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He Z, Lou Y, Zhang H, Han X, Pähtz T, Jiao P, Hu P, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Qiu Z. The role of hydrodynamics for the spatial distribution of high-temperature hydrothermal vent-endemic fauna in the deep ocean environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166714. [PMID: 37659550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Active hydrothermal vents provide the surrounding submarine environment with substantial amounts of matter and energy, thus serving as important habitats for diverse megabenthic communities in the deep ocean and constituting a unique, highly productive chemosynthetic ecosystem on Earth. Vent-endemic biological communities gather near the venting site and are usually not found beyond a distance of the order of 100 m from the vent. This is surprising because one would actually expect matter ejected from high-temperature vents, which generate highly turbulent buoyancy plumes, to be suspended and carried far away by the plume flows and deep-sea currents. Here, we study this problem from a fluid dynamics perspective by simulating the vent hydrodynamics using a numerical model that couples the plume flow with induced matter and energy transport. We find that both low- and high-temperature vents deposit most vent matter relatively close to the plume. In particular, the tendency of turbulent buoyancy plumes to carry matter far away is strongly counteracted by generated entrainment flows back into the plume stem. The deposition ranges of organic and inorganic hydrothermal particles obtained from the simulations for various natural high-temperature vents are consistent with the observed maximum spatial extent of biological communities, evidencing that plume hydrodynamics exercises strong control over the spatial distribution of vent-endemic fauna. While other factors affecting the spatial distribution of vent-endemic fauna, such as geology and geochemistry, are site-specific, the main physical features of plume hydrodynamics unraveled in this study are largely site-unspecific and therefore universal across vent sites on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo He
- Ocean College & Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Hainan Institution, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Yingzhong Lou
- Ocean College & Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- Ocean College & Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xiqiu Han
- Ocean College & Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Thomas Pähtz
- Ocean College & Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Pengcheng Jiao
- Ocean College & Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Hainan Institution, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Ocean College & Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yejian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhongyan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
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Do Hydrothermal Shrimp Smell Vents? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111043. [PMID: 34821843 PMCID: PMC8623306 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deep-sea species endemic to hydrothermal vents face the critical challenge of detecting active sites in a vast environment devoid of sunlight. This certainly requires specific sensory abilities, among which olfaction could be a relevant sensory modality, since chemical compounds in hydrothermal fluids or food odors could potentially serve as orientation cues. The temperature of the vent fluid might also be used for locating vent sites. The objective of this study is to observe the following key behaviors of olfaction in hydrothermal shrimp, which could provide an insight into their olfactory capacities: (1) grooming behavior; (2) attraction to environmental cues (food odors and fluid markers). We designed experiments at both deep-sea and atmospheric pressure to assess the behavior of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and Mirocaris fortunata, as well as of the coastal species Palaemon elegans and Palaemon serratus for comparison. Here, we show that hydrothermal shrimp groom their sensory appendages similarly to other crustaceans, but this does not clean the dense bacterial biofilm that covers the olfactory structures. These shrimp have previously been shown to possess functional sensory structures, and to detect the environmental olfactory signals tested, but we do not observe significant attraction behavior here. Only temperature, as a signature of vent fluids, clearly attracts vent shrimp and thus is confirmed to be a relevant signal for orientation in their environment.
