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Agarwal N, Shaikh MN, Banu A, Ahuja P. Repercussions of Smokeless Tobacco on Buccal Mucosa: A Community Based Observational Study at a Tertiary Care Centre in Western Rajasthan. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:1891-1897. [PMID: 38566678 PMCID: PMC10982187 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco is consumed mainly as smoking or smokeless tobacco [SLT]. "Smokeless tobacco" (SLT) term is used for the consumption of tobacco mixed with other constituents in form of chewing, spitting and dipping. Consumers of smokeless tobacco chew the products and spit out the juice that builds up in oral cavity which leads to various malignant and pre malignant lesions of oral cavity. Methods Descriptive observational study was conducted in the city of Jodhpur through department of ENT, Head & Neck Surgery, Dr. SN medical college, Jodhpur. Results Male to female ratio of smokeless tobacco usage was almost same. Increasing age was associated with occurrence of oral lesions and 43% patients developed oral lesions in the group > 64 yrs of age. Duration was another associating factor and 66% developed symptoms within < 10 years of usage. Oral submucous fibrosis is the most common lesion. Malignant lesions were seen in 0.3% cases. Around 78% cases developed dependency. Diabetic patients were seen more prone to development of oral lesions. Conclusions Development of lesions in the oral cavity by smokeless tobacco depends on various factors such as quantity of tobacco usage per day, place of putting tobacco and duration. Awareness regarding its fatal effects and timely diagnosis and management can save many lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Agarwal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Dr. S.N. Medical College and M.D.M. Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003 India
| | - Mohammed Nadeem Shaikh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Dr. S.N. Medical College and M.D.M. Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003 India
| | - Anisha Banu
- Department of Anaesthesia, Dr. S.N. Medical College and M.D.M. Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003 India
| | - Paridhi Ahuja
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Dr. S.N. Medical College and M.D.M. Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003 India
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Shrestha G, Gautam DK, Siwakoti B, Pradhananga KK, Mulmi R. Community-based Screening of Oral Cancer in Selected Districts of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:4111-4115. [PMID: 38156845 PMCID: PMC10909109 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.12.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral cancer screening plays a vital role in the prevention and control of oral cancer. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in the Nepalese community. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in six purposively selected districts in Nepal from May to December 2019. It utilized a camp-based approach, where a standardized questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. Screening of oral cancer was performed by direct visualization and palpation. The study included adults aged 18 years and above, while those already diagnosed with oral cancer were excluded. Logistic regression was used to find out the association between OPMDs and the related variables. RESULTS A total of 1930 participants with a mean age of 44.3 years (SD=15.1) underwent oral cancer screening. Among them, 32% were current tobacco users, 2% were ex-users, and 11% were alcohol consumers. OPMDs, including suspected cancer, were identified in 139 (7.2%, 95% CI=6.1-8.4) participants. The most common lesion detected was leukoplakia (4.2%), followed by submucous fibrosis (1.5%), erythroplakia (0.9%), and palatal changes due to reverse smoking (0.1%). Additionally, 10 participants were suspected of having oral cancer. Older age group (AOR=7.00; 95% CI=2.76-17.77), male gender (AOR=2.52; 95% CI=1.58-4.02), tobacco chewers (AOR = 14.30; 95% CI=8.82-23.19), and smokers (AOR=4.67; 95% CI=2.88-7.57)) were identified as predictors of OPMDs. CONCLUSION This study revealed a high prevalence of OPMDs in Nepal, highlighting the need for oral cancer screening. The findings emphasize the importance of developing strategies to reduce tobacco use and implementing tobacco cessation intervention programs in Nepal to alleviate the burden of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gambhir Shrestha
- Department of Community Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Dej Kumar Gautam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Bhola Siwakoti
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Control and Research, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | | | - Rashmi Mulmi
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Control and Research, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal.
