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Mahfouz R, H El-Rewini S, I Ghoneim A, Sheta E, A Ali M, Ibrahim SSA. L-Carnitine augments probenecid anti-inflammatory effect in monoiodoacetate-induced knee osteoarthritis in rats: involvement of miRNA-373/P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB milieu. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:715-731. [PMID: 37994991 PMCID: PMC10907466 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease, whereas the underlying molecular trails involved in its pathogenesis are not fully elucidated. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the role of miRNA-373/P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB trajectory in its pathogenesis as well as the possible anti-inflammatory effects of probenecid and l-carnitine in ameliorating osteoarthritis via modulating this pathway. In the current study, male Sprague Dawley rats were used and monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee osteoarthritis model was adopted. Probenecid and/or L-carnitine treatments for 14 days succeeded in reducing OA knee size and reestablishing motor coordination and joint mobility assessed by rotarod testing. Moreover, different treatments suppressed the elevated serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α via tackling the miRNA-373/P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB, witnessed as reductions in protein expressions of P2X7, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and NF-κB. These were accompanied by increases in procaspase-1 and IκB protein expression and in miRNA-373 gene expression OA knee to various extents. In addition, different regimens reversed the abnormalities observed in the H and E as well as Safranin O-Fast green OA knees stained sections. Probenecid or l-carnitine solely showed comparable results on the aforementioned parameters, whereas the combination therapy had the most prominent effect on ameliorating the aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, l-carnitine augmented the probenecid's anti-inflammatory effect to attenuate MIA-induced osteoarthritis in rats by provoking the miRNA-373 level and inhibiting the P2X7/NLRP3/NF-κB milieu, leading to the suppression of serum inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α. These findings suggest the possibility of using probenecid and l-carnitine as a useful therapeutic option for treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Mahfouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Safaa H El-Rewini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asser I Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherihan Salaheldin Abdelhamid Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Canal El- Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Sheida A, Davar R, Tabibnejad N, Eftekhar M. The effect of adding L-Carnitine to the GnRH-antagonist protocol on assisted reproductive technology outcome in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:1878135. [PMID: 33517804 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1878135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding L-Carnitine to the gonadotropins on ART outcome in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles among PCOS women. METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, 83 patients with PCOS were randomized to either L-Carnitine supplemented (n = 42) or control (n = 41) groups. The L-Carnitine group was given 3000 mg of oral L-Carnitine daily until the final day of ovulation. The numbers of metaphase II (MII) oocytes, 2-pronuclears (2PNs), oocyte maturity rate, fertilization rate, fertilization proportion as well as implantation, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Even though the duration of stimulation and endometrial thickness were comparable between groups (p > .05), serum estradiol level on the day of oocyte triggering, was significantly higher in the L-Carnitine group compared to the control group (p < .05). In contrast, the number of retrieved and MII oocytes as well as the number of 2PNs and obtained embryos were similar between groups (p > .05). Moreover, oocyte maturity rate (0.85 ± 0.38 vs. 1.02 ± 0.90), fertilization proportion (0.62 ± 0.44 vs. 0.80 ± 0.86), fertilization rate (0.70 ± 0.22 vs. 0.76 ± 0.19) along with implantation rate (18.1 vs. 13.7%), chemical (26.8 vs. 30.7%) and clinical (24.3 vs. 25.6%) pregnancy rates, were all comparable between L-Carnitine and control groups respectively (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Our result showed that oral L-Carnitine administration during induction of ovulation among PCOS women could not improve laboratory and pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Sheida
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Robab Davar
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nasim Tabibnejad
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Eftekhar
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Samir H, Swelum AA, Abdelnaby EA, El-Sherbiny HR. Incorporation of L-Carnitine in the OvSynch protocol enhances the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of the ovarian structures and uterus in ewes under summer climatic conditions. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:246. [PMID: 37996926 PMCID: PMC10668402 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively impacts the reproductive performance of sheep including the efficiency of estrous synchronization regimens. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of L-Carnitine (LC) administration on the efficacy of the OvSynch protocol in ewes under summer climatic conditions. Ewes were synchronized for estrus using the OvSynch protocol and a dose of LC (20 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously (IV) administered on the same day of PGF2α injection to one group (n = 8; LC group), while other ewes (n = 8; control group) received the same protocol without LC. Ultrasonographic evaluation (including B-mode, color, and pulsed Doppler) was used to assess the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of ovarian structures [number, size, and blood flow of follicles (GFs) and corpora lutea (CLs)] and uterus during the estrous phase (Day 0), and on Day 8 post ovulation (luteal phase). Uterine artery blood flow (MUA) was assessed by measuring the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) at both stages. The serum samples were collected to measure the concentrations of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using commercial kits. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the colored pixel area of GFs and uterus in the LC group (392.84 ± 31.86 and 712.50 ± 46.88, respectively) compared to the control one (226.25 ± 17.74 and 322 ± 18.78, respectively) during Day 0. Circulating E2 and TAC levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the LC-treated ewes (31.45 ± 1.53 pg/ml and 1.80 ± 0.13 mM/L, respectively) compared to those in the control ewes (21.20 ± 1.30 pg/ml and 0.98 ± 0.09 mM/L, respectively) during Day 0. Moreover, LC improved the colored pixel area of CLs (2038.14 ± 102.94 versus 1098 ± 82.39) and uterus (256.38 ± 39.28 versus 121.75 ± 11.36) and circulating P4 (2.99 ± 0.26 ng/ml versus1.67 ± 0.15 ng/ml) on Day 8. Values of RI of MUA were significantly lower in the LC group compared to the control one on Day 0 and Day 8 (0.48 ± 0.03 versus 0.72 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.03 versus 0.78 ± 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, LC incorporation in the OvSynch protocol enhanced the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of the ovarian structures and the uterus concomitantly with improvements in the TAC, E2, and P4 concentrations in ewes under hot summer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haney Samir
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hossam R El-Sherbiny
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Gökçe Y, Danisman B, Akcay G, Derin N, Yaraş N. L-Carnitine improves mechanical responses of cardiomyocytes and restores Ca 2+ homeostasis during aging. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:341-347. [PMID: 37329457 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
L-Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylaminobutyric acid, LC) is a crucial molecule for the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids. It facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. The reduction in LC levels during the aging process has been linked to numerous cardiovascular disorders, including contractility dysfunction, and disrupted intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of long-term (7 months) LC administration on cardiomyocyte contraction and intracellular Ca2+ transients ([Ca2+]i) in aging rats. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to either the control or LC-treated groups. LC (50 mg/kg body weight/day) was dissolved in distilled water and orally administered for a period of 7 months. The control group received distilled water alone. Subsequently, ventricular single cardiomyocytes were isolated, and the contractility and Ca2+ transients were recorded in aging (18 months) rats. This study demonstrates, for the first time, a novel inotropic effect of long-term LC treatment on rat ventricular cardiomyocyte contraction. LC increased cardiomyocyte cell shortening and resting sarcomere length. Furthermore, LC supplementation led to a reduction in resting [Ca2+]i level and an increase in the amplitude of [Ca2+]i transients, indicative of enhanced contraction. Consistent with these results, decay time of Ca2+ transients also decreased significantly in the LC-treated group. The long-term administration of LC may help restore the Ca2+ homeostasis altered during aging and could be used as a cardioprotective medication in cases where myocyte contractility is diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Gökçe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Betul Danisman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Guven Akcay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Narin Derin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nazmi Yaraş
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Mateus FG, Moreira S, Martins AD, Oliveira PF, Alves MG, Pereira MDL. L-Carnitine and Male Fertility: Is Supplementation Beneficial? J Clin Med 2023; 12:5796. [PMID: 37762736 PMCID: PMC10531648 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Carnitine, a natural antioxidant found in mammals, plays a crucial role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is used as a nutritional supplement by professional athletes, improving performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, its therapeutic applications, including those in male infertility, have been investigated, as it may act as a defense mechanism against the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the testis, a process that can lead to sperm damage. This effect is achieved by enhancing the expression and activity of enzymes with antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the benefits of L-Carnitine remain unknown. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge about the potential benefits of L-Carnitine and its role in male (in)fertility. Considering in vitro studies with Sertoli cells, pre-clinical studies, and investigations involving infertile men, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of L-Carnitine has been established. In vitro studies suggest that L-Carnitine has a direct influence on somatic Sertoli cells, improving the development of germ cells. Overall, evidence supports that L-Carnitine can positively impact male fertility, even at a relatively low dose of 2 g/day. This supplementation enhances sperm parameters, regulates hormone levels, reduces ROS levels, and subsequently improves fertility rates. However, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish optimal doses. In conclusion, the role of L-Carnitine in the field of male reproductive health is highlighted, with the potential to improve sperm quality and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa G. Mateus
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Moreira
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.M.); (P.F.O.)
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana D. Martins
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.M.); (P.F.O.)
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.M.); (P.F.O.)
