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Oyeleye AO, Mohd Yusoff SF, Abd Rahim IN, Leow ATC, Saidi NB, Normi YM. Effective refolding of a cysteine rich glycoside hydrolase family 19 recombinant chitinase from Streptomyces griseus by reverse dilution and affinity chromatography. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241074. [PMID: 33091044 PMCID: PMC7580917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional refolding methods are associated with low yields due to misfolding and high aggregation rates or very dilute proteins. In this study, we describe the optimization of the conventional methods of reverse dilution and affinity chromatography for obtaining high yields of a cysteine rich recombinant glycoside hydrolase family 19 chitinase from Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 (SgChiC). SgChiC is a potential biocontrol agent and a reference enzyme in the study and development of chitinases for various applications. The overexpression of SgChiC was previously achieved by periplasmic localization from where it was extracted by osmotic shock and then purified by hydroxyapatite column chromatography. In the present study, the successful refolding and recovery of recombinant SgChiC (r-SgChiC) from inclusion bodies (IB) by reverse dilution and column chromatography methods is respectively described. Approximately 8 mg of r-SgChiC was obtained from each method with specific activities of 28 and 52 U/mg respectively. These yields are comparable to that obtained from a 1 L culture volume of the same protein isolated from the periplasmic space of E. coli BL21 (DE3) as described in previous studies. The higher yields obtained are attributed to the successful suppression of aggregation by a stepwise reduction of denaturant from high, to intermediate, and finally to low concentrations. These methods are straight forward, requiring the use of fewer refolding agents compared with previously described refolding methods. They can be applied to the refolding of other cysteine rich proteins expressed as inclusion bodies to obtain high yields of actively folded proteins. This is the first report on the recovery of actively folded SgChiC from inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Omolola Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Faridah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izzah Nadiah Abd Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Baity Saidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M. Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Ban B, Sharma M, Shetty J. Optimization of Methods for the Production and Refolding of Biologically Active Disulfide Bond-Rich Antibody Fragments in Microbial Hosts. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E39. [PMID: 32764309 PMCID: PMC7551518 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been used for basic research, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. Escherichia coli is one of the organisms of choice for the production of recombinant antibodies. Variable antibody genes have canonical and non-canonical disulfide bonds that are formed by the oxidation of a pair of cysteines. However, the high-level expression of an antibody is an inherent problem to the process of disulfide bond formation, ultimately leading to mispairing of cysteines which can cause misfolding and aggregation as inclusion bodies (IBs). This study demonstrated that fragment antibodies are either secreted to the periplasm as soluble proteins or expressed in the cytoplasm as insoluble inclusion bodies when expressed using engineered bacterial host strains with optimal culture conditions. It was observed that moderate-solubilization and an in vitro matrix that associated refolding strategies with redox pairing more correctly folded, structured, and yielded functionally active antibody fragments than the one achieved by a direct dilution method in the absence of a redox pair. However, natural antibodies have canonical and non-canonical disulfide bonds that need a more elaborate refolding process in the presence of optimal concentrations of chaotropic denaturants and redox agents to obtain correctly folded disulfide bonds and high yield antibodies that retain biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupal Ban
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institutes (IBRI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maya Sharma
- Department of Data Science, School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Jagathpala Shetty
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Markova SV, Larionova MD, Gorbunova DA, Vysotski ES. The disulfide-rich Metridia luciferase refolded from E. coli inclusion bodies reveals the properties of a native folded enzyme produced in insect cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 175:51-57. [PMID: 28846935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bioluminescence of a marine copepod Metridia longa is determined by a small secreted coelenterazine-dependent luciferase that uses coelenterazine as a substrate of enzymatic reaction to generate light (λmax=480nm). To date, four different isoforms of the luciferase differing in size, sequences, and properties have been cloned by functional screening. All of them contain ten conserved Cys residues that suggests up to five SS intramolecular bonds per luciferase molecule. Whereas the use of copepod luciferases as bioluminescent reporters in biomedical research in vivo is growing from year to year, their application for in vitro assays is still limited by the difficulty in obtaining significant amounts of luciferase. The most cost-effective host for producing recombinant proteins is Escherichia coli. However, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells maintain the reductive environment in cytoplasm that hinders the disulfide bond formation and consequently the proper folding of luciferase. Here we report the expression of the MLuc7 isoform of M. longa luciferase in E. coli cells and the efficient procedure for refolding from inclusion bodies yielding a high-active monomeric protein. Furthermore, in a