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García-Rodríguez C, Mujica P, Illanes-González J, López A, Vargas C, Sáez JC, González-Jamett A, Ardiles ÁO. Probenecid, an Old Drug with Potential New Uses for Central Nervous System Disorders and Neuroinflammation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1516. [PMID: 37371611 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Probenecid is an old uricosuric agent used in clinics to treat gout and reduce the renal excretion of antibiotics. In recent years, probenecid has gained attention due to its ability to interact with membrane proteins such as TRPV2 channels, organic anion transporters, and pannexin 1 hemichannels, which suggests new potential therapeutic utilities in medicine. Some current functions of probenecid include their use as an adjuvant to increase the bioavailability of several drugs in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Numerous studies also suggest that this drug has important neuroprotective, antiepileptic, and anti-inflammatory properties, as evidenced by their effect against neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In these studies, the use of probenecid as a Panx1 hemichannel blocker to reduce neuroinflammation is highlighted since neuroinflammation is a major trigger for diverse CNS alterations. Although the clinical use of probenecid has declined over the years, advances in its use in preclinical research indicate that it may be useful to improve conventional therapies in the psychiatric field where the drugs used have a low bioavailability, either because of a deficient passage through the blood-brain barrier or a high efflux from the CNS or also a high urinary clearance. This review summarizes the history, pharmacological properties, and recent research uses of probenecid and discusses its future projections as a potential pharmacological strategy to intervene in neurodegeneration as an outcome of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia García-Rodríguez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Paula Mujica
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Javiera Illanes-González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Araceli López
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Camilo Vargas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Arlek González-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Álvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2341386, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2540064, Chile
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Luzi F, Gee AD, Bongarzone S. Silicon compounds in carbon-11 radiochemistry: present use and future perspectives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6916-6925. [PMID: 34319335 PMCID: PMC8372417 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful functional imaging technique that requires the use of positron emitting nuclides. Carbon-11 (11C) radionuclide has several advantages related to the ubiquity of carbon atoms in biomolecules and the conservation of pharmacological properties of the molecule upon isotopic exchange of carbon-12 with carbon-11. However, due to the short half-life of 11C (20.4 minutes) and the low scale with which it is produced by the cyclotron (sub-nanomolar concentrations), quick, robust and chemospecific radiolabelling strategies are required to minimise activity loss during incorporation of the 11C nuclide into the final product. To address some of the constraints of working with 11C, the use of silicon-based chemistry for 11C-labelling was proposed as a rapid and effective route for radiopharmaceutical production due to the broad applicability and high efficiency showed in organic chemistry. In the past years several organic chemistry methodologies have been successfully applied to 11C-chemistry. In this short review, we examine silicon-based 11C-chemistry, with a particular emphasis on the radiotracers that have been successfully produced and potential improvements to further expand the applicability of silicon in radiochemistry. The use of silicon-based reagents and precursors for carbon-11 labelling has shown wide applicability and robustness with short reaction times using mild conditions. In this review, recent advances and future perspectives are examined.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Luzi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Eriksson J, Antoni G, Långström B, Itsenko O. The development of 11C-carbonylation chemistry: A systematic view. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:115-137. [PMID: 32147168 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prospects for using carbon-11 labelled compounds in molecular imaging has improved with the development of diverse synthesis methods, including 11C-carbonylations and refined techniques to handle [11C]carbon monoxide at a nanomole scale. Facilitating biological research and molecular imaging was the driving force when [11C]carbon monoxide was used in the first in vivo application with carbon-11 in human (1945) and when [11C]carbon monoxide was used for the first time as a chemical reagent in the synthesis of [11C]phosgene (1978). This review examines a rich plethora of labelled compounds synthesized from [11C]carbon monoxide, their chemistry and use in molecular imaging. While the strong development of the 11C-carbonylation chemistry has expanded the carbon-11 domain considerably, it could be argued that the number of 11C-carbonyl compounds entering biological investigations should be higher. The reason for this may partly be the lack of commercially available synthesis instruments designed for 11C-carbonylations. But as this review shows, novel and greatly simplified methods to handle [11C]carbon monoxide have been developed. The next important challenge is to make full use of these technologies and synthesis methods in PET research. When there is a PET-tracer that meets a more general need, the incentive to implement 11C-carbonylation protocols will increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oleksiy Itsenko
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Brose RD, Savonenko A, Devenney B, Smith KD, Reeves RH. Hydroxyurea Improves Spatial Memory and Cognitive Plasticity in Mice and Has a Mild Effect on These Parameters in a Down Syndrome Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:96. [PMID: 31139073 PMCID: PMC6527804 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a genetic disorder caused by partial or complete triplication of chromosome 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. DS mouse models and cell lines display defects in cellular adaptive stress responses including autophagy, unfolded protein response, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. We tested the ability of hydroxyurea (HU), an FDA-approved pharmacological agent that activates adaptive cellular stress response pathways, to improve the cognitive function of Ts65Dn mice. The chronic HU treatment started at a stage when early mild cognitive deficits are present in this model (∼3 months of age) and continued until a stage of advanced cognitive deficits in untreated mice (∼5–6 months of age). The HU effects on cognitive performance were analyzed using a battery of water maze tasks designed to detect changes in different types of memory with sensitivity wide enough to detect deficits as well as improvements in spatial memory. The most common characteristic of cognitive deficits observed in trisomic mice at 5–6 months of age was their inability to rapidly acquire new information for long-term storage, a feature akin to episodic-like memory. On the background of severe cognitive impairments in untreated trisomic mice, HU-treatment produced mild but significant benefits in Ts65Dn by improving memory acquisition and short-term retention of spatial information. In control mice, HU treatment facilitated memory retention in constant (reference memory) as well as time-variant conditions (episodic-like memory) implicating a robust nootropic effect. This was the first proof-of-concept study of HU treatment in a DS model, and indicates that further studies are warranted to assess a window to optimize timing and dosage of the treatment in this pre-clinical phase. Findings of this study indicate that HU has potential for improving memory retention and cognitive flexibility that can be harnessed for the amelioration of cognitive deficits in normal aging and in cognitive decline (dementia) related to DS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Deering Brose
