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Gharighnia S, Omidi A, Ragerdi Kashani I, Sepand MR, Pour Beiranvand S. Ameliorative effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on corpus callosum and functional recovery in demyelinated mouse model. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:409-419. [PMID: 35912879 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2107515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Oxidative stress via distinct pathobiological pathways plays a pivotal role in the formation and persistence of MS lesions. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) facilitates the uptake of acetyl coenzyme-A into the mitochondria by a fatty acid oxidation process. ALC could be a therapeutic antioxidant in the myelin repair process. This study explored the potential neuroprotective effects of ALC in cuprizone (CPZ) intoxicated mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups. The control animals received a normal diet. The CPZ and CPZ + ALC groups were fed with a 0.2% cuprizone diet for 12 weeks. In the CPZ + ALC group, animals received ALC (300 mg/kg/day) from the 10th -12th weeks. Animals were evaluated functionally by beam walking test (BWT) weekly. Eventually, the corpus callosum (CC) was extracted for histological, biochemical, and molecular studies. RESULTS BWT data showed ALC significantly improves balance and gait in the demyelinating mouse model. Histological staining represented ALC effectively increased remyelination in the CC. Biochemical evaluations demonstrated ALC decreased the malondialdehyde level with a parallel increase in the reduced glutathione and catalase activity levels in the CC. Molecular analysis revealed that ALC significantly increased the expression of oligodendrocyte transcription-2 (Olig-2) and Poly lipoproteins (Plp) genes in the CC. CONCLUSIONS ALC improved balance and motor coordination in the demyelinated mouse model. It may be by reducing the levels of free radicals and increasing the expression of Olig-2 and Plp as myelin-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Gharighnia
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Omidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Pour Beiranvand
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Hiskens MI, Li KM, Schneiders AG, Fenning AS. Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration and inflammation is attenuated by acetyl-L-carnitine in a preclinical model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1254382. [PMID: 37745053 PMCID: PMC10514484 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1254382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (rmTBI) may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases through secondary injury pathways. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) shows neuroprotection through anti-inflammatory effects and via regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity by counteracting post-trauma excitotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate mechanisms implicated in the etiology of neurodegeneration in rmTBI mice treated with ALC. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were allocated to sham, rmTBI or ALC + rmTBI groups. 15 rmTBIs were administered across 23 days using a modified weight drop model. Neurological testing and spatial learning and memory assessments via the Morris Water Maze (MWM) were undertaken at 48 h and 3 months. RT-PCR analysis of the cortex and hippocampus was undertaken for MAPT, GFAP, AIF1, GRIA, CCL11, TDP43, and TNF genes. Gene expression in the cortex showed elevated mRNA levels of MAPT, TNF, and GFAP in the rmTBI group that were reduced by ALC treatment. In the hippocampus, mRNA expression was elevated for GRIA1 in the rmTBI group but not the ALC + rmTBI treatment group. ALC treatment showed protective effects against the deficits displayed in neurological testing and MWM assessment observed in the rmTBI group. While brain structures display differential vulnerability to insult as evidenced by location specific postimpact disruption of key genes, this study shows correlative mRNA neurodegeneration and functional impairment that was ameliorated by ALC treatment in several key genes. ALC may mitigate damage inflicted in the various secondary neurodegenerative cascades and contribute to functional protection following rmTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I. Hiskens
- Mackay Institute of Research and Innovation, Mackay Hospital and Health Service, Mackay, QLD, Australia
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Katy M. Li
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony G. Schneiders
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Fenning
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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3
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Malaguarnera M, Catania VE, Malaguarnera M. Carnitine derivatives beyond fatigue: an update. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2023; 39:125-128. [PMID: 36821461 PMCID: PMC10516168 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Carnitine is an essential micronutrient that transfer long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix for the β-oxidation. Carnitine is also needed for the mitochondrial efflux of acyl groups in the cases wherein substrate oxidation exceeds energy demands. RECENT FINDINGS Carnitine deficiency can affect the oxidation of free fatty acids in the mitochondria resulting in the aggregation of lipids in the cytoplasm instead of entering the citric acid cycle. The aggregation leads a lack of energy, acetyl coenzyme A accumulation in the mitochondria and cytotoxic production. SUMMARY Carnitine and its derivatives show great clinical therapeutic effect without significant side effects.
