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Bernardi S, Mulas O, Mutti S, Costa A, Russo D, La Nasa G. Extracellular vesicles in the Chronic Myeloid Leukemia scenario: an update about the shuttling of disease markers and therapeutic molecules. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1239042. [PMID: 38260856 PMCID: PMC10800789 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1239042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are various sets of cell-derived membranous structures containing lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins secreted by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It is now well recognized that EVs are key intercellular communication mediators, allowing the functional transfer of bioactive chemicals from one cell to another in both healthy and pathological pathways. It is evident that the condition of the producer cells heavily influences the composition of EVs. Hence, phenotypic changes in the parent cells are mirrored in the design of the secreted EVs. As a result, EVs have been investigated for a wide range of medicinal and diagnostic uses in different hematological diseases. EVs have only recently been studied in the context of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), a blood malignancy defined by the chromosomal rearrangement t(9;22) and the fusion gene BCR-ABL1. The findings range from the impact on pathogenesis to the possible use of EVs as medicinal chemical carriers. This review aims to provide for the first time an update on our understanding of EVs as carriers of CML biomarkers for minimal residual disease monitoring, therapy response, and its management, as well as the limited reports on the use of EVs as therapeutic shuttles for innovative treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Lab CREA (Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica Associazione italiana contro le leucemie, linfomi e mieloma-AIL), ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Olga Mulas
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Hematology Unit, Businco Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Mutti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Lab CREA (Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica Associazione italiana contro le leucemie, linfomi e mieloma-AIL), ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Hematology Unit, Businco Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio La Nasa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Hematology Unit, Businco Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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2
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Van Morckhoven D, Dubois N, Bron D, Meuleman N, Lagneaux L, Stamatopoulos B. Extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies: EV-dence for reshaping the tumoral microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265969. [PMID: 37822925 PMCID: PMC10562589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following their discovery at the end of the 20th century, extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging from 50-1,000 nm have proven to be paramount in the progression of many cancers, including hematological malignancies. EVs are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures that include small EVs (commonly called exosomes) and large EVs (microparticles). They have been demonstrated to participate in multiple physiological and pathological processes by allowing exchange of biological material (including among others proteins, DNA and RNA) between cells. They are therefore a crucial way of intercellular communication. In this context, malignant cells can release these extracellular vesicles that can influence their microenvironment, induce the formation of a tumorigenic niche, and prepare and establish distant niches facilitating metastasis by significantly impacting the phenotypes of surrounding cells and turning them toward supportive roles. In addition, EVs are also able to manipulate the immune response and to establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This in turn allows for ideal conditions for heightened chemoresistance and increased disease burden. Here, we review the latest findings and reports studying the effects and therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles in various hematological malignancies. The study of extracellular vesicles remains in its infancy; however, rapid advances in the analysis of these vesicles in the context of disease allow us to envision prospects to improve the detection and treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Morckhoven
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathan Dubois
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bron
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Departement of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Meuleman
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Departement of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Jurgec S, Jezernik G, Gorenjak M, Büdefeld T, Potočnik U. Meta-Analytic Comparison of Global RNA Transcriptomes of Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells Reveals Novel Gene Candidates Governing Myeloid Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194681. [PMID: 36230605 PMCID: PMC9562668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite advances in the understanding of genetic risk factors and molecular mechanisms underlying acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), clinical outcomes of current therapies in terms of disease relapse and mortality rate pose a great economic and social burden. To overcome this, the identification of new molecular prognostic biomarkers and pharmacological targets is crucial. Recent studies have suggested that AML and CML may share common pathogenic mechanisms and cellular substrates. To this end, in the present study, global transcriptome profiles of AML and CML at the molecular and cellular level were directly compared using a combination of meta-analysis and modern statistics, and novel candidate genes