| | - Marco G. Alves
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
- iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Musazadeh V, Alinejad H, Esfahani NK, Kavyani Z, Keramati M, Roshanravan N, Mosharkesh E, Dehghan P. The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adults: an umbrella meta-analysis on interventional meta-analyses. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1214734. [PMID: 37727632 PMCID: PMC10506516 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1214734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous meta-analyses investigating the therapeutic effects of L-carnitine on lipid profiles have demonstrated inconsistent results. The present umbrella meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of efficacy of L-carnitine on lipid profiles in adults. Methods Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched up to June 2023. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Results Our results from thirteen meta-analyses indicated that L-carnitine supplementation significantly total cholesterol (TC) (ES = -1.05 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.71, -0.39; p = 0.002), triglycerides (TG) (ES = -2.51 mg/dL; 95% CI: -3.62, -1.39, p < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (ES = -4.81 mg/dL; 95% CI: -6.04, -3.59; p < 0.001). It also increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (ES: 0.66 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.12, p = 0.005) levels. Conclusion The present umbrella meta-analysis suggests supplementation with L-carnitine in a dosage of more than 2 g/day can improve lipid profile. Thus, L-carnitine supplementation can be recommended as an adjuvant anti-hyperlipidemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanie Alinejad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Zeynab Kavyani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Keramati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Mosharkesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nazari M, Jalili M, As'habi A. Conjugated linoleic acid and L-carnitine combination effects on obesity-related miRNAs in diet-induced obese rats. Obes Res Clin Pract 2023; 17:378-382. [PMID: 37634961 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is a major global health issue, resulting in significant costs and increased mortality rates. Finding effective treatments for obesity is therefore essential. This study investigated the combined effects of L-Carnitine (LC) and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on weight loss and adipose tissue microRNA levels. SUBJECTS /METHODS Forty male Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g and about 8 weeks old were fed either a normal fat diet (NFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Afterwards, the HFD group was randomly divided into four subgroups: control, LC (200 mg kg-1), CLA (500 mg kg-1), and both (n = 8 in each group). The study lasted for an additional 4 weeks. The animals' weights were recorded regularly, and after 12 weeks, miRNAs were extracted from epididymal adipose tissue and analysed using real-time PCR. The miRNA expression levels of miR-27a and miR-143 were compared between groups using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and one-way ANOVA tests in SPSS software. RESULTS At the end of the first 8 weeks, the HFD group weighed significantly more than the NFD group. LC significantly decreased weight gain (4.2%) compared to the control group, whereas CLA alone (3.5%) or in combination with LC (3.1%) did not significantly slow weight gain. Real-time PCR results showed that the HFD group had higher miR-143 levels and lower miR-27a levels compared to the NFD group. LC and CLA increased miR-27a expression after 4 weeks, but their combination decreased miR-27a expression. CLA alone reduced miR-143 expression, whereas LC had almost no effect. Their combination also reduced miR-143 expression. CONCLUSION CLA and LC, which are considered weight loss supplements, can potentially regulate metabolism and cellular pathways. However, their combination did not show a synergistic effect on weight loss, possibly due to the reduction in miR-27a expression. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of combined fat burners on obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazari
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Jalili
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Atefeh As'habi
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Ennab W, Ye N, Wu H, Ullah S, Hadi T, Bassey AP, Mustafa S, Jiang J, Wei Q, Shi F. The Synergistic Effects of the Combination of L-Carnitine and Lycopene on the Lycopene Bioavailability and Duodenal Health of Roosters. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081274. [PMID: 37106837 PMCID: PMC10134981 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Lycopene and L-Carnitine, individually or in combination, on various physiological and molecular factors related to intestinal health and absorption ability in Roosters, such as intestinal morphology, serum biochemical parameters, genes involved in Lycopene uptake, nutritional transport genes, and tight junction genes. The findings of the study revealed that the combination of L-Carnitine and Lycopene supplementation had been found to increase the serum concentration levels of TP and ALB. Interestingly, the relative mRNA expression of genes responsible for Lycopene uptakes, such as SR-BI and BCO2, was higher in the LC group compared to other groups. Additionally, the expression of specific nutritional transport genes in the duodenum was significantly affected by both CAR and LC supplementation groups. The tight junction gene OCLN showed a significant increase in expression in the combination group compared to using either Lycopene or L-Carnitine alone. This study concludes that using Lycopene and L-carnitine in combination in poultry feed can potentially improve intestinal morphology and serum biochemical parameters, increase Lycopene bioavailability, improve nutrients uptake, and enhance the integrity of duodenal tight junctions in Roosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Ennab
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nanwei Ye
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haoze Wu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tavakolikazerooni Hadi
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Anthony Pius Bassey
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Synergistic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheeraz Mustafa
- Faculty of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Ziauddin University (ZUFVAS), Karachi 75600, Pakistan
| | - Jingle Jiang
- Shanghai Endangered Species Conservation and Research Centre, Shanghai Zoo, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Hassan N, Rashad M, Elleithy E, Sabry Z, Ali G, Elmosalamy S. L-Carnitine alleviates hepatic and renal mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic progression induced by letrozole in female rats through modulation of Nrf-2, Cyt c and CASP- 3 signaling. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:357-368. [PMID: 35176959 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2039180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Letrozole (LTZ) is a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor that is commonly used in breast cancer therapy. It has several side effects that might lead to the drug's cessation and data of LTZ's potential adverse effects on the hepatorenal microenvironment was conflicting. In addition, searching for therapeutic interventions that could modulate its adverse effects will be very beneficial. So, this study aims to determine the impact of LTZ on the hepatorenal microenvironment in cyclic female rats with a proposed regulatory role of L-Carnitine (LC) supplementation giving molecular insights into its possible mechanism of action. LTZ (1 mg/kg using 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose as a vehicle for 21 consecutive days orally) to assess its impact on hepatorenal microenvironment. After treatment with LC (100 mg/kg orally) for 14 days, hepatorenal redox state (lipid peroxides (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase enzyme (CAT)), as well as relative gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), cytochrome-c (Cyt c) and caspase-3 (CASP-3) were evaluated. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of CASP-3 in both liver and kidney were done. LTZ altered hepatic and renal functions. Relative gene expression of hepatorenal Nrf-2, Cyt c and CASP-3 as well as redox state revealed significant deterioration. Also, the liver and kidney tissues showed several micromorphological changes and intense reaction to CASP-3 upon immunohistochemical staining. It can be concluded that LC alleviates LTZ induced hepatorenal oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic progression through modulation of Nrf-2, Cyt c, and CASP-3 signaling in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neven Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Maha Rashad
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Ebtihal Elleithy
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Zainab Sabry
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Ghada Ali
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
| | - Sherif Elmosalamy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cario, Egypt
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Yahyapoor F, Keshani M, Sedaghat A, Feizi A, Clark CCT, Bagherniya M, Safarian M, Badpeyma M, Norouzy A. The effects of adjunctive treatment with L-carnitine on monitoring laboratory variables in ICU patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2023; 24:3. [PMID: 36597167 PMCID: PMC9808964 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-07010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critically ill patients must be monitored constantly in intensive care units (ICUs). Among many laboratory variables, nutritional status indicators are a key role in the prognosis of diseases. We investigated the effects of L-carnitine adjunctive therapy on monitoring variables in critical illness. METHOD A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was implemented in a medical ICU. Participants were 54 patients, aged > 18 years, with multiple conditions, randomly assigned to receive 3 g L-carnitine per day or placebo, along with enteral feeding, for 1 week. Primary outcomes included monitoring variables related to nutritional status. RESULT Of 54 patients randomly assigned, 51 completed the trial. Serum albumin (Alb) (P-value: 0.001), total protein (P-value: 0.003), and calcium (Ca) (0.044) significantly increased in the intervention vs. control group. Alanine transaminase (ALT) (0.022), lactate (<0.001), creatinine (Cr) (0.005), and international normalized ratio (INR) (0.049) decreased meaningfully in the intervention vs. control group. CONCLUSION L-Carnitine supplementation in critically ill patients can improve several parameters including INR, Cr, ALT, lactate, Ca, Alb, and total protein. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT 20151108024938N2. This trial was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (registration code: IR.MUMS.fm.REC.1396.671) (available at https://en.irct.ir/trial/30748 , May 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farveh Yahyapoor
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Keshani
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XFood Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ,grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sedaghat
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XBiostatistics and Epidemiology Department, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- grid.8096.70000000106754565Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XFood Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ,grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ,grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XAnesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Badpeyma
- grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ,grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Norouzy
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Nouri E, Karimi SA, Raoufi S, Zarei M. Protective effects of L-carnitine against valproic acid-induced memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior in adult rat. Physiol Behav 2022; 253:113853. [PMID: 35609723 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the effects of valproic acid (VPA) on spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory as well as to assess the protective effects of L-Carnitine (LC) against VPA-induced memory deficit in the rat. Male Wistar rats received VPA (300 mg/kg/daily by i.p. injection), or LC (50 mg/kg/ daily by i.p. injection), or co-treatment with VPA and LC for 28 days. Following 28 days, Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM), Morris Water Maze (MWM), and Passive Avoidance Learning (PAL) tasks were used to evaluate the anxiety-like behavior and spatial and passive learning and memory, respectively. Our results showed that VPA has no effect on memory acquisition (in both MWM and PAL) but induced reference memory impairment. We demonstrated that treatment with LC partially ameliorated the impairment in the retrieval of reference memory and passive avoidance learning. Moreover, VPA increased anxiety-like behavior, which was partially reversed by the administration of LC. In conclusion, these results show that LC is effective in counteracting the anxiety-like behavior and reference memory impairment caused by VPA. Therefore, LC may serve as a possible therapeutic agent for VPA-induced memory change.
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Ito S, Nakashima M, Ishikiriyama T, Nakashima H, Yamagata A, Imakiire T, Kinoshita M, Seki S, Kumagai H, Oshima N. Effects of L-Carnitine Treatment on Kidney Mitochondria and Macrophages in Mice with Diabetic Nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press Res 2022; 47:277-290. [PMID: 35104825 DOI: 10.1159/000522013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In diabetic nephropathy (DN), mitochondrial dysfunction and leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are caused by the downregulation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). mtDNA induces the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, which is present in macrophages (Mφs), and triggers their activation. METHODS We orally administered L-carnitine, which exerts protective effects on the mitochondria, to obesity-induced DN (db/db) mice for 8 weeks. We then investigated the effects of L-carnitine on kidney mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, circulating mtDNA content, and kidney CD11bhigh/CD11blow Mφ functions. RESULTS In db/db mice, mtROS production increased in proximal tubular cells and kidney CD11blow Mφs; both Mφ types showed enhanced TLR9 expression. L-Carnitine treatment suppressed mtROS production in both proximal tubular cells and CD11blow Mφs (p < 0.01), with improved SOD2 expression in the kidney (p < 0.01), decreased circulating mtDNA content, and reduced albuminuria. Moreover, it suppressed Mφ infiltration into kidneys and reduced TLR9 expression in Mφs (p < 0.01), thereby lowering tumor necrosis factor-α production in CD11bhigh Mφs (p < 0.05) and ROS production by CD11blow Mφs (p < 0.01). Collectively, these changes alleviated DN symptoms. CONCLUSION The positive effects of L-carnitine on DN suggest its potential as a novel therapeutic agent against obesity-linked DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishikiriyama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Akira Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Imakiire
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shuhji Seki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kumagai
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Oshima
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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El-Saway HB, Soliman MM, Sadek KM, Nassef E, Abouzed TK. Beneficial impact of dietary methyl methionine sulfonium chloride and/or L-carnitine supplementation on growth performance, feed efficiency, and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chicken: role of IGF-1 and MSTN genes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:98. [PMID: 35141787 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with methyl methionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC), and L-carnitine (L-CAR) alone or in combination on the growth performance of broilers through their impact on the expression of IGF-1 and MSTN genes associated with growth in broilers. One-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated into four groups, each of which received a broiler starter diet and water daily ad libitum. The control group (group 1) was given drinking water without any additives. Group 2 received 0.25 g L-carnitine per liter of drinking water, group 3 received 0.25 g MMSC per liter of drinking water, and group 4 received 0.25 g of both L-carnitine and MMSC per liter of drinking water. Birds were given a starter diet to 21 days after which they received a broiler grower diet to 35 days when the experiment ended. There were five replicate groups of 12 birds per treatment. Body weights and feed intake were recorded weekly. Compared to the control group of birds, supplementation with MMSC either alone or in combination with L-carnitine resulted in an increase in growth rate or feed utilization efficiency; L-carnitine by itself had no effect. MMSC supplementation, again either alone or in combination with L-carnitine, increased jejunal and ileal villi height, increased serum total proteins and globulins, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) mRNA, and upregulated insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression. Supplementation with L-carnitine alone showed none of these effects. We conclude that MMSC supplementation improved growth performance through the upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA expression and downregulation of MSTN mRNA expression.