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4
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Liu T, Deng K, Xue Y, Yang R, Yang R, Gong Z, Tang M. Carnitine and Depression. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853058. [PMID: 35369081 PMCID: PMC8964433 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has become one of the most common mental diseases in the world, but the understanding of its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatments remains insufficient. Carnitine is a natural substance that exists in organisms, which can be synthesized in vivo or supplemented by intake. Relationships of carnitine with depression, bipolar disorder and other mental diseases have been reported in different studies. Several studies show that the level of acylcarnitines (ACs) changes significantly in patients with depression compared with healthy controls while the supplementation of acetyl-L-carnitine is beneficial to the treatment of depression. In this review, we aimed to clarify the effects of ACs in depressive patients and to explore whether ACs might be the biomarkers for the diagnosis of depression and provide new ideas to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kunhong Deng
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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D'Souza RS, Langford B, Wilson RE, Her YF, Schappell J, Eller JS, Evans TC, Hagedorn JM. The State-of-the-art Pharmacotherapeutic Options for the Treatment of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:775-789. [PMID: 35354341 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapeutic options continue to expand for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. There has been an increasing emphasis on multimodal analgesia. This strategy employs use of multiple analgesic medications each with a distinct mechanism of action, which when administered concomitantly may provide profound analgesia. AREAS COVERED The authors describe evidence from randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews on a variety of established medications including anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, anti-convulsants, anti-depressants, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, sodium channel blockers, cannabinoids, and alpha-2-receptor blockers. Furthermore, they provide developing evidence on more novel pharmacotherapeutics including alpha lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, low dose naltrexone, calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists, targeted toxin therapy, Nav1.7 inhibitors, neurotensin agonists, purinoceptor antagonists, and sigma-1 receptor antagonists. Furthermore, the authors review the safety and adverse effect profile for these agents. EXPERT OPINION In this era of the opioid epidemic, clinicians should first offer non-opioid analgesics and employ a multimodal analgesic strategy. Current guidelines recommend a personalized approach to the chronic pain treatment, in each case accounting for type, location, severity, and chronicity of pain. Clinicians should also carefully consider the risk-to-benefit ratio to the patient based on the drug side effect profile, patient age, and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S D'Souza
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brendan Langford
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rachel E Wilson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yeng F Her
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Justin Schappell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer S Eller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy C Evans
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
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6
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Formaggio F, Rimondini R, Delprete C, Scalia L, Merlo Pich E, Liguori R, Nicoletti F, Caprini M. L-Acetylcarnitine causes analgesia in mice modeling Fabry disease by up-regulating type-2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221087033. [PMID: 35255745 PMCID: PMC9008852 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221087033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient
function of the alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA) enzyme. α-GalA deficiency leads
to multisystemic clinical manifestations caused by the preferential accumulation
of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). A hallmark symptom of FD patients is neuropathic
pain that appears in the early stage of the disease as a result of peripheral
small fiber damage. Previous studies have shown that Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC)
has neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and analgesic activity in animal models of
neuropathic pain. To study the action of ALC on neuropathic pain associated with
FD, we treated α-GalA gene null mice (α-GalA(-/0)) with ALC for 30 days. In
α-Gal KO mice, ALC treatment induced acute and long-lasting analgesia, which
persisted 1 month after drug withdrawal. This effect was antagonized by single
administration of LY341495, an orthosteric antagonist of mGlu2/3 metabotropic
glutamate receptors. We also found an up-regulation of mGlu2 receptors in
cultured DRG neurons isolated from 30-day ALC-treated α-GalA KO mice. However,
the up-regulation of mGlu2 receptors was no longer present in DRG neurons
isolated 30 days after the end of treatment. Taken together, these findings
suggest that ALC induces analgesia in an animal model of FD by up-regulating
mGlu2 receptors, and that analgesia is maintained by additional mechanisms after
ALC withdrawal. ALC might represent a valuable pharmacological strategy to
reduce pain in FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche 9296University of Bologna
| | - Cecilia Delprete
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology9296University of Bologna
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7
