulmonary injury, oxidative stress, and fibrosis provide novel mechanistic insights into vesicant toxicity, which may be useful in the development of efficacious therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jordan M Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rachel Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Chenghui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (J.A.M., J.M.L., K.N.V., R.S., C.J., G.L.G., A.J.G., D.L.L.) and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health (J.D.L.), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Mitry MMA, Boateng SY, Greco F, Osborn HMI. Bioorthogonal activation of prodrugs, for the potential treatment of breast cancer, using the Staudinger reaction. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1537-1548. [PMID: 37593579 PMCID: PMC10429771 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective prodrug activation at a tumor site is crucial to maximise the efficiency of chemotherapy approaches and minimise side effects due to off-site activation. In this paper, a new prodrug activation strategy is reported based on the bioorthogonal Staudinger reaction. The feasibility of this prodrug activation strategy was initially demonstrated using 9-azido sialic acid 4 as a trigger and two novel triphenylphosphine-modified N-mustard-PRO 10 and doxorubicin-PRO 12 prodrugs in an HPLC-monitored release study. Then, the azide reporter group was introduced on cancer cells' surfaces through metabolic glycoengineering of sialic acid-rich surface glycans using azide-modified monosaccharides (9-azido sialic acid 4, tetra-O-acetylated-9-azido sialic acid 5 and tetra-O-acetyl azidomannosamine). Next, the N-mustard-PRO 10 and doxorubicin-PRO 12 prodrugs were employed in vitro with the bioengineered cells, and activation of the prodrugs, which allowed selective release of the cytotoxic moiety at the tumour cell, was assessed. Release of the parent drugs from the prodrugs was shown to be dependent on the level of metabolic labelling, where tetra-O-acetyl azidomannosamine allowed the highest level of azide reporter generation in tumor cells and led to full recovery of the parent cytotoxic drug's potency. The selectivity of azide expression on breast cancer MCF-7 cells versus normal fibroblast L929 cells was also probed, with the 9-azido sialic acid and tetra-O-acetylated-9-azido sialic acid showing ∼17-fold higher azide expression on the former. Taken together, these data demonstrate the feasibility of the Staudinger reaction for selective activation of prodrugs targeted to the MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M A Mitry
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Samuel Y Boateng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6ES UK
| | - Francesca Greco
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK
| | - Helen M I Osborn
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK
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5
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Bruchelt G, Klose C, Lischka M, Brandes M, Handgretinger R, Brueckner R. Hybrid Molecules of Benzylguanidine and the Alkylating Group of Melphalan: Synthesis and Effects on Neuroblastoma Cells. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4469. [PMID: 37445504 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapy of neuroblastoma relies, amongst other things, on administering chemotherapeutics and radioactive compounds, e.g., the (meta-iodobenzyl)guanidine [131I]mIBG. For special applications (conditioning before stem cell transplantation), busulfan and melphalan (M) proved to be effective. However, both drugs are not used for normal chemotherapy in neuroblastoma because of their side effects. The alkylating drug melphalan contains a (Cl-CH2-CH2-)2N- group in the para-position of the phenyl moiety of the essential amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) and can, therefore, be taken up by virtually all kinds of cells by amino acid transporters. In contrast, mIBG isotopologs are taken up more selectively by neuroblastoma cells via the noradrenaline transporter (NAT). The present study aimed at synthesising and studying hybrid molecules of benzylguanidine (BG) and the alkylating motif of M. Such hybrids should combine the preferential uptake of BGs into neuroblastoma cells with the cytotoxicity of M. Besides the hybrid of BG with the dialkylating group (Cl-CH2-CH2-)2N- bound in the para-position as in M (pMBG), we also synthesised mMBG, which is BG meta-substituted by a (Cl-CH2-CH2-)2N- group. Furthermore, two monoalkylating hybrid molecules were synthesised: the BG para-substituted by a (Cl-CH2-CH2-)NH- group (pM*BG) and the BG meta-substituted by a (Cl-CH2-CH2-)NH- group (mM*BG). The effects of the four new compounds were studied with human neuroblastoma cell lines (SK-N-SH, Kelly, and LS) with regard to uptake, viability, and proliferation by standard test systems. The dialkylating hybrid molecules pMBG and mMBG were at least as effective as M, whereas the monoalkylating hybrid molecules pM*BG and mM*BG were more effective than M. Considering the preferred uptake via the noradrenaline transporter by neuroblastoma cells, we conclude that they might be well suited for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Bruchelt
- Children's University Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Chihab Klose
- Children's University Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lischka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Albertstr. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marietta Brandes