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Karam KM, Alebady AS, Al-Nailey KGC, Al-Delemi DHJ. L-Carnitine effect on induced hyperlipidemia on premature rats: fertility profile. J Med Life 2022; 15:124-131. [PMID: 35186146 PMCID: PMC8852634 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the reproductive performance of premature male rats and to evaluate the influence of L-Carnitine (CAR) in maintaining their fertility. Sixty rats were divided randomly into three groups. Control group (CG n=20 rats), cholesterol feeding group 1 (CFG1 n=20 rats) fed 1.5% cholesterol with diet for one month, and cholesterol feeding group 2 (CFG2 n=20 rats) fed 1.5% cholesterol with diet + CAR 150 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) given by water for one month. Results showed a significant increase in body weight of CFG1 compared with CG and CFG2. The lipid profile of CFG1 after one month of feeding cholesterol showed a significant increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared with CG and with the group that watered by CAR and CFG2. Results of sperms parameters in CGF2 showed a significant increase in sperms count with sperms live percentage and a significant decrease in sperms abnormalities percentage compared with CGF1 and CG. The hormonal profile showed a significant decrease in serum testosterone levels in rats from CFG1 compared with CFG2 and CG. In conclusion, CAR is a powerful antioxidant that can maintain the parameters of sperms of hypercholesterolemic premature rats, which may enhance the fertilizing ability of subfertile rats that may occur due to hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohammed Karam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq,* Corresponding Author: Khalid Mohammed Karam, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. E-mail:
| | - Ahmed Saed Alebady
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
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Khatab LA, Abdel-Raheem IT, Ghoneim AI. Protective effects of melatonin and L-carnitine against methotrexate-induced toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:87-97. [PMID: 34821957 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effects of melatonin (MEL) and/or L-carnitine (L-CAR) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were prepared using collagenase techniques of perfusion and digestion of rat liver. Trypan blue uptake, as well as, glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured. Caspase-3 activity was also assessed. Pre-incubation of hepatocytes with MEL (1 mM) and/or L-CAR (10 mM) 30 min prior to intoxication with MTX, significantly protected hepatocytes against toxicity. In addition, LPO, NO, TNF-α levels, and caspase-3 activity were decreased in comparison to the MTX-intoxicated group. Furthermore, the two drugs increased the MTX-depleted GSH level. MEL and L-CAR prevented MTX-induced hepatocytotoxicity, at least partly, by their antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Further studies are recommended on the clinical pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of MEL and L-CAR in patients receiving MTX.
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16
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Heianza Y, Ma W, DiDonato JA, Sun Q, Rimm EB, Hu FB, Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Qi L. Ten-year changes in plasma L-carnitine levels and risk of coronary heart disease. Eur J Nutr 2021. [PMID: 34799774 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE L-Carnitine is abundant in animal source foods, particularly red meat, and circulating L-carnitine may be related to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). We investigated whether long-term changes in plasma L-carnitine over 10 years were associated with the CHD incidence and also examined joint associations of carnitine-rich red meat consumption and L-carnitine changes on the subsequent risk of CHD. METHODS This prospective nested case-control study included 772 healthy women at baseline (386 incident CHD cases and 386 healthy controls). Plasma L-carnitine levels were measured both at the first (1989-90) and second blood collections (2000-02). Incident cases of CHD were prospectively followed from the date of the second blood collection through 2016. RESULTS Overall, a greater increase in L-carnitine from the first to the second time point was related to a higher risk of CHD, regardless of the initial L-carnitine levels (relative risk: 1.36 (95% CI 0.999, 1.84) per 1-SD increase). The 10-year changes in L-carnitine were positively associated with red meat consumption over time, and women with higher red meat intake (≥ 36 g/day) and with greater increases in L-carnitine had a 1.86 (95% CI 1.13, 3.09) times increased risk of CHD, as compared to those with lower red meat intake and lesser increases in L-carnitine. CONCLUSION Long-term increases in L-carnitine levels were associated with the subsequent incidence of CHD, especially among women with higher intake of red meat. Our results suggest the importance of atherogenic L-carnitine changes and dietary intakes over time in the prevention of CHD.
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Sangouni AA, Pakravanfar F, Ghadiri-Anari A, Nadjarzadeh A, Fallahzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M. The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on insulin resistance, sex hormone-binding globulin and lipid profile in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1199-1207. [PMID: 34727201 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are linked to PCOS. L-Carnitine supplementation as a management strategy for women with PCOS has been proposed. The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on insulin resistance, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and lipid profile in overweight/obese women with PCOS was investigated. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, was conducted on 62overweight/obese women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive 1000 mg/day L-carnitine or placebo (1000 mg starch) for 12 weeks. RESULTS L-Carnitine supplementation compared to the placebo showed a significant improvement in insulin [- 0.7 (- 7.3 to 4.0) vs. 0.7 (- 3.0 to 5.2); P = 0.001], homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [- 0.4 (- 1.7 to 1.1) vs. 0.0 (- 0.7 to 1.3); P = 0.002], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+ 0.01 ± 0.02 vs. - 0.01 ± 0.01; P = 0.02) and a non-significant change toward improvement in SHBG (+ 11.5 ± 40.2 vs. - 3.2 ± 40.2; P = 0.2). However, there was no significant differences between the two groups in serum levels of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION 12-week L-carnitine supplementation in overweight or obese women with PCOS ameliorate insulin resistance, but has no effect on SHBG and lipid profile. Studies with higher dosages and duration of L-carnitine intake are required. The trial was registered on 30 December 2019 at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20191016045131N1. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered on 30th December 2019 at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20191016045131N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Sangouni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pakravanfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Akram Ghadiri-Anari
- Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Nadjarzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Mota SI, Pita I, Águas R, Tagorti S, Virmani A, Pereira FC, Rego AC. Mechanistic perspectives on differential mitochondrial-based neuroprotective effects of several carnitine forms in Alzheimer's disease in vitro model. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2769-2784. [PMID: 34164711 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial deregulation has emerged as one of the earliest pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Improvement of mitochondrial function in AD has been considered a relevant therapeutic approach. L-carnitine (LC), an amino acid derivative involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria, was previously demonstrated to improve mitochondrial function, having beneficial effects in neurological disorders; moreover, acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is currently under phase 4 clinical trial for AD (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01320527). Thus, in the present study, we investigated the impact of different forms of carnitines, namely LC, ALC and propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) on mitochondrial toxicity induced by amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 oligomers (AβO; 1 μM) in mature rat hippocampal neurons. Our results indicate that 5 mM LC, ALC and PLC totally rescued the mitochondrial membrane potential and alleviated both the decrease in oxygen consumption rates and the increase in mitochondrial fragmentation induced by AβO. These could contribute to the prevention of neuronal death by apoptosis. Moreover, only ALC ameliorated AβO-evoked changes in mitochondrial movement by reducing the number of stationary mitochondria and promoting reversal mitochondrial movement. Data suggest that carnitines (LC, ALC and PLC) may act differentially to counteract changes in mitochondrial function and movement in neurons subjected to AβO, thus counteracting AD-related pathological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Mota
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Pita
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Águas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Slah Tagorti
- Alfasigma B.V, 3528 BG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederico C Pereira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Kubota K, Uojima H, Shao X, Iwasaki S, Hidaka H, Wada N, Nakazawa T, Shibuya A, Kako M, Koizumi W. Additional L-Carnitine Reduced the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients with Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy on Rifaximin. Dig Dis 2021; 40:313-321. [PMID: 34348263 DOI: 10.1159/000518067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data regarding the additional effect on the recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) after oral L-carnitine administration are scarce. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the additional effects of L-carnitine in patients who were receiving rifaximin for HE. METHODS This randomized study comprised a screening visit and a 12-week treatment period. Patients who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were randomized to either group A (additional rifaximin) or group B (additional L-carnitine and rifaximin). Group A received 1,200 mg/day of rifaximin. Group B received 1,500 mg/day of L-carnitine and rifaximin at 1,200 mg/day. The endpoints were the changes in the portal systemic encephalopathy (PSE) index and the admission rate from the baseline for the duration of the study in both groups. RESULTS Eighty-three patients were randomized to either group A (n = 42) or group B (n = 41). In group A, the PSE index decreased from 0.35 ± 0.09 at baseline to 0.27 ± 0.11 on the final evaluation day (p = 0.001). In group B, the PSE index decreased from 0.37 ± 0.09 at baseline to 0.24 ± 0.11 on the final evaluation day (p = 0.001). Although there was not a significant reduction in the PSE index in group A compared to that in group B (p = 0.202), the admission rates were 30.9% and 9.8% in groups A and B, respectively. Additional L-carnitine significantly reduced the admission rate (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION L-Carnitine addition reduced the risk of hospitalization for patients who received rifaximin for HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Haruki Uojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Xue Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuichiro Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hidaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Naohisa Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takahide Nakazawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Akitaka Shibuya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Makoto Kako
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Wasaburo Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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Esmail M, Anwar S, Kandeil M, El-Zanaty AM, Abdel-Gabbar M. Effect of Nigella sativa, atorvastatin, or L-Carnitine on high fat diet-induced obesity in adult male Albino rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111818. [PMID: 34126354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing rapidly across the globe. It is widely accepted that natural products with a long safety background may modulate obesity. The current work aimed to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa, atorvastatin, or L-Carnitine on high-fat diet-induced obesity in white male albino rats. A regular basal diet was fed to 7 rats, and a high-fat diet (HFD) was fed to 24 rats throughout the study for 12 weeks. The HFD group was split equally into four subgroups, each containing six rats. The first group fed on HFD with no medication, the second group received HFD+ Nigella sativa, the third group received HFD+ atorvastatin, and the fourth group received HFD+L-carnitine. At the beginning of the seventh week (the start of the treatment regimen), Nigella sativa, atorvastatin, or L-Carnitine were administered for six weeks. Glucose, body weight, serum atherogenic index (AI), ALT, and AST activities were analyzed. The pathological alterations in the hepatic tissues were examined microscopically and scored. The results revealed that the HFD diet significantly increased the final body weight, serum AI, and serum levels of liver enzymes. Treatment with L-carnitine or Nigella sativa significantly normalized the lipid profile and decreased the final body weight, serum AI, and Serum ALT. Histopathological examination of the liver of HFD received rats showed features of steatosis, which were mitigated by the administration of Nigella sativa or L-Carnitine, while atorvastatin had no significant effect on the improvement of hepatic lesions. Collectively, study findings showed that Nigella sativa or L-Carnitine has mitigated effects on metabolic and histopathological changes in the liver tissues of rats fed with HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Esmail