set of identical experiments we demonstrate that bioluminescent and structural features of MLuc7 produced in bacterial cells are identical to those of MLuc7 isoform produced from culture medium of insect cells. Although the yield of high-purity protein is only 6mg/L, the application of E. coli cells to produce the luciferase is simpler and more cost-effective than the use of insect cells. We expect that the suggested technology of Metridia luciferase production allows obtaining of sufficient amounts of protein both for the development of novel in vitro analytical assays with the use of MLuc7 as a label and for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Markova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Marina D Larionova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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Mousavi SB, Fazeli A, Shojaosadati SA, Fazeli MR, Hashemi-Najafabadi S. Purification and efficient refolding process for recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator derivative (reteplase) using glycerol and Tranexamic acid. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Xue X, Fan X, Qu Q, Wu G. Bioscreening and expression of a camel anti-CTGF VHH nanobody and its renaturation by a novel dialysis-dilution method. AMB Express 2016; 6:72. [PMID: 27620736 PMCID: PMC5019992 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable regions of the camel heavy chain antibody, also known as nanobody is the smallest antibody with antigen-binding efficiency. CTGF is considered important during extracellular matrix deposition which was involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis related diseases. There are several anti-CTGF-C nanobody drugs under developing in pharmacy. In this study, we described the screening of a novel anti-CTGF-C nanobody from the peripheral blood of immunized camel by phage display. The screened nanobody was further expressed and purified from E. coli cells. A sophisticated dialysis–dilution method was designed for the in vitro refolding of the nanobody. The results showed that the expressed nanobody was consisted of 135 amino acid and mainly expressed as inclusion body in E. coli cells. The dialysis–dilution method was very effective and the recovery rate of the renaturation was more than 80 %. The ELISA result suggested the nanobody had been well refolded showing a superior CTGF binding activity to the commercial mouse anti-CTGF-C mAb. In conclusion, the anti-CTGF-C nonobody had been successfully screened by phage display. The dialysis–dilution refolding method was very effective and the recovery rate reached over 80 %.
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Sin IN, Perini MA, Martínez GA, Civello PM. Analysis of the carbohydrate-binding-module from Fragaria x ananassa α-L-arabinofuranosidase 1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:96-103. [PMID: 27262101 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
α-L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) are enzymes involved in the catabolism of several cell-wall polysaccharides such as pectins and hemicelluloses, catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α-L-arabinofuranosil residues. Bioinformatic analysis of the aminoacidic sequences of Fragaria x ananassa α-L-arabinofuranosidases predict a putative carbohydrate-binding-module of the family CBM_4_9, associated to a wide range of carbohydrate affinities. In this study, we report the characterization of the binding affinity profile to different cell wall polysaccharides of the putative CBM of α-L-arabinofuranosidase 1 from Fragaria x ananassa (CBM-FaARA1). The sequence encoding for the putative CBM was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resultant recombinant protein was purified from inclusion bodies by a Nickel affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. The refolded recombinant protein was then subjected to binding assays and affinity gel electrophoresis, which indicated its ability to bind cellulose and also high affinity for homogalacturonans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Sin
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 n°495 - C.c 327, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M A Perini
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 n°495 - C.c 327, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - G A Martínez
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2, B7130IWA, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - P M Civello
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 n°495 - C.c 327, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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Du XJ, Zhou XN, Li P, Sheng W, Ducancel F, Wang S. Development of an Immunoassay for Chloramphenicol Based on the Preparation of a Specific Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibody. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2971-2979. [PMID: 27003441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Specific antibodies are essential for the immune detection of small molecule contaminants. In the present study, the heavy and light variable regions (V(H )and V(L)) of the immunoglobulin genes from a hybridoma secreting a chloramphenicol (CAP)-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) were cloned and sequenced. In addition, the light and heavy chains obtained from the monoclonal antibody were separated using SDS-PAGE and analyzed using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The results of DNA sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis were compared, and the V(H) and V(L) chains specific for CAP were determined and used to construct a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). This fragment was recombinantly expressed as a soluble scFv-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein and used to develop a direct competitive ELISA. Compared with the parent mAb, scFv exhibits lower sensitivity but better food matrix resistance. This work highlights the application of engineered antibodies for CAP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-jun Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiao-nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Frédéric Ducancel