- Children's University Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Brueckner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Albertstr. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Jin W, Fan B, Qin X, Liu Y, Qian C, Tang B, James TD, Chen G. Structure-activity of chlormethine fluorescent prodrugs: Witnessing the development of trackable drug delivery. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Guidolin V, Li Y, Jacobs FC, MacMillan ML, Villalta PW, Hecht SS, Balbo S. Characterization and quantitation of busulfan DNA adducts in the blood of patients receiving busulfan therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:197-210. [PMID: 36820303 PMCID: PMC9938526 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylating drugs have been used as cancer chemotherapy with variable outcomes. The establishment of predictive biomarkers to identify patients who will effectively respond to treatment would allow for the development of personalized therapies. As the degree of interaction of alkylating drug with DNA plays a key role in their mechanism of action, our hypothesis is that the measurement of the DNA adducts formed by alkylating drugs could be used to inform patient stratification. Beginning with busulfan, we took advantage of our DNA adductomic approach to characterize DNA adducts formed by reacting busulfan with calf-thymus DNA. Samples collected from six patients undergoing busulfan-based chemotherapy prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation were analyzed for the presence of busulfan-derived DNA adducts. Among the 15 adducts detected in vitro, 12 were observed in the patient blood confirming the presence of a large profile of DNA adducts in vivo. Two of the detected adducts were structurally confirmed by comparison with synthetic standards and quantified in patients. These data confirm our ability to comprehensively characterize busulfan-derived DNA damage and set the stage for the development of methods to support personalized chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guidolin
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yupeng Li
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Foster C. Jacobs
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Margaret L. MacMillan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Blood and Marrow Transplantation & Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Corresponding author: Silvia Balbo, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 Street SE - 2-145 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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8
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Pitschmann V, Hon Z. Drugs as Chemical Weapons: Past and Perspectives. TOXICS 2023; 11:52. [PMID: 36668778 PMCID: PMC9866636 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of modern chemical weapons and chemical warfare is traditionally associated with World War I, but the use of poisons in the military has its roots deep in the past. The sources of these poisons have always been natural agents that also served as medicines. This relationship between poison and medicine, and nowadays between chemical warfare and medicine, or between 'military chemistry' and pharmacy, appears to be very important for understanding not only the history but also the possible future of both phenomena. This article looks at some historical examples of the use of drugs as chemical weapons and, conversely, the use of chemical weapons as medicines. It seeks to find answers to some questions that are particularly relevant to the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which aims to achieve a world without chemical warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Pitschmann
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítná sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic
- ORITEST spol. s r.o., Čerčanská 640/30, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hon
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítná sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic
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9
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Lopez-Mendez TB, Strippoli R, Trionfetti F, Calvo P, Cordani M, Gonzalez-Valdivieso J. Clinical Trials Involving Chemotherapy-Based Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-17831-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Liang Y, Huang W, Wang S, Su W, Situ Q, He L. Synthesis of a novel nitrogen mustard–conjugated bis-terpyridine ruthenium(II) complex as a potent anticancer agent that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221085482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A fairly small-sized aryl nitrogen mustard–conjugated terpyridine is synthesized in only two steps as a ligand to chelate with RuCl3 to afford a [Ru(tpy-CM)2]Cl2 complex. This complex exhibits prominent antiproliferative activity toward several tumor cells. Further studies conclusively show that the complex suppresses human renal clear cell carcinoma cells (786-O cells) by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This work provides a synthetic and therapeutic model for nitrogen mustard-containing metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Weiting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Weiming Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Qianyi Situ
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
| | - Luxin He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. of China
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11
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Imyanitov EN, Iyevleva AG. Molecular tests for prediction of tumor sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Lett 2022; 526:41-52. [PMID: 34808283 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy constitutes the backbone of cancer treatment. Several predictive assays assist personalized administration of cytotoxic drugs and are recommended for use in a clinical setting. The deficiency of DNA repair by homologous recombination (HRD), which is caused by inactivation of BRCA1/2 genes or other genetic events, is associated with high tumor responsiveness to platinum compounds, bifunctional alkylating agents and topoisomerase II poisons. Low activity of MGMT predicts the efficacy of nitrosoureas and tetrazines. Some clinically established pharmacogenetic tests allow for the adjustment of drug dosage, for example, the analysis of DPYD allelic variants for administration of fluoropyrimidines and UGT1A1 genotyping for the use of irinotecan. While there are promising molecular predictors of tumor sensitivity to pemetrexed, gemcitabine and taxanes, they remain in the investigational stage and require additional validation. Comprehensive molecular analysis of tumors obtained from drug responders and non-responders is likely to reveal new clinically useful predictive markers for cytotoxic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia; Department of Oncology, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 191015, Russia.