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shehata Anwar
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Kandeil
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ali Mahmoud El-Zanaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abdel-Gabbar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Ayyat MS, Abd El-Latif KM, Helal AA, Al-Sagheer AA. Interaction of supplementary L-carnitine and dietary energy levels on feed utilization and blood constituents in New Zealand White rabbits reared under summer conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:279. [PMID: 33885998 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the summer season, the harmful effects of high ambient temperatures on rabbit productivity have attained global interest. Therefore, the use of new nutritional strategies to improve heat tolerance in rabbits has become highly needed. In the current experiment, the effect of the addition of L-carnitine (LC) to normal (NE) or high-energy (HE) diets of growing rabbits reared under summer conditions on their productive performance, physiological indicators, and carcass characteristics was assessed. For this purpose, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with two dietary levels of energy of 10.00 and 11.22 MJ kg-1 diet of NE and HE, respectively, which was fortified with 0 or 50 mg of LC kg-1 of diet (LC0 and LC50, respectively). The feeding trial was conducted using 80 male rabbits (initial body weight, 630.7 ± 1.3 g; 35-day-old), and it lasted for 56 days. Throughout the experiment, the average temperature humidity index was 35.49 reflecting very severe heat stress conditions. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate decreased significantly in rabbits fed NE+LC50, HE+LC0, and HE+LC50 diets compared with those fed NE diets without supplementation. Simultaneously, growth indices and feed conversion ratio were enhanced significantly. Rabbits fed NE+LC50, HE+LC0, and HE+LC50 diets showed significantly higher blood hemoglobin, white blood cell counts, total protein, glucose, and red blood cell counts, compared with those fed a NE+LC0 diet. Rabbits fed NE+LC50 and HE+LC50 showed higher economic efficiency. In conclusion, growing rabbits reared under summer conditions responded positively to LC supplementation and HE diets, in terms of the highest growth performance, feed conversion, and physiological and biochemical indicators, making them potentially safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Ayyat
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | | | - Amera A Helal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Adham A Al-Sagheer
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
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Zhu Y, Xue C, Ou J, Xie Z, Deng J. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in patients on hemodialysis: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 53:2149-2158. [PMID: 33713287 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-02835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-carnitine is an amino acid derivative that is thought to be helpful for treating renal anemia in hemodialysis patients. However, the mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. METHODS A literature search was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and conduct a meta-analysis for investigating the effect of L-carnitine in the treatment of renal anemia in participants receiving hemodialysis. RESULTS A total of 18 eligible trials with 1090 participants were included in this study. L-carnitine can significantly increase plasma free L-carnitine levels (mean difference [MD]: 140.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 102.22-178.85; P < 0.00001), decrease the erythropoietin responsiveness index (ERI; MD: -2.72, 95% CI -3.20 to -2.24; P < 0.00001) and the required erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) doses (MD: -1.70, 95% CI -2.04 to -1.36; P < 0.00001). However, the use of L-carnitine was not associated with a higher hemoglobin level (MD: 0.18, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.55; P = 0.35) and hematocrit level (MD: 1.07, 95% CI -0.73 to 2.87; P = 0.24). In subgroup analyses, the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in patients on hemodialysis were independent of the treatment duration and intervention routes. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis indicated that L-carnitine therapy significantly increased plasma L-carnitine concentrations, improved the response to ESA, decreased the required ESA doses in patients receiving hemodialysis, and maintained hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. L-carnitine supplementation should be supported in hemodialysis patients. However, the relationship between L-carnitine treatment and long-term outcomes is still unclear. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jihong Ou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhijuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jin Deng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Shingu Y, Katoh N, Ooka T, Katoh H, Wakasa S. L-Carnitine supplementation for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in aortic valve surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021. [PMID: 33689112 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-021-01616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES L-Carnitine, a quaternary amine, improves fatty acid metabolism in the heart and has anti-inflammatory effects. Several studies have reported the efficacy of L-carnitine for the prophylaxis of arrhythmia. We assessed the clinical effectiveness of L-carnitine in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in aortic valve surgery. METHODS Thirty patients who underwent aortic valve surgery were included. Fifteen patients had no prophylaxis other than conventional measures (control), while 15 patients received oral L-carnitine for 9 days (daily dose of 3 g). The incidence of POAF during 1 week after surgery was compared between the two groups. The multivariable logistic regression analysis for POAF was performed using the pre- and intraoperative parameters. RESULTS Preoperative characteristics and operative data were comparable between the groups. The POAF rate was significantly lower in the L-carnitine group than in the control (20% and 60%, respectively; P = 0.025). L-Carnitine use was an independently negative predictor for POAF (odds ratio 0.067; 95% confidence interval 0.006-0.768). CONCLUSIONS L-Carnitine administration may have potential for the prevention of POAF in aortic valve surgery.
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Moawad AR, Salama A, Badr MR, Fathi M. Beneficial Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation during IVM of Canine Oocytes on Their Nuclear Maturation and Development In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:581. [PMID: 33672295 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In vitro production of canine embryos is a technique that can be used as a model to conserve endangered species and to establish efficient breeding systems for domestic dogs. However, compared with other species, the success rates of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in dogs are low. L-Carnitine (LC) is a small water-soluble molecule; it plays an essential role in fatty acid metabolism and acts as a potent antioxidant. Various studies have reported the beneficial impacts of LC on IVEP in many mammalian species other than dogs. Therefore, these experiments investigated the effects of LC supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) on canine oocytes maturation, fertilization, and development in vitro. We show that the supplementation of IVM media with LC has positive impacts on oocyte maturation, fertilization, and preimplantation embryo development rates. We also demonstrate that 0.6 mg/mL LC is the most beneficial concentration to be used. It resulted in significantly higher maturation, fertilization, and embryo developmental rates than the control and other LC concentrations. These outcomes are essential for refining the IVM conditions that can advance the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in dogs. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-Carnitine (LC) supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocytes on nuclear maturation, fertilization status, and preimplantation development. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) collected from the ovaries of ovariohysterectomized female dogs were matured in vitro for 72 h in a TCM-199 medium supplemented with (0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/mL) or without (0.0 mg/mL) LC. Matured oocytes were fertilized in vitro with frozen–thawed spermatozoa, and zygotes were cultured in a SOF medium for 7 days. IVM rates were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in 0.3 and 0.6 mg/mL LC supplemented groups than in the control (0.0 mg/mL LC) and other LC groups. Fertilization (18 h postinsemination (pi)) and cleavage (2–16-cell stage at day 3 pi) rates were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the 0.6 mg/mL LC group than in the control and 0.1, 1.0, and 2 mg/mL LC supplemented groups. Interestingly, 4.5% of fertilized oocytes developed to morula (day 5 pi) in the 0.6 mg/mL LC group, which was higher (p ≤ 0.05) than those developed in the 0.3 mg/mL group (1.0%). No cleaved embryos developed to morula in other groups. In conclusion, LC supplementation at 0.6 mg/mL during IVM of canine oocytes improved their maturation, fertilization, and preimplantation embryo development rates following IVF and in vitro culture (IVC).
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Asbaghi O, Kashkooli S, Amini MR, Shahinfar H, Djafarian K, Clark CCT, Shab-Bidar S. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid concentrations inpatients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2021; 12:246-255. [PMID: 33510873 PMCID: PMC7828761 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2020.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was performed to assess the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile. A systematic search were conducted in PubMed and Scopus to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) which evaluated the effects of L-carnitine on lipid profile. Pooled effect sizes were measured using random-effect model (Dersimonian-Laird). Meta-analysis showed that L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -8.17 mg/dL; 95% CI,-14.68 to -1.65, I2=52.2%, P = 0.041). Baseline level of TC was a source of heterogeneity, with a greater effect in studies with a baseline level of more than 200 mg/d (WMD: -11.93 mg/dL; 95% CI, -20.80 to-3.05). L-carnitine also significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD:-5.22 mg/dL; 95% CI, -9.54 to -0.91, I2=66.7%, P = 0.010), and LDL-C level <100 mg/dL), trial duration,and L-carnitine dosage were potential sources of heterogeneity. L-carnitine supplementation appeared to have no significant effect on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: -0.51 mg/dL;95% CI, -2.45 to 1.44) and triglyceride (TG) (WMD: 2.80 mg/dL; 95% CI, -8.09 to 13.69). This meta-analysisrevealed that L-carnitine may have favorable effects on lipid profile, especially LDL-C and TC. However, further RCTs are needed to confirm the veracity of these results, particularly among hyperlipidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Asbaghi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sara Kashkooli
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahinfar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV15FB, UK
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hsu PJ, Wang HD, Tseng YC, Pan SW, Sampurna BP, Jong YJ, Yuh CH. L-Carnitine ameliorates congenital myopathy in a tropomyosin 3 de novo mutation transgenic zebrafish. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:8. [PMID: 33435938 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital myopathy (CM) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous muscle disorders, characterized by muscle weakness and hypotonia from birth. Currently, no definite treatment exists for CM. A de novo mutation in Tropomyosin 3-TPM3(E151G) was identified from a boy diagnosed with CM, previously TPM3(E151A) was reported to cause CM. However, the role of TPM3(E151G) in CM is unknown. Methods Histopathological, swimming behavior, and muscle endurance were monitored in TPM3 wild-type and mutant transgenic fish, modelling CM. Gene expression profiling of muscle of the transgenic fish were studied through RNAseq, and mitochondria respiration was investigated. Results While TPM3(WT) and TPM3(E151A) fish show normal appearance, amazingly a few TPM3(E151G) fish display either no tail, a crooked body in both F0 and F1 adults. Using histochemical staining for the muscle biopsy, we found TPM3(E151G) displays congenital fiber type disproportion and TPM3(E151A) resembles nemaline myopathy. TPM3(E151G) transgenic fish dramatically swimming slower than those in TPM3(WT) and TPM3(E151A) fish measured by DanioVision and T-maze, and exhibit weaker muscle endurance by swimming tunnel instrument. Interestingly, l-carnitine treatment on TPM3(E151G) transgenic larvae significantly improves the muscle endurance by restoring the basal respiration and ATP levels in mitochondria. With RNAseq transcriptomic analysis of the expression profiling from the muscle specimens, it surprisingly discloses large downregulation of genes involved in pathways of sodium, potassium, and calcium channels, which can be rescued by l-carnitine treatment, fatty acid metabolism was differentially dysregulated in TPM3(E151G) fish and rescued by l-carnitine treatment. Conclusions These results demonstrate that TPM3(E151G) and TPM3(E151A) exhibit different pathogenicity, also have distinct gene regulatory profiles but the ion channels were downregulated in both mutants, and provides a potential mechanism of action of TPM3 pathophysiology. Our results shed a new light in the future development of potential treatment for TPM3-related CM.
