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Kafuti C, Lehnebach R, Bourland N, Beeckman H, Van Acker J, Luambua NK, Van den Bulcke J. Earlier onset and slower heartwood investment in faster-growing trees of African tropical species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:905-916. [PMID: 37409979 PMCID: PMC11082515 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heartwood plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of trees. Although its formation has long been thought to be driven solely by internal ageing processes, more recent hypotheses suggest that heartwood formation acts as a regulator of the tree water balance by modulating the quantity of sapwood. Testing both hypotheses would shed light on the potential ecophysiological nature of heartwood formation, a very common process in trees. METHODS We measured quantities of heartwood and sapwood, xylem conduits and the width and number of growth rings on 406 stems of Pericopsis elata with ages ranging from 2 to 237 years. A subset of 17 trees with similar ages but varying growth rate were sampled in a shaded (slower-growth) site and a sun-exposed (faster-growth) site. We used regression analysis and structural equation modelling to investigate the dynamics and drivers of heartwood formation. KEY RESULTS We found a positive effect of growth rate on the probability of heartwood occurrence, suggesting an earlier heartwood onset in faster-growing stems. After this onset age, heartwood area increased with stem diameter and age. Despite the similar heartwood production per unit stem diameter increment, shaded trees produced heartwood faster than sun-exposed trees. Tree age and hydraulics showed similar direct effects on heartwood and sapwood area of sun-exposed trees, suggesting their mutual role in driving the heartwood dynamics of sun-exposed trees. However, for shaded trees, only tree hydraulics showed a direct effect, suggesting its prominent role over age in driving the heartwood dynamics in limited growing conditions. The positive relationship between growth rate and maximum stomatal conductance supported this conclusion. CONCLUSIONS Heartwood area increases as the tree ages, but at a slower rate in trees where water demand is balanced by a sufficient water supply. Our findings suggest that heartwood formation is not only a structural process but also functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadrack Kafuti
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Natural Resources Management, University of Kinshasa, 117 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Romain Lehnebach
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRA, Université Des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Nils Bourland
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Center for International Forestry Research, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat) 16115, Indonesia
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Acker
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nestor K Luambua
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculté des sciences Agronomiques, Université Officielle de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Mu Y, Lindenmayer D, Zheng S, Yang Y, Wang D, Liu J. Size-focused conservation may fail to protect the world's oldest trees. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4641-4649.e3. [PMID: 37820721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Old trees are irreplaceable natural resources that provide multifaceted benefits to humans. Current conservation strategies focus primarily on large-sized trees that were often considered old. However, some studies have demonstrated that small trees can be more than thousands of years old, suggesting that conventional size-focused perceptions may hamper the efficiency of current conservation strategies for old trees. Here, we compiled paired age and diameter data using tree-ring records sampled from 121,918 trees from 269 species around the world to detect whether tree size is a strong predictor of age for old trees and whether the spatial distribution of small old trees differs from that of large old trees. We found that tree size was a weak predictor of age for old trees, and diameter explained only 10% of the total age variance of old trees. Unlike large-sized trees that are mainly in warm, wet environments and protected, small old trees are predominantly in cold, dry environments and mostly unprotected, indicating that size-focused conservation failed to protect some of the oldest trees. To conserve old trees, comprehensive old-tree recognition systems are needed that consider not only tree size but also age and external characteristics. Protected areas designed for small old trees are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shilu Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Deyi Wang
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jiajia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202183, China.
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Kanahama T, Sato M. Mechanics-based classification rule for plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308319120. [PMID: 37801474 PMCID: PMC10576094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308319120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The height of thick and solid plants, such as woody plants, is proportional to two-thirds of the power of their diameter at breast height. However, this rule cannot be applied to herbaceous plants that are thin and soft because the mechanisms supporting their bodies are fundamentally different. This study aims to clarify the rigidity control mechanism resulting from turgor pressure caused by internal water in herbaceous plants to formulate the corresponding scaling law. We modeled a herbaceous plant as a cantilever with the ground side as a fixed end, and the greatest height was formulated considering the axial tension force from the turgor pressure. The scaling law describing the relationship between the height and diameter in terms of the turgor pressure was theoretically derived. Moreover, we proposed a plant classification rule based on stress distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohya Kanahama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-8628, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sato
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-8628, Japan
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Adams BJ, Gora EM, Donaldson-Matasci MC, Robinson EJH, Powell S. Competition and habitat availability interact to structure arboreal ant communities across scales of ecological organization. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231290. [PMID: 37752835 PMCID: PMC10523074 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how resource limitation and biotic interactions interact across spatial scales is fundamental to explaining the structure of ecological communities. However, empirical studies addressing this issue are often hindered by logistical constraints, especially at local scales. Here, we use a highly tractable arboreal ant study system to explore the interactive effects of resource availability and competition on community structure across three local scales: an individual tree, the nest network created by each colony and the individual ant nest. On individual trees, the ant assemblages are primarily shaped by availability of dead wood, a critical nesting resource. The nest networks within a tree are constrained by the availability of nesting resources but also influenced by the co-occurring species. Within individual nests, the distribution of adult ants is only affected by distance to interspecific competitors. These findings demonstrate that resource limitation exerts the strongest effects on diversity at higher levels of local ecological organization, transitioning to a stronger effect of species interactions at finer scales. Collectively, these results highlight that the process exerting the strongest influence on community structure is highly dependent on the scale at which we examine the community, with shifts occurring even across fine-grained local scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan M. Gora
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Arunachalam B, Natarajan HP, Satheesan A, Ganesan S, Suthandhirajan R, Muthuswamy S, Vellan M, Selvaraj NK. Yield model and yield table construction in Albizia (Albizia lebbeck (L.) under the western agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu, Southern India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-29716-x. [PMID: 37707729 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The woody legume, Albizia lebbeck, is native to tropical Asia, Africa, and Northern Australia. Owing to its multi-utility, it is widely planted as block plantation and in boundary across community lands. A field study was conducted by measuring the biometric value of trees, viz., height and diameter at every 2-m height using a tree telescope. Besides biometric attributes, age was assessed in order to correlate the age-wise yield. The study was carried out in the western agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu in different age classes of trees, viz., 1-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-15 years, 16-20 years, 21-25 years, 26-30 years, and 31-35 years. The uniqueness of the present study is that the yield model construction for Albizia was done for standard stem timber (Volume at diameter 20 cm over bark) and standard stem small wood (Volume between diameter limits of 20 cm and 5 cm both measured over bark). After computing the data and subjecting for multiple linear regression analysis, the model was constructed, so as to develop yield table accurately for Albizia without the help of form factor. The study result developed two exclusive yield models; namely, the standard stem timber yield model for Albizia was Y = (-1.212) + (-0.012*age) + (6.506*diameter) and the standard model for stem small wood was Y = (-0.945) + (-0.045*age) + (2.769*diameter) + (0.262*no. of branches). The prominence of the present study is that yield table computation for Albizia is possible accurately without destructive analysis and the cumbersome process of developing form factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Arunachalam
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India
| | - Hari Prasath Natarajan
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India.