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Machon J, Krieger J, Meth R, Zbinden M, Ravaux J, Montagné N, Chertemps T, Harzsch S. Neuroanatomy of a hydrothermal vent shrimp provides insights into the evolution of crustacean integrative brain centers. eLife 2019; 8:e47550. [PMID: 31383255 PMCID: PMC6684273 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alvinocaridid shrimps are emblematic representatives of the deep hydrothermal vent fauna at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They are adapted to a mostly aphotic habitat with extreme physicochemical conditions in the vicinity of the hydrothermal fluid emissions. Here, we investigated the brain architecture of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata to understand possible adaptations of its nervous system to the hydrothermal sensory landscape. Its brain is modified from the crustacean brain ground pattern by featuring relatively small visual and olfactory neuropils that contrast with well-developed higher integrative centers, the hemiellipsoid bodies. We propose that these structures in vent shrimps may fulfill functions in addition to higher order sensory processing and suggest a role in place memory. Our study promotes vent shrimps as fascinating models to gain insights into sensory adaptations to peculiar environmental conditions, and the evolutionary transformation of specific brain areas in Crustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Machon
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Jakob Krieger
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Rebecca Meth
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
| | - Magali Zbinden
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Juliette Ravaux
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux ExtrêmesParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES-Paris)ParisFrance
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswaldGermany
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Machon J, Lucas P, Ravaux J, Zbinden M. Comparison of Chemoreceptive Abilities of the Hydrothermal Shrimp Mirocaris fortunata and the Coastal Shrimp Palaemon elegans. Chem Senses 2019; 43:489-501. [PMID: 29931242 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoreception might play an important role for endemic shrimp that inhabit deep and dark hydrothermal vents to find food sources and to locate active edifices that release specific chemicals. We compared the chemosensory abilities of the hydrothermal shrimp Mirocaris fortunata and the coastal related species, Palaemon elegans. The detection of diverse ecologically relevant chemical stimuli by the antennal appendages was measured with electroantennography. The 2 species can detect food-related odor and sulfide, a short-distance stimulus, via both their antennae and antennules. Neither iron nor manganese, considered as long-distance stimuli, was detected by the antennal appendages. Investigation of the ultrastructure of aesthetasc sensilla revealed no specific features of the hydrothermal species regarding innervation by olfactory sensory neurons. Pore-like structures occurring in the aesthetasc cuticle and dense bacterial covering seem to be unique to hydrothermal species, but their potential link to chemoreception remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Machon
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCBN, UAG, Unité de Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Equipe Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bâtiment A, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lucas
- Department of Sensory Ecology, INRA, iEES-Paris, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, France
| | - Juliette Ravaux
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCBN, UAG, Unité de Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Equipe Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bâtiment A, Paris, France
| | - Magali Zbinden
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCBN, UAG, Unité de Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Equipe Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bâtiment A, Paris, France
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Liu XL, Ye S, Li HW, Lu B, Yu YQ, Fan YP, Yang WJ, Yang JS. An H-ferritin from the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and its potential role in iron metabolism. Biometals 2019; 32:251-264. [PMID: 30756217 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rimicaris exoculata (Decapoda: Bresiliidae) is one of the dominant species among hydrothermal vent communities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This shrimp can tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals such as iron, but the mechanisms used for detoxification and utilization of excess metals remain largely unknown. Ferritin is a major iron storage protein in most living organisms. The central heavy subunit of ferritin (H-ferritin) possesses ferroxidase activity and converts iron from Fe2+ to Fe3+, the non-toxic form used for storage. In the present study, the H-ferritin RexFrtH was identified in the hydrothermal vent shrimp R. exoculata, and found to be highly expressed in the gill, the main organ involved in bioaccumulation of metals, at both RNA and protein levels. Accumulation of RexFrtH decreased from efferent to afferent vessels, coinciding with the direction of water flow through the gills. Fe3+ was localized with RexFrtH, and in vitro iron-binding and ferroxidase assays using recombinant RexFrtH confirmed the high affinity for iron. Based on these results, we propose a model of iron metabolism in R. exoculata gills; ferrous iron from ambient hydrothermal water accumulates and is converted and stored in ferric form by RexFrtH as an iron reservoir when needed for metabolism, or excreted as an intermediate to prevent iron overload. The findings expand our understanding of the adaptation strategies used by shrimps inhabiting extreme hydrothermal vents to