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Deshmukh S. An Update on Avian Infectious Coryza: It’s Re-Emerging Trends on Epidemiology, Etiologic Characterization, Diagnostics, Therapeutic and Prophylactic Advancements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15406/jdvar.2015.02.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang YP, Hsieh MK, Tan DH, Shien JH, Ou SC, Chen CF, Chang PC. The haemagglutinin of Avibacterium paragallinarum is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin that confers haemagglutination, cell adherence and biofilm formation activities. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:474-482. [PMID: 25465664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The haemagglutinin (HA) protein plays a key role in the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of Avibacterium paragallinarum. A 210-kDa protein (HMTp210) was previously reported to be the HA of Av. paragallinarum, but the biological function of HMTp210 is not well defined. In this study, mutant strains that lacked HMTp210 were constructed using the TargeTron(®) gene knockout system. Haemagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays showed that the HMTp210-deficient mutants exhibited no HA activity and failed to elicit HI antibodies in immunized chickens. Additionally, HMTp210-deficient mutants exhibited reduced ability to adhere to HeLa cells and to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces. Virulence assays showed that HMTp210-deficient mutants are less virulent than their isogenic wild-type strains. HMTp210 bears significant similarity to proteins of the trimeric autotransporter adhesin (TAA) family, and recombinant HMTp210 expressed in E. coli formed a trimeric structure. Taken together, these results indicated that HMTp210 is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin that confers haemagglutination, cell adherence and biofilm formation activities. These results should prove valuable to further elucidate the biological function of HA and the mechanism of pathogenicity of Av. paragallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kun Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Huey Tan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Shien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chia Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Poa-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Abascal EN, Guerra AC, Vázquez AS, Tenorio VR, Cruz CV, Zenteno E, Contreras GP, Pacheco SV. Identification of iron-acquisition proteins of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:209-13. [PMID: 19468937 DOI: 10.1080/03079450902912143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When Avibacterium paragallinarum reference strain 0083 (serovar A) was grown in an iron-restricted culture medium, the expression of the 60, 68 and 93 kDa outer membrane proteins increased as compared with normal media. Sera of chickens experimentally infected with Av. paragallinarum recognized these iron-restriction induced proteins, suggesting their expression in vivo. The three outer membrane proteins were identified as transferrin receptor and iron transport proteins by mass spectroscopy and a search in sequence databases. As these proteins have been reported to be regulated by the Fur protein in many bacteria, we investigated, through molecular methods, the presence of the fur gene in Av. paragallinarum. A candidate fur gene of Av. paragallinarum was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using complementary primers to conserved regions of fur gene sequences from members of the Pasteurellaceae family. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene, from ATG to TAA stop codon, was 453 base pairs in length and the deduced amino acid sequence showed 94% identity with Fur sequences of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus ducreyi. The Av. paragallinarum deduced Fur protein (17.8 kDa) amino acid sequence contains the N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain and the two iron-binding sites in the C-terminal end, typical of other described Fur proteins. The study of iron-restriction-induced proteins and the mechanism regulating their expression could lead to an understanding of the responses of Av. paragallinarum to survive in an iron-restricted environment on host mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Negrete Abascal
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
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García A, Romo F, Ortiz AM, Blackall PJ. The vaccination-challenge trial: the gold standard test to evaluate the protective efficacy of infectious coryza vaccines. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:183-6. [PMID: 18393097 DOI: 10.1080/03079450801929941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious coryza is an upper respiratory tract disease of chickens with the major impact occurring in multi-age flocks. We investigated the relationship between the level of antibodies, as detected by a haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay, in infectious coryza-vaccinated chickens and the protection against challenge in those chickens. In one experiment, chickens given a single dose of either of two infectious coryza vaccines lacked a detectable HI response to vaccination but showed significant levels of protection 11 weeks after vaccination. In contrast, in chickens given two doses of an infectious coryza vaccine and challenged 3 weeks after the second vaccine dose, there was a strong serological response with 36/40 birds having a HI titre of 1/20 or greater. In this trial there was an apparent relationship between titre and subsequent protection, with none of the 32 chickens with a titre of 1/40 or 1/80 showing any clinical signs and only one of the same group yielding the challenge organism on culture. In contrast, three of the four vaccinated chickens with a HI titre less than 1/5 developed the typical clinical signs of coryza and yielded the challenge organism on culture. Overall, our results suggest that HI titres cannot be regarded as a definitive predictor of vaccine efficacy. We suggest that the vaccination-challenge trial is the gold standard for the evaluation of the immune response to infectious coryza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García
- Laboratorios Avilab, Porcicultores 80 Tepatitlan, Jalisco, México
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Noro T, Oishi E, Kaneshige T, Yaguchi K, Amimoto K, Shimizu M. Identification and characterization of haemagglutinin epitopes of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovar C. Vet Microbiol 2008; 131:406-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Noro T, Yaguchi K, Amimoto K, Oishi E. Identification and expression of a gene encoding an epitope that induces hemagglutination inhibition antibody to Avibacterium paragallinarum serovar A. Avian Dis 2007; 51:84-9. [PMID: 17461271 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0084:iaeoag]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were the identification, cloning, and expression of a genetic region encoding an epitope that induces hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody against Avibacterium paragallinarum serovar A and an evaluation of the recombinant protein for immunogenicity in chickens. Although two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with HI activity, designated S24-951 and S7-1716-5C, were generated in this study, no reactive proteins with both MAbs were identified by Western blot analysis. A gene fragment of 5157 bp, designated hpa5. 1, was cloned from genomic DNA, and a recombinant protein expressed by hpa5.1, designated HPA5.1, reacted with both MAbs on dot-blot analysis. HPA5.1 showed no hemagglutinating activity, but significantly absorbed HI antibodies in the chicken immune serum. Analysis using a series of deletion mutants prepared from hpa5.1 indicated that a 4.8 kbp gene in hpa5.1 is essential for the expression epitope recognized by MAb S24-951. In addition, chickens immunized once with HPA5.1 showed a high protection rate with sufficient HI antibody titers against challenge exposure with a virulent strain of A. paragallinarum serovar A strain 221. These results show that hpa5. I1 is responsible for the expression of an epitope that induces HI antibody, and HPA5.1 might be a candidate for the development of a new vaccine against avian infectious coryza caused by A. paragallinarum serovar A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Noro
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto, 611-0041, Japan
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Byarugaba DK, Minga UM, Gwakisa PS, Katunguka-Rwakishaya E, Bisgaard M, Olsen JE. Virulence characterization ofAvibacterium paragallinarumisolates from Uganda. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:35-42. [PMID: 17364508 DOI: 10.1080/03079450601102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from Uganda were characterized for their virulence by comparison of their pathogenicity and their resistance to serum. Pathogenicity was evaluated using commercial Hisex Brown layer chickens, local indigenous chickens, local turkeys and local guineafowls inoculated with 108 colony-forming units of Av. paragallinarum and comparing their overall mean disease scores over a period of 20 days. Persistence of the bacteria in the host and water was also investigated for a 60-day period by culture and polymerase chain reaction as well as use of sentinel chickens. Serum resistance was measured by comparison of the growth kinetics and survival indices at 3 and 6 h. There was no difference in the virulence of the isolates. Commercial layer chickens and local indigenous chickens were equally susceptible to challenge, while turkeys and guineafowls only showed transient mild signs and did not transmit infection. Turkeys and guineafowls did not acquire the infection when placed in contact with infected chickens. The isolates were resistant in normal chicken serum at both 3 and 6 h of incubation but were resistant at 3 h and sensitive at 6 h in turkey and guineafowl sera. The resistance of the isolates to serum correlated with their pathogenicity in the different hosts. No carrier status was demonstrated in this study using polymerase chain reaction and culture. The present study demonstrates that Ugandan Av. paragallinarum isolates are pathogenic to chickens with only transient signs in turkeys and guineafowls, and that serum resistance could be a subject for further investigation as a predictor of virulence of these bacteria. The role of turkeys and guineafowls in transmission of Av. paragallinarum was not demonstrated in the present investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Byarugaba