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Statsenko ME, Turkina SV. [Possibilities of sequential levocarnitin and acetylcarnitin treatment in correcting cognitive deficiency in patients with cardiovascular diseases]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:45-51. [PMID: 34184477 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of sequential therapy with levocarnitine and acetylcarnitine in patients with cardiovascular pathology (arterial hypertension and/or coronary heart disease) and moderate cognitive deficits. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 120 patients aged 54-67 years. The main group of patients (n=60) in addition to the basic treatment of the underlying disease received l-carnitine (Elkar solution for intravenous and intramuscular injection of 100 mg/ml, the company «PIK-FARMA»)/jet during 10 days in a dose of 1000 mg/day, with following transition to oral administration of acetyl-l-carnitine (Carnitin, the company «PIK-FARMA»), 500 mg (2 cap Sula) 2 times a day for 2 months. The comparison group (n=60) received basic therapy for major diseases. The total duration of follow-up was 70 days. RESULTS The results obtained indicate that in such comorbid patients, the use of levocarnitine and acetylcarnitine reduces the severity of cognitive deficits. An important aspect of their pathogenetic effect on the severity of cognitive deficits may be the possibility of correcting endothelial dysfunction. The use of levocarnitine and acetylcarnitine in patients with cardiovascular pathology has demonstrated good tolerability and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Statsenko
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - S V Turkina
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
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8
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Maldonado C, Vázquez M, Fagiolino P. Potential Therapeutic Role of Carnitine and Acetylcarnitine in Neurological Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1277-1285. [PMID: 32048954 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200212114038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapy of neurological disorders has several limitations. Although a high number of drugs are clinically available, several subjects do not achieve full symptomatic remission. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of L-carnitine (LCAR) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) because of the multiplicity of actions they exert in energy metabolism, as antioxidants, neuromodulators and neuroprotectors. They also show excellent safety and tolerability profile. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of LCAR and ALCAR in neurological disorders. METHODS A meticulous review of the literature was conducted in order to establish the linkage between LCAR and ALCAR and neurological diseases. RESULTS LCAR and ALCAR mechanisms and effects were studied for Alzheimer's disease, depression, neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy in the elderly. Both substances exert their actions mainly on primary metabolism, enhancing energy production, through β-oxidation, and the ammonia elimination via urea cycle promotion. These systemic actions impact positively on the Central Nervous System state, as Ammonia and energy depletion seem to underlie most of the neurotoxic events, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, membrane degeneration, and neurotransmitters disbalances, present in neurological disorders, mainly in the elderly. The impact on bipolar disorder is controversial. LCAR absorption seems to be impaired in the elderly due to the decrease of active transportation; therefore, ALCAR seems to be the more effective option to administer. CONCLUSION ALCAR emerges as a simple, economical and safe adjuvant option in order to impair the progression of most neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Maldonado
- Biopharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marta Vázquez
- Biopharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Biopharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
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9
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Didangelos T, Karlafti E, Kotzakioulafi E, Kontoninas Z, Margaritidis C, Giannoulaki P, Kantartzis K. Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of Superoxide Dismutase, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, and Carnitine for 12 Months in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113254. [PMID: 33114210 PMCID: PMC7690794 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the efficacy of Superoxide Dismutase, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Acetyl L-Carnitine, and Vitamin B12 (B12) in one tablet in Diabetic Neuropathy (DN). Patients–methods: In this prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 85 patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) were randomly assigned, either to receive the combination of four elements (active group, n = 43), or placebo (n = 42) for 12 months. We used the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire and Examination (MNSIQ and MNSIE), measured the vibration perception threshold (BIO), and Cardiovascular Autonomic Reflex Tests (CARTs). Nerve function was assessed by DPN Check [sural nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and amplitude (SNAP)]. Pain (PS) and quality of life (QL) questionnaires were administered. Results: At follow-up, BIO, MNSIQ, QL, PAIN, and SNCV, SNAP, and B12 levels had significantly improved inactive group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.027, p = 0.031, and p < 0.001 respectively), whereas the inplacebo group MCR (mean circular resultant) and PAIN deteriorated (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). The changes in MNSIQ, QL, SNCV, BIO, and PAIN differed significantly between groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.031, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001 respectively). Conclusions: The combination of the four elements in one tablet for 12 months in patients with DMT2 improved all indices of peripheral neuropathy, including SNAP and SNCV, pain, and Quality of Life perception, except CARTs and MNSIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Didangelos
- Diabetes Center, 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (Z.K.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +30-6944863803
| | - Eleni Karlafti
- Diabetes Center, 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (Z.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Evangelia Kotzakioulafi
- Diabetes Center, 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (Z.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Zisis Kontoninas
- Diabetes Center, 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (Z.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Charalampos Margaritidis
- Diabetes Center, 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (E.K.); (Z.K.); (C.M.)