and specific biological processes associated with the pathogenesis of AML and CML were characterized. Our study significantly improves our current understanding of myeloid leukemia and will help develop new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for disease progression, management and treatment response. Abstract Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) represent a group of hematological malignancies characterized by the pathogenic clonal expansion of leukemic myeloid cells. The diagnosis and clinical outcome of AML and CML are complicated by genetic heterogeneity of disease; therefore, the identification of novel molecular biomarkers and pharmacological targets is of paramount importance. Methods: RNA-seq-based transcriptome data from a total of five studies were extracted from NCBI GEO repository and subjected to an in-depth bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AML and CML. A systemic literature survey and functional gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were performed for the top 100 DEGs to identify novel candidate genes and biological processes associated with AML and CML. Results: LINC01554, PTMAP12, LOC644936, RPS27AP20 and FAM133CP were identified as novel risk genes for AML and CML. GO enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly associated with pre-RNA splicing, reactive oxygen species and glycoprotein metabolism, the cellular endomembrane system, neutrophil migration and antimicrobial immune response. Conclusions: Our study revealed novel biomarkers and specific biological processes associated with AML and CML. Further studies are required to evaluate their value as molecular targets for managing and treating the myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staša Jurgec
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jezernik
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mario Gorenjak
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Büdefeld
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Center for Human Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department for Science and Research, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-2345-854
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Karami Fath M, Azami J, Jaafari N, Akbari Oryani M, Jafari N, Karim poor A, Azargoonjahromi A, Nabi-Afjadi M, Payandeh Z, Zalpoor H, Shanehbandi D. Exosome application in treatment and diagnosis of B-cell disorders: leukemias, multiple sclerosis, and arthritis rheumatoid. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:74. [PMID: 36064322 PMCID: PMC9446857 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, known as a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs), are lipid particles comprising heterogeneous contents such as nucleic acids, proteins, and DNA. These bi-layered particles are naturally released into the extracellular periphery by a variety of cells such as neoplastic cells. Given that exosomes have unique properties, they can be used as vectors and carriers of biological and medicinal particles like drugs for delivering to the desired areas. The proteins and RNAs being encompassed by the circulating exosomes in B-cell malignancies are deemed as the promising sources for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic agents. Exosomes can also provide a "snapshot" view of the tumor and metastatic landscape at any particular time. Further, clinical research has shown that exosomes are produced by immune cells such as dendritic cells can stimulate the immune system, so these exosomes can be used in antitumor vaccines. Despite the great potential of exosomes in the fields of diagnostic and treatment, further studies are in need for these purposes to reach a convergence notion. This review highlights the applications of exosomes in multiple immune-related diseases, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis, and arthritis rheumatoid, as well as explaining sundry aspects of exosome therapy and the function of exosomes in diagnosing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Azami
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Niloofar Jaafari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Akbari Oryani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Jafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Immunology Research center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Immunology Research center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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5
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Extracellular Vesicles in Haematological Disorders: A Friend or a Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710118. [PMID: 36077514 PMCID: PMC9455998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important mediators of homeostasis, immune modulation and intercellular communication. They are released by every cell of the human body and accordingly detected in a variety of body fluids. Interestingly, their expression can be upregulated under various conditions, such as stress, hypoxia, irradiation, inflammation, etc. Their cargo, which is variable and may include lipids, proteins, RNAs and DNA, reflects that of the parental cell, which offers a significant diagnostic potential to EVs. In line with this, an increasing number of studies have reported the important contribution of cancer-derived EVs in altering the tumour microenvironment and allowing for cancer progression and metastasis. As such, cancer-derived EVs may be used to monitor the development and progression of disease and to evaluate the potential response to treatment, which has generated much excitement in the field of oncology and particularly in haemato-oncology. Finally, EVs are able to transfer their cargo to target cells, modifying the properties of the recipient cell, which offers great therapeutic potential for EVs (either by specific drug delivery or by delivery of siRNAs and other inhibitory proteins). In this manuscript, we review the potential diagnostic use and therapeutic options of EVs in the context of haematological malignancies.