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Nie LJ, Liang J, Shan F, Wang BS, Mu YY, Zhou XH, Xia QR. L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Potential Novel Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:671151. [PMID: 34658942 PMCID: PMC8514700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.671151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of biomarkers greatly limits the diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Endogenous L-carnitine (LC) and its derivative acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) play antidepressant roles by improving brain energy metabolism, regulating neurotransmitters and neural plasticity. The levels of ALC in people and rodents with depression are significantly reduced. It is necessary to determine whether serum LC and ALC might be used as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD. Here, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the concentration of LC and ALC in the serum of healthy controls and patients with MDD; among the latter, in patients who were responsive (effective group) and non-responsive (ineffective group) after 2 weeks of treatment. The diagnostic value of serum LC and ALC for MDD was assessed. Compared with healthy controls, the serum LC and ALC concentrations in patients with MDD were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis shows that the HDRS-24 score was negatively associated with serum ALC (r = -0.325, P = 0.007). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.801 with 83.1% sensitivity and 66.3% specificity for LC, and an AUC of 0.898 with 88.8% sensitivity and 76.4% specificity for ALC, differentiating patients with MDD from healthy controls. Furthermore, the concentration of LC and ALC in patients with depression was significantly increased in the effective treatment group, and no significant change was observed in the ineffective treatment group. These results suggest that serum LC and ALC may be novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Nie
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Shan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Shi Wang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Mu
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Xie-Hai Zhou
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Rong Xia
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Diseases, Hefei, China
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Singh P, Walia V. Anxiolytic like effect of L-Carnitine in mice: Evidences for the involvement of NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112689. [PMID: 32417275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine (LC) is an endogenous compound synthesized from the essential amino acids lysine and methionine. LC act as an antioxidant and modulates the levels of neurochemicals such as glutamate, GABA, NO etc. implicated in the regulation of anxiety and related behavior. However its exact role in the anxiety is not known. The present study was designed to investigate the anxiolytic like effect of LC in mice. LC (2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to the mice and the anxiety related behavior was determined using light and dark box (LDB) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. The whole brain nitrite level was also determined. The results obtained demonstrated that LC (10 mg/kg, i.p.) exerted anxiolytic like effect in mice, accompanied by the reduction of whole brain nitrite level significantly as compared to control. Further, the influence of NO and GABA modulators pretreatments on the effect of subtherapeutic dose of LC was also determined. The results obtained demonstrated that NO donor/cGMP modulator counteracted while NO inhibitor potentiated the effect confers by the subtherapeutic dose of LC mice. Pretreatment of diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) further potentiated the effect of subtherapeutic dose of LC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in EPM and LDB tests and further reduced the brain nitrite level significantly as compared to LC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) alone treatment. Thus, LC exerted anxiolytic like effect in mice and NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway influences the anxiolytic like effect of LC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vaibhav Walia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India.
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Torun N, Muratli A, Serim BD, Ergulen A, Altun GD. Radioprotective Effects of Amifostine, L-Carnitine and Vitamin E in Preventing Early Salivary Gland Injury due to Radioactive Iodine Treatment. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 15:395-404. [PMID: 31989909 DOI: 10.2174/1573405614666180314150808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Standard treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer includes total thyroidectomy and high-dose Radioactive Iodine Therapy (RIT) for ablation of remnant thyroid tissue. When administered systemically, RIT can cause radiation-induced damage in non-targeted normal tissues. The aim of the present study was to compare the protective effects of amifostine (AMI), LCarnitine (LC), and Vitamin E (EVIT) against high dose radioactive iodine treatment induced Salivary Gland (SG) damage using SG scintigraphy and histopathological examination. METHODS Forty adult guinea pigs were studied. Twenty guinea pigs receive 555-660 MBq 131Iodine intraperitoneally (IP) to ablate the thyroid and impair the parenchymal function of the SGs. The animals were divided into eight groups as follows: (1) Group 1 (control): 1 mL IP PS (physiological saline); (2) Group 2: single dose of 200 mg/kg IP AMI one hour prior to 1 mL IP PS; (3) Group 3: 200 mg/kg IP LC and 1 mL IP PS for 10 days; (4) Group 4: 40 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) EVITand 1 mL IP PS for 10 days; (5) Group 5: IP RIT after premedication; (6) Group 6: Single dose of 200 mg/kg IP AMI one hour prior to RIT and IP RIT after premedication; (7) Group 7: IP RIT after premedication and 200 mg/kg IP LC for 10 days starting one day before RIT; and (8) Group 8: IP RIT after premedication and 40 mg/kg IM EVIT for 10 days starting one day before RIT. Scintigraphy was performed 1 month after treatment. SGs were examined by light microscopy and a histopathological scoring system was used to assess the degree of SG damage. RESULTS There were significant differences in the body weight and thyroid hormone levels between the groups after treatment. CONCLUSION The individual use of AMI, LC and EVIT for radioprotection yield different levels of protection against radioactive iodine treatment injury in SGs; however, none of the agents could provide absolute protection at the doses administered in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Torun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Muratli
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Dirlik Serim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiology Institute, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alev Ergulen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Gulay Durmus Altun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Aboubakr M, Elsayd F, Soliman A, Fadl SE, El-Shafey A, Abdelhiee EY. L-Carnitine and vitamin E ameliorate cardiotoxicity induced by tilmicosin in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:23026-23034. [PMID: 32329006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the possible mitigating effect of L-carnitine (LC) and/or α-tocopherol (Vit. E) administration against tilmicosin (TIL)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Fifty-six male albino rats were divided into seven groups according to LC, Vit. E, and/or TIL administration. Control, LC, and Vit. E groups were given saline, 150 mg LC/kg body weight (BW)/day and 100 mg Vit. E/kg BW/day, respectively, orally once daily for 15 days. The TIL group was administered saline orally once daily for 15 days and a single dose of TIL (75 mg/kg BW) subcutaneously (SC) on day 14 from the starting of the experimental period (15 days). The TIL-LC, TIL-Vit. E, and TIL-LC-Vit. E groups received 150 mg LC/kg BW/day, 100 mg Vit. E/kg BW/day, and 150 mg LC/kg BW pulse 100 mg Vit. E/kg BW, respectively, orally once daily for 15 days with TIL as described above. The results revealed that the administration of TIL significantly (P ≤ 0.05) raised serum activities of heart injury indicators, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and CK-MB with substantial increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the cardiac contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased in antioxidants. The pathological changes appeared in the form of necrotic muscle fibers and massive inflammatory cellular infiltrations in the cardiac muscle and increased the caspase-3 immunohistochemical expression in the heart tissues as well. These changes were ameliorated by LC and/or Vit. E administration. In conclusion, supplementation of LC and/or Vit. E ameliorated the cardiotoxicity of the TIL SC injection in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aboubakr
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalioubeya, 13736, Egypt
| | - Faten Elsayd
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalioubeya, 13736, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Sabreen Ezzat Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Anwar El-Shafey
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalioubeya, 13736, Egypt
| | - Ehab Yahya Abdelhiee
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt.
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Montesano A, Senesi P, Vacante F, Mollica G, Benedini S, Mariotti M, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. L-Carnitine counteracts in vitro fructose-induced hepatic steatosis through targeting oxidative stress markers. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:493-503. [PMID: 31705397 PMCID: PMC7067714 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined by excessive lipid accumulation in the liver and involves an ample spectrum of liver diseases, ranging from simple uncomplicated steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that high fructose intake enhances NAFLD development and progression promoting inhibition of mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and oxidative damages. L-Carnitine (LC), involved in β-oxidation, has been used to reduce obesity caused by high-fat diet, which is beneficial to ameliorating fatty liver diseases. Moreover, in the recent years, various studies have established LC anti-oxidative proprieties. The objective of this study was to elucidate primarily the underlying anti-oxidative mechanisms of LC in an in vitro model of fructose-induced liver steatosis. METHODS Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were maintained in medium supplemented with LC (5 mM LC) with or without 5 mM fructose (F) for 48 h and 72 h. In control cells, LC or F was not added to medium. Fat deposition, anti-oxidative, and mitochondrial homeostasis were investigated. RESULTS LC supplementation decreased the intracellular lipid deposition enhancing AMPK activation. However, compound C (AMPK inhibitor-10 μM), significantly abolished LC benefits in F condition. Moreover, LC, increasing PGC1 α expression, ameliorates mitochondrial damage-F induced. Above all, LC reduced ROS production and simultaneously increased protein content of antioxidant factors, SOD2 and Nrf2. CONCLUSION Our data seemed to show that LC attenuate fructose-mediated lipid accumulation through AMPK activation. Moreover, LC counteracts mitochondrial damages and reactive oxygen species production restoring antioxidant cellular machine. These findings provide new insights into LC role as an AMPK activator and anti-oxidative molecule in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Montesano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Senesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Vacante
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mollica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - S Benedini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Mariotti
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - I Terruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
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Thiagarajan P, Chalmers J, Ban L, Grindlay D, Aithal GP. L-carnitine supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Meta-Anal 2020; 8:4-14. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v8.i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) dominates the landscape of modern hepatology. Affecting 25% of the general population, there is critical unmet need to identify broadly available, safe and cost-effective treatments. Cumulative evidence in animal and human models suggests that intrahepatic and skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation is impaired in NAFLD, such that lipid accretion is not matched by efficient utilisation. L-carnitine is a crucial mediator of fatty acid metabolism in vivo, promoting mitochondrial lipid β-oxidation and enhancing tissue metabolic flexibility. These physiological properties have generated research interest in L-carnitine as a potentially effective adjunctive therapy in NAFLD.