| | - Aglaya G Iyevleva
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, 197758, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, 194100, Russia
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12
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Liu W, He M, Li Y, Peng Z, Wang G. A review on synthetic chalcone derivatives as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:9-38. [PMID: 34894980 PMCID: PMC8667932 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1976772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play an important role in the process of cell mitosis and can form a spindle in the mitotic prophase of the cell, which can pull chromosomes to the ends of the cell and then divide into two daughter cells to complete the process of mitosis. Tubulin inhibitors suppress cell proliferation by inhibiting microtubule dynamics and disrupting microtubule homeostasis. Thereby inducing a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and interfering with the mitotic process. It has been found that a variety of chalcone derivatives can bind to microtubule proteins and disrupt the dynamic balance of microtubules, inhibit the proliferation of tumour cells, and exert anti-tumour effects. Consequently, a great number of studies have been conducted on chalcone derivatives targeting microtubule proteins. In this review, synthetic or natural chalcone microtubule inhibitors in recent years are described, along with their structure-activity relationship (SAR) for anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Teaching and Research Section of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Teaching and Research Section of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhiyun Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Tony D. James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
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14
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Nair A, Yadav P, Behl A, Sharma RK, Kulshrestha S, Butola BS, Sharma N. Toxic blister agents: Chemistry, mode of their action and effective treatment strategies. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 350:109654. [PMID: 34634268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their use during the First World War, Blister agents have posed a major threat to the individuals and have caused around two million casualties. Major incidents occurred not only due to their use as chemical warfare agents but also because of occupational hazards. Therefore, a clear understanding of these agents and their mode of action is essential to develop effective decontamination and therapeutic strategies. The blister agents have been categorised on the basis of their chemistry and the biological interactions that entail post contamination. These compounds have been known to majorly cause blisters/bullae along with alkylation of the contaminated DNA. However, due to the high toxicity and restricted use, very little research has been conducted and a lot remains to be clearly understood about these compounds. Various decontamination solutions and detection technologies have been developed, which have proven to be effective for their timely mitigation. But a major hurdle seems to be the lack of proper understanding of the toxicological mechanism of action of these compounds. Current review is about the detailed and updated information on physical, chemical and biological aspects of various blister agents. It also illustrates the mechanism of their action, toxicological effects, detection technologies and possible decontamination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrit Nair
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Amanpreet Behl
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, 162, Poonamallee High Road Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Shweta Kulshrestha
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Bhupendra Singh Butola
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Navneet Sharma
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India.
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15
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Dai L, Wang L, Tan C, Cai J, Shen H, Zhang T, Zhi S, Yang Z, Hu Y, Zhao X, Li D. Sophoridine Derivatives Induce Apoptosis and Autophagy to Suppress the Growth of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through Inhibition of mTOR Signaling. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100434. [PMID: 34569159 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the antitumor potency and therapeutic margins of natural product sophoridine, its novel nitrogen mustard carbamate derivatives were designed and synthesized. In screening their in vitro activity, we found all the tested compounds were more potent against the highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Cellular functional assays showed that representative compounds could induce G1-phase arrest and trigger apoptosis, evidenced by the alteration of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and PARP levels. Furthermore, these compounds significantly enhanced the autophagic flux with increased expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1, as well as decreased level of p62, which may attribute to simultaneously inhibition of the phosphorylation of p70S6K, 4E-BP1 and AKT, the key substrates of the mTOR signaling pathway. In vivo, two compounds revealed potent antitumor activity in mice bearing MDA-MB-231. Altogether, our work describes novel leads to yield more potent chemotherapeutics against triple-negative breast cancers, possibly mesenchymal stem-like subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Dai
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Cheng Tan
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Hongsheng Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Shuang Zhi
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zibo Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yunhui Hu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiumei Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Tianjin Institute of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020, China
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16
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Novel lysosome-targeted anticancer fluorescent agents used in zebrafish and nude mouse tumour imaging. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Despite the significant progress in anticancer drug development over recent years, there is a vital need for newer agents with unique, but still effective, mechanisms of action in order to treat the disease, particularly the highly aggressive and drug-resistant types. Alkylating agents, in particular nitrogen-based alkylators, are commonly used to treat hematological and solid malignancies; they exert their antineoplastic effects at all phases of the cell cycle and prevent reproduction of tumor cells. Certain alkylating agents have been designed to be more lipophilic, enabling the compound to penetrate the cell and enhance its alkylating activity against tumors. This review details the evolution of currently available alkylating agents and their profiles, with a focus on nitrogen-based alkylating agents, as important anticancer therapy strategies.