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Andretta E, Costa C, Longobardi C, Damiano S, Giordano A, Pagnini F, Montagnaro S, Quintiliani M, Lauritano C, Ciarcia R. Potential Approaches Versus Approved or Developing Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 11:801779. [PMID: 34993151 PMCID: PMC8724906 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.801779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, continued use of these inhibitors has contributed to the increase in clinical resistance and the persistence of resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs). So, there is an urgent need to introduce additional targeted and selective therapies to eradicate quiescent LSCs, and to avoid the relapse and disease progression. Here, we focused on emerging BCR-ABL targeted and non-BCR-ABL targeted drugs employed in clinical trials and on alternative CML treatments, including antioxidants, oncolytic virus, engineered exosomes, and natural products obtained from marine organisms that could pave the way for new therapeutic approaches for CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Andretta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Costa
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Lauritano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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GCC2 as a New Early Diagnostic Biomarker for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215482. [PMID: 34771645 PMCID: PMC8582534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer, is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. A better prognosis is associated with early diagnosis of lung cancer patients. Although annual screening guidelines for lung cancer are recommended, using various tools such as chest X-ray, low-dose computed tomography, and positron emission tomography, these screening procedures are expensive and difficult to repeat. They are also invasive and have a high risk of radiation exposure. Therefore, a low-risk, convenient diagnostic method using liquid biopsy and biomarkers is required for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The newly proposed biomarker GCC2 was identified through proteomic analysis of exosomes secreted from lung cancer cell lines. GCC2 expression levels in peripheral blood of the patients showed high specificity and sensitivity in early lung cancer, demonstrating that our novel exosomal biomarker GCC2 can greatly contribute to improving the diagnosis of lung cancer patients, even though it has been tested in only a few pilot studies. Abstract No specific markers have been identified to detect non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell-derived exosomes circulating in the blood. Here, we report a new biomarker that distinguishes between cancer and non-cancer cell-derived exosomes. Exosomes isolated from patient plasmas at various pathological stages of NSCLC, NSCLC cell lines, and human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells isolated using size exclusion chromatography were characterized. The GRIP and coiled-coil domain-containing 2 (GCC2) protein, involved in endosome-to-Golgi transport, was identified by proteomics analysis of NSCLC cell line-derived exosomes. GCC2 protein levels in the exosomes derived from early-stage NSCLC patients were higher than those from healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of exosomal GCC2 to be 90% and 75%, respectively. A high area under the curve, 0.844, confirmed that GCC2 levels could effectively distinguish between the exosomes. These results demonstrate GCC2 as a promising early diagnostic biomarker for NSCLC.
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8
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Zhong Y, Li H, Li P, Chen Y, Zhang M, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Luo G, Fang Y, Li X. Exosomes: A New Pathway for Cancer Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743556. [PMID: 34631581 PMCID: PMC8497983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted into body fluids by multiple cell types and are enriched in bioactive molecules, although their exact contents depend on the cells of origin. Studies have shown that exosomes in the tumor microenvironment affect tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance by mediating intercellular communication and the transport of specific molecules, although their exact mechanisms of action need to be investigated further. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge on the relationship between tumor drug resistance and exosomes, and have discussed the potential applications of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Zhong
- Hand, Foot Vascular Surgery, Tungwah Hospital to Sun Yet-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Dermatology Department, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhendong Yuan
- Hand, Foot Vascular Surgery, Tungwah Hospital to Sun Yet-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Geng Luo