| | - Anjali Satheesan
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India
| | - Swathiga Ganesan
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Suthandhirajan
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India
| | - Sivaprakash Muthuswamy
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India
| | - Manimaran Vellan
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India
| | - Navaneetha Krishnan Selvaraj
- Department of Silviculture & Natural Resource Management, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, 641 301, India
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Asigbaase M, Dawoe E, Abugre S, Kyereh B, Ayine Nsor C. Allometric relationships between stem diameter, height and crown area of associated trees of cocoa agroforests of Ghana. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14897. [PMID: 37689748 PMCID: PMC10492788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Allometric models which are used to describe the structure of trees in agroforestry systems are usually extrapolated from models developed for trees in forest ecosystems. This makes quantitative assessment of the functions of shade trees in agroforestry systems challenging since increased availability of light and space in these systems may induce structural differences from those growing under forest conditions. We addressed this issue by providing species-specific allometric information on the structural characteristics of associated shade trees on cocoa agroforestry systems and assessed if allometries conformed to theoretical predictions. At the plot level, stand and soil characteristics affecting tree structural characteristics were assessed. The study was conducted in cocoa agroforestry systems at Suhum, Ghana. The height-diameter at breast height (H-DBH) allometry had the best fits (R2 = 53-89%), followed by the crown area (CA)-DBH allometry (R2 = 27-87%) and then the CA-H allometry (R2 = 22-73%). In general, the scaling exponents of the CA-DBH, H-CA and H-DBH allometries conformed to the metabolic scaling theory (MST). However, both the CA-DBH and H-DBH allometries diverged from the geometric similarity model. Though forest tree species had similar crown areas as fruit trees, they were slenderer than fruit trees. Tree slenderness coefficients were positively correlated with soil P, Ca, Cu and the ratios (Ca + Mg):K, (Ca + Mg):(K + Na) and Ca:Mg, but not C:N while DBH and H were correlated with soil P and C:N ratio. Our results show that critical soil nutrients and their ratios affects shade tree structural attributes (e.g. slenderness and CA), which possibly restrict variations in species-specific allometries to a narrow range on cocoa systems. Furthermore, shade tree species richness and density are better predictors of relative canopy projection area (a proxy for shade intensity) than tree species diversity. In conclusion, the results have implications for shade tree species selection, monitoring of woody biomass and maintenance of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Asigbaase
- Department of Forest Science, School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.
| | - Evans Dawoe
- Department of Agroforestry, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Simon Abugre
- Department of Forest Science, School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Boateng Kyereh
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Collins Ayine Nsor
- Department of Forest Resources Technology, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Mo YX, Corlett RT, Wang G, Song L, Lu HZ, Wu Y, Hao GY, Ma RY, Men SZ, Li Y, Liu WY. Hemiepiphytic figs kill their host trees: acquiring phosphorus is a driving factor. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:714-728. [PMID: 35811425 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemiepiphytic figs killing their host trees is an ecological process unique to the tropics. Yet the benefits and adaptive strategies of their special life history remain poorly understood. We compared leaf phosphorus (P) content data of figs and palms worldwide, and functional traits and substrate P content of hemiepiphytic figs (Ficus tinctoria), their host palm and nonhemiepiphytic conspecifics at different growth stages in a common garden. We found that leaf P content of hemiepiphytic figs and their host palms significantly decreased when they were competing for soil resources, but that of hemiepiphytic figs recovered after host death. P availability in the canopy humus and soil decreased significantly with the growth of hemiepiphytic figs. Functional trait trade-offs of hemiepiphytic figs enabled them to adapt to the P shortage while competing with their hosts. From the common garden to a global scale, the P competition caused by high P demand of figs may be a general phenomenon. Our results suggest that P competition is an important factor causing host death, except for mechanically damaging and shading hosts. Killing hosts benefits hemiepiphytic figs by reducing interspecific P competition and better acquiring P resources in the P-deficient tropics, thereby linking the life history strategy of hemiepiphytic figs to the widespread P shortage in tropical soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Gang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Liang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Hua-Zheng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yi Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110010, China
| | - Ren-Yi Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Security of Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shi-Zheng Men
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Wen-Yao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
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Tumber‐Dávila SJ, Schenk HJ, Du E, Jackson RB. Plant sizes and shapes above and belowground and their interactions with climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1032-1056. [PMID: 35150454 PMCID: PMC9311740 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the above and belowground sizes and shapes of plants strongly influence plant competition, community structure, and plant-environment interactions, plant sizes and shapes remain poorly characterized across climate regimes. We investigated relationships among shoot and root system size and climate. We assembled and analyzed, to our knowledge, the largest global database describing the maximum rooting depth, lateral spread, and shoot size of terrestrial plants - more than doubling the Root Systems of Individual Plants database to 5647 observations. Water availability and growth form greatly influence shoot size, and rooting depth is primarily influenced by temperature seasonality. Shoot size is the strongest predictor of lateral spread, with root system diameter being two times wider than shoot width on average for woody plants. Shoot size covaries strongly with rooting system size; however, the geometries of plants differ considerably across climates, with woody plants in more arid climates having shorter shoots, but deeper, narrower root systems. Additionally, estimates of the depth and lateral spread of plant root systems are likely underestimated at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shersingh Joseph Tumber‐Dávila
- Department of Earth System ScienceStanford University473 Via OrtegaStanfordCA94305USA
- Harvard ForestHarvard University324 N Main StPetershamMA01366USA
| | - H. Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological ScienceCalifornia State University Fullerton800 North State College BlvdFullertonCA92831USA
| | - Enzai Du
- Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal University19 Xinjiekouwai StreetBeijing100875China
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Department of Earth System ScienceStanford University473 Via OrtegaStanfordCA94305USA
- Woods Institute for the EnvironmentStanford University473 Via OrtegaStanfordCA94305USA
- Precourt Institute for EnergyStanford University473 Via OrtegaStanfordCA94305USA
