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Popa IP, Haba MȘC, Mărănducă MA, Tănase DM, Șerban DN, Șerban LI, Iliescu R, Tudorancea I. Modern Approaches for the Treatment of Heart Failure: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091964. [PMID: 36145711 PMCID: PMC9503448 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a progressively deteriorating medical condition that significantly reduces both the patients’ life expectancy and quality of life. Even though real progress was made in the past decades in the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments for HF, the prevention of premature deaths has only been marginally alleviated. Despite the availability of a plethora of pharmaceutical approaches, proper management of HF is still challenging. Thus, a myriad of experimental and clinical studies focusing on the discovery of new and provocative underlying mechanisms of HF physiopathology pave the way for the development of novel HF therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, recent technological advances made possible the development of various interventional techniques and device-based approaches for the treatment of HF. Since many of these modern approaches interfere with various well-known pathological mechanisms in HF, they have a real ability to complement and or increase the efficiency of existing medications and thus improve the prognosis and survival rate of HF patients. Their promising and encouraging results reported to date compel the extension of heart failure treatment beyond the classical view. The aim of this review was to summarize modern approaches, new perspectives, and future directions for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paula Popa
- Cardiology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
| | - Mihai Ștefan Cristian Haba
- Cardiology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Minela Aida Mărănducă
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Daniela Maria Tănase
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Dragomir N. Șerban
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Lăcrămioara Ionela Șerban
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Radu Iliescu
- Department of Pharmacology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Ionuț Tudorancea
- Cardiology Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence:
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2
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Zhang C, Yuan J, Lin Q, Li M, Wang L, Wang R, Chen X, Jiang Z, Zhu K, Chang X, Wang B, Dong J. Ghrelin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus influences the excitability of glucosensing neurons, increases food intake and body weight. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1168-1177. [PMID: 33112816 PMCID: PMC7774750 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake, body weight and energy metabolism. However, these effects of ghrelin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) are unexplored. C57BL/6J mice and GHSR-/- mice were implanted with cannula above the right LPBN and ghrelin was microinjected via the cannula to investigate effect of ghrelin in the LPBN. In vivo electrophysiological technique was used to record LPBN glucose-sensitive neurons to explore potential udnderlying mechanisms. Microinjection of ghrelin in LPBN significantly increased food intake in the first 3 h, while such effect was blocked by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and abolished in GHSR-/- mice. LPBN ghrelin microinjection also significantly increased the firing rate of glucose-excited (GE) neurons and decreased the firing rate of glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Additionally, LPBN ghrelin microinjection also significantly increased c-fos expression. Chronic ghrelin administration in the LPBN resulted in significantly increased body weight gain. Meanwhile, no significant changes were observed in both mRNA and protein expression levels of UCP-1 in BAT. These results demonstrated that microinjection of ghrelin in LPBN could increase food intake through the interaction with growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in C57BL/6J mice, and its chronic administration could also increase body weight gain. These effects might be associated with altered firing rate in the GE and GI neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caishun Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Manwen Li
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liuxin Wang
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Department, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengyao Jiang
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Institute of Acupuncture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Wang or J Dong: or
| | - Jing Dong
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Wang or J Dong: or
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Miklisanskaya SV, Mazur NA, Solomasova LV, Chigineva VV. [The «obesity paradox» and its degree of proof]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:84-90. [PMID: 32598704 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.04.000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The article gives a critical assessment of the so-called obesity paradox. Methodological errors that occur in the organization of studies that studied the obesity paradox and the formation of comparison groups are highlighted. There are also examples of the disappearance of the obesity paradox when taking into account additional risk factors. The organization of prospective studies or more careful consideration of all currently known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) will significantly improve the results of the study of the effect of overweight and obesity on mortality in patients with CVD. Thus, despite the biological possibility of the existence of a positive effect of adipose tissue in CVD, the presence of a large number of errors identified in the analysis of the work of researchers obesity paradox require to reconsider the existence of this phenomenon, it should be taken into account the possibility that the obesity paradox may be a consequence of improper design studies to investigate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N A Mazur
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
| | - L V Solomasova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
| | - V V Chigineva
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