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Young K, Bulosan H, Baksa J, Jeong Y, Buenconsejo-Lum LE, Birkeland AC. Oral Cancer Disparities in the Outer US-affiliated Pacific Islands. Laryngoscope 2022. [PMID: 36165583 PMCID: PMC10040458 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Oral cancers in the US-affiliated Pacific Islands are poorly described despite disproportionately higher incidences in certain jurisdictions. This study attempts to better characterize the incidence, staging, and management of oral cancers in this region. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Epidemiological Study. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted across the US-affiliated Pacific Islands between 2007 and 2019. Patient data were obtained for individuals with primary head and neck cancers from the Pacific Regional Central Cancer Registry database. All cohorts were age-adjusted to the 2000 US Standard Population. Further analysis was performed on oral cavity cancers due to their clear predominance within the sample. RESULTS A total of 585 patients with primary head and neck cancers were included. The average age was 54.5 ± 12.9 years, and most patients were male (76.8%). Oral cancer subsite analysis revealed the proportional incidence of buccal mucosa was higher in 5 of 9 jurisdictions when compared with the United States (p < 0.001). Tongue and lip cancers were not found to have significantly higher incidence proportions. Patients in the Pacific Islander group were less likely to be detected at earlier stages for cancers of the cheek and other mouth (p < 0.001), tongue (p < 0.001), and lips (p < 0.001) compared with the United States. CONCLUSIONS Many Pacific Island populations are burdened with higher incidences of oral cancer with later staging. Further investigation is recommended to evaluate oral cancer-related outcomes and mortality in this region. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Young
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Hannah Bulosan
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Janos Baksa
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Youngju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Lee E Buenconsejo-Lum
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Kanmodi KK, Fagbule OF, Ogbeide ME, Ogunniyi KE, Isola TO, Samuel VO, Aliemeke EO, Adewuyi HO. Knowledge of senior secondary school students in Nigeria about Head and Neck Cancer: Implications on prevention strategies. Malawi Med J 2022; 34:162-169. [PMID: 36406094 PMCID: PMC9641603 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v34i3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high prevalence of the risk factors of head and neck cancer (HNC) amongst senior secondary (high) school students in Nigeria is an issue of serious public health concern. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of HNC among them. Methods This cross-sectional study surveyed 2,530 senior secondary school students in Nigeria, assessed their knowledge of HNC, using a self-administered questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using the SPSS version 25 software. Results The mean (±SD) age of the respondents was 16.34 (±2.0) years. More than half (1418; 56.6%) of them were males, 530 (20.9%) were schooling in the north-central geopolitical zone of Nigeria, 1,860 (73.5%) were in public schools, 554 (21.9%) were boarding students, and 817 (33.5%) were in Senior Secondary (SS) 3 class. Only 789 (31.2%) respondents were aware of HNC, out of which: 69.2% of them had below-average scores in their overall assessment on HNC; 256 (32.4%) had ever received education on HNC and 81.2% indicated a positive interest in knowing more about HNC. The factors predicting above-average score on knowledge about HNC among the respondents were: being in SS3 class (OR=1.73; 95% CI=1.17 - 2.56), having been educated about HNC (OR=1.69; 95%CI=1.21 - 2.35) and having the interest to know more about HNC (OR=1.88; 95%CI=1.21 - 2.92). Bivariate analysis showed that these factors had statistically significant association (or relationship) with above-average score on knowledge about HNC (pvalues<0.05). Conclusion Majority of the surveyed students were willing to know more about HNC. The use of a properly planned massive school-based HNC education programs may go a long way in educating this population group on HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom, Mental and Oral Health Development Organization Inc, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Omotayo Francis Fagbule
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Mental and Oral Health Development Organization Inc, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria, Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Mike Eghosa Ogbeide
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Emmanuel Ogunniyi
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Internal Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Oyebamiji Isola
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Victor Okpe Samuel
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Onyemaechi Aliemeke
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi
- Campaign for Head and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Program, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Tobacco Research & Advocacy Group, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Acharya S, Singh S, Bhatia SK. Association between Smokeless Tobacco and risk of malignant and premalignant conditions of oral cavity: A systematic review of Indian literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:371. [PMID: 34703140 PMCID: PMC8491328 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.325258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative linkages of tobacco use with oral potentially malignant disorders and cancers of oral cavity have been studied. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in India. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monograph found a significant association between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and oral cancer. However, only a few limited studies have been represented on the IARC monograph. Published meta-analyses have provided pooled risk estimates for oral cancers caused by tobacco, both on global and regional levels. This systematic review was aimed at summarizing all the available studies exclusively in India by collecting data from PubMed and Medline. Emphasis was laid on cohort and case–control studies, and a few cross-sectional studies for premalignant lesions were also discussed. A significant association was noticed on SLT and premalignant and malignant oral cavity lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivesh Acharya
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Singh
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Patel JR, Rupani MP. Costs incurred by patients with oral potentially malignant disorders: is there a public health need for financial protection in India? BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:396. [PMID: 34689827 PMCID: PMC8543918 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Financial protection mechanisms are in place to overcome the costs of a few diseases in India. Our objective was to estimate the costs incurred due to Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) and to determine predictors of such costs. Results We found that the median (Interquartile range IQR) total costs of OPMD was Indian Rupees (INR) 500 (350–750), direct medical costs was INR 0 (0–50), direct non-medical costs was INR 150 (40–200) and indirect costs was INR 350 (250–500). The travel cost to attend the health facilities [INR 100 (40–150)] and the patient’s loss of wages [INR 200 (150–400)] mainly accounted for the direct non-medical and indirect costs respectively. The median expenditure on smokeless and smoking forms of tobacco was INR 6000 (5400–7200) and INR 2400 (1800–3600) respectively. On multiple linear regression analysis, rural residence, belonging to below poverty line family, being a sole earner in the family, number of months since diagnosis and first visit at a private provider were found to be the significant predictors of total costs of OPMD. Financial protection mechanisms are needed for covering the direct non-medical and indirect costs. Early management of OPMD might mitigate the costs of OPMD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05814-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Patel
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College Bhavnagar (Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University), Near ST bus stand, Jail Road, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364001, India
| | - Mihir P Rupani
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India.
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Kumar S, Kumar A, Gupta A, Singh SK, Gupta A, Mehta P. Assessment of the Relationship between Oral Health Behavior, Oral Hygiene, and Gingival Status of Adolescent Tobacco Consumers in Ranchi, Jharkhand: A Comparative Study. Adv Prev Med 2021; 2021:3548132. [PMID: 34540292 PMCID: PMC8448612 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3548132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco consumption is very prevalent in India and associated with a number of oral health problems. Good oral health behavior plays a significant role in improving oral hygiene status. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between the oral health behavior, oral hygiene, and gingival status of adolescent tobacco consumers (smoke/smokeless form) and to compare it with that of the nonconsumers of tobacco in the same age group, who were selected from the OPD of Dental Institute, RIMS. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Ranchi. The study included a total of 400 adolescents who were reported to be consumers of tobacco and 400 adolescents who were nonconsumers of tobacco. The oral health behavior was assessed using HU-DBI. The plaque and gingival scores were assessed using standardized indices. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, independent sample t-test, and Pearson's correlation. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The majority of tobacco consumers were found to have poor plaque scores as assessed using the plaque index. As assessed by the gingival index, the majority of the tobacco consumers were found to have a severe form of gingivitis. The mean plaque score (2.38 ± 0.51, p value <0.001) and the mean gingival score (2.6 ± 0.63, p value <0.001) were significantly higher in tobacco consumers. The mean HU-DBI score was significantly higher in non-tobacco consumers (8.3 ± 1.60, p value <0.001). It was observed that the gingival and plaque scores have a significant negative correlation with the HU-DBI score. The majority of tobacco consumers were worried about the staining of teeth and bleeding from gums. A dental visit for a routine preventive check-up was reported to be rare in both groups. CONCLUSION The oral hygiene and gingival status were significantly poor in tobacco consumers compared to non-tobacco consumers. As the oral health behavior of the participants improved, the plaque and gingival scores reduced significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dental Institute, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834009, India