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9
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Beltrán LC, Martínez‐Garza C, Howe HF. Return of forest structure and diversity in tropical restoration plantings. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Beltrán
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Cristina Martínez‐Garza
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Henry F. Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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Abstract
Plantation is an important land use type that differs from natural forests and affects the economy and the environment. Tree age is one of the key factors used to quantify the impact of plantations. However, there is a lack of datasets explicitly documenting the planting years of global plantations. Here we used time-series Landsat archive from 1982 to 2020 and the LandTrendr algorithm to generate global maps of planting years based on the global plantation extent products in Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The datasets developed in this study are in a GeoTIFF format with 30-meter spatial resolution by recording gridded specie types and planting years of global plantations. The derived dataset could be used for yield prediction of tree crops and social and ecological cost-benefit analysis of plantations. Measurement(s) | planting years of plantations | Technology Type(s) | remote sensing and LandTrendr algorithm | Sample Characteristic - Organism | forest |
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Schmitt S, Trueba S, Coste S, Ducouret É, Tysklind N, Heuertz M, Bonal D, Burban B, Hérault B, Derroire G. Seasonal variation of leaf thickness: An overlooked component of functional trait variability. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:458-463. [PMID: 35120262 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dry and wet seasons in the Neotropics have strong effects on soil water and nutrient availability, as well as on forest dynamics. Despite these major effects on forest ecology, little is known on how leaf traits vary throughout the seasons in tropical rainforest trees. Here, we investigated the influence of seasonal variations in climate and soil characteristics on leaf trait variation in two tropical tree species. We measured two leaf traits, thickness and water mass per area, in 401 individuals of two species of Symphonia (Clusiaceae) in the Paracou research station in French Guiana tropical lowland rainforest. We found a significant effect of seasonal variation on these two leaf traits. Soil relative extractable water was a strong environmental predictor of leaf trait variation in response to seasonal variation. Reduced soil water availability during the dry season was associated with increased leaf thickness and water mass per area, possibly as a result of stomatal closure. Our findings advocate the need to account for environmental seasonality when studying leaf traits in seasonal ecosystems such as tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmitt
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Pessac, France
| | - S Trueba
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - S Coste
- Université de la Guyane, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - É Ducouret
- Université de la Guyane, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, Cirad, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - N Tysklind
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Cirad, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - M Heuertz
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Pessac, France
| | - D Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - B Burban
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Cirad, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - B Hérault
- Forêts et Sociétés, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, INP-HB, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - G Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
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Noriega‐Piña K, Piñero D, Valverde T, Martínez‐Ramos M. Competitive effects of a dominant palm on sapling performance in a Neotropical rainforest. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Noriega‐Piña
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Teresa Valverde
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México México
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Michoacán México
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13
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Elias JPC, Mortara SR, Nunes-Freitas AF, van den Berg E, Ramos FN. Host tree traits in pasture areas affect forest and pasture specialist epiphyte species differently. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:598-606. [PMID: 33871870 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Epiphytes have commensal relationships with their host trees. Besides the influence of tree traits, little has been discussed concerning the ecology of epiphytes in disturbed habitats (e.g., pasture). We herein tested whether the occurrences of pasture and forest specialist epiphytes in pastures are affected differently by tree traits. We hypothesized that (H1) the richness and abundance of generalist epiphytes would be positively associated with area availability; (H2) the richness and abundance of forest epiphyte species would be associated both with (H2.a) area availability and (H2.b) tree traits related to higher seed adherence, and/or (H2.c) less severe habitat (e.g., high humidity and more shade). METHODS We sampled 9567 epiphyte individuals from 16 species on 759 scattered remnant trees. The epiphyte species were divided into two ecological groups: forest specialists and pasture specialists. We evaluated four host tree traits: two related to tree size (crown area and trunk diameter) and two related to habitat type (crown leaf density and bark rugosity). RESULTS The richness and abundance of both pasture and forest specialists were positively related with tree size. However, the abundance of pasture specialists was negatively related with crown leaf density, whereas richness of forest epiphytes was positively related with bark rugosity. CONCLUSIONS Large scattered trees tend to present higher richness and abundance of both pasture and forest specialist epiphytes compared to the smaller trees. However, high crown leaf density limits abundance of pasture specialist epiphytes, whereas rugose bark increases the richness of forest epiphytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P C Elias
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Fragmentos Florestais, ECOFRAG, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL/MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Sara R Mortara
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Fragmentos Florestais, ECOFRAG, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL/MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André F Nunes-Freitas
- Laboratório de Ecologia Florestal e Biologia Vegetal, LEF, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Br-465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo van den Berg
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Flavio N Ramos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Fragmentos Florestais, ECOFRAG, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL/MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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14
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Norghauer JM. Intraspecific allometries reveal hyper‐slender stems in forest gaps and the impact on tree growth from insect herbivores. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian M. Norghauer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Statistical Scientific Editing Montréal Québec Canada
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15