- Hand, Foot Vascular Surgery, Tungwah Hospital to Sun Yet-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Barzegar M, Farsani MA, Rafiee M, Amiri V, Parkhihdeh S, Rad F, Mohammadi MH. Acute promyelocytic leukemia derived extracellular vesicles conserve PML-RARα transcript from storage-inflicted degradation: a stable diagnosis tool in APL patients. Ann Hematol 2021; 100:2241-2252. [PMID: 34236496 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The early death, which is more common in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients rather than other types of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) highlights the importance of appropriate diagnostic method for early detection of this disease. The low sensitivity of the conventional methods, low tumor burden in some patients, and the need for bone marrow sampling are some of the diagnostic challenges on the way of proper detection of APL. Given these, we aimed to compare the efficacy of extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a diagnostic tool, with the existing methods. RT-PCR, qPCR, and flow cytometry were applied on EVs and their corresponding associated cellular component collected from 18 APL new cases, 23 patients with minimal residual disease (MRD), and NB4 cell line. RT-PCR results were positive in both cellular and vesicular components of all new cases, NB4 cells, and EVs in contrary to MRD cases. Normalized copy numbers (NCN) of PML-RARα were 5100 and 3950 for cell and EVs, respectively (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the NCN of PML-RARα between cells and EVs in BM samples. Investigating the effect of storage at room temperature revealed that PML-RARα level was retained near to the baseline level in EVs, but there was a significant reduction in its copy number in the cellular component during 7 days. Taken together, given to the acceptable stability, EVs could be introduced as a non-invasive liquid biopsy that alongside existing methods could remarkably change the paradigm of APL diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohieddin Barzegar
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Qods Sq, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Allahbakhshian Farsani
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Qods Sq, Tehran, Iran
- HSCT Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Qods Sq, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Amiri
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Qods Sq, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayeh Parkhihdeh
- HSCT Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Rad
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Qods Sq, Tehran, Iran.
- HSCT Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Goričar K, Dolžan V, Lenassi M. Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Tool Facilitating Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics in Oncology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671298. [PMID: 33995103 PMCID: PMC8120271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers that can guide cancer therapy based on patients' individual cancer molecular signature can enable a more effective treatment with fewer adverse events. Data on actionable somatic mutations and germline genetic variants, studied by personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics, can be obtained from tumor tissue or blood samples. As tissue biopsy cannot reflect the heterogeneity of the tumor or its temporal changes, liquid biopsy is a promising alternative approach. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a potential source of biomarkers in liquid biopsy. EVs are a heterogeneous population of membrane bound particles, which are released from all cells and accumulate into body fluids. They contain various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (miRNA, mRNA, and DNA) and metabolites. In cancer, EV biomolecular composition and concentration are changed. Tumor EVs can promote the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche formation, and contribute to transfer of oncogenic potential or drug resistance during chemotherapy. This makes them a promising source of minimally invasive biomarkers. A limited number of clinical studies investigated EVs to monitor cancer progression, tumor evolution or drug resistance and several putative EV-bound protein and RNA biomarkers were identified. This review is focused on EVs as novel biomarker source for personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics in oncology. As several pharmacogenes and genes associated with targeted therapy, chemotherapy or hormonal therapy were already detected in EVs, they might be used for fine-tuning personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Trino S, Lamorte D, Caivano A, De Luca L, Sgambato A, Laurenzana I. Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in hematological neoplasms: from liquid biopsy to cell biopsy. Leukemia 2021; 35:661-678. [PMID: 33299143 PMCID: PMC7932927 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, liquid biopsy is becoming increasingly important in oncology. It consists in the isolation and analysis of tumor-derived biomarkers, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), in body fluids. EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles, heterogeneous in size and molecular composition, released from both normal and neoplastic cells. In tumor context, EVs are valuable carriers of cancer information; in fact, their amount, phenotype and molecular cargo, including proteins, lipids, metabolites and nucleic acids, mirror nature and origin of parental cells rendering EVs appealing candidates as novel biomarkers. Translation of these new potential diagnostic tools into clinical practice could deeply revolutionize the cancer field mainly for solid tumors but for hematological neoplasms, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Trino
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Daniela Lamorte
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy.
| | - Antonella Caivano
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Luciana De Luca
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Scientific Direction, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laurenzana
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy.
