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Antifouling Effects of Superhydrophobic Coating on Sessile Marine Invertebrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137973. [PMID: 35805638 PMCID: PMC9265409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is a significant problem in the aquaculture and marine shipping industries; thus, various antifouling methods have been developed to prevent the resultant economic losses. In the present study, the superhydrophobic surface of a lotus leaf was bio-mimicked to achieve antifouling. Specifically, fabric substrates with and without superhydrophobic coatings on the surface were installed on the Tongyeong yacht in December 2020 (group A) and April 2021 (group B), and the coverage of the attached invertebrates was recorded every month until August 2021. The coverage of solitary ascidians (Ascidiella aspersa and Ciona robusta) and branching bryozoans (Bugula neritina) was lower on the coated substrates than on the non-coated ones, and coating or non-coating was significantly correlated with the extent of coverage. Superhydrophobic substrates with a low surface energy and micro-nano dual structure may be unsuitable for the attachment of larvae. Therefore, superhydrophobic coating is a more effective and simpler method of antifouling for certain taxa than other antifouling strategies. However, the antifouling effect of the superhydrophobic substrate in group A reduced after 5 months from the first installation; thus, the durability of the antifouling coating should be further improved, and solving this problem remains a major task, necessitating further research.
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McAfee D, Bishop MJ, Williams GA. Temperature-buffering by oyster habitat provides temporal stability for rocky shore communities. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 173:105536. [PMID: 34864513 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal rocky shores are considered among the most thermally stressful marine ecosystems, where many species live close to their upper thermal limit and depend on access to cool microclimates to persist through heat events. In such environments, the provision of cool microclimates by habitat-forming species enables persistence of associated species during high temperature events. We assessed whether, by maintaining cool microclimates through heat events, habitat formed by rock oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) provides temporal stability to associated invertebrate communities over periods of extreme temperatures. On three tropical rocky shores of Hong Kong, which experiences a monsoonal climate, we compared changes in microclimates and invertebrate communities associated with oyster and bare rock habitats between the cool and hot seasons. Oyster habitats were, across both seasons, consistently characterised by lower maximum temperatures and greater thermal stability than bare rock habitats. Invertebrate communities in the bare rock habitat were less diverse and abundant in the hot than the cool season, but communities in the cooler habitats provided by oysters did not display temporal change. These results demonstrate that microclimates formed by oysters provide temporal stability to associated communities across periods of temperature change and are key determinants of species distributions in thermally stressful environments. The conservation and restoration of oyster habitats may, therefore, build resilience in associated ecological communities subject to ongoing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Gray A Williams
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Bracewell SA, Clark GF, Johnston EL. Habitat complexity effects on diversity and abundance differ with latitude: an experimental study over 20 degrees. Ecology 2018; 99:1964-1974. [PMID: 29846936 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Habitat complexity is accepted as a general mechanism for increasing the abundance and diversity of communities. However, the circumstances under which complexity has the strongest effects are not clear. Over 20 degrees of Australia's east coast, we tested whether the effects of within-site structural habitat complexity on the diversity and community structure of sessile marine invertebrates was consistent over a latitudinal gradient where environmental conditions and species composition vary. We used experimental arrays with varied structural treatments to detect whether community cover, species richness, diversity and community composition (β-diversity) changed with increasing complexity. Community response to complexity varied over latitude due to differences in species richness and community development. Increased complexity had the greatest positive effects on community cover and species richness at higher latitudes where recruitment and growth were low. At lower latitudes, community cover and species richness were higher overall and did not vary substantially between complexity treatments. Latitudinal variation in within-treatment β-diversity relative to complexity further suggest divergent community responses. At higher latitudes, increased similarity in more complex treatments suggests community dominance of successful taxonomic groups. Despite limited effects on species richness and community cover at lower latitudes, β-diversity was higher in more complex treatments, signifying potential positive effects of increased complexity at these sites. These results demonstrate the context-dependency of complexity effects in response to variation in species richness and community development and should be taken into consideration to help direct conservation and restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Bracewell
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Graeme F Clark
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma L Johnston
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Tait L, Inglis G, Seaward K. Enhancing passive sampling tools for detecting marine bioinvasions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:41-50. [PMID: 29571391 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early detection is important for successful management of invasive species, but optimising monitoring systems to detect multiple species from different taxonomic groups remains a major challenge. Settlement plates are often used to monitor non-indigenous marine species (NIMS) associated with vessel biofouling, but there have been few assessments of their fitness-for-purpose. We deployed arrays of settlement plates ("settlement arrays") containing combinations of treatments that reflected conditions associated with the vessel transport pathway (i.e., copper based antifouling coatings, shaded habitat) to determine the treatment combinations that maximised NIMS diversity. Horizontal (shaded) treatments preferentially sampled higher NIS diversity than vertical plates. Although plates with copper-based biocides had larger proportions of NIS to indigenous species, they sampled only a subset of NIS diversity. Overall diversity was greatly enhanced through use of multiple treatments, demonstrating benefits of multi-faceted sampling arrays for maximising the potential taxonomic and species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Tait
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, PO Box 8602, Riccarton, Christchurch 8440, New Zealand.