- Pharmacology and Immune Analysis Department, CEA/Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
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8
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Pavan ME, Pavan EE, Cairó FM, Pettinari MJ. Expression and refolding of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis: A model for high-throughput screening of antigenic recombinant protein refolding. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:5-14. [PMID: 26777581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) is a well known and relevant immunogenic protein that is the basis for both anthrax vaccines and diagnostic methods. Properly folded antigenic PA is necessary for these applications. In this study a high level of PA was obtained in recombinant Escherichia coli. The protein was initially accumulated in inclusion bodies, which facilitated its efficient purification by simple washing steps; however, it could not be recognized by specific antibodies. Refolding conditions were subsequently analyzed in a high-throughput manner that enabled nearly a hundred different conditions to be tested simultaneously. The recovery of the ability of PA to be recognized by antibodies was screened by dot blot using a coefficient that provided a measure of properly refolded protein levels with a high degree of discrimination. The best refolding conditions resulted in a tenfold increase in the intensity of the dot blot compared to the control. The only refolding additive that consistently yielded good results was L-arginine. The statistical analysis identified both cooperative and negative interactions between the different refolding additives. The high-throughput approach described in this study that enabled overproduction, purification and refolding of PA in a simple and straightforward manner, can be potentially useful for the rapid screening of adequate refolding conditions for other overexpressed antigenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Pavan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Biochemiq S.A., Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Enrique Pavan
- Laboratorio di Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Fabián Martín Cairó
- Biochemiq S.A., Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UBA, Argentina
| | - María Julia Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Yamaguchi H, Miyazaki M. Microfluidic chips with multi-junctions: an advanced tool in recovering proteins from inclusion bodies. Bioengineered 2015; 6:1-4. [PMID: 25531187 DOI: 10.4161/21655979.2014.987022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active recombinant proteins are used for studying the biological functions of genes and for the development of therapeutic drugs. Overexpression of recombinant proteins in bacteria often results in the formation of inclusion bodies, which are protein aggregates with non-native conformations. Protein refolding is an important process for obtaining active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. However, the conventional refolding method of dialysis or dilution is time-consuming and recovered active protein yields are often low, and a cumbersome trial-and-error process is required to achieve success. To circumvent these difficulties, we used controllable diffusion through laminar flow in microchannels to regulate the denaturant concentration. This method largely aims at reducing protein aggregation during the refolding procedure. This Commentary introduces the principles of the protein refolding method using microfluidic chips and the advantage of our results as a tool for rapid and efficient recovery of active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- a Liberal Arts Education Center, Aso Campus ; Tokai University ; Minamiaso , Kumamoto , Japan
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10
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Blocking monocyte transmigration in in vitro system by a human antibody scFv anti-CD99. Efficient large scale purification from periplasmic inclusion bodies in E. coli expression system. J Immunol Methods 2014; 408:35-45. [PMID: 24798881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Migration of leukocytes into site of inflammation involves several steps mediated by various families of adhesion molecules. CD99 play a significant role in transendothelial migration (TEM) of leukocytes. Inhibition of TEM by specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) can provide a potent therapeutic approach to treating inflammatory conditions. However, the therapeutic utilization of whole IgG can lead to an inappropriate activation of Fc receptor-expressing cells, inducing serious adverse side effects due to cytokine release. In this regard, specific recombinant antibody in single chain variable fragments (scFvs) originated by phage library may offer a solution by affecting TEM function in a safe clinical context. However, this consideration requires large scale production of functional scFv antibodies and the absence of toxic reagents utilized for solubilization and refolding step of inclusion bodies that may discourage industrial application of these antibody fragments. In order to apply the scFv anti-CD99 named C7A in a clinical setting, we herein describe an efficient and large scale production of the antibody fragments expressed in E. coli as periplasmic insoluble protein avoiding gel filtration chromatography approach, and laborious refolding step pre- and post-purification. Using differential salt elution which is a simple, reproducible and effective procedure we are able to separate scFv in monomer format from aggregates. The purified scFv antibody C7A exhibits inhibitory activity comparable to an antagonistic conventional mAb, thus providing an excellent agent for blocking CD99 signaling. This protocol can be useful for the successful purification of other monomeric scFvs which are expressed as periplasmic inclusion bodies in bacterial systems.