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Zhang CS, Wang LX, Wang R, Liu Y, Song LM, Yuan JH, Wang B, Dong J. The Correlation Between Circulating Ghrelin and Insulin Resistance in Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 30298019 PMCID: PMC6160589 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ghrelin, a peptide mainly produced by stomach X-A cells. It plays a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, including glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, the correlation between circulating ghrelin levels and insulin resistance in obesity remained uncertain. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the association between ghrelin and IR in obesity. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science until April 18, 2018 with the keywords “ghrelin” and “insulin resistance.” Two independent reviewers selected studies and assessed data. Subgroup analyses were performed to search for sources of heterogeneity. Funnel plots and Egger's test were used to detect publication bias. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect size. Results: Ten studies with 546 participants were included in this meta-analysis. We found that ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with IR in obese individuals. (r = −0.31; 95% CI: −0.45 to −0.18). Subgroup analysis revealed that circulating ghrelin levels were significantly negatively correlated with IR in people with normal fasting blood glucose (FBG) (<6.9 mmol/dl) (r = −0.28; 95% CI: −0.47 to −0.09, I2 = 39.5%), while there was no relationship between circulating ghrelin levels and IR in the high FBG group (>6.9 mmol/dl) (r = −0.15; 95% CI: −0.33 to 0.03, I2 = 0.0%). Publication bias was insignificant (Egger's test: P = 0.425). Conclusion: In obesity, circulating ghrelin levels were significantly negative correlated with insulin resistance in individuals with normal fasting blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Shun Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liu-Xin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-Min Song
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun-Hua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Physiology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Shi W, Deng H, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Cui G. Mitochondria-Targeting Small Molecules Effectively Prevent Cardiotoxicity Induced by Doxorubicin. Molecules 2018; 23:E1486. [PMID: 29921817 PMCID: PMC6099719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of numerous cancers. However, the clinical use of Dox is limited by its unwanted cardiotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. To mitigate Dox-related cardiotoxicity, considerable successful examples of a variety of small molecules that target mitochondria to modulate Dox-induced cardiotoxicity have appeared in recent years. Here, we review the related literatures and discuss the evidence showing that mitochondria-targeting small molecules are promising cardioprotective agents against Dox-induced cardiac events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, China.
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- Pharmacy School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, China.
| | - Xiufang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Guozhen Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, China.
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Wang X, Yang C, Liu X, Yang P. The impact of microRNA-122 and its target gene Sestrin-2 on the protective effect of ghrelin in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10107-10114. [PMID: 35540851 PMCID: PMC9078835 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13028g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin with n-octanoylated serine 3 residue is a peptide hormone with well-known cardioprotective properties. MicroRNA-122 is associated with the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including apoptosis and was found highly increased in our previous rat model of post-myocardial infarction heart failure. In this study, we aimed to identify the target gene of microRNA-122 and to evaluate their impacts on the protective effect of acylated ghrelin in angiotensin II-induced apoptosis. The results showed that microRNA-122 was upregulated in the angiotensin II administration group accompanied by increased cell apoptosis, which were both reversed by ghrelin. Furthermore, microRNA-122 mimics upregulated numerous pro-apoptotic genes and increased apoptosis. The luciferase activity assay revealed Sestrin-2 as a direct target of microRNA-122. The expression of Sestrin-2 was downregulated by angiotensin II and upregulated by co-treatment with ghrelin. Inhibition of microRNA-122 and overexpression of Sestrin-2 alleviated apoptosis which was further reduced upon administered of ghrelin. Together, these results indicated that Sestrin-2 expression is inhibited by microRNA-122 and that this inhibition is involved in the protective effect of ghrelin and angiotensin II-induced apoptosis. We also found that microRNA-122 influenced several apoptosis pathways including the caspase cascade reaction and death receptor-mediated pathways. Collectively, our data reveal that microRNA-122 and its target gene Sestrin-2, under the regulation of angiotensin II and ghrelin, are important players in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We therefore believe that microRNA-122 and Sestrin-2 can be developed as potential therapeutic targets against apoptosis in cardiovascular diseases. Inhibition of microRNA-122 and overexpression of Sestrin-2 alleviated angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and enhanced the protective effect of ghrelin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- The Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun 130011 Jilin China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- The Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun 130011 Jilin China
| | - Xueyan Liu
- The Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun 130011 Jilin China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun 130011 Jilin China
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7