| | - Graeme Inglis
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, PO Box 8602, Riccarton, Christchurch 8440, New Zealand.
| | - Kimberley Seaward
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, PO Box 8602, Riccarton, Christchurch 8440, New Zealand.
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Thomsen MS, Hildebrand T, South PM, Foster T, Siciliano A, Oldach E, Schiel DR. A sixth-level habitat cascade increases biodiversity in an intertidal estuary. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8291-8303. [PMID: 27878096 PMCID: PMC5108278 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have documented habitat cascades where two co-occurring habitat-forming species control biodiversity. However, more than two habitat-formers could theoretically co-occur. We here documented a sixth-level habitat cascade from the Avon-Heathcote Estuary, New Zealand, by correlating counts of attached inhabitants to the size and accumulated biomass of their biogenic hosts. These data revealed predictable sequences of habitat-formation (=attachment space). First, the bivalve Austrovenus provided habitat for green seaweeds (Ulva) that provided habitat for trochid snails in a typical estuarine habitat cascade. However, the trochids also provided habitat for the nonnative bryozoan Conopeum that provided habitat for the red seaweed Gigartina that provided habitat for more trochids, thereby resetting the sequence of the habitat cascade, theoretically in perpetuity. Austrovenus is here the basal habitat-former that controls this "long" cascade. The strength of facilitation increased with seaweed frond size, accumulated seaweed biomass, accumulated shell biomass but less with shell size. We also found that Ulva attached to all habitat-formers, trochids attached to Ulva and Gigartina, and Conopeum and Gigartina predominately attached to trochids. These "affinities" for different habitat-forming species probably reflect species-specific traits of juveniles and adults. Finally, manipulative experiments confirmed that the amount of seaweed and trochids was important and consistent regulators of the habitat cascade in different estuarine environments. We also interpreted this cascade as a habitat-formation network that describes the likelihood of an inhabitant being found attached to a specific habitat-former. We conclude that the strength of the cascade increased with the amount of higher-order habitat-formers, with differences in form and function between higher and lower-order habitat-formers, and with the affinity of inhabitants for higher-order habitat-formers. We suggest that long habitat cascades are common where species traits allow for physical attachment to other species, such as in marine benthic systems and old forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S. Thomsen
- Marine Ecology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- School of Plant Biology & UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Thomas Hildebrand
- Marine Ecology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Paul M. South
- Marine Ecology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
- Cawthron InstituteNelsonNew Zealand
- Institute of Marine ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Travis Foster
- Marine Ecology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Alfonso Siciliano
- Marine Ecology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Eliza Oldach
- Marine Ecology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - David R. Schiel
- Marine Ecology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
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Doropoulos C, Roff G, Bozec Y, Zupan M, Werminghausen J, Mumby PJ. Characterizing the ecological trade‐offs throughout the early ontogeny of coral recruitment. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0668.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Doropoulos
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- Palau International Coral Reef Center Koror 96940 Palau
| | - George Roff
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Yves‐Marie Bozec
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Mirta Zupan
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- Palau International Coral Reef Center Koror 96940 Palau
| | - Johanna Werminghausen
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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Yuan WS, Hoffman EA, Walters LJ. Effects of nonnative invertebrates on two life stages of the native eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Smith RS, Johnston EL, Clark GF. The role of habitat complexity in community development is mediated by resource availability. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102920. [PMID: 25054325 PMCID: PMC4108414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat complexity strongly affects the structure and dynamics of ecological communities, with increased complexity often leading to greater species diversity and abundance. However, habitat complexity changes as communities develop, and some species alter their environment to themselves provide habitat for other species. Most experimental studies manipulate basal substrate complexity, and while the importance of complexity likely changes during community development, few studies have examined the temporal dynamics of this variable. We used two experiments to quantify the importance of basal substrate complexity to sessile marine invertebrate community development through space and time. First, we compared effects of substrate complexity at 70 sites across ten estuaries. Sites differed in recruitment and community development rates, and after three months provided spatial variation in community development stage. Second, we tested for effects of substrate complexity at multiple times at a single site. In both experiments, complexity affected marine sessile invertebrate community composition in the early stages of community development when resource availability was high. Effects of complexity diminished through time as the amount of available space (the primary limiting resource) declined. Our work suggests the presence of a bare-space threshold, at which structural complexity of the basal substrate is overwhelmed by secondary biotic complexity. This threshold will be met at different times depending on local recruitment and growth rates and is likely to vary with productivity gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Smith