AIM To systematically review randomised trials reporting effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on liver biochemistry, liver fat and insulin sensitivity in NAFLD.
METHODS Search strategies, eligibility criteria and analytic methods were specified a priori (PROSPERO reference: CRD42018107063). Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception until April 2019. Outcome measures included serum concentrations of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST), liver fat and insulin sensitivity assessed by the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A random effects meta-analysis was performed for, ALT, AST and HOMA-IR measures separately. Between-study heterogeneity was measured using I2 statistics.
RESULTS Five eligible randomised trials were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis (n = 338). All of the 5 included trials assessed the effect of L-carnitine on serum ALT, identified from Italy, South Korea and Iran. Weighted mean difference (WMD) for ALT between L-carnitine and control groups after intervention was -25.34 IU/L [95%CI: -41.74-(-8.94); P = 0.002]. WMD for AST between L-carnitine and control groups was -13.68 IU/L (95%CI: -28.26-0.89; P = 0.066). In three studies (n = 204), HOMA-IR was evaluated. WMD for HOMA-IR between L-carnitine and control groups was -0.74 units [95%CI: -1.02-(-0.46); P < 0.001]. Two studies using validated outcome measures reported a significant reduction in liver fat in L-carnitine vs control groups post-intervention (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION Pooled results indicate that L-carnitine supplementation attenuates ALT, liver fat and insulin resistance in NAFLD cohorts, confirming a beneficial effect of L-carnitine for a highly prevalent condition with a growing economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Thiagarajan
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Chalmers
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Ban
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Grindlay
- Centre for Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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Kido J, Inoue H, Shimotsu H, Yoshida Y, Suzuki Y, Nakamura K, Endo F, Matsumoto S. Effect of L-Carnitine on Amino Acid Metabolism in Elderly Patients Undergoing Regular Hemodialysis. Blood Purif 2020; 49:614-621. [PMID: 31968345 DOI: 10.1159/000505609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among patients regularly undergoing hemodialysis, hypocarnitinaemia often develops as a consequence of inadequate dietary intake, reduced synthesis in the body, and considerable losses during hemodialysis. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) who underwent hemodialysis. METHODS Thirty-one patients with ESKD, comprising 18 men and 13 women, with a median age of 72 (range 58-89) years, who underwent regular hemodialysis received treatment with L-carnitine for 1 year. The total and free carnitine, acylcarnitine, and amino acids (AA) levels before and after L-carnitine treatment were analyzed, and the blood biochemistry results and clinical profiles of the subjects were compared before and after treatment. RESULTS The median (interquartile range [IQR]) serum total and free carnitine and acylcarnitine levels significantly increased from 34.5 (28.2-44.3), 20.9 (15.8-27.6), and 14.1 (11.2-17.6) µmol/L, respectively to 407.4 (371.6-493.5), 270.2 (228.3-316.0), and 155.0 (136.1-168.5) µmol/L, respectively, after treatment (all p < 0.001). The median (IQR) blood valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and citrulline levels increased from 0.94 (0.80-1.09), 0.45 (0.39-0.55), 0.61 (0.56-0.79), and 1.04 (0.79-1.26) mg/dL, respectively to 1.24 (1.13-1.54), 0.76 (0.62-0.85), 0.90 (0.70-1.04), and 1.22 (0.92-1.39) mg/dL, respectively, following L-carnitine treatment (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.030, respectively); however, the median (IQR) blood arginine level decreased from 0.20 (0.13-0.24) to 0.09 (0.06-0.14) mg/dL after treatment (p < 0.001). The median (IQR) percentage fractional shortening (41.5 vs. 41.9%; p = 0.012) and left ventricular ejection fraction (65.2 vs. 67.3%; p = 0.036) increased significantly following treatment. CONCLUSIONS L-Carnitine increased the blood acylcarnitine levels, enhanced fatty acid metabolism, and affected AAs metabolism; this may be beneficial for energy production within the cardiac and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kido
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,
| | - Hironobu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimotsu
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Abu-El-Zahab HSH, Hamza RZ, Montaser MM, El-Mahdi MM, Al-Harthi WA. Antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antigenotoxic, and hepatic ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and selenium on cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and alterations in liver cell structure in male mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 173:419-428. [PMID: 30798185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
L-carnitine (LC) and selenium (Se) have significant protective and antioxidant effects on several tissues. Cadmium (Cd), widely used in some industries and emitted from fossil fuels, is a heavy metal having a number of side effects, including hepatotoxicity. This study aims to assess the ameliorative function of both LC and SeCl4 on cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced liver toxicity. In total, 70 male mice included in this study were allocated to seven groups: control, CdCl2, LC, SeCl4, CdCl2 plus SeCl4, CdCl2 plus LC, CdCl2 plus SeCl4 and LC groups. Hepatic aminotransferase (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine transaminase [ALT]) activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α] levels, as well as the antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione reductase [GRx], glutathione-S-transferase [GST] and catalase [CAT], were examined. Histological and transmission electron microscopic [TEM] variations in the liver were used as indicators of liver damage after the administration of CdCl2-alone or CdCl2 with LC, SeCl4, or both. Genotoxic effects of CdCl2 were also evaluated and the possible roles of SeCl4 and/or LC on the expression of the antioxidant enzymes were studied. Results showed that administration of LC and SeCl4 decreased CdCl2-induced increase in ALT and AST levels and reduced oxidative stress to normal levels. In addition, LC combined with SeCl4 had a highly synergistic effect and elevated significantly the enzymatic antioxidants and decreased lipid peroxidation levels compared with those in the CdCl2-treated group. It is clear from the data that both LC and SeCl4 inhibit liver injury and improve the redox state in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reham Z Hamza
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Metwally M Montaser
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda M El-Mahdi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wed A Al-Harthi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime
sleepiness (EDS), sleep fragmentation, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep
paralysis, and cataplexy. Stimulant medications such as modafinil and
amphetamines are the first-line medications for treating sleepiness. However,
the management of narcolepsy during special circumstances of life such as
pregnancy is complex. MMDM is a 34-year-old female with Narcolepsy type 1
treated with modafinil (400mg/d) and citalopram (20mg/d). Before she become
pregnant, modafinil and citalopram were replaced for L-Carnitine 510mg/d with
good outcome. She underwent an usual pregnancy and was submitted to a term
cesarean delivery without child-birth complications. This is the first
description of oral L-Carnitine such an alternative to treatment narcolepsy type
1 during pregnancy. Treat these patients is not easy but care narcolepsy
pregnant is a challenging even bigger. In a disease without many treatment
options, L-Carnitine can be used to treat daytime sleepiness during pregnancy in
narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Barros
- UNIFESP, Neurologia e Neurocirurgia - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Tufik
- UNIFESP, Neurologia e Neurocirurgia - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Fernando Morgadinho Coelho
- UNIFESP, Neurologia e Neurocirurgia - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil.,UNIFESP, Psicobiologia - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil
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Zhang M, Huang G, Zhang X, Lin Z, Li Y, Li B, Chen L. Inexpensive Weight-Reducing Aid ( L-Carnitine) as An Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of Benzimidazoles. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2018; 21:567-570. [PMID: 30338731 DOI: 10.2174/1386207321666181018163940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE The benzimidazole derivatives have been obtained via weightreducing aid (L-Carnitine) as a cheap catalyst. A wide range of aromatic aldehydes easily undergo condensations with substituted o-phenylendiamine under mild condition to afford the target molecular in excellent yields. MATERIALS AND METHODS Melting points were measured on an Electrothemal X6 microscopy digital melting point apparatus. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Bruker AVANCE 400 (400 MHz) instrument with the TMS at d 0.00 ppm as an internal standard. C, H and N analysis were performed by a Perkin-Elmer 2400 CHN elemental analyzer. Chemicals used were of commercial grade without further purification. An equimloar (1.0 mmol) mixture of o-phenylenediamine 1, aromatic aldehyde 2, and L-Carnitine (10 mol%) was vigorously stirred at 60°C in EtOH (3 mL) for the specific time indicated by TLC (petroleum: ethyl acetate ether = 4:1). After completion of the reaction, the mixture was quenched by adding H2O (20 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3 x 10 mL), and the combined extracts were dried by anhydrous MgSO4. The filtrate was evaporated and the corresponding benzimidazole was obtained as the only product. The products 3a-3r were obtained in 82-95% yields. The structures of the products 3 were identified by their IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis spectra. RESULTS The products were obtained in 82-95% yields in 30-80 min. The method has several advantages such as simple, clean and environmentally process, excellent yield and avoiding use of inconvenient preparation of catalyst. Meanwhile, the catalyst L-Carnitine is a kind of weightreducing aid, which might be applied to broad green catalyzed system. CONCLUSION A facile synthesis of benzimidazoles comprising the reaction of various aldehydes with substituted o-phenylendiamine in good to excellent yield is provided using L-Carnitine as an efficient catalyst. The protocol overcomes the earlier disadvantages like harsh reaction conditions, tedious work-up, expensive process, wastes generation and the use of metallic oxide, which might be applied to the synthesis of benzimidazoles pharmaceticals in order to meet friendly environmental demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Guoling Huang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xuefang Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Zhenyuan Lin
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
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Hur J, Nguyen TTH, Park N, Kim J, Kim D. Characterization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus and its bioactive properties. AMB Express 2018; 8:143. [PMID: 30203194 PMCID: PMC6134574 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoa is a pseudocereal that contains high quality protein, minerals, vitamins, polyphenols, and phytosterols. In this study, quinoa was fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus (R. oligosporus) up to 5 days and the functional compounds (l-carnitine, GABA, vanillic acid and gallic acid) were analyzed by LC/MS. The amounts of l-carnitine and GABA were 0.13 mg/kg and 540 mg/kg for nonfermented quinoa (NF), 3.15 mg/kg and 1040 mg/kg for fermented quinoa at 3 days (3F), and 1.54 mg/kg and 810 mg/kg for fermented quinoa at 5 days (5F). The vanillic acid and gallic acid were 1.3 and 0.1 mg/kg for NF, 1.55 and 2.37 mg/kg for 3F, and 1.83 and 0.84 mg/kg for 5F, respectively. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoids contents were 41 mg gallic acid (GAE)/kg and 13 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/kg for NF, 74 mg GAE/kg and 16 mg QE/kg for 3F, and 80 mg GAE/kg and 19 mg QE/kg for 5F, respectively. Antioxidant activity (SC50) was 3.6 mg/mL for NF, 3.4 mg/mL for 3F, and 2.3 mg/mL for 5F. Nitric oxide production on RAW264.7 macrophages of fermented quinoa revealed 29% and 56% inhibition of nitric oxide production for NF and 5F, respectively. Therefore, fermented quinoa can be used as a healthy and valuable food product.