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Ullmann R, Becker BV, Rothmiller S, Schmidt A, Thiermann H, Kaatsch HL, Schrock G, Müller J, Jakobi J, Obermair R, Port M, Scherthan H. Genomic Adaption and Mutational Patterns in a HaCaT Subline Resistant to Alkylating Agents and Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031146. [PMID: 33498964 PMCID: PMC7865644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that can damage DNA via alkylation and oxidative stress. Because of its genotoxicity, SM is cancerogenic and the progenitor of many chemotherapeutics. Previously, we developed an SM-resistant cell line via chronic exposure of the popular keratinocyte cell line HaCaT to increasing doses of SM over a period of 40 months. In this study, we compared the genomic landscape of the SM-resistant cell line HaCaT/SM to its sensitive parental line HaCaT in order to gain insights into genetic changes associated with continuous alkylation and oxidative stress. We established chromosome numbers by cytogenetics, analyzed DNA copy number changes by means of array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (array CGH), employed the genome-wide chromosome conformation capture technique Hi-C to detect chromosomal translocations, and derived mutational signatures by whole-genome sequencing. We observed that chronic SM exposure eliminated the initially prevailing hypotetraploid cell population in favor of a hyperdiploid one, which contrasts with previous observations that link polyploidization to increased tolerance and adaptability toward genotoxic stress. Furthermore, we observed an accumulation of chromosomal translocations, frequently flanked by DNA copy number changes, which indicates a high rate of DNA double-strand breaks and their misrepair. HaCaT/SM-specific single-nucleotide variants showed enrichment of C > A and T > A transversions and a lower rate of deaminated cytosines in the CpG dinucleotide context. Given the frequent use of HaCaT in toxicology, this study provides a valuable data source with respect to the original genotype of HaCaT and the mutational signatures associated with chronic alkylation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Ullmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benjamin Valentin Becker
- Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rübenacherstrasse 170, D-56072 Koblenz, Germany;
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (S.R.); (A.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (S.R.); (A.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (S.R.); (A.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Hanns Leonhard Kaatsch
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Gerrit Schrock
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Jessica Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Julia Jakobi
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Richard Obermair
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.L.K.); (G.S.); (J.M.); (J.J.); (R.O.); (M.P.); (H.S.)
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Prasher P, Sharma M, Aljabali AAA, Gupta G, Negi P, Kapoor DN, Singh I, Zacconi FC, Jesus Andreoli Pinto T, Silva MW, Bakshi HA, Chellappan DK, Tambuwala MM, Dua K. Hybrid molecules based on 1,3,5‐triazine as potential therapeutics: A focused review. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:837-858. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC‐Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
- Department of Chemistry University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Dehradun India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC‐Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
- Department of Chemistry Uttaranchal University Dehradun India
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University Irbid Jordan
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy Suresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur India
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan India
| | - Deepak N. Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University Punjab India
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Organica, faculdad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | | | - Mateus Webba Silva
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Ulster University Coleraine United Kingdom
| | - Hamid A. Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Ulster University Coleraine United Kingdom
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy International Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Ulster University Coleraine United Kingdom
| | - Kamal Dua
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan India
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
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20
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Exploiting Cancer's Tactics to Make Cancer a Manageable Chronic Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061649. [PMID: 32580319 PMCID: PMC7352192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of modern oncology started around eighty years ago with the introduction of cytotoxic agents such as nitrogen mustard into the clinic, followed by multi-agent chemotherapy protocols. Early success in radiation therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma gave birth to the introduction of radiation therapy into different cancer treatment protocols. Along with better understanding of cancer biology, we developed drugs targeting cancer-related cellular and genetic aberrancies. Discovery of the crucial role of vasculature in maintenance, survival, and growth of a tumor opened the way to the development of anti-angiogenic agents. A better understanding of T-cell regulatory pathways advanced immunotherapy. Awareness of stem-like cancer cells and their role in cancer metastasis and local recurrence led to the development of drugs targeting them. At the same time, sequential and rapidly accelerating advances in imaging and surgical technology have markedly increased our ability to safely remove ≥90% of tumor cells. While we have advanced our ability to kill cells from multiple directions, we have still failed to stop most types of cancer from recurring. Here we analyze the tactics employed in cancer evolution; namely, chromosomal instability (CIN), intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH), and cancer-specific metabolism. These tactics govern the resistance to current cancer therapeutics. It is time to focus on maximally delaying the time to recurrence, with drugs that target these fundamental tactics of cancer evolution. Understanding the control of CIN and the optimal state of ITH as the most important tactics in cancer evolution could facilitate the development of improved cancer therapeutic strategies designed to transform cancer into a manageable chronic disease.