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emma L. Johnston
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graeme F. Clark
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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The interaction of marine fouling organisms with topography of varied scale and geometry: a review. Biointerphases 2013; 8:30. [DOI: 10.1186/1559-4106-8-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Tompsett S, Porter JS, Taylor PD. Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoansSchizoporella unicornis(Johnston) andSchizoporella errata(Waters). J NAT HIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930903090140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Baker SM, Hornbach DJ. Zebra Mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha) Attached to Native Mussels (Unionidae) or Inanimate Substrates: Comparison of Physiological Rates and Biochemical Composition. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2008. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[20:zmdpat]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yakovis EL, Artemieva AV, Shunatova NN, Varfolomeeva MA. Multiple foundation species shape benthic habitat islands. Oecologia 2008; 155:785-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Koehl MRA. Mini review: hydrodynamics of larval settlement into fouling communities. BIOFOULING 2007; 23:357-68. [PMID: 17852070 DOI: 10.1080/08927010701492250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Flowing water delivers planktonic larvae to surfaces, but also dislodges them. This paper reviews experiments in the field and in laboratory flumes, as well as mathematical models, which have revealed how the interaction of ambient water motion with a developing fouling community affects larval settlement. Although mean current velocities across fouling communities in harbours are low, instantaneous velocities can be much higher due to turbulence and to the velocity oscillations of wind chop and ship wakes. As a fouling community develops, its topography becomes more complex and the range of flow microhabitats on the spatial scale of larvae increases. In spite of the prevalence of waves in shallow coastal habitats, and in spite of the importance to settlement of the fine-scale instantaneous velocities encountered by larvae, most studies of flow effects on larval settlement have focused on unidirectional currents and on temporally- and spatially-averaged aspects of the flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R A Koehl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
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Abstract
A massive development of offshore windmill farms has been planned along the European coastline. This raises important questions about the possible effects on the marine environment. Effects during the construction period may be minimized to a negligible impact if care is taken to avoid areas containing rare habitats or species. Disturbance caused by noise, vibrations, and electromagnetic fields during windmill operation may, with present knowledge, be considered to be of minor importance to the marine environment. The reef effect (i.e. addition of a hard substratum), is believed to cause the largest impact on the marine environment and at different scales: the micro scale, which involves material, texture, and heterogeneity of the foundation material; the meso scale, which involves the revetments and scour protection; and the macro scale, which encompasses the level of the entire windmill farm. Effects on these scales are discussed in relation to results obtained from natural habitats, artificial reefs, and other man-made constructions at sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kjerulf Petersen
- Department Marine Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Wieczorek SK, Murray AW, Todd CD. Seasonal variation in the effects of hard substratum biofilming on settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. BIOFOULING 1996; 10:309-330. [PMID: 22115184 DOI: 10.1080/08927019609386289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of season on "biofilming";, as a cue for the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae, was investigated in a long-term field study during the years 1992-1994. The series of settlement experiments was conducted in a tidal rapid on the west coast of Scotland, and involved manipulations of artificial panels. Biofilming of substrata, whilst excluding larval settlement, was achieved by the enclosure of panels within tight-fitting (but removable) mesh screens so that the number of settlers on filmed and unfilmed substrata were counted in the initial absence of other incumbent post-larvae. Depending on larval species, the effects of biofilming were found to be either facilitatory or inhibitory. Significant within- and between-species seasonal differences in the settlement responses were detected, and a reversal of the effect of biofilming on larval settlement response, from inhibitory to facilitatory and vice versa, was noted with season in the case of some taxonomic groups and species (e.g. Tubulipora sp., Plagioecia sp., Electra pilosa (L.)). The present study emphasizes the need for extended field studies of larval responses to environmental cues, when the focus of interest is in drawing general inferences about naturally occurring behavioural patterns at settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Wieczorek
- a Gatty Marine Laboratory , University of St Andrews , Fife , St Andrews , KY16 8LB , UK Fax:
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