1
|
Lim SH, Wong TW, Tay WX. Overcoming colloidal nanoparticle aggregation in biological milieu for cancer therapeutic delivery: Perspectives of materials and particle design. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103094. [PMID: 38359673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles as cancer therapeutic carrier fail in clinical translation due to complex biological environments in vivo consisting of electrolytes and proteins which render nanoparticle aggregation and unable to reach action site. This review identifies the desirable characteristics of nanoparticles and their constituent materials that prevent aggregation from site of administration (oral, lung, injection) to target site. Oral nanoparticles should ideally be 75-100 nm whereas the size of pulmonary nanoparticles minimally affects their aggregation. Nanoparticles generally should carry excess negative surface charges particularly in fasting state and exert steric hindrance through surface decoration with citrate, anionic surfactants and large polymeric chains (polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone) to prevent aggregation. Anionic as well as cationic nanoparticles are both predisposed to protein corona formation as a function of biological protein isoelectric points. Their nanoparticulate surface composition as such should confer hydrophilicity or steric hindrance to evade protein corona formation or its formation should translate into steric hindrance or surface negative charges to prevent further aggregation. Unexpectedly, smaller and cationic nanoparticles are less prone to aggregation at cancer cell interface favoring endocytosis whereas aggregation is essential to enable nanoparticles retention and subsequent cancer cell uptake in tumor microenvironment. Present studies are largely conducted in vitro with simplified simulated biological media. Future aggregation assessment of nanoparticles in biological fluids that mimic that of patients is imperative to address conflicting materials and designs required as a function of body sites in order to realize the future clinical benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Huan Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543; Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; UM-UiTM Excipient Development Research Unit (EXDEU), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wei Xian Tay
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chan WJ, Li H. Recent advances in nano/micro systems for improved circulation stability, enhanced tumor targeting, penetration, and intracellular drug delivery: a review. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:022001. [PMID: 38086099 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad14f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively developed as drug carriers to overcome the limitations of cancer therapeutics. However, there are several biological barriers to nanomedicines, which include the lack of stability in circulation, limited target specificity, low penetration into tumors and insufficient cellular uptake, restricting the active targeting toward tumors of nanomedicines. To address these challenges, a variety of promising strategies were developed recently, as they can be designed to improve NP accumulation and penetration in tumor tissues, circulation stability, tumor targeting, and intracellular uptake. In this Review, we summarized nanomaterials developed in recent three years that could be utilized to improve drug delivery for cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Huatian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shahiwala A. Physiological determinants and plausible '6R' roadmap for clinical success of nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1207-1222. [PMID: 37650539 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the promising features and aggressive research, the success of nanoparticles in clinical trials is minimal. This manuscript discusses the complex biological barriers that impede the journey of nanoparticles to the target site and the approaches used to overcome them. The '6R' framework (right route, right target, right design, right patient, right combination and right technology) is proposed to improve the clinical translation of nanomedicines. Disease-driven approach contrary to the traditional formulation-driven approach is suggested. Data-driven methods can analyze the relationships between various diseases, patient pathophysiology and the physicochemical properties of different nanomedicines, aiding in the precise selection of the most appropriate treatment options. Further research is needed to evaluate and refine these approaches to develop nanomedicines for clinical success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliasgar Shahiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Muhaisnah 1, Al Mizhar, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Holder JE, Ferguson C, Oliveira E, Lodeiro C, Trim CM, Byrne LJ, Bertolo E, Wilson CM. The use of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1154318. [PMID: 36994202 PMCID: PMC10042133 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1154318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a global health problem affecting millions of people each year. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer with various conventional treatment available in the clinic. Application of these treatments alone often results in high rates of cancer reoccurrence and metastasis. In addition, they can cause damage to healthy tissues, resulting in many adverse effects. Nanotechnology has emerged as a modality for the treatment of cancer. When used in combination with nanoparticles, it is possible to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of pre-existing drugs used in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles have physiochemical properties such as small size which allowing passage through challenging areas of the body, and large surface area allows for higher doses of drugs to be brought to the tumor site. Nanoparticles can be functionalized which involves modifying the surface chemistry of the particles and allows for the conjugation of ligands (small molecules, antibodies, and peptides). Ligands can be chosen for their ability to target components that are specific to or are upregulated in cancer cells, such as targeting receptors on the tumor surface that are highly expressed in the cancer. This ability to precisely target the tumor can improve the efficacy of drugs and decrease toxic side effects. This review will discuss approaches used for targeting drugs to tumors using nanoparticles, provide examples of how this has been applied in the clinic and highlight future prospects for this technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Holder
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Ferguson
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (LAQV- REQUIMTE), Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (LAQV- REQUIMTE), Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carol M. Trim
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lee J. Byrne
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia Bertolo
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia M. Wilson
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Cornelia M. Wilson,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raith M, Nguyen N, Kauffman SJ, Kang N, Mays J, Dalhaimer P. Obesity and inflammation influence pharmacokinetic profiles of PEG-based nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 355:434-445. [PMID: 36758834 PMCID: PMC10006354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Most patients that will be treated with soft nanoparticles (NPs) will be obese. Yet, NP testing, which begins with pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicity studies, is carried out almost exclusively in lean rodents having healthy livers and low inflammation. To address this knowledge gap, we determined the PK and toxicity of tail-vein-injected, PEG-based cylindrical nanoparticles (CNPs) and PEGylated liposomes (PLs) as a function of obesity, liver health, and inflammation in leptin-deficient ob/ob and wild-type C57BL/6 J mice. CNPs localized faster to obese livers than to healthy livers within 24 h of injection. PLs localized faster to obese livers than to healthy livers but only 30 min post-injection. Afterwards PL localization to lean livers was higher than localization to obese livers. Overall, PL liver signal peaked ∼6 h post-injection in lean mice, ∼24 h post-injection in heavy mice, and ∼ 48 h post-injection in obese mice. CNPs and PLs were non-toxic to mouse livers as assessed by histology; they reduced many cytokine and chemokine levels that were elevated by obesity. Liver macrophage depletion reduced CNP and PL liver localization as expected; liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) depletion reduced PL liver localization but surprisingly increased CNP liver localization. The intensity of RAW264.7 macrophages was higher after CNP incubations than with PL incubations; conversely, the intensity of LSECs was higher after PL incubations than with CNP incubations. This shows the potential for key differences in NP-liver interactions. Triggering inflammation by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice increased CNP liver localization but decreased PL liver localization. The results show that obesity and inflammation in a mouse model and in vitro affect soft PEG-based NP interaction with macrophages and LSECs, but also that these NPs can reduce pro-inflammatory pathways increased by obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Raith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Nicole Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Kauffman
- Department of Microbiology, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Namgoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Paul Dalhaimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sitia L, Galbiati V, Bonizzi A, Sevieri M, Truffi M, Pinori M, Corsini E, Marinovich M, Corsi F, Mazzucchelli S. In Vitro Immunoreactivity Evaluation of H-Ferritin-Based Nanodrugs. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:845-855. [PMID: 36827653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological nanoparticles, such as proteins and extracellular vesicles, are rapidly growing as nanobased drug-delivery agents due to their biocompatibility, high loading efficiency, and bioavailability. However, most of the candidates emerging preclinically hardly confirm their potential when entering clinical trials. Among other reasons, this is due to the low control of synthesis processes and the limited characterization of their potential immunoreactivity profiles. Here, we propose a combined method that allow us to fully characterize H-ferritin nanoparticles' immunoreactivity during their production, purification, endotoxin removal, and drug loading. H-Ferritin is an extremely interesting nanocage that is being under evaluation for cancer therapy due to its innate cancer tropism, favorable size, and high stability. However, being a recombinant protein, its immunoreactivity should be carefully evaluated preclinically to enable further clinical translation. Surprisingly, this aspect is often underestimated by the scientific community. By measuring proinflammatory cytokine release as a function of endotoxin content, we found that even removing all pyrogenic contaminants from the nanocage, a mild immunoreactivity was still left. When we further purified H-ferritin by loading doxorubicin