cope with extremely high heavy metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Wei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, State Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qin Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Peng Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Zbinden M, Berthod C, Montagné N, Machon J, Léger N, Chertemps T, Rabet N, Shillito B, Ravaux J. Comparative Study of Chemosensory Organs of Shrimp From Hydrothermal Vent and Coastal Environments. Chem Senses 2017; 42:319-331. [PMID: 28334209 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of chemical signals is involved in a variety of crustacean behaviors, such as social interactions, search and evaluation of food and navigation in the environment. At hydrothermal vents, endemic shrimp may use the chemical signature of vent fluids to locate active edifices, however little is known on their sensory perception in these remote deep-sea habitats. Here, we present the first comparative description of the sensilla on the antennules and antennae of 4 hydrothermal vent shrimp (Rimicaris exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Chorocaris chacei, and Alvinocaris markensis) and of a closely related coastal shrimp (Palaemon elegans). These observations revealed no specific adaptation regarding the size or number of aesthetascs (specialized unimodal olfactory sensilla) between hydrothermal and coastal species. We also identified partial sequences of the ionotropic receptor IR25a, a co-receptor putatively involved in olfaction, in 3 coastal and 4 hydrothermal shrimp species, and showed that it is mainly expressed in the lateral flagella of the antennules that bear the unimodal chemosensilla aesthetascs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Zbinden
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bât. A, 4e étage, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Camille Berthod
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bât. A, 4e étage, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement (iEES-Paris), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France and
| | - Julia Machon
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bât. A, 4e étage, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nelly Léger
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bât. A, 4e étage, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement (iEES-Paris), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France and
| | - Nicolas Rabet
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes (BOREA), Département des milieux et peuplements aquatiques, CP26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Shillito
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bât. A, 4e étage, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Ravaux
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS MNHN 7208 Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes (BOREA), Equipe Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes, Bât. A, 4e étage, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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Machon J, Ravaux J, Zbinden M, Lucas P. New electroantennography method on a marine shrimp in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:3696-3700. [PMID: 27638619 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antennular chemoreception in aquatic decapods is well studied via the recording of single chemoreceptor neuron activity in the antennule, but global responses of the antennule (or antennae in insects) by electroantennography (EAG) has so far been mainly restricted to aerial conditions. We present here a well-established underwater EAG method to record the global antennule activity in the marine shrimp Palaemon elegans in natural (aqueous) conditions. EAG responses to food extracts, recorded as net positive deviations of the baseline, are reproducible, dose-dependent and exhibit sensory adaptation. This new EAG method opens a large field of possibilities for studying in vivo antennular chemoreception in aquatic decapods, in a global approach to supplement current, more specific techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Machon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCBN, UAG, Unité de Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Equipe Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, Bâtiment A, Paris 75005, France.,iEES-Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles 78026, France
| | - Juliette Ravaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCBN, UAG, Unité de Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Equipe Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, Bâtiment A, Paris 75005, France
| | - Magali Zbinden
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCBN, UAG, Unité de Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Equipe Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, 7 Quai Saint-Bernard, Bâtiment A, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philippe Lucas
- iEES-Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles 78026, France