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12
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Bernardi S, Farina M. Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloid Neoplasia: The Multiple and Complex Roles Played by These " Magic Bullets". BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020105. [PMID: 33540594 PMCID: PMC7912829 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by the majority of cell types and can be isolated from both cell cultures and body fluids. They are involved in cell-to-cell communication and may shuttle different messages (RNA, DNA, and proteins). These messages are known to influence the microenvironment of cells and their behavior. In recent years, some evidence about the involvement of EVs and exosomes, an EV subgroup, in immunomodulation, the transfer of disease markers, and the treatment of myeloid malignancies have been reported. Little is known about these vesicles in this particular setting of hematologic neoplasia; here, we summarize and critically review the available results, aiming to encourage further investigations. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (exosomes, in particular) are essential in multicellular organisms because they mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of secreted molecules. They are able to shuttle different cargo, from nucleic acids to proteins. The role of exosomes has been widely investigated in solid tumors, which gave us surprising results about their potential involvement in pathogenesis and created an opening for liquid biopsies. Less is known about exosomes in oncohematology, particularly concerning the malignancies deriving from myeloid lineage. In this review, we aim to present an overview of immunomodulation and the microenvironment alteration mediated by exosomes released by malicious myeloid cells. Afterwards, we review the studies reporting the use of exosomes as disease biomarkers and their influence in response to treatment, together with the recent experiences that have focused on the use of exosomes as therapeutic tools. The further development of new technologies and the increased knowledge of biological (exosomes) and clinical (myeloid neoplasia) aspects are expected to change the future approaches to these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-0303998464
| | - Mirko Farina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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13
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Gholipour E, Sarvarian P, Samadi P, Talebi M, Movassaghpour A, Motavalli R, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Yousefi M. Exosome: From leukemia progression to a novel therapeutic approach in leukemia treatment. Biofactors 2020; 46:698-715. [PMID: 32797698 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, as small vesicles, are released by tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (cells and function as key intercellular mediators and effects on different processes including tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and evasion from immune system. These functions are due to exosomes' biomolecules which make them as efficient markers in early diagnosis of the disease. Also, exosomes have been recently applied in vaccination. The potential role of exosomes in immune response toward leukemic cells makes them efficient immunotherapeutic agents treating leukemia. Furthermore, variations in exosomes contents make them beneficial to be used in treating different diseases. This review introduces the role of exosomes in the development of hematological malignancies and evaluates their functional role in the treatment of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gholipour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Sarvarian
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Samadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roza Motavalli
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Lia G, Di Vito C, Cerrano M, Brunello L, Calcaterra F, Tapparo M, Giaccone L, Mavilio D, Bruno B. Extracellular Vesicles After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Emerging Role in Post-Transplant Complications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32265915 PMCID: PMC7100658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in the cellular crosstalk by transferring bioactive molecules through biological barriers from a cell to another, thus influencing recipient cell functions and phenotype. Therefore, EVs are increasingly being explored as biomarkers of disease progression or response to therapy and as potential therapeutic agents in different contexts including in hematological malignancies. Recently, an EV role has emerged in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) as well. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation often represents the only curative option in several hematological disorders, but it is associated with potentially life-threatening complications that can have a significant impact on clinical outcomes. The most common complications have been well-established and include graft-versus-host disease and infections. Furthermore, relapse remains an important cause of treatment failure. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge, the potential applications, and clinical relevance of EVs in allo-HCT. Herein, we will mainly focus on the immune-modulating properties of EVs, in particular those derived from mesenchymal stromal cells, as potential therapeutic strategy to improve allo-HCT outcome. Moreover, we will briefly describe the main findings on EVs as biomarkers to monitor graft-versus-host disease onset and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lia
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Department of Oncology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cerrano
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Department of Oncology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucia Brunello
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Department of Oncology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Giaccone
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Department of Oncology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetto Bruno
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Department of Oncology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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15