| | - Parthena Giannoulaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University General Hospital of Thessaloniki AHEPA, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Kantartzis
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Choi PM, Bowes DA, O'Brien JW, Li J, Halden RU, Jiang G, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Do food and stress biomarkers work for wastewater-based epidemiology? A critical evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139654. [PMID: 32497888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dietary characteristics and oxidative stress are closely linked to the wellbeing of individuals. In recent years, various urinary biomarkers of food and oxidative stress have been proposed for use in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), in efforts to objectively monitor the food consumed and the oxidative stress experienced by individuals in a wastewater catchment. However, it is not clear whether such biomarkers are suitable for wastewater-based epidemiology. This study presents a suite of 30 urinary food and oxidative stress biomarkers and evaluates their applicability for WBE studies. This includes 22 biomarkers which were not previously considered for WBE studies. Daily per capita loads of biomarkers were measured from 57 wastewater influent samples from nine Australian catchments. Stability of biomarkers were assessed using laboratory scale sewer reactors. Biomarkers of consumption of vitamin B2, vitamin B3 and fibre, as well as a component of citrus had per capita loads in line with reported literature values despite susceptibility of degradation in sewer reactors. Consumption biomarkers of red meat, fish, fruit, other vitamins and biomarkers of stress had per capita values inconsistent with literature findings, and/or degraded rapidly in sewer reactors, indicating that they are unsuitable for use as WBE biomarkers in the traditional quantitative sense. This study serves to communicate the suitability of food and oxidative stress biomarkers for future WBE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - D A Bowes
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America; OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, United States of America
| | - J W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - J Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - R U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America; OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, United States of America
| | - G Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - K V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - J F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia
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11
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Miwa T, Hanai T, Morino K, Katsumura N, Shimizu M. Effect of l-carnitine supplementation on muscle cramps induced by stroke: A case report. Nutrition 2019; 71:110638. [PMID: 31864971 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
l-carnitine, a compound responsible for transportation of acyl groups across cell membranes and modulating intracellular acyl-coenzyme A levels, is reported to reduce muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes and those on dialysis. A 79-y-old man with right-sided paralysis was admitted to our hospital and diagnosed with cerebral infarction. Nocturnal leg cramps appeared in the affected side and caused sleep disturbance. Supplementation with l-carnitine reduced the number of nocturnal leg cramps and alleviated sleep disturbance. It also plays an important role in nerve protection and treatment for carnitine deficiency. Patients with stroke-induced paralysis experience muscle wasting, which might reduce pooled carnitine in the affected side. This case suggests that stroke may cause localized carnitine deficiency, and l-carnitine supplementation might be effective for muscle cramps induced by stroke. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of l-carnitine supplementation for muscle cramps triggered by cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Miwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, JA Gifu Kouseiren Chuno Kousei Hospital, Seki, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Hanai
- Department of Gastroenterology/Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Morino
- Department of Internal Medicine, JA Gifu Kouseiren Chuno Kousei Hospital, Seki, Japan
| | - Naoki Katsumura
- Department of Internal Medicine, JA Gifu Kouseiren Chuno Kousei Hospital, Seki, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology/Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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12
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Sergi G, Pizzato S, Piovesan F, Trevisan C, Veronese N, Manzato E. Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in diabetic neuropathy and other geriatric disorders. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:133-138. [PMID: 28534301 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A long history of diabetes mellitus and increasing age are associated with the onset of diabetic neuropathy, a painful and highly disabling complication with a prevalence peaking at 50% among elderly diabetic patients. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is a molecule derived from the acetylation of carnitine in the mitochondria that has an essential role in energy production. It has recently been proposed as a therapy to improve the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. ALC is widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including the brain, blood-brain barrier, brain neurons, and astrocytes. Aside from its metabolic activity, ALC has demonstrated cytoprotective, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects in the nervous system. It exerts an analgesic action by reducing the concentration of glutamate in the synapses. It facilitates nerve regeneration and damage repair after primary trauma: its positive effects on metabolism promote the synthesis, fluidity, and functionality of neuronal membranes, increase protein synthesis, and improve the axonal transport of neurofilament proteins and tubulin. It also amplifies nerve growth factor responsiveness, an effect that is believed to enhance overall neurite growth. ALC has been proposed for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as mood disorders and depression, dementias, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, because synaptic energy states and mitochondrial dysfunction are core factors in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sergi