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Vereshchaka AL, Kulagin DN, Lunina AA. Phylogeny and New Classification of Hydrothermal Vent and Seep Shrimps of the Family Alvinocarididae (Decapoda). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129975. [PMID: 26161742 PMCID: PMC4498644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper addresses the phylogeny and classification of the hydrothermal vent shrimp family Alvinocarididae. Two morphological cladistic analyses were carried out, which use all 31 recognized species of Alvinocarididae as terminal taxa. As outgroups, two species were included, both representing major caridean clades: Acanthephyra purpurea (Acanthephyridae) and Alpheus echiurophilus (Alpheidae). For additional support of the clades we utilised available data on mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase I gene (CO1) and 16S ribosomal markers. Both morphological and molecular methods resulted in similar tree topologies and nearly identical clades. We consider these clades as evolutionary units and thus erect two new subfamilies: Rimicaridinae (Alvinocaridinides, Manuscaris, Opaepele, Shinkaicaris, Rimicaris), Alvinocaridinae (Alvinocaris), whilst recognising Mirocaridinae (with genera Mirocaris and Nautilocaris) at subfamily level. One genus, Keldyshicaris could not be assigned to any subfamily and is thus left as incertae sedis. The monophyly of Alvinocardinae was supported by morphological data, but not supported by molecular data (two analyses); the monophyly of all subfamilies was supported both by morphological and molecular data. Chorocaris is herein synonymized with Rimicaris, whilst Opaepele vavilovi is herein transferred to a new genus Keldyshicaris. Morphological trends within Alvinocarididae are discussed and short biogeographical remarks are given. We provide emended diagnoses for all subfamilies and genera along with keys to all recognized species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry N. Kulagin
- P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Lunina
- P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Shigeno S, Ogura A, Mori T, Toyohara H, Yoshida T, Tsuchida S, Fujikura K. Sensing deep extreme environments: the receptor cell types, brain centers, and multi-layer neural packaging of hydrothermal vent endemic worms. Front Zool 2014; 11:82. [PMID: 25505488 PMCID: PMC4261566 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-014-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep-sea alvinellid worm species endemic to hydrothermal vents, such as Alvinella and Paralvinella, are considered to be among the most thermotolerant animals known with their adaptability to toxic heavy metals, and tolerance of highly reductive and oxidative stressful environments. Despite the number of recent studies focused on their overall transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic stabilities, little is known regarding their sensory receptor cells and electrically active neuro-processing centers, and how these can tolerate and function in such harsh conditions. RESULTS We examined the extra- and intracellular organizations of the epidermal ciliated sensory cells and their higher centers in the central nervous system through immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and neurotracing analyses. We observed that these cells were rich in mitochondria and possessed many electron-dense granules, and identified specialized glial cells and serial myelin-like repeats in the head sensory systems of Paralvinella hessleri. Additionally, we identified the major epidermal sensory pathways, in which a pair of distinct mushroom bodies-like or small interneuron clusters was observed. These sensory learning and memory systems are commonly found in insects and annelids, but the alvinellid inputs are unlikely derived from the sensory ciliary cells of the dorsal head regions. CONCLUSIONS Our evidence provides insight into the cellular and system-wide adaptive structure used to sense, process, and combat the deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. The alvinellid sensory cells exhibit characteristics of annelid ciliary types, and among the most unique features were the head sensory inputs and structure of the neural cell bodies of the brain, which were surrounded by multiple membranes. We speculated that such enhanced protection is required for the production of normal electrical signals, and to avoid the breakdown of the membrane surrounding metabolically fragile neurons from oxidative stress. Such pivotal acquisition is not broadly found in the all body parts, suggesting the head sensory inputs are specific, and these heterogenetic protection mechanisms may be present in alvinellid worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Shigeno
- Department for Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogura
- Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama, 526-0829, Shiga Japan
| | - Tsukasa Mori
- Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Haruhiko Toyohara
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Marine Biological Function, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8602 Japan
| | - Takao Yoshida
- Department for Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shinji Tsuchida
- Department for Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujikura
- Department for Marine Biodiversity Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Kanagawa Japan
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Teixeira S, Serrão EA, Arnaud-Haond S. Panmixia in a fragmented and unstable environment: the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata disperses extensively along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38521. [PMID: 22679511 PMCID: PMC3367947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal plays a fundamental role in the evolution and persistence of species, and especially for species inhabiting extreme, ephemeral and highly fragmented habitats as hydrothermal vents. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge endemic shrimp species Rimicaris exoculata was studied using microsatellite markers to infer connectivity along the 7100-Km range encompassing the sampled sites. Astonishingly, no genetic differentiation was found between individuals from the different geographic origins, supporting a scenario of widespread large-scale dispersal despite the habitat distance and fragmentation. We hypothesize that delayed metamorphosis associated to temperature differences or even active directed migration dependent on physical and/or chemical stimuli could explain these results and warrant further studies on adaptation and dispersal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Teixeira
- Ifremer - Centre de Brest, Departement Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds - DEEP, Brest, France.