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University. P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Ramón Rocha MO, García-González O, Pérez-Méndez A, Ibarra-Caballero J, Pérez-Márquez VM, Vaca S, Negrete-Abascal E. Membrane vesicles released by Avibacterium paragallinarum contain putative virulence factors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 257:63-8. [PMID: 16553833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza, releases extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs), containing immunogenic proteins, proteases, putative RTX proteins, haemagglutinin, and nucleic acids, into the medium. MVs ranging 50-300 nm in diameter were observed by electron microscopy. They contained immunogenic proteins in the range of 20-160 kDa, detected using vaccinated or experimentally infected chicken sera raised against Av. paragallinarum, but not in pooled sera from specific pathogen-free chickens. Proteolytic activity was not detected in MVs through zymograms; however, immune recognition of high molecular mass bands was observed by Western blotting using an antiprotease serum against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 purified protease, suggesting its presence. MVs agglutinated glutaraldehyde-fixed chicken red blood cells indicating the presence of haemagglutinating antigens. Nucleic acids were also detected inside MVs. Avibacterium paragallinarum releases MVs containing putative virulence factors, which could be important in the pathogenesis of infectious coryza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela O Ramón Rocha
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Estado de México, Mexico
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Fernández RP, Colíndres HL, Velásquez QE, Soriano VE, Blackall PJ. Protection Conferred by Bivalent and Trivalent Infectious Coryza Bacterins Against Prevalent Serovars of Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum in Mexico. Avian Dis 2005; 49:585-7. [PMID: 16405004 DOI: 10.1637/7355-031405r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The protection and level of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies conferred in infectious coryza bivalent- and trivalent-immunized chickens against Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum field isolates of the prevalent serovars in Mexico (A-1, A-2, B-1, and C-2) were investigated. The bivalent bacterin (A-1 and C-1) conferred significant protection and increased HI antibodies against isolates of serovars A-1, A-2, and C-2, but not against a serovar B-1 isolate. The trivalent bacterin (A-1, B-1, and C-2) conferred protection and increased HI antibodies against all four of the isolates. The results confirmed that in poultry areas where serovar B-1 is prevalent, the inclusion of this serovar in bacterins is needed to confer protection against infectious coryza caused by A. (H.) paragallinarum isolates of serovar B-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Fernández
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario No. 100, Toluca, México
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Rivero-García PC, Cruz CV, Alonso PS, Vaca S, Negrete-Abascal E. Haemophilus paragallinarumsecretes metalloproteases. Can J Microbiol 2005; 51:893-6. [PMID: 16333350 DOI: 10.1139/w05-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus paragallinarum secretes metalloproteases into different culture media lacking serum. Secreted proteins, concentrated by precipitation with 70% ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) or methanol, displayed proteolytic activity at >100 kDa molecular mass in 10% polyacrylamide gels co-polymerized with porcine gelatin (0.1%). They were active in a broad pH range (4–9); pH 7.5 being the optimum. Protease activity was inhibited by 20 mmol EDTA/L and reactivated by calcium. The proteolytic activity was heat-stable at 40, 50, and 60 °C, but its activity diminished at 70 °C or higher. Secreted proteins partially degraded chicken immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cross-reacted with a polyclonal serum against a high molecular mass protease secreted by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Extracellular proteases could play a role in infectious coryza caused by H. paragallinarum.Key words: pathogenicity, secreted protein, infectious coryza.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rivero-García
- Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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Soriano VE, Longinos GM, Fernández RP, Velásquez QE, Ciprián CA, Salazar-García F, Blackall PJ. Virulence of the nine serovar reference strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum. Avian Dis 2005; 48:886-9. [PMID: 15666870 DOI: 10.1637/7188-033104r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The virulence of the reference strains of the nine currently recognized Kume serovars of Haemophilus paragallinarum was investigated. The capacity of the H. paragallinarum strains to cause the typical clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease associated with infectious coryza in unvaccinated, nasal-challenged chickens was assessed. Differences in virulence were assessed by means of a standardized scoring system for clinical signs. All nine strains were pathogenic to chickens, producing typical clinical signs of infectious coryza. The highest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-1 (1.72), while the lowest clinical signs score was obtained for serovar C-4 (0.32). Our results indicate that virulence differences exist among the serovars of H. paragallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Soriano