| | - Arunoday Kumar
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental College, RIMS, Imphal, Manipur 795004, India
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Department of Dentistry, Saraswati Medical College, Unnao, Uttar Pradesh 209859, India
| | - Siddharth Kumar Singh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow 227105, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur 44207, Nepal
| | - Palkin Mehta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow 227105, India
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Srivastava R, Sharma L, Pradhan D, Jyoti B, Singh O. Prevalence of oral premalignant lesions and conditions among the population of Kanpur City, India: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:1080-1085. [PMID: 32318471 PMCID: PMC7114062 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_912_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The habit of smoking and chewing tobacco is associated with various types of oral mucosal lesions and conditions, many of which pose a potential threat to cancer growth. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of potentially malignant lesions (PML) and oral cancer in North India and to identify the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology Rama Dental College Hospital and research center Kanpur over a period of 5 years with1,10,625 patients. Participants were divided into study group with a positive history of the chewing habit as well as oral lesions and control group who had a positive history of habits with no oral lesions. Detailed case history and clinical examination were carried out under visible light by trained professionals to assess any oral mucosal changes. Results The study group consisted of 76.31% males and 23.69% females. In total, 84.34% participants in the study group were literate. However, 57.56% subjects were having oral submucous fibrosis, 23.7% were having leukoplakia, 13.12% were having Lichen planus, and 5.62% were having oral cancer. Conclusion Results from the present study indicate that tobacco smoking, chewing of betel quid with and/or without tobacco chewing are the major risk factors for PML and oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Srivastava
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, India
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Devina Pradhan
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rama Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, India
| | - Bhuvan Jyoti
- Department of Dental Surgery, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Omveer Singh
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kedar A, Hariprasad R, Kumar V, Dhanasekaran K, Mehrotra R. Association of metabolic NCD risk factors with oral, breast and cervical precancers and cancers in India. Fam Med Community Health 2019; 7:e000180. [PMID: 32148727 PMCID: PMC6910767 DOI: 10.1136/fmch-2019-000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find an association between metabolic non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors (high blood pressure (BP), high random blood sugar (RBS) and overweight /obesity) and oral, breast, cervical cancers/precancerous or potentially malignant conditions. DESIGN This is an observational study using convenience sampling. The participants were screened through opportunistic or population-based screening. SETTING The study was conducted at a health promotion clinic (HPC) located in Northern India under the Indian Council of Medical Research. HPC is a screening clinic where screening is done for hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and oral, breast and cervical cancers. The study was conducted between December 2016 and January 2019. PARTICIPANT The number of participants screened was 8352 (6712 women and 1640 men). All consenting men and women above 18 years were included. All participants were screened for oral cancer, DM, HT and obesity. All women were also screened for breast and cervical cancers. Cervical screening was done for non-pregnant women 21 years and above with history of sexual activity. RESULT Oral potentially malignant disease (OPMD) was the most prevalent, followed by breast cancer, oral cancer, cervical cancer and cervical precancer. High RBS had a strong association with oral cancer (OR=2.29, 95% CI 1.09 to 4.82, p=0.03) and breast cancer (OR=1.95, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.76, p=0.05). High BP had a strong association with breast cancer (OR=2.50, 95% CI 1.43 to 4.35, p<0.0001). An inverse association was noted between oral cancer and overweight/obesity (OR=0.20, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.48, p<0.0001). Current tobacco use was strongly associated with oral cancer (OR=6.51, 95% CI 3.63 to 11.67, p<0.0001) and OPMD (OR=9.82, 95% CI 8.13 to 11.86, p<0.0001). No association was elicited between the metabolic NCD risk factors and cervical cancer/precancer. CONCLUSIONS The study reaffirms that NCD metabolic risk factors determine oral and breast cancers. Besides NCD risk factors, current tobacco use was a strong determinant of OPMD and oral cancer. Hence, primary and primordial prevention measures to control NCD metabolic risk factors and tobacco use should move along with secondary prevention of breast and oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kedar
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roopa Hariprasad
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavitha Dhanasekaran
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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