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Refolding techniques for recovering biologically active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. Biomolecules 2014; 4:235-51. [PMID: 24970214 PMCID: PMC4030991 DOI: 10.3390/biom4010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologically active proteins are useful for studying the biological functions of genes and for the development of therapeutic drugs and biomaterials in a biotechnology industry. Overexpression of recombinant proteins in bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, often results in the formation of inclusion bodies, which are protein aggregates with non-native conformations. As inclusion bodies contain relatively pure and intact proteins, protein refolding is an important process to obtain active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. However, conventional refolding methods, such as dialysis and dilution, are time consuming and, often, recovered yields of active proteins are low, and a trial-and-error process is required to achieve success. Recently, several approaches have been reported to refold these aggregated proteins into an active form. The strategies largely aim at reducing protein aggregation during the refolding procedure. This review focuses on protein refolding techniques using chemical additives and laminar flow in microfluidic chips for the efficient recovery of active proteins from inclusion bodies.
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Gautam S, Gupta MN. WITHDRAWN: Smart polymer-coated microplate wells: Applications in protein purification, protein refolding, and sensing of analytes. Anal Biochem 2013:S0003-2697(13)00221-2. [PMID: 23685053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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13
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Ramakrishnan B, Qasba PK. In vitro folding of β-1,4galactosyltransferase and polypeptide-α-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from the inclusion bodies. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1022:321-33. [PMID: 23765672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-465-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present a unique in vitro folding technique for glycosyltransferases to generate active proteins that can be used for X-ray crystallographic and bioconjugation protocols. Although a number of in vitro refolding methods are available, β1,4galactosyltransferases in large quantities can be made using the current protocol only. This technique is not only limited to glycosyltransferases alone but has been successfully used to refold single-chain antibodies and other molecules. Although this in vitro folding method is quite similar to other methods, it differs from them by the use of S-sulfonation of the inclusion bodies before setting up the in vitro refolding of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boopathy Ramakrishnan
- Structural Glycobiology Section and Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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Ebersbach H, Geisse S. Antigen generation and display in therapeutic antibody drug discovery -- a neglected but critical player. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1433-43. [PMID: 23139179 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Disease intervention by targeting a critical pathway molecule through a blocking antibody or interference by therapeutic proteins is currently en vogue. Generation of blocking antibodies or therapeutic proteins inevitably requires the production of recombinant proteins or cell-based immunogens. Thus, one could call the antigen molecule the neglected player in antibody drug discovery. The variety of methods available for making recombinant proteins or recombinant cell lines that present the target on the cell surface is extensive. These need to be addressed in conjunction with biochemical and biophysical quality criteria and the experimental application intended. Fundamentally, successful production and isolation of monoclonal antibodies requires optimized antigen preparation and presentation to the immune host. This review summarizes the most important aspects of antigen generation and display, enabling logical decision making to give rise to potent high-affinity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Ebersbach
- NBC/NT, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Gautam S, Dubey P, Varadarajan R, Gupta MN. Role of smart polymers in protein purification and refolding. Bioengineered 2012; 3:286-8. [PMID: 22892577 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity precipitation is a non-chromatographic method which is useful for purification and refolding of proteins. Quite often, a stimuli-sensitive polymer can be identified which selectively binds to the desired protein. For separation, the protein can be recovered from the precipitate of the protein-smart polymer complex. In case of a refolding experiment, binding of the solubilized protein (in its denatured form) with the polymer leads to the refolding of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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