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Needham JF, Chambers J, Fisher R, Knox R, Koven CD. Forest responses to simulated elevated CO 2 under alternate hypotheses of size- and age-dependent mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5734-5753. [PMID: 32594557 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2 ) is predicted to increase growth rates of forest trees. The extent to which increased growth translates to changes in biomass is dependent on the turnover time of the carbon, and thus tree mortality rates. Size- or age-dependent mortality combined with increased growth rates could result in either decreased carbon turnover from a speeding up of tree life cycles, or increased biomass from trees reaching larger sizes, respectively. However, most vegetation models currently lack any representation of size- or age-dependent mortality and the effect of eCO2 on changes in biomass and carbon turnover times is thus a major source of uncertainty in predictions of future vegetation dynamics. Using a reduced-complexity form of the vegetation demographic model the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator to simulate an idealised tropical forest, we find increases in biomass despite reductions in carbon turnover time in both size- and age-dependent mortality scenarios in response to a hypothetical eCO2 -driven 25% increase in woody net primary productivity (wNPP). Carbon turnover times decreased by 9.6% in size-dependent mortality scenarios due to a speeding up of tree life cycles, but also by 2.0% when mortality was age-dependent, as larger crowns led to increased light competition. Increases in aboveground biomass (AGB) were much larger when mortality was age-dependent (24.3%) compared with size-dependent (13.4%) as trees reached larger sizes before death. In simulations with a constant background mortality rate, carbon turnover time decreased by 2.1% and AGB increased by 24.0%, however, absolute values of AGB and carbon turnover were higher than in either size- or age-dependent mortality scenario. The extent to which AGB increases and carbon turnover decreases will thus depend on the mechanisms of large tree mortality: if increased size itself results in elevated mortality rates, then this could reduce by about half the increase in AGB relative to the increase in wNPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Needham
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rosie Fisher
- Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Ryan Knox
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Koven
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Armstrong A, Huth A, Osmanoglu B, Sun G, Ranson K, Fischer R. A multi-scaled analysis of forest structure using individual-based modeling in a costa rican rainforest. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Schmitt S, Hérault B, Ducouret É, Baranger A, Tysklind N, Heuertz M, Marcon É, Cazal SO, Derroire G. Topography consistently drives intra‐ and inter‐specific leaf trait variation within tree species complexes in a Neotropical forest. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Schmitt
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO 69 route d'Arcachon FR‐33610 Cestas France
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, and: Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD Montpellier France
| | - Émilie Ducouret
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Anne Baranger
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO 69 route d'Arcachon FR‐33610 Cestas France
| | - Niklas Tysklind
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Cirad, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Myriam Heuertz
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO 69 route d'Arcachon FR‐33610 Cestas France
| | - Éric Marcon
- Agroparistech, UMR EcoFoG (CNRS, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Saint Omer Cazal
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Cirad, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
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18
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Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of dominant tree species in tropical forests is important both for biodiversity and carbon-related issues. We focus on the Congo Basin (East of Kisangani) to investigate the respective roles of topographic/soil gradients and endogenous dynamics in shaping local variations in dominance. We used a dataset of 30 1-ha plots, in which all trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were censused. Soil samples were analyzed for standard pedologic variables and a digital elevation model permitted to infer topography and hydromorphy. We found that this forest is characterized by variations in the abundance of three dominant species: Petersianthus macrocarpus (P.Beauv.) Liben (PM), Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J.Leonard (GD) and Julbernardia seretii (De Wild.) Troupin (JS). These variations occur independently of substratum or topography variations. At plot level, the local relative abundance never reached 50%, the threshold for monodominance proposed in the literature, but rather progressively increased to reach higher values for canopy trees (>60 cm DBH), where this threshold could be exceeded. We found no sign of shifting compositional dynamics, whereby the dominant species would switch between the canopy and the undergrowth. Our results, therefore, support the possibility of the existence of stable dominance states, induced by endogenous processes, such as biological positive feedbacks fostering monodominance. We also document a strong relation between monodominance level and alpha diversity, when giving more weight to abundant species which is expected (R² = 0.79) but also when giving more weight to rare species (R² = 0.37), showing that monodominance influences tree species richness patterns. Structural differences existed between groups, with the PM group having more (and on average smaller) stems and lighter wood on average, but paradoxically also higher biomass and basal area.
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19
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Local Adaptation and Response of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Populations to Climate Change. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the local adaptation and response of forest tree populations to the climate is important for assessing the impact of climate change and developing adaptive genetic resource management strategies. However, such information is not available for most plant species. Here, based on 69 provenances tested at 19 common garden experimental sites, we developed a universal response function (URF) for tree height at seven years of age for the important and wide-spread native Chinese tree species Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. URF was recently used to predict the potential growth response of a population originating from any climate and growing in any climate conditions. The developed model integrated both genetic and environmental effects, and explained 55% of the total variation in tree height observed among provenances and test sites in China. We found that local provenances performed better than non-local counterparts in habitats located in central, eastern, and southwestern China, showing the evidence of local adaptation as compared to other regions. In contrast, non-local provenances outperformed local ones in peripheral areas in northern and northwestern China, suggesting an adaptational lag in these areas. Future projections suggest that the suitable habitat areas of P. orientalis would expand by 15%–39% and shift northward by 0.8–3 degrees in latitude; however, the projected tree height of this species would decline by 4%–8% if local provenances were used. If optimal provenances were used, tree height growth could be improved by 13%–15%, along with 59%–71% suitable habitat expansion. Thus, assisted migration with properly selected seed sources would be effective in avoiding maladaptation in new plantations under a changing climate for P. orientalis.