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Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, Escobar E, Levin LA, Menot L, Rowden AA, Smith CR, Van Dover CL. Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22588. [PMID: 21829635 PMCID: PMC3148232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of the least studied, harbours high biodiversity and provides a wealth of resources. Although humans have used the oceans for millennia, technological developments now allow exploitation of fisheries resources, hydrocarbons and minerals below 2000 m depth. The remoteness of the deep seafloor has promoted the disposal of residues and litter. Ocean acidification and climate change now bring a new dimension of global effects. Thus the challenges facing the deep sea are large and accelerating, providing a new imperative for the science community, industry and national and international organizations to work together to develop successful exploitation management and conservation of the deep-sea ecosystem. This paper provides scientific expert judgement and a semi-quantitative analysis of past, present and future impacts of human-related activities on global deep-sea habitats within three categories: disposal, exploitation and climate change. The analysis is the result of a Census of Marine Life--SYNDEEP workshop (September 2008). A detailed review of known impacts and their effects is provided. The analysis shows how, in recent decades, the most significant anthropogenic activities that affect the deep sea have evolved from mainly disposal (past) to exploitation (present). We predict that from now and into the future, increases in atmospheric CO(2) and facets and consequences of climate change will have the most impact on deep-sea habitats and their fauna. Synergies between different anthropogenic pressures and associated effects are discussed, indicating that most synergies are related to increased atmospheric CO(2) and climate change effects. We identify deep-sea ecosystems we believe are at higher risk from human impacts in the near future: benthic communities on sedimentary upper slopes, cold-water corals, canyon benthic communities and seamount pelagic and benthic communities. We finalise this review with a short discussion on protection and management methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A. Tyler
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C. Baker
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm R. Clark
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elva Escobar
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ashley A. Rowden
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Craig R. Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Cindy L. Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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Govenar B. Shaping Vent and Seep Communities: Habitat Provision and Modification by Foundation Species. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9572-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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13
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MARTIN JOELW, HANEY TODDA. Decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps: a review through 2005. Zool J Linn Soc 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Jinks RN, Markley TL, Taylor EE, Perovich G, Dittel AI, Epifanio CE, Cronin TW. Adaptive visual metamorphosis in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent crab. Nature 2002; 420:68-70. [PMID: 12422215 DOI: 10.1038/nature01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2002] [Accepted: 09/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents along the mid-ocean ridges host ephemeral ecosystems of diverse endemic fauna including several crustacean species, some of which undergo planktonic development as larvae up to 1,000 m above and 100 km away from the vents. Little is known about the role of vision in the life history of vent fauna. Here we report that planktonic zoea larvae of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron possess image-forming compound eyes with a visual pigment sensitive to the blue light of mesopelagic waters. As they metamorphose and begin to descend to and settle at the vents, they lose their image-forming optics and develop high-sensitivity naked-retina eyes. The spectral absorbance of the visual pigment in these eyes shifts towards longer wavelengths from larva to postlarva to adult. This progressive visual metamorphosis trades imaging for increased sensitivity, and changes spectral sensitivity from the blue wavelengths of the larval environment towards the dim, longer wavelengths produced in the deeper bathypelagic vent environment of the adults. As hydrothermal vents produce light, vision may supplement thermal and chemical senses to orient postlarval settlement at vent sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Jinks
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604-3003, USA.
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15
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Martin JW, Signorovitch J, Patel H. Comparison of the carpal cleaning brush in two genera of hydrothermal vent shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Bresiliidae). J Morphol 1998; 235:31-39. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199801)235:1<31::aid-jmor3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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