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Bernardi S, Foroni C, Zanaglio C, Re F, Polverelli N, Turra A, Morello E, Farina M, Cattina F, Gandolfi L, Zollner T, Buttini EA, Malagola M, Russo D. Feasibility of tumor‑derived exosome enrichment in the onco‑hematology leukemic model of chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:2133-2144. [PMID: 31638195 PMCID: PMC6844640 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the discovery of their role in intra-cellular communications, exosomes, which carry information specific to the cell of origin, have garnered considerable attention in cancer research. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest the possibility of isolating different exosome sub-populations based on target antigens at the cell surface. Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasia characterized by the break-point cluster region-proto-oncogene 1 tyrosine-protein kinase (BCR-ABL1) fusion-gene, derived from the t (9;22) translocation. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target BCR-ABL1 protein and induce major or deep molecular responses in the majority of patients. Despite the fact that several studies have demonstrated the persistence of leukemic cells in the bone marrow niche, even following treatment, TKIs prolong patient survival time and facilitate treatment-free remission. These characteristics render CML a plausible model for investigating the feasibility of tumor-derived exosome fraction enrichment. In the present study, patients in the chronic phase (CP) of CML were treated with TKIs, and the quantification of the BCR-ABL1 exosomal transcript was performed using digital PCR (dPCR). The possibility of tumor-derived exosomes enrichment was confirmed, and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the detection of the BCR-ABL1 transcript highlighted the presence of active leukemic cells in patients with CP-CML. According to these findings, tumor-derived exosomes may be considered a novel tool for the identification of active leukemic cells, and for the assessment of innovative monitoring focused on the biological functions of exosomes in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Foroni
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Camilla Zanaglio
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Re
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Polverelli
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Turra
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Morello
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Mirko Farina
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Cattina
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Lisa Gandolfi
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Zollner
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Accorsi Buttini
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Malagola
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Chair of Hematology, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy
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16
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Chung YK, Hwang S, Ko GY, Yoon SM. Long-term complete response after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and stereotactic body radiation therapy in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma at the caudate lobe. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2018; 22:274-281. [PMID: 30215050 PMCID: PMC6125267 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2018.22.3.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is expected that a combination of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may induce synergistic therapeutic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which would result in a high rate of complete therapeutic response. In this study, we present the 5-year clinical course of a patient who had HCC at the caudate lobe, which was treated with TACE and SBRT. A 53-year-old male was diagnosed with an 8 cm-sized HCC at the caudate lobe with compression of the inferior vena cava (IVC). For fear of pulmonary metastasis, we decided to perform sequential TACE-radiotherapy instead of upfront hepatectomy, although the tumor appeared resectable. The first session of TACE, SBRT with 12 fractions, and the second session of TACE were sequentially performed. The patient was administered metformin for chemoprevention. Over the course of a 5-year follow-up, there was no evidence of HCC recurrence. We reported the clinical sequence of a patient showing complete therapeutic response of HCC at the caudate lobe after a combination of TACE and radiotherapy. This type of combined locoregional treatment can be a therapeutic option for HCC at the caudate lobe with marginal resectability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyu Chung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Young Ko
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Min Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Chung YG, Tak E, Hwang S, Lee JY, Kim JY, Kim YY, Song GW, Lee KJ, Kim N. Synergistic effect of metformin on sorafenib in in vitro study using hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2018; 22:179-184. [PMID: 30215039 PMCID: PMC6125270 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2018.22.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence remains a great concern following hepatic resection and liver transplantation. We investigated the metformin-induced cytotoxic effects on sorafenib in an in vitro study using HCC cell lines. Methods This research was conducted through an in vitro study using one HepG2.2.15 liver tumor and two patient-derived graft HCC cell lines. Results An in vitro study revealed noticeable cytotoxic effects of metformin as well as noticeable synergistic cytotoxic effects of metformin and sorafenib on cell viability. Assays for the mechanisms of action of antitumor effects revealed that alpha-fetoprotein expression was suppressed by both metformin and sorafenib, but no synergistic effect was observed. LC3-I and LC3-II assays revealed the synergistic upregulation of autophagy and assays for IL-1β, IL-6, p53, and TNF-α revealed the synergistic upregulation of cell damage and apoptosis. In contrast, metformin did not affect HBx expression, thus no noticeable synergistic effect was considered to be present. Conclusions Our in vitro study demonstrated cytotoxic effects of metformin and synergistic antitumor effects of sorafenib. These results should be verified in further clinical studies with patients of advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gyu Chung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Kim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Young Kim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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