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20
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Avalos G, Gei M, Ríos LD, Otárola MF, Cambronero M, Alvarez-Vergnani C, Sylvester O, Rojas G. Scaling of stem diameter and height allometry in 14 neotropical palm species of different forest strata. Oecologia 2019; 190:757-767. [PMID: 31267236 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tropical palms reach tree-like heights without a vascular cambium through sustained cell expansion and lignification of primary tissues, but only a fraction of palms have been explored in their allometric relationships. Here, our main question was to determine how palms depart from the traditional mechanical models developed for trees and how they approach the theoretical buckling limit. We analyzed the stem allometry of 1603 palms of 14 species from different strata at 10 sites in Costa Rica and Peru. We measured their fit to the stress, elastic, and geometric similarity models, and their position relative to the maximum theoretical buckling limit calculated for trees. We evaluated the slope of the linear and logarithmic regressions between stem diameter and height using logarithmic least squares, and standardized major axis regression (SMA), expecting segregation according to canopy position and geographic location. Seventeen out of 19 statistically significant models had SMA slopes > 1, and 11 had SMA slopes ≥ 2, departing from traditional mechanical models developed for trees. Many species varied their allometry relative to geographic location. Canopy palms showed the highest regression fit but had less steep slopes than understory and subcanopy species. Subcanopy and understory species were more underbuilt than canopy palms, increasing height faster than diameter. Some of the tallest canopy palms surpassed the maximum buckling limit whereas subcanopy and understory species were consistently below the buckling limit of record-size trees. Palm stem allometry changed in response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Avalos
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Sustainable Development Studies, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 534G, Beverly, MA, 01915, USA.
| | - Maga Gei
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Diego Ríos
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Milena Cambronero
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Olivia Sylvester
- Department of Environment and Development, University for Peace, Ciudad Colón, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gustavo Rojas
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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21
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de Almeida C, Viani RAG. Selection of shade trees in forest restoration plantings should not be based on crown tree architecture alone. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crislaine de Almeida
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, Rodovia Anhanguera; Km 174, Araras, São Paulo, 13604-900 Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. G. Viani
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Anhanguera; Km 174, Araras, São Paulo, 13604-900 Brazil
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22
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Swan JL, Carver A, Correa N, Nielsen CK. Wildlife rescue and relocation efforts associated with the Panamá Canal Third Locks Expansion Project. TROPICAL ZOOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03946975.2019.1589264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Swan
- Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- WVDL – Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew Carver
- Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Nestor Correa
- Asociacion Panamericana para la Conservacion, Colon, Panama
| | - Clayton K. Nielsen
- Department of Forestry and The Cooperative Wildlife Research Lab, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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23
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Adams BJ, Schnitzer SA, Yanoviak SP. Connectivity explains local ant community structure in a Neotropical forest canopy: a large‐scale experimental approach. Ecology 2019; 100:e02673. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Adams
- Urban Nature Research Center Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles California 90007 USA
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky 40292 USA
| | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee Wisconsin 53201 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Stephen P. Yanoviak
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky 40292 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
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24
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Needham J, Merow C, Chang-Yang CH, Caswell H, McMahon SM. Inferring forest fate from demographic data: from vital rates to population dynamic models. Proc Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29514966 PMCID: PMC5879618 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As population-level patterns of interest in forests emerge from individual vital rates, modelling forest dynamics requires making the link between the scales at which data are collected (individual stems) and the scales at which questions are asked (e.g. populations and communities). Structured population models (e.g. integral projection models (IPMs)) are useful tools for linking vital rates to population dynamics. However, the application of such models to forest trees remains challenging owing to features of tree life cycles, such as slow growth, long lifespan and lack of data on crucial ontogenic stages. We developed a survival model that accounts for size-dependent mortality and a growth model that characterizes individual heterogeneity. We integrated vital rate models into two types of population model; an analytically tractable form of IPM and an individual-based model (IBM) that is applied with stochastic simulations. We calculated longevities, passage times to, and occupancy time in, different life cycle stages, important metrics for understanding how demographic rates translate into patterns of forest turnover and carbon residence times. Here, we illustrate the methods for three tropical forest species with varying life-forms. Population dynamics from IPMs and IBMs matched a 34 year time series of data (albeit a snapshot of the life cycle for canopy trees) and highlight differences in life-history strategies between species. Specifically, the greater variation in growth rates within the two canopy species suggests an ability to respond to available resources, which in turn manifests as faster passage times and greater occupancy times in larger size classes. The framework presented here offers a novel and accessible approach to modelling the population dynamics of forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Needham
- Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21307-0028, USA
| | - Cory Merow
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511-8934, USA
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21307-0028, USA
| | - Hal Caswell
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21307-0028, USA
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25
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Sullivan MJP, Lewis SL, Hubau W, Qie L, Baker TR, Banin LF, Chave J, Cuni-Sanchez A, Feldpausch TR, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Arets E, Ashton P, Bastin JF, Berry NJ, Bogaert J, Boot R, Brearley FQ, Brienen R, Burslem DFRP, de Canniere C, Chudomelová M, Dančák M, Ewango C, Hédl R, Lloyd J, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Junior BHM, Metali F, Moore S, Nagy L, Vargas PN, Pendry CA, Ramírez-Angulo H, Reitsma J, Rutishauser E, Salim KA, Sonké B, Sukri RS, Sunderland T, Svátek M, Umunay PM, Martinez RV, Vernimmen RRE, Torre EV, Vleminckx J, Vos V, Phillips OL. Field methods for sampling tree height for tropical forest biomass estimation. Methods Ecol Evol 2018; 9:1179-1189. [PMID: 29938017 PMCID: PMC5993227 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the relationship between tree diameter and height is a key component of efforts to estimate biomass and carbon stocks in tropical forests. Although substantial site-to-site variation in height-diameter allometries has been documented, the time consuming nature of measuring all tree heights in an inventory plot means that most studies do not include height, or else use generic pan-tropical or regional allometric equations to estimate height.Using a pan-tropical dataset of 73 plots where at least 150 trees had in-field ground-based height measurements, we examined how the number of trees sampled affects the performance of locally derived height-diameter allometries, and evaluated the performance of different methods for sampling trees for height measurement.Using cross-validation, we found that allometries constructed with just 20 locally measured values could often predict tree height with lower error than regional or climate-based allometries (mean reduction in prediction error = 0.46 m). The predictive performance of locally derived allometries improved with sample size, but with diminishing returns in performance gains when more than 40 trees were sampled. Estimates of stand-level biomass produced using local allometries to estimate tree height show no over- or under-estimation bias when compared with biomass estimates using field measured heights. We evaluated five strategies to sample trees for height measurement, and found that sampling strategies that included measuring the heights of the ten largest diameter trees in a plot outperformed (in terms of resulting in local height-diameter models with low height prediction error) entirely random or diameter size-class stratified approaches.Our results indicate that even limited sampling of heights can be used to refine height-diameter allometries. We recommend aiming for a conservative threshold of sampling 50 trees per location for height measurement, and including the ten trees with the largest diameter in this sample.