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Pizzato
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - F Piovesan
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Trevisan
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - N Veronese
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Manzato
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Chiriví J, Danies G, Sierra R, Schauer N, Trenkamp S, Restrepo S, Sanjuan T. Metabolomic profile and nucleoside composition of Cordyceps nidus sp. nov. (Cordycipitaceae): A new source of active compounds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179428. [PMID: 28636672 PMCID: PMC5479552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sensu lato is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi, which have been used traditionally as medicinal in Asia. Within the genus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis is the most coveted and expensive species in China. Nevertheless, harvesting wild specimens has become a challenge given that natural populations of the fungus are decreasing and because large-scale culture of it has not yet been achieved. The worldwide demand for products derived from cultivable fungal species with medicinal properties has increased recently. In this study, we propose a new species, Cordyceps nidus, which parasitizes underground nests of trapdoor spiders. This species is phylogenetically related to Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps pruinosa, and a sibling species of Cordyceps caloceroides. It is found in tropical rainforests from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. We also investigated the medicinal potential of this fungus based on its biochemical properties when grown on four different culture media. The metabolic profile particularly that of nucleosides, in polar and non-polar extracts was determined by UPLC, and then correlated to their antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content. The metabolome showed a high and significant dependency on the substrate used for fungal growth. The mass intensities of nucleosides and derivative compounds were higher in natural culture media in comparison to artificial culture media. Among these compounds, cordycepin was the predominant, showing the potential use of this species as an alternative to O. sinensis. Furthermore, methanol fractions showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, and less than 3.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dried extract were obtained when assessing its total phenolic content by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The presence of polyphenols opens the possibility of further exploring the antioxidant capacity and the conditions that may enhance this characteristic. The metabolic composition and biochemical activity indicate potential use of C. nidus in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chiriví
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Giovanna Danies
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rocio Sierra
- Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Sanjuan
- Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1661-1675. [PMID: 28508995 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. Treatment with L-carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the therapeutic potential of L-carnitine and its acetylated derivative acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) for neuroprotection in a number of disorders including hypoxia-ischemia, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and in conditions leading to central or peripheral nervous system injury. There is compelling evidence from preclinical studies that L-carnitine and ALCAR can improve energy status, decrease oxidative stress and prevent subsequent cell death in models of adult, neonatal and pediatric brain injury. ALCAR can provide an acetyl moiety that can be oxidized for energy, used as a precursor for acetylcholine, or incorporated into glutamate, glutamine and GABA, or into lipids for myelination and cell growth. Administration of ALCAR after brain injury in rat pups improved long-term functional outcomes, including memory. Additional studies are needed to better explore the potential of L-carnitine and ALCAR for protection of developing brain as there is an urgent need for therapies that can improve outcome after neonatal and pediatric brain injury.
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Tang S, Xu S, Lu X, Gullapalli RP, McKenna MC, Waddell J. Neuroprotective Effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Neonatal Hypoxia Ischemia-Induced Brain Injury in Rats. Dev Neurosci 2017; 38:384-396. [PMID: 28226317 DOI: 10.1159/000455041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is a significant cause of brain injury in surviving infants. Although hypothermia improves outcomes in some infants, additional therapies are needed since about 40% of infants still have a poor outcome. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), an acetylated derivative of L-carnitine, protected against early changes in brain metabolites and mitochondrial function after HI on postnatal day (PND) 7 in a rat pup model of near-term HI injury. However, its efficacy in long-term structural and functional outcomes remains unexplored. We determined the efficacy of ALCAR therapy administered to rat pups after HI at PND 7, using both longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral tests, in male and female rats. HI led to sex-specific behavioral impairment, with males exhibiting more global functional deficits than females. Interestingly, HI reduced the volume of the contralateral hemisphere in males only, suggesting that the brain injury is more diffuse in males than in females. Treatment with ALCAR improved both morphological and functional outcomes in both male and female rats. These results suggest that ALCAR may be a potential therapy for clinical use since the treatment attenuated the moderate injury produced under the experimental conditions used and improved the functional outcome in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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SIRT1 attenuates neuropathic pain by epigenetic regulation of mGluR1/5 expressions in type 2 diabetic rats. Pain 2016; 158:130-139. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Chiechio S. Modulation of Chronic Pain by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND THE MODULATION OF PAIN 2016; 75:63-89. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119479. [PMID: 25751285 PMCID: PMC4353712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), a constructive molecule in fatty acid metabolism, is an agent potentially effective for treating peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). Its effect, however, remains uncertain. We aimed to access the efficacy and safety of ALC for the treatment of patients with PNP. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1996–2014), EMBase (1974–2014), and CENTRAL (May 2014) up to June 27, 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ALC with placebo or other active medications in diabetic and non-diabetic PNP patients that reported the change of pain using visual analogue scale (VAS). Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for pooling continuous data. Results Four RCTs comparing ALC with placebo and reporting in three articles (n = 523) were included. Compared with placebo, ALC significantly reduced VAS scores of PNP patients (MD of VAS, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.68-1.72, P <0.00001). In the subgroup analysis, the effect of ALC on VAS was similar in different administration routes (intramuscular-oral sequential subgroup: MD, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.34-2.04, P = 0.006; oral only subgroup: pooled MD, 1.15; 95%CI, 0.33-1.96, P = 0.006), and ALC appeared more effective in diabetic PNP patients than non-diabetic PNP patients (diabetic subgroup: MD, 1.47; 95%CI, 1.06-1.87, P <0.00001; non-diabetic subgroup: MD, 0.71; 95% CI, -0.01-1.43, P = 0.05). No severe adverse events were reported related to ALC. The common adverse events were pain, headache, paraesthesia, hyperesthesia, retching, biliary colic, and gastrointestinal disorders. The rates of total adverse events were similar in ALC and control group. Conclusion The current evidence suggests that ALC has a moderate effect in reducing pain measured on VAS in PNP patients with acceptable safety. Larger trials with longer follow-up, however, are warranted to establish the effects.
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Holder BR, McNaney CA, Luchetti D, Schaeffer E, Drexler DM. Bioanalysis of acetylcarnitine in cerebrospinal fluid by HILIC-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1375-9. [PMID: 25712252 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is a potential biomarker for the modulation of brain neurotransmitter activity, but is also present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent studies have utilized hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) based assays to detect and quantify ALCAR within biofluids such as urine, plasma and serum, using various sample pretreatment procedures. In order to address the need to quantify ALCAR in CSF on a high-throughput scale, a new and simple HILIC-MS/MS assay has been successfully developed and validated. For rapid analysis, CSF sample pretreatment was performed via 'dilute and shoot' directly onto an advanced HILIC column prior to MS/MS detection. This newly developed HILIC-MS/MS assay shows good recoveries of ALCAR without the need for chemical derivatization and multistep sample extraction procedures. The employment of this assay is suitable for the high-throughput bioanalysis and quantification of ALCAR within the CSF of various animal models and human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Holder
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Colleen A McNaney
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - David Luchetti
- Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Eric Schaeffer
- Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Dieter M Drexler
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
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Hagen K, Brenner E, Linde M, Gravdahl GB, Tronvik EA, Engstrøm M, Sonnewald U, Helde G, Stovner LJ, Sand T. Acetyl-l-carnitine versus placebo for migraine prophylaxis: A randomized, triple-blind, crossover study. Cephalalgia 2015; 35:987-95. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102414566817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Preventive medication is indicated for many migraine patients, but is used in relatively few. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of acetyl-l-carnitine as a prophylactic drug in migraine patients. Methods A single-center, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was carried out. Men and women, age 18–65 years, with episodic migraine but otherwise healthy, were recruited mostly through advertisements. After a four-week run-in-phase, 72 participants were randomized to receive either placebo or 3 g acetyl-l-carnitine for 12 weeks. After a four-week washout, treatment was switched. The primary outcome was days with moderate or severe headache per four weeks. Secondary outcomes were days with headache, hours with headache, proportion of responders (>50% reduction in migraine days from baseline) and adverse events. Results In the complete case analyses, no statistically significant differences were found between acetyl-l-carnitine and placebo in severe or moderate headache days per month (3.0 versus 3.1, p = 0.80), headache days per month (5.1 versus 5.2, p = 0.73) or for the other secondary outcome measures. Conclusion In this triple-blind crossover study no differences were found in headache outcomes between acetyl-l-carnitine and placebo. Our results do not provide evidence of benefit for efficacy of acetyl-l-carnitine as prophylactic treatment for migraine. Trial registration: EUDRACT (2012-001624-36), ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01695317).