through a highly standardized loading method, proinflammatory cytokine release was eliminated. This confirmed the safety of H-ferritin nanocages to be used for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Our approach demonstrated that when evaluating the safety of nanodrugs, a combined analysis of acute toxicity and immunoreactivity is necessary to guarantee the safety of newly developed products and to unveil their real translational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Sitia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Bonizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Sevieri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Truffi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Pinori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kostka L, Kotrchová L, Randárová E, Ferreira CA, Malátová I, Lee HJ, Olson AP, Engle JW, Kovář M, Cai W, Šírová M, Etrych T. Evaluation of linear versus star-like polymer anti-cancer nanomedicines in mouse models. J Control Release 2023; 353:549-562. [PMID: 36470330 PMCID: PMC9892306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are considered next generation therapeutics with advanced therapeutic properties and reduced side effects. Herein, we introduce tailored linear and star-like water-soluble nanosystems as stimuli-sensitive nanomedicines for the treatment of solid tumors or hematological malignancies. The polymer carrier and drug pharmacokinetics were independently evaluated to elucidate the relationship between the nanosystem structure and its distribution in the body. Positron emission tomography and optical imaging demonstrated enhanced tumor accumulation of the polymer carriers in 4T1-bearing mice with increased tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios. Additionally, there was a significant accumulation of doxorubicin bound to various polymer carriers in EL4 tumors, as well as excellent in vivo therapeutic activity in EL4 lymphoma and moderate efficacy in 4T1 breast carcinoma. The linear nanomedicine showed at least comparable pharmacologic properties to the star-like nanomedicines regarding doxorubicin transport. Therefore, if multiple parameters are considered such as its optimized structure and simple and reproducible synthesis, this polymer carrier system is the most promising for further preclinical and clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kotrchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Randárová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Iva Malátová
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marek Kovář
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Milada Šírová
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohale S, Kunde SS, Wairkar S. Biomimetic fabrication of nanotherapeutics by leukocyte membrane cloaking for targeted therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112803. [PMID: 36084510 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell membrane cloaking is an important biomimetic approach for improving drug residence time in the body due to its distinctive concealment ability, making it highly biocompatible and efficient for targeted drug delivery. Leukocytes are considered a fundamental part of the immune system. Leukocyte membrane cloaked nanoparticles offer site-specificity and can escape the opsonization process besides enhanced systemic circulation time. This review emphasizes the anatomical and physiological features of different leukocytes in addition to the preparation and characterization of leukocyte membrane cloaked nanoparticles. It also covers the recent advancements of this biointerfacing platform in cancer therapy, inflammatory disorders, multifunctional targeted therapy and hybrid membrane-coated nanoparticles. However, leukocytes are complex, nucleated cell structures and isolating their membranes poses a greater difficulty. Leukocyte membrane cloaking is an upcoming strategy in the infancy stage; nevertheless, there is immense scope to explore this biomimetic delivery system in terms of clinical transition, particularly for inflammatory diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samyak Mohale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Shalvi Sinai Kunde
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Minden A. Current Molecular Combination Therapies Used for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911046. [PMID: 36232349 PMCID: PMC9569555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women worldwide. While monotherapy (single agent) treatments have been used for many years, they are not always effective, and many patients relapse after initial treatment. Moreover, in some patients the response to therapy becomes weaker, or resistance to monotherapy develops over time. This is especially problematic for metastatic breast cancer or triple-negative breast cancer. Recently, combination therapies (in which two or more drugs are used to target two or more pathways) have emerged as promising new treatment options. Combination therapies are often more effective than monotherapies and demonstrate lower levels of toxicity during long-term treatment. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current combination therapies, including molecular-targeted therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. We also describe the molecular basis of breast cancer and the various treatment options for different breast cancer subtypes. While combination therapies are promising, we also discuss some of the challenges. Despite these challenges, the use of innovative combination therapy holds great promise compared with traditional monotherapies. In addition, the use of multidisciplinary technologies (such as nanotechnology and computer technology) has the potential to optimize combination therapies even further.