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Khatib MN, Shankar AH, Kirubakaran R, Gaidhane A, Gaidhane S, Simkhada P, Quazi Syed Z. Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 2:CD012229. [PMID: 29489032 PMCID: PMC6491219 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012229.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer sufferers are amongst the most malnourished of all the patient groups. Studies have shown that ghrelin, a gut hormone can be a potential therapeutic agent for cachexia (wasting syndrome) associated with cancer. A variety of mechanisms of action of ghrelin in people with cancer cachexia have been proposed. However, safety and efficacy of ghrelin for cancer-associated cachexia have not been systematically reviewed. The aim of this review was to assess whether ghrelin is associated with better food intake, body composition and survival than other options for adults with cancer cachexia. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of ghrelin in improving food intake, body composition and survival in people with cachexia associated with cancer. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase without language restrictions up to July 2017. We also searched for ongoing studies in trials registers, performed handsearching, checked bibliographic references of relevant articles and contacted authors and experts in the field to seek potentially relevant research. We applied no restrictions on language, date, or publication status. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled (parallel-group or cross-over) trials comparing ghrelin (any formulation or route of administration) with placebo or an active comparator in adults (aged 18 years and over) who met any of the international criteria for cancer cachexia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for eligibility. Two review authors then extracted data and assessed the risk of bias for individual studies using standard Cochrane methodology. For dichotomous variables, we planned to calculate risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and for continuous data, we planned to calculate mean differences (MD) with 95% CI. We assessed the evidence using GRADE and created 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We screened 926 individual references and identified three studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Fifty-nine participants (37 men and 22 women) aged between 54 and 78 years were randomised initially, 47 participants completed the treatment. One study had a parallel design and two had a cross-over design. The studies included people with a variety of cancers and also differed in the dosage, route of administration, frequency and duration of treatment.One trial, which compared ghrelin with placebo, found that ghrelin improved food intake (very low-quality evidence) and had no adverse events (very low-quality evidence). Due to unavailability of data we were unable to report on comparisons for ghrelin versus no treatment or alternative experimental treatment modalities, or ghrelin in combination with other treatments or ghrelin analogues/ghrelin mimetics/ghrelin potentiators. Two studies compared a higher dose of ghrelin with a lower dose of ghrelin, however due to differences in study designs and great diversity in the treatment provided we did not pool the results. In both trials, food intake did not differ between participants on higher-dose and lower-dose ghrelin. None of the included studies assessed data on body weight. One study reported higher adverse events with a higher dose as compared to a lower dose of ghrelin.All studies were at high risk of attrition bias and bias for size of the study. Risk of bias in other domains was unclear or low.We rated the overall quality of the evidence for primary outcomes (food intake, body weight, adverse events) as very low. We downgraded the quality of the evidence due to lack of data, high or unclear risk of bias of the studies and small study size. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to be able to support or refute the use of ghrelin in people with cancer cachexia. Adequately powered randomised controlled trials focusing on evaluation of safety and efficacy of ghrelin in people with cancer cachexia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
- Division of Evidence Synthesis; School of Epidemiology and Public Health & Department of Physiology, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, 442004
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8
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Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, Lee PH, Lai CW, Wong CSC, Siu PM. Ghrelin Axis Reveals the Interacting Influence of Central Obesity and Hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:534. [PMID: 30258404 PMCID: PMC6145011 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate how central obesity and hypertension modulate unacylated ghrelin (UnAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), obestatin, growth hormone (GH), and the ratios of UnAG/obestatin, AG/obestatin, and total ghrelin/obestatin. Methods: Circulatory abundances of UnAG, AG, obestatin and GH were determined in 387 Hong Kong Chinese female adults with age between 24 to 86 years based on a 2 × 2 factorial design of hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg) and central obesity (waist circumference or WC ≥80 cm). Participants were categorized as neither hypertensive nor centrally obese (NHNO; n = 105), hypertensive but not centrally obese (HNO; n = 102), centrally obese but not hypertensive (NHO; n = 74) and hypertensive and centrally obese (NO; n = 106). Pearson's correlation analyses were performed to detect the association between the peptides examined with WC and blood pressure. The main and interaction effects of hypertension and central obesity were examined by generalized estimating equations analyses. Results: Correlation analyses revealed that systolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with AG/obestatin, UnAG/obestatin and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, AG, total ghrelin, and GH, while diastolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with UnAG/obestatin, total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, and GH. WC was negatively correlated with AG/obestatin, UnAG/obestatin, and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, UnAG, AG, total ghrelin, GH, and obestatin. Interaction effects of hypertension and central obesity were observed on UnAG/obestatin, AG/obestatin and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios, and obestatin. Obestatin in NHO group was significantly higher compared to NHNO and HO groups. UnAG/obestatin, AG/obestatin, and total ghrelin/obestatin ratios were higher in NHNO group compared to HNO and HO groups. Main effects of central obesity and hypertension were observed in UnAG, total ghrelin and GH. The HO group manifested the lowest level of UnAG, total ghrelin and GH among all the groups studied. Main effect of hypertension was observed on AG, suggesting that hypertensive individuals exhibited lower levels of AG regardless of central obesity. Conclusion: Circulatory ghrelin gene products and GH exhibit different modes of modulation in response to the co-manifestation of multiple cardiovascular risk factors compared with a single risk factor alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus P. Yu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Felix N. Ugwu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bjorn T. Tam
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul H. Lee
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W. Lai