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21
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Chen H, Cui Z, Hejazi L, Yao L, Walmsley SJ, Rizzo CJ, Turesky RJ. Kinetics of DNA Adducts and Abasic Site Formation in Tissues of Mice Treated with a Nitrogen Mustard. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:988-998. [PMID: 32174110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustards (NM) are an important class of chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of malignant tumors. The accepted mechanism of action of NM is through the alkylation of DNA bases. NM-adducts block DNA replication in cancer cells by forming cytotoxic DNA interstrand cross-links. We previously characterized several adducts formed by reaction of bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine (NM) with calf thymus (CT) DNA and the MDA-MB-231 mammary tumor cell line. The monoalkylated N7-guanine (NM-G) adduct and its cross-link (G-NM-G) were major lesions. The cationic NM-G undergoes a secondary reaction through depurination to form an apurinic (AP) site or reacts with hydroxide to yield the stable ring-opened N5-substituted formamidopyrimidine (NM-Fapy-G) adduct. Both of these lesions are mutagenic and may contribute to secondary tumor development, a major clinical limitation of NM chemotherapy. We established a kinetic model with NM-treated female mice and measured the rates of formation and removal of NM-DNA adducts and AP sites. We employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to measure NM-G, G-NM-G, and NM-Fapy-G adducts in liver, lung, and spleen over 168 h. NM-G reached a maximum level within 6 h in all organs and then rapidly declined. The G-NM-G cross-link and NM-FapyG were more persistent with half-lives over three-times longer than NM-G. We quantified AP site lesions in the liver and showed that NM treatment increased AP site levels by 3.7-fold over the basal levels at 6 h. The kinetics of AP site repair closely followed the rate of removal of NM-G; however, AP sites remained 1.3-fold above basal levels 168 h post-treatment with NM. Our data provide new insights into NM-induced DNA damage and biological processing in vivo. The quantitative measurement of the spectrum of NM adducts and AP sites can serve as biomarkers in the design and assessment of the efficacy of novel chemotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmelo J Rizzo
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
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22
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Zhang Q, He J, Yu W, Li Y, Liu Z, Zhou B, Liu Y. A promising anticancer drug: a photosensitizer based on the porphyrin skeleton. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:427-437. [PMID: 33479647 PMCID: PMC7460723 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive combination of treatments that treat tumors and other diseases by using photosensitizers, light and oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Photosensitizers are the key part of PDT for clinical application and experimental research, and most of them are porphyrin compounds at present. Due to their unique affinity for tumor tissues, porphyrins are not only excellent photosensitizers, but also good carriers to transport other active drugs into tumor tissues, which can exert synergistic anticancer effects of PDT and chemotherapy. This article reviews the clinical development of porphyrin photosensitizers and the research status of porphyrin containing bioactive groups. Finally, future perspectives and the current challenges of photosensitizers based on the porphyrin skeleton are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Wenmei Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Binning Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , University of South China , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China .
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research , 28 Western Changshen Road , Hengyang City , Hunan Province 421001 , P.R. China
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23
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Discovery of steroidal lactam conjugates of POPAM-NH2 with potent anticancer activity. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:19-35. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Steroidal prodrugs of nitrogen mustards such as estramustine and prednimustine have proven effective anticancer agents in clinical use since the 1970s. In this work, we aimed to develop steroidal prodrugs of the novel nitrogen mustard POPAM-NH2. POPAM-NH2 is a melphalan analogue that was coupled with three different steroidal lactams. Methodology: The new conjugates were preclinically tested for anticancer activity against nine human and one rodent cancer experimental models, in vitro and in vivo. Results & conclusion: All the steroidal alkylators showed high antitumor activity, in vitro and in vivo, in the experimental systems tested. Moreover, these hybrid compounds showed by far superior anticancer activity compared with the alkylating agents, melphalan and POPAM-NH2.
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24
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You F, Gao C. DNA Damaging Agents in Cancer Therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:690. [PMID: 31274063 DOI: 10.2174/156802661909190620154618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei You
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering MedImmune, One MedImmune Way Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Changshou Gao
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering MedImmune, One MedImmune Way Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
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