Collapse
|
10
|
Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cancer Development and Targeted Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9962194. [PMID: 34335792 PMCID: PMC8289580 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9962194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have emerged as a new drug delivery system. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied because of their tumor-homing ability and yield advantages. Considering that MSC-derived exosomes are a double-edged sword in the development, metastasis, and invasion of tumors, engineered exosomes have broad potential use. In this review, we focused on the latest development in the treatment of tumors using engineered and nonengineered MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-EXs). Nonengineered MSC-EXs exert an antitumor effect on several well-studied tumors by affecting tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Furthermore, engineered exosomes have promising research prospects as drug-carrying tools for the transport of miRNAs, small-molecule drugs, and proteins. Although exosomes lack uniform standards in terms of definition, separation, and purification, they still have great research value because of their unique advantages, such as high biocompatibility and low toxicity. Future studies on MSC-EXs should elucidate the mechanisms underlying their anticancer effect and the safety of their application.
Collapse
|
11
|
Almanghadim HG, Nourollahzadeh Z, Khademi NS, Tezerjani MD, Sehrig FZ, Estelami N, Shirvaliloo M, Sheervalilou R, Sargazi S. Application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy with an emphasis on cell cycle. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1989-1998. [PMID: 34233087 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their unique characteristics, nanoparticles (NPs) could be incorporated into valuable therapeutic modalities for different diseases; however, there are many concerns about risk factors in human applications. NPs carry therapeutic chemicals that could improve the outcome of cancer therapies. Nowadays, NPs are being recognized as important and strategic agents in treatment of several disorders due to their unique properties in targeting malignant cells in tumor sites. Numerous investigations have shown that the majority of chemotherapeutic agents can be modified through entrapment in submicron colloidal systems. Still, there are problems and limitations in application of NPs in cancer therapy. The aim of the present study is to focus on potential NPs usage in cancer treatment with an emphasis on the cell cycle of malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Nourollahzadeh
- Department of Biological Science, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | - Nazanin Sadat Khademi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Dehghan Tezerjani
- Abortion Research Centre, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Neda Estelami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chytil P, Kostka L, Etrych T. HPMA Copolymer-Based Nanomedicines in Controlled Drug Delivery. J Pers Med 2021; 11:115. [PMID: 33578756 PMCID: PMC7916469 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous polymer materials have been employed as drug carrier systems in medicinal research, and their detailed properties have been thoroughly evaluated. Water-soluble polymer carriers play a significant role between these studied polymer systems as they are advantageously applied as carriers of low-molecular-weight drugs and compounds, e.g., cytostatic agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, antimicrobial molecules, or multidrug resistance inhibitors. Covalent attachment of carried molecules using a biodegradable spacer is strongly preferred, as such design ensures the controlled release of the drug in the place of a desired pharmacological effect in a reasonable time-dependent manner. Importantly, the synthetic polymer biomaterials based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers are recognized drug carriers with unique properties that nominate them among the most serious nanomedicines candidates for human clinical trials. This review focuses on advances in the development of HPMA copolymer-based nanomedicines within the passive and active targeting into the place of desired pharmacological effect, tumors, inflammation or bacterial infection sites. Specifically, this review highlights the safety issues of HPMA polymer-based drug carriers concerning the structure of nanomedicines. The main impact consists of the improvement of targeting ability, especially concerning the enhanced and permeability retention (EPR) effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.C.); (L.K.)
| |
Collapse
|