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario No. 100, Col. Centro, Toluca, 50000, México
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Soriano EV, Garduño ML, Téllez G, Rosas PF, Suárez-Güemes F, Blackall PJ. Cross-protection study of the nine serovars of Haemophilus paragallinarum in the Kume haemagglutinin scheme. Avian Pathol 2005; 33:506-11. [PMID: 15545030 DOI: 10.1080/03079450400003502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cross-protection and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies present in chickens vaccinated with one of the nine currently recognized Kume haemagglutinin serovars of Haemophilus paragallinarum were investigated. The results confirmed the widely accepted dogma that serogroups A, B, and C represent three distinct immunovars. Within Kume serogroup A, there was generally good cross-protection among all four serovars. However, within Kume serogroup C, there was evidence of a reduced level of cross-protection between some of the four serovars. The haemagglutination-inhibition antibody levels generally showed the same trend as with the cross-protection results. This study suggests that some apparent field failures of infectious coryza vaccines may be due to a lack of cross-protection between the vaccine strains and the field strains. Our results will help guide the selection of strains for inclusion in infectious coryza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo V Soriano
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, México.
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Mena-Rojas E, Vázquez Cruz C, Vaca Pacheco S, García González O, Pérez-Márquez VM, Pérez-Méndez A, Ibarra-Caballero J, de la Garza M, Zenteno E, Negrete-Abascal E. Antigenic secreted proteins fromHaemophilus paragallinarum. A 110-kDa putative RTX protein. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 232:83-7. [PMID: 15019738 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(04)00036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2003] [Revised: 06/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus paragallinarum is the causal agent of infectious coryza, an economically important disease for the poultry industry. This bacterium secreted proteins of 25-110 kDa during its growth in brain heart infusion, tryptic soy broth, or Luria-Bertani glucose phosphate media, all lacking serum. Some of these proteins were recognized by sera from chickens experimentally infected with H. paragallinarum. A 110-kDa protein was recognized by a serum pool from convalescent-phase pigs naturally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and also by a rabbit polyclonal serum against Apx I as well as a rabbit serum against Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin, suggesting the presence of an RTX-like protein in H. paragallinarum. H. paragallinarum secreted proteins could be important immunogens in the control of infectious coryza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Mena-Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, BUAP, Apdo. Postal 1622, Puebla 72560, Mexico
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Hobb RI, Tseng HJ, Downes JE, Terry TD, Blackall PJ, Takagi M, Jennings MP. Molecular analysis of a haemagglutinin of Haemophilus paragallinarum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2171-2179. [PMID: 12101304 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-7-2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a haemagglutinin of H. paragallinarum, hagA, has been identified and the full-length nucleotide sequence determined. A approximately 39 kDa protein, recognized by an anti-haemagglutinin monoclonal antibody, mAb4D, was purified from H. paragallinarum strain 0083 and the N-terminal sequence obtained. The full-length nucleotide sequence was obtained by inverse PCR and the deduced amino acid sequence of the protein encoded was shown to be similar to other outer-membrane proteins of closely related organisms in the HAP group (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Pasteurella), especially the P5 protein of Haemophilus influenzae. The hagA gene was cloned into a His-tag expression vector and overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain M15(pREP4). The identity of the purified recombinant protein as a H. paragallinarum haemagglutinin was confirmed by haemagglutination of chicken red blood cells and reactivity, in a Western blot, with the monoclonal antibody specific for the serovar A haemagglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda I Hobb
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia1
| | - Hsing-Ju Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia1
| | - John E Downes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia1
| | - Tamsin D Terry
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia1
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Animal Research Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Australia2
| | - Masami Takagi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Dobutsu Iyakuhin Kensajo, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, Japan3
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia1
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