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Ranjbar Kohan N, Nazifi S, Tabandeh MR, Ansari Lari M. Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Apelin and Apelin Receptor (Apj) Expression in Cardiac Muscle of Obese Diabetic Rats. Cell J 2018; 20:427-434. [PMID: 29845798 PMCID: PMC6005003 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective L-carnitine (LC) has been shown to protect cardiac metabolism in diabetes patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Apelin, a newly discovered adipocytokines, is an important regulator of cardiac muscle function; however, the role of the level of expression of Apelin axis in improvement of cardiac function by LC in diabetic patients, is not clear. In the present study, obese insulin-resistant rats were used to determine the effect of LC, when given orally with a high-calorie diet, on Apelin and Apelin receptor (Apj) expression in cardiac muscle. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, rats were fed with high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet for five weeks and subsequently were injected with streptozotocin 30 mg/kg for induction of obesity and insulin resistance. After confirming the induction of diabetes (serum glucose above 7.5 mmol/L), the animals received LC 300 mg/kg in drinking water for 28 days. On days 0, 14 and 28 after treatment, cardiac Apelin and Apj gene expression was evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Serum levels of insulin, Apelin, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also measured using commercial kits. Results Cardiac Apelin and Apj expression and serum Apelin were increased in obese rats, while LC supplementation decreased the serum levels of Apelin and down-regulated Apelin and Apj expression in cardiac muscle. These changes were associated with reduced insulin resistance markers and serum inflammatory factors and improved lipid profile. Conclusion We concluded that LC supplementation could attenuate the over-expression of Apelin axis in heart of diabetic rats, a novel mechanism by which LC improves cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Ranjbar Kohan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Stem Cells and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Maryam Ansari Lari
- Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Hsieh C, Rajashekharaiah V. Influence of L-Carnitine on Stored Rat Blood: A Study on Plasma. Turk J Haematol 2017; 34:328-333. [PMID: 28044994 PMCID: PMC5774356 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2016.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Plasma acts as a good indicator of oxidative stress in blood. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant that reduces metabolic stress in cells, thereby providing a protective effect against oxidative stress (OS). L-Carnitine as an additive in storage has not been explored. Thus, this study attempts to analyze the role of L-carnitine in blood storage solution, citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA)-1, through OS markers including antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation. Materials and Methods: Blood was collected from male Wistar rats and stored in CPDA-1 solution with L-carnitine (10 mM, 30 mM, and 60 mM: groups LC 10, LC 30, and LC 60, respectively) and without L-carnitine (control group). Plasma was isolated every 5th day and the OS markers were analyzed. Results: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and sulfhydryl (SH) increased over storage in controls, LC 30, and LC 60. Catalase increased in LC 30 and LC 60 during storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl (PrC) levels in all groups increased initially and reduced towards the end of storage. SOD and SH levels were maintained while TBARS and PrC levels increased in LC 10. Conclusion: L-Carnitine was beneficial in terms of increased antioxidant capacity and SH and decreased lipid peroxidation. This forms the basis for further studies on L-carnitine as a constituent in storage solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hsieh
- Jain University, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Department of Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - Vani Rajashekharaiah
- Jain University, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Department of Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
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Chen XM, Guo GL, Sun L, Yang QS, Wang GQ, Zhang DM. Modulatory role of L-carnitine against microcystin-LR-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp. Fish Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:1081-1093. [PMID: 28315160 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR), one of the most popular microcystins (MCs) found in many field water bodies around the world, poses great health risks to animals and humans. In the present study, healthy common carp (initial weight 24.8 ± 2.3 g) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group I was fed on normal diet as control. Group II was maintained on normal diet and received MCLR intraperitoneal injection (150 μg kg-1 BW). Common carp in groups III, IV, and V were daily pretreated with L-carnitine (LC) at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g kg-1 of the diet for 4 weeks prior to MCLR intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that MCLR alone led to a significant downregulation in immune response, including serum complement C3, lysozyme, and bactericidal activity. However, oxidative stress response: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were significantly increased. Similarly, gene expressions of inflammatory IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN I, and heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) were also upregulated after challenged with MCLR. However, LC pretreated group caused a significant elevation in immune response (C3, lysozyme, and bactericidal activity) and gene expressions of inflammatory IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN I, and heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) after MCLR stress. Antioxidant activities (CAT, SOD, GSH, GPx, and LPO) were returned to background levels at 96 h after MCLR challenge. Strikingly, LC supplementation at 2.0 g kg-1 has been considered the optimum for common carp since it exhibited enhancement of immune response and antioxidant activity over the level 0.5 and 1.0 g kg-1, and even better than that of control level. It was concluded that LC as a functional feed additive significantly inhibited the progression of MCLR-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Mei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Liang Guo
- Testing Center of Quality and Safety in Aquatic Product, 777 CaiYu Road, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Sun
- Testing Center of Quality and Safety in Aquatic Product, 777 CaiYu Road, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Qin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Ferreira GC, McKenna MC. L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1661-75. [PMID: 28508995 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. Treatment with L-carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the therapeutic potential of L-carnitine and its acetylated derivative acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) for neuroprotection in a number of disorders including hypoxia-ischemia, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and in conditions leading to central or peripheral nervous system injury. There is compelling evidence from preclinical studies that L-carnitine and ALCAR can improve energy status, decrease oxidative stress and prevent subsequent cell death in models of adult, neonatal and pediatric brain injury. ALCAR can provide an acetyl moiety that can be oxidized for energy, used as a precursor for acetylcholine, or incorporated into glutamate, glutamine and GABA, or into lipids for myelination and cell growth. Administration of ALCAR after brain injury in rat pups improved long-term functional outcomes, including memory. Additional studies are needed to better explore the potential of L-carnitine and ALCAR for protection of developing brain as there is an urgent need for therapies that can improve outcome after neonatal and pediatric brain injury.
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Celik F, Kose M, Yilmazer M, Köken GN, Arioz DT, Kanat Pektas M. Plasma L-carnitine levels of obese and non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 37:476-479. [PMID: 28141959 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2016.1264375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that plasma L-carnitine concentrations are significantly decreased in obese individuals. A study showed that L-carnitine concentrations are significantly lower in lean PCOS patients than in lean healthy women. Thus, it has been suggested that lowered L-carnitine is associated with PCOS. This study also showed that the women with PCOS had significantly lower L-carnitine levels than those of the healthy controls. In addition, this study hypothesised that low L-carnitine levels in PCOS patients were associated with obesity and/or insulin resistance. Moreover, plasma L-carnitine concentrations were found to be statistically similar in PCOS patients and healthy controls, when controlled for obesity. This study implied that L-carnitine could be used as an adjunctive therapy in the management of insulin resistance or obesity in women who have PCOS. Further research might be planned to clarify the clinical effects of L-carnitine administration in PCOS patients with insulin resistance and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Celik
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey
| | - Mesut Kose
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yilmazer
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey
| | - Gülengül N Köken
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey
| | - Dagistan Tolga Arioz
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey
| | - Mine Kanat Pektas
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyonkarahisar , Turkey
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Evans M, Guthrie N, Pezzullo J, Sanli T, Fielding RA, Bellamine A. Efficacy of a novel formulation of L-Carnitine, creatine, and leucine on lean body mass and functional muscle strength in healthy older adults: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:7. [PMID: 28115977 PMCID: PMC5244582 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and function are growing concerns in an aging population. Diet and physical activity are important for muscle maintenance but these requirements are not always met. This highlights the potential for nutritional supplementation. As a primary objective, we sought to assess the effect of a novel combination of L-Carnitine, creatine and leucine on muscle mass and performance in older subjects. Method Forty-two healthy older adults aged 55–70 years were randomized to receive either a novel L-Carnitine (1500 mg), L-leucine (2000 mg), creatine (3000 mg), Vitamin D3 (10 μg) (L-Carnitine-combination) product (n = 14), L-Carnitine (1500 mg) (n = 14), or a placebo (n = 14) for eight weeks. We evaluated body mass by DXA, upper and lower strength by dynamometry, and walking distance by a 6-min walk test at baseline and after eight weeks of intervention. These measures, reflecting muscle mass, functional strength and mobility have been combined to generate a primary composite score. Quality of life, blood safety markers, and muscle biopsies for protein biomarker analysis were also conducted at baseline and the end of the study. Results The primary composite outcome improved by 63.5 percentage points in the L-Carnitine-combination group vs. placebo (P = 0.013). However, this composite score did not change significantly in the L-Carnitine group (P = 0.232), and decreased slightly in the placebo group (P = 0.534). Participants supplemented with the L-Carnitine-combination showed a 1.0 kg increase in total lean muscle mass (P = 0.013), leg lean muscle mass (0.35 kg, P = 0.005), and a 1.0 kg increase in lower leg strength (P = 0.029) at week 8. In addition, these increases were significant when compared to the placebo group (P = 0.034, P = 0.026, and P = 0.002, respectively). Total mTOR protein expression was increased in participants in the L-Carnitine-combination group at the end of the study compared to the baseline (P = 0.017). This increase was also significant when compared to the placebo (P = 0.039), suggesting that the increase in muscle mass and strength was due to new protein synthesis and mTOR pathway activation. Conclusions The trial did reach its primary objective. L-Carnitine combined with creatine and L-leucine significantly improved the composite score which reflects muscle mass and strength, at the end of the study compared to placebo. The combination showed an increase in mTOR protein level, a driver for increased muscle mass which translated to an improvement in muscle strength. This new combination may provide a potential nutritional intervention to promote muscle growth and improved physical functioning in older adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0158-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Pezzullo
- Georgetown University Medical Center, 34744, Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 02111 Boston, MA USA
| | - Aouatef Bellamine
- Global Nutrition, Lonza Inc. 90 Boroline Rd, 07401 Allendale, NJ USA