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Cesar S. C. Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Parco M. Siu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- *Correspondence: Parco M. Siu
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging preclinical evidence has shown that the bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the brain, the so-called gut-brain axis, plays an important role in both host metabolism and behavior. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of the brain-gut axis in relation to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. METHODS A selective literature review was conducted to evaluate GI and brain interactions. RESULTS Evidence suggests reduced microbial diversity in obesity and metabolic dysregulation. However, findings of microbiota composition in obese individuals are inconsistent, and the investigation of causality between gut microbiota and energy homeostasis is complex because multiple variables contribute to the gut microbiota composition. The microbial metabolites short chain fatty acids are found to exert numerous physiologic effects, including energy homeostasis through the regulation of GI hormones such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and leptin. Preclinical studies show that modifying rodents' microbiota through fecal transplantation results in alterations of these GI hormones and subsequently an altered metabolism and behavior. However, whether and to what extent preclinical findings translate to human metabolism is unclear. CONCLUSIONS One of the major limitations and challenges in this field of research is interindividual variability of the microbiome. Future research needs to combine recent insights gained into tracking the dynamics of the microbiome as well as the metabolic responses. Furthermore, advanced mapping of the human microbiome is required to investigate the metabolic implications of the gut-brain axis to develop targeted interventions for obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Huang HJ, Zhu XC, Han QQ, Wang YL, Yue N, Wang J, Yu R, Li B, Wu GC, Liu Q, Yu J. Ghrelin alleviates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rodents. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:33-43. [PMID: 28245976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a regulator of food intake, ghrelin also plays a key role in mood disorders. Previous studies reported that acute ghrelin administration defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress. However, the effects of long-term ghrelin on rodents under chronic stress hasn't been revealed. In this study, we found chronic peripheral administration of ghrelin (5nmol/kg/day for 2 weeks, i.p.) could alleviate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The depression-like behaviors were assessed by the forced swimming test (FST), and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze test (EPM). Meanwhile, we observed that peripheral acylated ghrelin, together with gastral and hippocampal ghrelin prepropeptide mRNA level, were significantly up-regulated in CUMS mice. Besides, the increased protein level of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in hippocampus were also detected. These results suggested that the endogenous ghrelin/GHSR pathway activated by CUMS plays a role in homeostasis. Further results showed that central treatment of ghrelin (10μg/rat/day for 2 weeks, i.c.v.) or GHRP-6 (the agonist of GHSR, 10μg/rat/day for 2 weeks, i.c.v.) significantly alleviated the depression-like behaviors induced by CUMS in FST and sucrose preference test (SPT). Based on these results, we concluded that central GHSR is involved in the antidepressant-like effect of exogenous ghrelin treatment, and ghrelin/GHSR may have the inherent neuromodulatory properties against depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Cang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiu-Qin Han
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Na Yue
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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11
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Abstract
Malnutrition is the result of an inadequate balance between energy intake and energy expenditure that ultimately leads to either obesity or undernutrition. Several factors are associated with the onset and preservation of malnutrition. One of these factors is the gut microbiota, which has been recognized as an important pathophysiologic factor in the development and sustainment of malnutrition. However, to our knowledge, the extent to which the microbiota influences malnutrition has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms via which the gut microbiota may influence energy homeostasis in relation to malnutrition. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic modalities to ameliorate obesity or undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolien C de Clercq
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; and
- Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Liu FY, Zhang MM, Zeng P, Liu WW, Wang JL, Yang B, Dai Q, Wei J. Study on the molecular mechanism of antinociception induced by ghrelin in acute pain in mice. Peptides 2016; 83:1-7. [PMID: 27474249 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin has been identified as the endogenous ligand for the GHS-R1α (growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1 alpha). Our previous experiments have indicated that ghrelin (i.c.v.) induces antinociceptive effects in acute pain in mice, and the effects were mediated through the central opioid receptors and GHS-R1α. However, which opioid receptor (OR) mediates the antinociceptive effects and the molecular mechanisms are also needed to be further explored. In the present study, the antinociceptive effects of ghrelin (i.c.v.) could be fully antagonized by δ-opioid receptor antagonist NTI. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of δ-opioid peptide PENK and δ-opioid receptor OPRD were increased after i.c.v injection of ghrelin. Thus, it showed that the antinociception of ghrelin was correlated with the GHS-R1α and δ-opioid receptors. To explore which receptor was firstly activated by ghrelin, GHS-R1α antagonist [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 was co-injection (i.c.v.) with deltorphin II (selective δ-opioid receptor agonist). Finally, the antinociception induced by deltorphin II wasn't blocked by the co-injection (i.c.v.) of [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, indicating that the GHS-R1α isn't on the backward position of δ-opioid receptor. The results suggested that i.c.v. injection of ghrelin initially activated the GHS-R1α, which in turn increased the release of endogenous PENK to activation of OPRD to produce antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Min-Min Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Wen-Wen Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jing-Lei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Bei Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Qun Dai