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Norway
| | - Eiliv Brenner
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Mattias Linde
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Erling Andreas Tronvik
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Norway
| | - Morten Engstrøm
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Grethe Helde
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Lars Jacob Stovner
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Norway
| | - Trond Sand
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Norway
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Kolber BJ. mGluRs Head to Toe in Pain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:281-324. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zammataro M, Sortino MA, Parenti C, Gereau RW, Chiechio S. HDAC and HAT inhibitors differently affect analgesia mediated by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Pain 2014; 10:68. [PMID: 25406541 PMCID: PMC4247606 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are key players in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Analgesic activity by HDAC inhibitors has been reported in different pain models including inflammatory and neuropathic pain. These drugs interfere with gene expression through different mechanisms including chromatin remodeling and/or activation of transcription factors. Among other targets, HDAC inhibitors regulate metabotropic glutamate receptors type 2 (mGlu2) expression in central and peripheral central nervous system. However whether inhibition of HAT activity also regulates mGlu2 expression has not been reported. Findings Here we report that curcumin (CUR), a naturally occurring compound endowed with p300/CREB-binding protein HAT inhibitory activity, is able to induce a drastic down-regulation of the mGlu2 receptor in the mouse spinal cord after systemic administration together with a marked hypoacetylation of histones H3 and H4 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Furthermore, the analgesic activity of the mGlu2/3 agonist, LY379268 is lost after a 3-day treatment with CUR. Conversely the analgesic activity of LY379268 is potentiated in mice pretreated for 5 consecutive days with the HDAC inhibitor, Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA), known to induce mGlu2-upregulation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that systemically injected CUR is able to inhibit H3 and H4 acetylation in the DRG and to down-regulate mGlu2 receptors in the spinal cord. We also demonstrate that long term modification of the mGlu2 expression affects the analgesic properties of the orthosteric mGlu2/3 agonist, LY379268. These data open up the possibility that epigenetic modulators might be given in combination with “traditional” drugs in a context of a multi target approach for a better analgesic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Santina Chiechio
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Abstract
Chronic distal symmetrical sensory peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological complication of cancer chemotherapy, HIV treatment and diabetes. Although aetiology-specific differences in presentation are evident, the clinical signs and symptoms of these neuropathies are clearly similar. Data from animal models of neuropathic pain suggest that the similarities have a common cause: mitochondrial dysfunction in primary afferent sensory neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction is caused by mitotoxic effects of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs of several chemical classes, HIV-associated viral proteins, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor treatment, as well as the (possibly both direct and indirect) effects of excess glucose. The mitochondrial injury results in a chronic neuronal energy deficit, which gives rise to spontaneous nerve impulses and a compartmental neuronal degeneration that is first apparent in the terminal receptor arbor--that is, intraepidermal nerve fibres--of cutaneous afferent neurons. Preliminary data suggest that drugs that prevent mitochondrial injury or improve mitochondrial function could be useful in the treatment of these conditions.
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Onofrj M, Ciccocioppo F, Varanese S, di Muzio A, Calvani M, Chiechio S, Osio M, Thomas A. Acetyl-L-carnitine: from a biological curiosity to a drug for the peripheral nervous system and beyond. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:925-36. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.814930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Doehring A, Geisslinger G, Lötsch J. Epigenetics in pain and analgesia: An imminent research field. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Choe MA, An GJ. [Effects of exercise on affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2010; 40:611-9. [PMID: 21157163 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2010.40.5.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on muscle weight and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury. METHODS Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation and cutting of the left L5 spinal nerve. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The Pain+Exercise (PE) group (n=21) and the Sham+Exercise (SE) group (n=20). All rats had 28 sessions of treadmill exercise at grade 10 for 30 minutes, twice/day at 10 m/min for 14 days. Body weight, food intake and activity were measured every day. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected. Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were measured. RESULTS The PE group showed significant increases (p<.05), as compared to the SE group for body weight and total diet intake, muscle weight of the unaffected soleus and plantaris, and in Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of unaffected three muscles and affected plantaris. CONCLUSION Exercise for 14 days attenuates unaffected soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle atrophy in neuropathic pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Ae Choe
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Cellular Stress Responses, Mitostress and Carnitine Insufficiencies as Critical Determinants in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Role of Hormesis and Vitagenes. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1880-915. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Glutamate and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) are respectively two major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters of the adult mammalian central nervous system. These neurotransmitters exert their action through two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. While ionotropic receptors are ligand gated ion channels involved in fast synaptic transmission, metabotropic receptors belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are responsible for the neuromodulatory effect of glutamate and GABA. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and metabotropic GABA receptors (GABA-B) are present at different levels of the pain neuraxis where they regulate nociceptive transmission and pain. The present review will focus on the role of these receptors in the modulation of pain perception.