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Florentin M, Elisaf MS, Rizos CV, Nikolaou V, Bilianou E, Pitsavos C, Liberopoulos EN. L-Carnitine/Simvastatin Reduces Lipoprotein (a) Levels Compared with Simvastatin Monotherapy: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Lipids 2017; 52:1-9. [PMID: 27914033 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. There are currently limited therapeutic options to lower Lp(a) levels. L-Carnitine has been reported to reduce Lp(a) levels. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of L-carnitine/simvastatin co-administration with that of simvastatin monotherapy on Lp(a) levels in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia and elevated Lp(a) concentration. Subjects with levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >160 mg/dL, triacylglycerol (TAG) >150 mg/dL and Lp(a) >20 mg/dL were included in this study. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive L-carnitine 2 g/day plus simvastatin 20 mg/day (N = 29) or placebo plus simvastatin 20 mg/day (N = 29) for a total of 12 weeks. Lp(a) was significantly reduced in the L-carnitine/simvastatin group [-19.4%, from 52 (20-171) to 42 (15-102) mg/dL; p = 0.01], but not in the placebo/simvastatin group [-6.7%, from 56 (26-108) to 52 (27-93) mg/dL, p = NS versus baseline and p = 0.016 for the comparison between groups]. Similar significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, apolipoprotein (apo) B and TAG were observed in both groups. Co-administration of L-carnitine with simvastatin was associated with a significant, albeit modest, reduction in Lp(a) compared with simvastatin monotherapy in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia and elevated baseline Lp(a) levels.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins' therapy in osteoporosis can aggravate muscle damage. This study was designed to assess which agent, L-carnitine or coenzyme Q10, could enhance the anti-osteoporotic effect of atorvastatin while antagonizing myopathy in ovariectomized rats. METHODS Forty-eight female Sprague Dawley rats were used; forty rats were ovariectomized while eight were sham-operated. Eight weeks post-ovariectomy, rats were divided into ovariectomized-untreated group and four ovariectomized-treated groups (n=8) which received by gavage (mg/(kg∙d), for 8 weeks) 17β-estradiol (0.1), atorvastatin (50), atorvastatin (50)+L-carnitine (100), or atorvastatin (50)+coenzyme Q10 (20). At the end of therapy, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and serum levels of bone metabolic markers (BMMs) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. Femurs were used for studying the breaking strength and histopathological changes. RESULTS Treatment with atorvastatin+L-carnitine restored BMD, BMC, and bone strength to near normal levels. Estrogen therapy restored BMD and BMC to near normal levels, but failed to increase bone strength. Although atorvastatin and atorvastatin+coenzyme Q10 improved BMD, BMC, and bone strength, they failed to restore levels to normal. All treatments decreased BMMs and improved histopathological changes maximally with atorvastatin+L-carnitine which restored levels to near normal. Atorvastatin aggravated the ovariectomy-induced increase in CK level while estrogen, atorvastatin+L-carnitine, and atorvastatin+coenzyme Q10 decreased its level mainly with atorvastatin+L-carnitine which restored the level to near normal. CONCLUSIONS Co-administration of L-carnitine, but not coenzyme Q10, enhances the anti-osteoporotic effect of atorvastatin while antagonizing myopathy in ovariectomized rats. This could be valuable in treatment of osteoporotic patients. However, further confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam A S Murad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Zhu B, Zheng YF, Zhang YY, Cao YS, Zhang L, Li XG, Liu T, Jiao ZZ, Wang Q, Zhao ZG. Protective effect of L-carnitine in cyclophosphamide-induced germ cell apoptosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:780-7. [PMID: 26365120 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used anti-cancer agent; however, it can also induce serious male infertility. There are currently no effective drugs to alleviate this side-effect. L-Carnitine has been used to treat male infertility, but whether it can be used to protect against CP-induced male infertility is still unclear. This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of L-carnitine in male infertility induced by CP. CP was used to establish an animal model. After three weeks of treatment, rats were sacrificed and testis and serum were harvested for further evaluation. Testosterone and estrogen levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Testicular injury was examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining, and germ-cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 was examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Compared with the CP group, L-carnitine significantly increases sperm motility, viability, and testosterone level (P<0.05). Western blot and real-time PCR results showed that L-carnitine treatment can significantly up-regulate the LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the CP+L-carnitine group when compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, TUNEL-positive cells were also more numerous in the CP group; however, L-carnitine can effectively retard cell apoptosis in the CP+L-carnitine group. In conclusion, L-carnitine contributes to the inhibition of cell apoptosis and the modulation of autophagy in protecting CP-induced testicular injury. These results suggest the applicability of L-carnitine in the treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan-fei Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue-ying Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hepingli Hospital, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yun-song Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xin-gang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao-zhu Jiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhi-gang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Gärtner S, Krüger J, Aghdassi AA, Steveling A, Simon P, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Nutrition in Pancreatic Cancer: A Review. Gastrointest Tumors 2016; 2:195-202. [PMID: 27403414 DOI: 10.1159/000442873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both genders. More than 80% of patients suffer from significant weight loss at diagnosis and over time develop severe cachexia. Early nutritional support is therefore essential. SUMMARY This review evaluates the different nutritional therapies, such as enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition and special nutritional supplements, on nutritional status, quality of life and survival. KEY MESSAGE Due to the high prevalence of malnutrition and the rapid development of anorexia-cachexia-syndrome, early nutritional intervention is crucial and supported by clinical data. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Enteral nutrition should be preferred over parenteral nutrition. Omega-3 fatty acids and l-carnitine are promising substances for the prevention of severe cachexia, but further randomized controlled trials are needed to establish generally accepted guidelines on nutrition in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gärtner
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janine Krüger
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ali A Aghdassi
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje Steveling
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Simon
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Abou El-Magd RM, Vozza NF, Tuszynski JA, Wishart DS. Isolation of soluble scFv antibody fragments specific for small biomarker molecule, L-Carnitine, using phage display. J Immunol Methods 2016; 428:9-19. [PMID: 26608419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of single chain antibody fragment (scFv) clones from naïve Tomlinson I+J phage display libraries that specifically bind a small biomarker molecule, L-Carnitine, was performed using iterative affinity selection procedures. L-Carnitine has been described as a conditionally essential nutrient for humans. Abnormally high concentrations of L-Carnitine in urine are related to many health disorders including diabetes mellitus type 2 and lung cancer. ELISA-based affinity characterization results indicate that selectants preferentially bind to L-Carnitine in the presence of key bioselecting component materials and closely related L-Carnitine derivatives. In addition, the affinity results were confirmed using biophysical fluorescence quenching for tyrosine residues in the V segment. Small-scale production of the soluble fragment yielded 1.3mg/L using immunopure-immobilized protein A affinity column. Circular Dichroism data revealed that the antibody fragment (Ab) represents a folded protein that mainly consists of β-sheets. These novel antibody fragments may find utility as molecular affinity interface receptors in various electrochemical biosensor platforms to provide specific L-Carnitine binding capability with potential applications in metabolomic devices for companion diagnostics and personalized medicine applications. It may also be used in any other biomedical application where detection of the L-Carnitine level is important.
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Buz A, Görgülü T, Olgun A, Kargi E. Efficacy of glutathione mesotherapy in burns: an experimental study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2015; 42:775-783. [PMID: 26614529 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-015-0607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal burns are the leading cause of trauma worldwide. Currently, no consensus on optimal treatment of deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burns has emerged, as reflected by the wide variability in available wound-care materials. The relative efficacies of products used for treatment of partial-thickness thermal burns remain unclear. Mesotherapy features intradermal administration of various agents, depending on burn location. In the present experimental study, we explored the efficacy of mesotherapy used to treat partial-thickness thermal burns in 50 male Wistar rats divided into five groups of equal number. No procedure was performed after infliction of thermal burns in control group (Group 1). Mesotherapy was applied with physiological saline in sham group (Group 2), glutathione, taurine, and L-carnitine were separately applied in Group 3, Group 4, and Group 5, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mesotherapeutic agents were injected intradermally into the reticular layer of the dermis using the point technique. The first course of mesotherapy was given within the first 2 h after infliction of thermal burns, and therapy was continued to day 10. On day 22, unhealed thermal burn areas were measured prior to sacrifice, and biopsies covering the total areas of burns were performed to allow of pathological evaluation. RESULTS Group 3 (the glutathione group) showed the best extent of healing, followed by Group 4 (the taurine group) and Group 5 (the L-carnitine group). The healed thermal burn areas in these groups were significantly greater than those in the control and sham groups (P = 0.001). All of healing, acute and chronic inflammation, the amount of granulation tissue, the level of fibroblast maturation, the amount of collagen, the extent of re-epithelization and neovascularization, and ulcer depth were scored upon pathological examination of tissue cross-sections. The best outcomes were evident in the glutathione group, with statistical significance. Although wound healing in the L-carnitine and taurine groups was better than in the control and sham groups, the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Thus, glutathione mesotherapy was effective when used to treat partial-thickness thermal burns and may be a useful treatment option for various human burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buz
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Bulent Ecevit University Medical Faculty, A blok Kat:3, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - T Görgülü
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Bulent Ecevit University Medical Faculty, A blok Kat:3, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - A Olgun
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Bulent Ecevit University Medical Faculty, A blok Kat:3, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - E Kargi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Bulent Ecevit University Medical Faculty, A blok Kat:3, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Empl MT, Kammeyer P, Ulrich R, Joseph JF, Parr MK, Willenberg I, Schebb NH, Baumgärtner W, Röhrdanz E, Steffen C, Steinberg P. The influence of chronic L-carnitine supplementation on the formation of preneoplastic and atherosclerotic lesions in the colon and aorta of male F344 rats. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2079-87. [PMID: 25164827 PMCID: PMC7079849 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine, a key component of fatty acid oxidation, is nowadays being extensively used as a nutritional supplement with allegedly "fat burning" and performance-enhancing properties, although to date there are no conclusive data supporting these claims. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between exogenous supplementation and bioavailability, i.e., fairly high oral doses are not fully absorbed and thus a significant amount of carnitine remains in the gut. Human and rat enterobacteria can degrade unabsorbed L-carnitine to trimethylamine or trimethylamine-N-oxide, which, under certain conditions, may be transformed to the known carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine. Recent findings indicate that trimethylamine-N-oxide might also be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. We therefore investigated whether a 1-year administration of different L-carnitine concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 5 g/l) via drinking water leads to an increased incidence of preneoplastic lesions (so-called aberrant crypt foci) in the colon of Fischer 344 rats as well as to the appearance of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of these animals. No significant difference between the test groups regarding the formation of lesions in the colon and aorta of the rats was observed, suggesting that, under the given experimental conditions, L-carnitine up to a concentration of 5 g/l in the drinking water does not have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal and vascular system of Fischer 344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Empl
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Kammeyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan F Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria K Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Willenberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils H Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steffen
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
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