- Medical Experimental Teaching Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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13
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Khatib MN, Simkhada P, Gode D. Cardioprotective effects of ghrelin in heart failure: from gut to heart. Heart Views 2014; 15:74-6. [PMID: 25538820 PMCID: PMC4268614 DOI: 10.4103/1995-705x.144792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Cardioprotective effects of ghrelin, especially in its acylated form have been demonstrated in heart failure (HF) models and exploratory human clinical studies. Hence, it has been proposed for the treatment of HF. However, the underlying mechanism of its protective effects against HF remains unclear. Future researches are needed to evaluate the efficacy of Ghrelin as a new biomarker and prognostic tool and for exploring its therapeutic potential in patients suffering from CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padam Simkhada
- The School of Health and Related Research, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dilip Gode
- Vice Chancellor, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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14
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Kaiya H, Konno N, Kangawa K, Uchiyama M, Miyazato M. Identification, tissue distribution and functional characterization of the ghrelin receptor in West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:106-17. [PMID: 25093625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified two ghrelin receptor isoforms, the ghrelin receptor type-1a (GHS-R1a) and its alternative splice form (GHS-R1b) for West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. Lungfish GHS-R1a and 1b comprised 361 and 281 amino acids, respectively. Lungfish GHS-R1a showed the highest identity to coelacanth GHS-R1a (80.4%). The highest expression of GHS-R1a mRNAs was seen in the brain, liver, ovary, heart, intestine, and gills. GHS-R1b mRNAs were also detected in the same tissues with GHS-R1a, but their expression level was 1/20 that of GHS-R1a. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells transiently expressing lungfish GHS-R1a, rat and bullfrog ghrelin, and two GHS-R1a agonists, GHRP-6 and hexarelin, increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. The intensity of the Ca(2+) increases induced by GHS-R1a agonists was twice when compared to that induced by ghrelin, although the median effective doses (ED50) were similar, suggesting a long-lasting effect of GHS-R1a agonists with similar affinity. We also examined changes in the GHS-R gene expression during an eight-week estivation. Body weight was slightly lowered, but plasma sodium and glucose concentrations decreased; plasma urea concentration increased significantly 4weeks after the start of estivation. Overall, expression of GHS-R1a mRNA decreased, but changes in GHS-R1b mRNA expression were inconsistent with those of GHS-R1a during estivation, suggesting an involvement of GHS-R in energy homeostasis, as seen in mammals. Our results suggest that the ghrelin-GHS-R1a system is present in this lungfish although ghrelin has not yet been found. The structure of GHS-R1a is closer to that of tetrapods than Actinopterygian fish, indicating a process of evolution that follows the Crossopterygii such as coelacanth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Konno
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Minoru Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190-Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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15
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Laurila M, Santaniemi M, Kesäniemi YA, Ukkola O. High plasma ghrelin protects from coronary heart disease and Leu72Leu polymorphism of ghrelin gene from cancer in healthy adults during the 19 years follow-up study. Peptides 2014; 61:122-9. [PMID: 25257375 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our investigation was to find out if ghrelin concentrations or polymorphisms predict the future risk for cardiovascular diseases and cancer in a population-based cohort initiated in 1991 (491 hypertensive and 513 control subjects). Total mortality and hospital events were followed up for 19 years. Fasting total ghrelin concentrations were determined and Arg51Gln, Leu72Met and -501 A > C polymorphisms identified. Cox regression analysis was performed. The mean value in the control cohort was 674 pg/ml whereas in the hypertensive cohort it was 661 pg/ml. The associations found suggest that in the controls the highest ghrelin quartile protected from CHD (coronary heart disease). The results were significant without or with adjustments for age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure and LDL cholesterol, BMI, type 2 diabetes or QUICK index. C/C variant of the promoter associated with the prevention of IHD (ischemic heart disease) in the hypertensive group (p<0.05). The controls with the Leu72Leu genotype had less cancer (p<0.05). In conclusion, high plasma ghrelin concentration was related to protection from CHD and Leu72Leu genotype to prevention of cancer in healthy adults during the 19 years follow-up. C/C promoter protects from IHD in the hypertensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laurila
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Santaniemi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Y A Kesäniemi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - O Ukkola
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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16
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Zeng P, Li S, Zheng YH, Liu FY, Wang JL, Zhang DL, Wei J. Ghrelin receptor agonist, GHRP-2, produces antinociceptive effects at the supraspinal level via the opioid receptor in mice. Peptides 2014; 55:103-9. [PMID: 24607724 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