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26
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Chen X, Adams B, Layne M, Swarzenski C, Norris D, Hooper-Bùi L. Effects of isolation on ant assemblages depend on microhabitat. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- College of the Coast and Environment; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - Benjamin Adams
- Department of Biology; University of Louisville; 139 Life Science Building Louisville Kentucky 40292 USA
| | - Michael Layne
- College of the Coast and Environment; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - Christopher Swarzenski
- U.S. Geological Survey; Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center; 3535 S. Sherwood Forest Blvd. Baton Rouge Louisiana 70816 USA
| | - David Norris
- School of Renewable Natural Resources; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - Linda Hooper-Bùi
- College of the Coast and Environment; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
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27
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Gora EM, Bitzer PM, Burchfield JC, Schnitzer SA, Yanoviak SP. Effects of lightning on trees: A predictive model based on in situ electrical resistivity. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8523-8534. [PMID: 29075468 PMCID: PMC5648650 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of lightning on trees range from catastrophic death to the absence of observable damage. Such differences may be predictable among tree species, and more generally among plant life history strategies and growth forms. We used field‐collected electrical resistivity data in temperate and tropical forests to model how the distribution of power from a lightning discharge varies with tree size and identity, and with the presence of lianas. Estimated heating density (heat generated per volume of tree tissue) and maximum power (maximum rate of heating) from a standardized lightning discharge differed 300% among tree species. Tree size and morphology also were important; the heating density of a hypothetical 10 m tall Alseis blackiana was 49 times greater than for a 30 m tall conspecific, and 127 times greater than for a 30 m tall Dipteryx panamensis. Lianas may protect trees from lightning by conducting electric current; estimated heating and maximum power were reduced by 60% (±7.1%) for trees with one liana and by 87% (±4.0%) for trees with three lianas. This study provides the first quantitative mechanism describing how differences among trees can influence lightning–tree interactions, and how lianas can serve as natural lightning rods for trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gora
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| | - Phillip M Bitzer
- Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA
| | - Jeffrey C Burchfield
- Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA
| | - Stefan A Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Stephen P Yanoviak
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
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28
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Yanoviak SP, Gora EM, Burchfield JM, Bitzer PM, Detto M. Quantification and identification of lightning damage in tropical forests. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5111-5122. [PMID: 28770051 PMCID: PMC5528236 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimates of tree mortality are essential for the development of mechanistic forest dynamics models, and for estimating carbon storage and cycling. However, identifying agents of tree mortality is difficult and imprecise. Although lightning kills thousands of trees each year and is an important agent of mortality in some forests, the frequency and distribution of lightning‐caused tree death remain unknown for most forests. Moreover, because all evidence regarding the effects of lightning on trees is necessarily anecdotal and post hoc, rigorous tests of hypotheses regarding the ecological effects of lightning are impossible. We developed a combined electronic sensor/camera‐based system for the location and characterization of lightning strikes to the forest canopy in near real time and tested the system in the forest of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Cameras mounted on towers provided continuous video recordings of the forest canopy that were analyzed to determine the locations of lightning strikes. We used a preliminary version of this system to record and locate 18 lightning strikes to the forest over a 3‐year period. Data from field surveys of known lightning strike locations (obtained from the camera system) enabled us to develop a protocol for reliable, ground‐based identification of suspected lightning damage to tropical trees. In all cases, lightning damage was relatively inconspicuous; it would have been overlooked by ground‐based observers having no knowledge of the event. We identified three types of evidence that can be used to consistently identify lightning strike damage in tropical forests: (1) localized and directionally biased branch mortality associated with flashover among tree and sapling crowns, (2) mortality of lianas or saplings near lianas, and (3) scorched or wilting epiphytic and hemiepiphytic plants. The longitudinal trunk scars that are typical of lightning‐damaged temperate trees were never observed in this study. Given the prevalence of communications towers worldwide, the lightning detection system described here could be implemented in diverse forest types. Data from multiple systems would provide an outstanding opportunity for comparative research on the ecological effects of lightning. Such comparative data are increasingly important given expected increases in lightning frequency with climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Yanoviak
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panama
| | - Evan M Gora
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| | - Jeffrey M Burchfield
- Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA
| | - Phillip M Bitzer
- Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA
| | - Matteo Detto
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panama.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
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Chen L, Xiang W, Wu H, Lei P, Zhang S, Ouyang S, Deng X, Fang X. Tree growth traits and social status affect the wood density of pioneer species in secondary subtropical forest. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5366-5377. [PMID: 28770074 PMCID: PMC5528239 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood density (WD) is not only an important parameter to estimate aboveground biomass but also an indicator of timber quality and plant adaptation strategies to stressful conditions (i.e., windthrow, pests, and pathogens). This study had three objectives: (1) to compare WD among seven subtropical tree species; (2) to determine how tree growth traits may influence possible differences in WD between the pioneer and shade‐tolerant species; and (3) to examine whether or not WD differs by tree social status (dominant vs. suppressed trees) within species. To do this, 70 trees were destructively harvested. From each tree, disks at different stem heights were obtained and subjected to a method of stem analysis to measure whole tree level WD. The results showed that WD differed significantly among the seven species (p < .001). Their average WD was 0.537 g/cm3, ranging from 0.409 g/cm3 for Choerospondias axillaris to 0.691 g/cm3 for Cyclobalanopsis glauca. The average WD of the four pioneer species (0.497 ± 0.13 g/cm3) was significantly lower (p < .01) than that of the three shade‐tolerant species (0.589 ± 0.12 g/cm3). The WD of the pioneers had a significant positive correlation with their stem diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), and tree age, but WD had a significant negative correlation with relative growth rate (RGR). In contrast, the WD of the shade‐tolerant tree species had no significant relationships with DBH, H, tree age, or RGR. The dominant trees of the pioneer species had a higher WD than the suppressed trees, whereas the shade‐tolerant species had a lower WD for dominant trees than the suppressed trees. However, the differences in WD between dominant and suppressed trees were not significant. Taken together, the results suggest that classifying species into pioneer and shade‐tolerant groups to examine the effects of tree growth traits and social status could improve our understanding of intra‐ and interspecific variation in WD among subtropical tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiu Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China