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Chiechio S, Copani A, Gereau RW, Nicoletti F. Acetyl-L-carnitine in neuropathic pain: experimental data. CNS Drugs 2007; 21 Suppl 1:31-8; discussion 45-6. [PMID: 17696591 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200721001-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) has gained clinical interest for its analgesic effect in different forms of neuropathies associated with chronic pain, such as diabetic and HIV-related peripheral neuropathies. The antinociceptive effect of ALC has been confirmed in several experimental models of neuropathic pain, including streptozotocin- and chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, and the sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury model. In these models, prophylactic administration of ALC has proven to be effective in preventing the development of neuropathic pain. In addition, ALC is known to produce a strong antinociceptive effect when given after neuropathic pain has been established. ALC can also improve the function of peripheral nerves by increasing nerve conduction velocity, reducing sensory neuronal loss, and promoting nerve regeneration. Analgesia requires repeated administrations of ALC, suggesting that the drug regulates neuroplasticity across the pain neuraxis. Recent evidence indicates that ALC regulates processes that go beyond its classical role in energy metabolism. These processes involve the activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the forebrain, and an increased expression of type-2 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2) receptors in dorsal root ganglia neurons. Induction of mGlu2 receptors is mediated by acetylation mechanisms that involve transcription factors of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Chiechio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Chiechio S, Copani A, De Petris L, Morales MEP, Nicoletti F, Gereau RW. Transcriptional regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 expression by the NF-kappaB pathway in primary dorsal root ganglia neurons: a possible mechanism for the analgesic effect of L-acetylcarnitine. Mol Pain 2006; 2:20. [PMID: 16764720 PMCID: PMC1550235 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
L-acetylcarnitine (LAC), a drug utilized for the treatment of neuropathic pain in humans, has been shown to induce analgesia in rodents by up-regulating the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We now report that LAC-induced upregulation of mGlu2 expression in DRG cultures involves transcriptional activation mediated by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). A single application of LAC (250 muM) to DRG cultures induced a transient increase in mGlu2 mRNA, which was observable after 1 hour and was no longer detectable after 1 to 4 days. In contrast, LAC treatment had no effect on mGlu3 mRNA expression. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-kappaB binding to DNA by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) (2.5 microg/ml for 30 minutes) reduced the constitutive expression of mGlu2 and mGlu3 mRNA after 1-4 days and reduced the constitutive expression of mGlu2/3 protein at 4 days. This evidence combined with the expression of p65/RelA and c-Rel in DRG neurons indicated that expression of mGlu2 and mGlu3 is endogenously regulated by the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors. Consistent with this idea, the transient increase in mGlu2 mRNA induced by LAC after 1 hour was completely suppressed by CAPE. Furthermore, LAC induced an increase in the acetylation of p65/RelA, a process that enhances the transcriptional activity of p65/RelA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that LAC selectively induces the expression of mGlu2 by acting as a donor of acetyl groups, thus enhancing the activity of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors. Accordingly, we show that carnitine, which has no effect on pain thresholds, had no effect on p65/RelA acetylation and did not enhance mGlu2 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that expression of mGlu2 and mGlu3 mRNA is regulated by the NF-kappaB transcriptional machinery, and that agents that increase acetylation and activation of NF-kappaB transcription factors might induce analgesia via upregulation of mGlu2 in DRG neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcarnitine/metabolism
- Acetylcarnitine/pharmacology
- Analgesics/metabolism
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Caffeic Acids/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Phenylethyl Alcohol/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylethyl Alcohol/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Transcription Factor RelA/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Chiechio
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- I.B.B., CNR-Catania, Italy
| | - Laura De Petris
- Department of Pediatrics, Renal Division Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Elena P Morales
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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