GHRP-2 is a synthetic agonist of ghrelin receptor. GHRP-2 has similar physiological functions with ghrelin. In our previous study, ghrelin (i.c.v.) could induce analgesic effect through an interaction with GHS-R1α and with the central opioid system in the acute pain in mice. To date, the function of GHRP-2 in pain processing was not understood. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GHRP-2 on pain modulation at supraspinal level in mice using the tail immersion test. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of GHRP-2 (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 nmol/L) produced a concentration- and time-related antinociceptive effect. This effect could be fully antagonized by GHS-R1α antagonist [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, indicating that the analgesic effect induced by GHRP-2 is mediated through the activation of GHS-R1α. Interestingly, naloxone, naltrindole and nor-binaltorphimine, but not β-funaltrexamine, could also block the analgesic effect markedly, suggesting that δ- and κ-opioid receptor is involved in the analgesic response evoked by GHRP-2. Moreover, i.c.v. administration of GHRP-2 potentiated the analgesic effect induced by morphine (i.c.v., 1 nmol/L) and this potentiated effect could not be reversed by [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6. Thus these findings may be a new strategy on investigating the interaction between ghrelin system and opioids on pain modulation. Furthermore, GHRP-2 may be a promising peptide for developing new analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Shu Li
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environmental and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China
| | - Yue-hui Zheng
- Medical Experimental Teaching Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Fu-Yan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jing-lei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Da-lei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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17
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Abstract
Although the management of chronic heart failure (CHF) has made enormous progress over the past decades, CHF is still a tremendous medical and societal burden. Metabolic remodeling might play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of CHF. The characteristics and mechanisms of metabolic remodeling remained unclear, and the main hypothesis might include the changes in the availability of metabolic substrate and the decline of metabolic capability. In the early phases of the disease, metabolism shifts toward carbohydrate utilization from fatty acids (FAs) oxidation. Along with the progress of the disease, the increasing level of the hyperadrenergic state and insulin resistance cause the changes that shift back to a greater FA uptake and oxidation. In addition, a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the improvement in the metabolic capability is likely to be more significant than the selection of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
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18
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Wang X, Wang XL, Chen HL, Wu D, Chen JX, Wang XX, Li RL, He JH, Mo L, Cen X, Wei YQ, Jiang W. Ghrelin inhibits doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by inhibiting excessive autophagy through AMPK and p38-MAPK. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:334-50. [PMID: 24522112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a wide spectrum antitumor drug, but its clinical application is limited by the cardiotoxicity. Ghrelin, a multi-functional peptide hormone with metabolic regulation in energy homeostasis, plays important roles in cardiovascular protection. Now, the underlying mechanisms of ghrelin against DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and atrophy are still not clear. In the present study, we revealed an autophagy-dependent mechanism involved in ghrelin's protection against DOX-induced cardiomyocyte death and size decrease. We observed that DOX insult induced remarkable mortality and cardiac dysfunction in mice, and increase in LDH leakage, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and decrease in cell viability and size in mouse hearts and H9c2 cell cultures, which were effectively improved by ghrelin supplement. We further observed that the strong autophagy stirred by DOX exposure was paralleling with the serious apoptosis and size decrease in cardiomyocytes. Ghrelin, like an autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, inhibited the DOX-induced autophagy and attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and size decrease. Furthermore, ghrelin significantly reduced the intercellular oxidative stress level, a strong autophagy trigger, partly by augmenting the expression and activities of the endogenous anti-oxidative enzymes. After the further investigation in the post signaling pathways of ghrelin receptors in H9c2 cells, including ERK, p38/MAPK, JNK, AMPK and Akt, we observed that ghrelin supplement only reduced the DOX-activated AMPK and augmented the DOX-down regulated p38-MAPK and mTOR phosphorylation. Our results indicated that ghrelin effectively improved the cardiomyocyte survival and size maintenance by suppressing the excessive autophagy through both ROS inhibition and mTOR induction through suppressing AMPK activity and stimulating p38-MAPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xu-Lei Wang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hua-Li Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dan Wu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jia-Xiang Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Wang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ru-Li Li
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jin-Han He
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Mo
- Department of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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19
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Yang C, Liu Z, Liu K, Yang P. Mechanisms of Ghrelin anti-heart failure: inhibition of Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by down-regulating AT1R expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85785. [PMID: 24465706 PMCID: PMC3897516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone–releasing peptide administered to treat chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the underlying mechanism of its protective effects against heart failure (HF) remains unclear. Methods and Results A total of 68 patients with CHF and 20 healthy individuals were included. The serum levels of Angiotensin II (Ang II) and ghrelin were measured using ELISA. The results showed that Ang II and ghrelin were both significantly increased in CHF patients and that the ghrelin levels were significantly positively correlated with Ang II. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to establish a rat model of CHF, and cultured cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats were stimulated with Ang II to explore the role of ghrelin in CHF. The results showed that ghrelin inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, caspase-3 expression was examined, and the results revealed that Ang II induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the caspase-3 pathway, whereas ghrelin inhibits this action. Lastly, to further elucidate the mechanism by which ghrelin inhibits Ang II action, the expression of the AT1 and AT2 receptors was evaluated; the results showed that Ang II up-regulates the AT1 and AT2 receptors in cardiomyocytes, whereas ghrelin inhibits AT1 receptor up-regulation but does not affect AT2 receptor expression. Conclusions These data suggest that the serum levels of ghrelin are significantly positively correlated with Ang II in CHF patients and that ghrelin can inhibit Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by down-regulating AT1R, thereby playing a role in preventing HF.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Case-Control Studies