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin Devenney
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kirby D Smith
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Teng J, Hejazi S, Hiddingh L, Carvalho L, de Gooijer MC, Wakimoto H, Barazas M, Tannous M, Chi AS, Noske DP, Wesseling P, Wurdinger T, Batchelor TT, Tannous BA. Recycling drug screen repurposes hydroxyurea as a sensitizer of glioblastomas to temozolomide targeting de novo DNA synthesis, irrespective of molecular subtype. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:642-654. [PMID: 29099956 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. Standard-of-care treatment involves maximal surgical resection of the tumor followed by radiation and chemotherapy (temozolomide [TMZ]). The 5-year survival rate of patients with GBM is <10%, a colossal failure that has been partially attributed to intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to TMZ through O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status in the tumor. Methods A drug screening aimed at evaluating the potential recycling and repurposing of known drugs was conducted in TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines and primary cultures of newly diagnosed GBM with different MGMT promoter methylation status, phenotypic/genotypic background and subtype, and validated with sphere formation, cell migration assays, and quantitative invasive orthotopic in vivo models. Results We identified hydroxyurea (HU) to synergize with TMZ in GBM cells in culture and in vivo, irrespective of MGMT promoter methylation status, subtype, and/or stemness. HU acts specifically on the S-phase of the cell cycle by inhibiting the M2 unit of enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. Knockdown of this enzyme using RNA interference and other known chemical inhibitors exerted a similar effect to HU in combination with TMZ both in culture and in vivo. Conclusions We demonstrate preclinical efficacy of repurposing hydroxyurea in combination with TMZ for adjuvant GBM therapy. This combination benefit is of direct clinical interest given the extensive use of TMZ and the associated problems with TMZ-related resistance and treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Teng
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seyedali Hejazi
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lotte Hiddingh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Litia Carvalho
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark C de Gooijer
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco Barazas
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Tannous
- Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David P Noske
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wurdinger
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bakhos A Tannous
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Deering Brose R, Lehrmann E, Zhang Y, Reeves RH, Smith KD, Mattson MP. Hydroxyurea attenuates oxidative, metabolic, and excitotoxic stress in rat hippocampal neurons and improves spatial memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:121-133. [PMID: 30245242 PMCID: PMC6215724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques in the brain and decreased cognitive function leading to dementia. We tested if hydroxyurea (HU), a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor known to activate adaptive cellular stress responses and ameliorate abnormalities associated with several genetic disorders, could protect rat hippocampal neurons against oxidative-, excitatory-, mitochondrial-, and Aβ-induced stress and if HU treatment could improve learning and memory in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. HU treatment attenuated the loss of cell viability induced by treatment of hippocampal neurons with hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, rotenone, and Aβ1-42. HU treatment attenuated reductions of mitochondrial reserve capacity, maximal respiration, and cellular adenosine triphosphate content induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. In vivo, treatment of APP/PS1 mice with HU (45 mg/kg/d) improved spatial memory performance in the hippocampus-dependent Morris water maze task without reducing Aβ levels. HU provides neuroprotection against toxic insults including Aβ, improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, and improves spatial memory in an AD mouse model. HU may offer a new therapeutic approach to delay cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Deering Brose
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA , ,
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA , ,
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA , ,
| | - Roger H. Reeves
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA , ,
| | - Kirby D. Smith
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA , ,
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Calder AN, Androphy EJ, Hodgetts KJ. Small Molecules in Development for the Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10067-10083. [PMID: 27490705 PMCID: PMC5744254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease resulting from pathologically low levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. The majority of mRNA from the SMN2 allele undergoes alternative splicing and excludes critical codons, causing an SMN protein deficiency. While there is currently no FDA-approved treatment for SMA, early therapeutic efforts have focused on testing repurposed drugs such as phenylbutyrate (2), valproic acid (3), riluzole (6), hydroxyurea (7), and albuterol (9), none of which has demonstrated clinical effectiveness. More recently, clinical trials have focused on novel small-molecule compounds identified from high-throughput screening and medicinal chemistry optimization such as olesoxime (11), CK-2127107, RG7800, LMI070, and RG3039 (17). In this paper, we review both repurposed drugs and small-molecule compounds discovered following medicinal chemistry optimization for the potential treatment of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Calder
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elliot J. Androphy
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin J. Hodgetts
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Karsy M, Hoang N, Barth T, Burt L, Dunson W, Gillespie DL, Jensen RL. Combined Hydroxyurea and Verapamil in the Clinical Treatment of Refractory Meningioma: Human and Orthotopic Xenograft Studies. World Neurosurg 2016; 86:210-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thanki K, Gangwal RP, Sangamwar AT, Jain S. Oral delivery of anticancer drugs: Challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 2013; 170:15-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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