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Ghrelin/pharmacology
- Heart Failure/enzymology
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Heart Failure/prevention & control
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Zeng P, Chen JX, Yang B, Zhi X, Guo FX, Sun ML, Wang JL, Wei J. Attenuation of systemic morphine-induced analgesia by central administration of ghrelin and related peptides in mice. Peptides 2013; 50:42-9. [PMID: 24113541 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino peptide secreted in the gastric endocrine cells, has been demonstrated to stimulate the release of growth hormone, increase food intake, and inhibit pro-inflammatory cascade, etc. Ghrelin mainly combines with its receptor (GHS-R1α) to play the role in physiological and pathological functions. It has been reported that ghrelin plays important roles in the control of pain through interaction with the opioid system in inflammatory pain and acute pain. However, very few studies show the effect of supraspinal ghrelin system on antinociception induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of morphine. In the present study, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of ghrelin (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 nmol/L) produced inhibition of systemic morphine (6 mg/kg, i.p.) analgesia in the tail withdrawal test. Similarly, i.c.v. injection GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 which are the agonists of GHS-R1α, also decreased analgesia effect induced by morphine injected intraperitoneally in mice. Furthermore, these anti-opioid activities of ghrelin and related peptides were not blocked by pretreatment with the GHS-R1α selective antagonist [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 (100 nmol/L, i.c.v.). These results demonstrated that central ghrelin and related peptides could inhibit the analgesia effect induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of morphine. The anti-opioid effects of ghrelin and related peptides do not interact with GHS-R1a. These findings may pave the way for a new strategy on investigating the interaction between ghrelin system and opioids on pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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21
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Delporte C. Structure and physiological actions of ghrelin. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:518909. [PMID: 24381790 PMCID: PMC3863518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, discovered as being the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide presenting a unique n-octanoylation modification on its serine in position 3, catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase. Ghrelin is mainly produced by a subset of stomach cells and also by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other tissues. Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational processes generate ghrelin and ghrelin-related peptides. Homo- and heterodimers of growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and as yet unidentified receptors, are assumed to mediate the biological effects of acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, respectively. Ghrelin exerts wide physiological actions throughout the body, including growth hormone secretion, appetite and food intake, gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions, anti-inflammatory functions, reproductive functions, and bone formation. This review focuses on presenting the current understanding of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor biology, as well as the main physiological effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Bat G/E-CP611, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Báez-Ruiz A, Luna-Moreno D, Carmona-Castro A, Cárdenas-Vázquez R, Díaz-Muñoz M, Carmona-Alcocer V, Fuentes-Granados C, Manuel MA. Hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic and orexigenic hormone receptors in obese femalesNeotomodon alstoni:Effect of fasting. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:31-6. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Hainer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Prague, Czech Republic.
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24
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Wei J, Zhi X, Wang XL, Zeng P, Zou T, Yang B, Wang JL. In vivo characterization of the effects of ghrelin on the modulation of acute pain at the supraspinal level in mice. Peptides 2013; 43:76-82. [PMID: 23500519 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an acylated peptide produced in the stomach, increases food intake and growth hormone secretion, inhibits pro-inflammatory cascade, etc. Ghrelin and its receptor (GHS-R1a) mRNA were found in the area related to the regions for controlling pain transmission, such as the hypothalamus, the midbrain, the spinal cord, etc. Ghrelin has been shown to have antinociceptive activity and also anti-inflammatory properties in inflammatory pain and chronic neuropathic pain. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ghrelin for the first time in the acute pain modulation at the supraspinal level, using the tail withdrawal test and hot-plate test in mice. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of ghrelin (mouse, 0.1-3 nmol) produced a dose- and time-related antinociceptive effect in the tail withdrawal test and hot-plate test, respectively. Antinociceptive effect elicited by ghrelin (i.c.v., 1 nmol) was significantly antagonized by opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (i.c.v., 10 nmol co-injection or i.p., 10mg/kg, 10 min prior to ghrelin) in both tail withdrawal test and hot-plate test. At these doses, naloxone significantly antagonized the antinociceptive effect induced by morphine (i.c.v., 3 nmol). Ghrelin (i.c.v., 1 nmol)-induced antinociception was significantly antagonized by co-injection with 10 nmol [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6, the selective antagonist of GHS-R1a identified more recently, while [d-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (10 nmol) alone induced neither hyperalgesia nor antinociception. Overall this data indicate that ghrelin could produce antinociception through an interaction with GHS-R1a and with the central opioid system. Thus ghrelin may be a promising peptide for developing new analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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Mangner N, Matsuo Y, Schuler G, Adams V. Cachexia in chronic heart failure: endocrine determinants and treatment perspectives. Endocrine 2013; 43:253-65. [PMID: 22903414 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented in the current literature that chronic heart failure is often associated with cachexia, defined as involuntary weight loss of 5 % in 12 month or less. Clinical studies unraveled that the presence of cachexia decreases significantly mean survival of the patient. At the molecular level mainly myofibrillar proteins are degraded, although a reduced protein synthesis may also contribute to the loss of muscle mass. Endocrine factors clearly regulate muscle mass and function by influencing the normally precisely controlled balance between protein breakdown and protein synthesis The aim of the present article is to review the knowledge in the field with respect to the role of endocrine factors for the regulation of cachexia in patients with CHF and deduce treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Mangner
- Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Strümpellstrasse 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Palus S, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Datta R, Zhang J, Dong JZ, Culler MD, Anker SD, Springer J. Effect of application route of the ghrelin analog BIM-28131 (RM-131) on body weight and body composition in a rat heart failure model. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2369-74. [PMID: 23465234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) remains one of the most challenging diseases in terms of numbers and disease management, particularly so, if the CHF patient develops cardiac cachexia. Ghrelin and its analogs have been suggested to improve body weight and cardiac function in heart failure models and exploratory human clinical studies. However, most ghrelin compounds are peptides and need to be injected several times per day, which affects the quality of life of patients. Here, we compared two application routes, three times daily subcutaneous (sc) injections to continuous infusion using osmotic mini-pumps in a rat model of CHF. Moreover, the effects were also compared to three times daily sc injections of growth hormone (GH). Rats were treated for 28 d. The results show that treatment with 50 or 100 nmol/kg/d BIM-28131 (RM-131) potently induces body weight gain, fat and lean mass compared to placebo. The gain of lean mass was equal to the gain of lean mass in the 2mg/kg/d GH group and superior to 250 μg/kg/d GH. Both GH and BIM-28131 increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 to a similar extent. Little effect was seen on cardiac function; only cardiac output was improved by either high dose BIM-28131 or GH. Overall the effects of BIM-28131 were similar in both application routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Palus
- Applied Cachexia Research, Dept. of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Ghrelin as a novel peptide hormone in obesity and weight loss. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Tong XX, Wu D, Wang X, Chen HL, Chen JX, Wang XX, Wang XL, Gan L, Guo ZY, Shi GX, Zhang YZ, Jiang W. Ghrelin protects against cobalt chloride-induced hypoxic injury in cardiac H9c2 cells by inhibiting oxidative stress and inducing autophagy. Peptides 2012; 38:217-27. [PMID: 23000094 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional peptide that actively protects against cardiovascular ischemic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We used CoCl(2) to mimic hypoxic conditions in cardiac H9c2 cells in order to study the mechanism by which ghrelin protects cardiac myocytes against hypoxic injury by regulating the content of intracellular ROS and autophagy levels. Cell apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by the flow cytometry assay, Hoechst staining, and LDH activity. Cell viability was detected by the WST-1 assay; ROS levels were assessed using DCFH2-DA; and Nox1, catalase and Mn-SOD were assayed by real-time PCR and activity assays. LC3II was measured by Western blot analysis. We observed that CoCl(2) induced apoptosis and death of H9c2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This was characterized by an increase in cell apoptosis, LDH activity, ROS content, Nox1 expression, and autophagy levels and a decrease in cell viability, catalase, and Mn-SOD activities. Ghrelin treatment significantly attenuated CoCl(2)-induced hypoxic injury by decreasing cell apoptosis, LDH activity, ROS content, and Nox1 expression and increasing cell viability, autophagy levels, catalase, and Mn-SOD mRNA levels and activities. Further experiments revealed that inhibiting autophagy using 3-MA or AMPK pathway with compound C almost abrogated the induction of ghrelin in autophagy. This was associated with a decrease in cell viability and an increase in LDH activity. Our results indicate that ghrelin protected cardiac myocytes against CoCl(2)-induced hypoxic injury by decreasing Nox1 expression, increasing the expression and activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and inducing protective autophagy in an AMPK-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Catalase/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cobalt
- Ghrelin/pharmacology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Tong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
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Research on cachexia, sarcopenia and skeletal muscle in cardiology. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:219-23. [PMID: 23160775 PMCID: PMC3505572 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The awareness of cardiac cachexia, i.e. involuntary weight loss in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, has increased over the last two decades. METHODS AND RESULTS This mini-review looks at recent research in the cardiovascular literature that is relevant to the areas of interest of the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. It identifies significant research in the last 3 years on the obesity paradox, the causes and effects of skeletal muscle wasting, animal models of cachexia and emerging treatment ideas in cardiac cachexia. CONCLUSIONS Assuming a similar literature in the fields of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure and chronic liver failure, the emergence of cachexia as a vibrant area of clinical and experimental research seems assured.
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