| | - Wenhua Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China.,Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province Huitong Hunan China
| | - Huili Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China.,Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province Huitong Hunan China
| | - Pifeng Lei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China.,Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province Huitong Hunan China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China
| | - Shuai Ouyang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China.,Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province Huitong Hunan China
| | - Xiangwen Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China.,Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province Huitong Hunan China
| | - Xi Fang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China.,Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province Huitong Hunan China
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30
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Sun H, Wang X, Fan Y, Liu C, Wu P, Li Q, Yin W. Effects of biophysical constraints, climate and phylogeny on forest shrub allometries along an altitudinal gradient in Northeast China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43769. [PMID: 28266604 PMCID: PMC5339776 DOI: 10.1038/srep43769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether there is a general allometry law across plant species with different sizes and under different environment has long been controversial and shrubs are particularly useful to examine these questions. Here we sampled 939 individuals from 50 forest shrub species along a large altitudinal gradient. We tested several allometry models with four relationships simultaneously (between stem diameter, height, leaf, stem and aboveground biomass), including geometric, elastic and stress similarity, and metabolic scaling theory's predictions on small plants (MSTs) and trees (MSTt). We also tested if allometric exponents change markedly with climate and phylogeny. The predicted exponents of MSTt, elastic similarity and stress similarity (models for trees) were not supported by our data, while MSTs and geometric similarity gained more support, suggesting the finite size effect is more important for shrub allometries than being a woody plant. The influence of climate and phylogeny on allometric exponents were not significant or very weak, again suggesting strong biophysical constraints on shrub allometries. Our results reveal clear differences of shrub allometries from previous findings on trees (e.g. much weaker climatic and phylogenic control). Comparisons of herbs, shrubs and trees along a same climatic gradient are needed for better understanding of plant allometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanwen Fan
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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31
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Usinowicz J. Limited Dispersal Drives Clustering and Reduces Coexistence by the Storage Effect. Am Nat 2015; 186:634-48. [DOI: 10.1086/683202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Giné GAF, de Barros EH, Duarte JMB, Faria D. Home range and multiscale habitat selection of threatened thin-spined porcupine in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Naďo L, Kaňuch P. Roost site selection by tree-dwelling bats across biogeographical regions: an updated meta-analysis with meta-regression. Mamm Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Naďo
- Institute of Forest Ecology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ľ. Štúra 2 960 53 Zvolen Slovakia
| | - Peter Kaňuch
- Institute of Forest Ecology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ľ. Štúra 2 960 53 Zvolen Slovakia
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Affiliation(s)
- Eadaoin M. Quinn
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Toronto; Earth Sciences Building 33 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B3 Canada
| | - Sean C. Thomas
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Toronto; Earth Sciences Building 33 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B3 Canada
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35
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Martin AR, Thomas SC. Size-dependent changes in leaf and wood chemical traits in two Caribbean rainforest trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1338-1353. [PMID: 24336517 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tree functional traits and their link to patterns of growth and demography are central to informing trait-based analyses of forest communities, and mechanistic models of forest dynamics. However, few data are available on how functional traits in trees vary through ontogeny, particularly in tropical species; and less is known about how patterns of size-dependent changes in traits may differ across species of contrasting life-history strategies. Here we describe size-dependent variation in seven leaf functional traits and four wood chemical traits, in two Dominican rainforest tree species (Dacryodes excelsa Vahl. and Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O. Williams), ranging from small saplings to the largest canopy trees. With one exception, all traits showed pronounced variation with tree size (diameter at breast height, DBH). Leaf mass per area (LMA), thickness and tissue density increased monotonically with DBH in both species. Leaf area, leaf nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) : nitrogen (N) ratios also varied significantly with DBH; however, these patterns were unimodal, with peak trait values preceding the DBH at reproductive onset in both species. Size-dependent changes in leaf structural traits (LMA and leaf thickness) were generally similar in both species, while traits associated with leaf-level investment in C gain (leaf area, leaf C : N ratio) showed contrasting ontogenetic trends between species. Wood starch concentration varied with DBH in both species, also showing unimodal patterns with peaks preceding size at reproductive onset. Wood C concentration increased linearly with DBH in both species, though significantly only in M. mirabilis. Size-dependent patterns in wood chemical traits were similar between both species. Our data demonstrate pronounced variation in functional traits through tree ontogeny, probably due to a combination of environmental factors and shifts in resource allocation. Such ontogenetic variation is comparable in magnitude with interspecific variation, and so should be accounted for in trait-based studies of forest dynamics, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Martin
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Earth Sciences Building, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
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36
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Statistical Mechanics Ideas and Techniques Applied to Selected Problems in Ecology. ENTROPY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/e15125237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Allometric Scaling and Resource Limitations Model of Tree Heights: Part 1. Model Optimization and Testing over Continental USA. REMOTE SENSING 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/rs5010284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Allometric Scaling and Resource Limitations Model of Tree Heights: Part 2. Site Based Testing of the Model. REMOTE SENSING 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/rs5010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Silveira AP, Martins FR, Araújo FS. Are tree ontogenetic structure and allometric relationship independent of vegetation formation type? A case study with Cordia oncocalyx in the Brazilian caatinga. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Moncrieff GR, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Higgins SI, O'Hara RB, Bond WJ. Tree allometries reflect a lifetime of herbivory in an African savanna. Ecology 2011; 92:2310-5. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0230.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Samarakoon MB, Tanaka N, Yagisawa J. Effects of local scouring and saturation of soil due to flooding on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning Robinia pseudoacacia. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-011-0169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Dodonov P, Lucena IC, Leite MB, Silva Matos DM. Allometry of some woody plant species in a Brazilian savanna after two years of a dry season fire. BRAZ J BIOL 2011; 71:527-35. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842011000300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of allometry are important in explaining effects of fire and herbivory, for estimating biomass in forests, and so on. There has been extensive research on plant allometry in temperate and tropical forests, showing that plant architecture often adjusts to the elastic similarity model, but not in Brazilian savannas (cerrado). We studied allometry of Dalbergia miscolobium, Diospyros hispida, Erythroxylum suberosum, Miconia albicans, M. ligustroides, Schefflera vinosa, and Xylopia aromatica in a cerrado sensu stricto area that was affected by a fire in August 2006. We expected that the study species would not adjust to any of the allometric models considered common for forest species ("constant stress", "elastic similarity", and "geometric growth"), and that there would be differences in allometry in burnt and unburnt patches. We sampled two species in 60 5 × 5 m contiguous plots placed in three transects, and five species in 100 5 × 5 m contiguous plots placed in five transects, where we measured the diameters at soil level (DSL) and the heights of all shoots. We used standardized major axis regressions on log-transformed data. The regression slope between the height and DSL was higher than 1.0 (p < 0.05) for four species, showing a greater height than would be expected under geometric growth, not predicted by theoretical models. We found significant differences (p < 0.05) in regression slopes and/or correlation coefficients between burnt and unburnt plots for five species, indicating that fire may influence plant allometry in the Brazilian cerrado, and that such a response is highly variable between species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - MB Leite
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
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43
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Metz MR, Sousa WP, Valencia R. Widespread density-dependent seedling mortality promotes species coexistence in a highly diverse Amazonian rain forest. Ecology 2011; 91:3675-85. [PMID: 21302838 DOI: 10.1890/08-2323.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Negative density-dependent mortality can promote species coexistence through a spacing mechanism that prevents species from becoming too locally abundant. Negative density-dependent seedling mortality can be caused by interactions among seedlings or between seedlings and neighboring adults if the density of neighbors affects the strength of competition or facilitates the attack of natural enemies. We investigated the effects of seedling and adult neighborhoods on the survival of newly recruited seedlings for multiple cohorts of known age from 163 species in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador, an ever-wet, hyper-diverse lowland Amazonian rain forest. At local scales, we found a strong negative impact on first-year survival of conspecific seedling densities and adult abundance in multiple neighborhood sizes and a beneficial effect of a local tree neighborhood that is distantly related to the focal seedling. Once seedlings have survived their first year, they also benefit from a more phylogenetically dispersed seedling neighborhood. Across species, we did not find evidence that rare species have an advantage relative to more common species, or a community compensatory trend. These results suggest that the local biotic neighborhood is a strong influence on early seedling survival for species that range widely in their abundance and life history. These patterns in seedling survival demonstrate the role of density-dependent seedling dynamics in promoting and maintaining diversity in understory seedling assemblages. The assemblage-wide impacts of species abundance distributions may multiply with repeated cycles of recruitment and density-dependent seedling mortality and impact forest diversity or the abundance of individual species over longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Metz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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44
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Tanaka N, Samarakoon MB, Yagisawa J. Effects of root architecture, physical tree characteristics, and soil shear strength on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning Salix babylonica and Juglans ailanthifolia. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-011-0151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Avalos G, Fernández Otárola M. Allometry and stilt root structure of the neotropical palm Euterpe precatoria (Arecaceae) across sites and successional stages. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:388-394. [PMID: 21622402 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The lack of secondary meristems shapes allometric relationships of the palms, influencing species segregation according to their capacity to adjust form and function to spatial and temporal changes in environmental conditions. We examined the stem height vs. diameter allometry of Euterpe precatoria across environmental gradients and measured how terrain inclination and palm size affected stilt root structure at two sites in Costa Rica. We dissected the root cone into eight variables and used principal component analysis to summarize their correlation structure. The fit of the stem diameter-height relationship to the stress, elastic, and geometric similarity models was examined using data from 438 palms. Terrain inclination did not affect stilt roots, whose structure was determined by palm size. Palms under 1 m showed geometric similarity, whereas palms above 1 m had slope values that were one and a half times higher, independent of successional stage, and did not adjust to any mechanical model. Taller palms departed from these models when they were large because they had stilt root support. We conclude that height in E. precatoria is constrained by structural support at the base and that diameter at the base of the stem and stilt roots balances height increments over all the size ranges examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Avalos
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
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46
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Ogle K, Pacala SW. A modeling framework for inferring tree growth and allocation from physiological, morphological and allometric traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:587-605. [PMID: 19203984 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of forest succession, diversity and function require an understanding of how species differ in their growth, allocation patterns and susceptibility to mortality. These processes in turn are affected by allometric constraints and the physiological state of the tree, both of which are coupled to the tree's labile carbon status. Ultimately, insight into the hidden labile pools and the processes affecting the allocation of labile carbon to storage, maintenance and growth will improve our ability to predict tree growth, mortality and forest dynamics. We developed the 'Allometrically Constrained Growth and Carbon Allocation' (ACGCA) model that explicitly couples tree growth, mortality, allometries and labile carbon. This coupling results in (1) a semi-mechanistic basis for predicting tree death, (2) an allocation scheme that simultaneously satisfies allometric relationships and physiology-based carbon dynamics and (3) a range of physiological states that are consistent with tree behavior (e.g., healthy, static, shrinking, recovering, recovered and dead). We present the ACGCA model and illustrate aspects of its behavior by conducting simulations under different forest gap dynamics scenarios and with parameter values obtained for two ecologically dissimilar species: loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). The model reproduces growth and mortality patterns of these species that are consistent with their shade-tolerance and succession status. The ACGCA framework provides an alternative, and potentially improved, approach for predicting tree growth, mortality and forest dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiona Ogle
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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47
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OSUNKOYA OLUSEGUNO, SHENG TEOK, MAHMUD NORAZIAH, DAMIT NORHAZLYNA. Variation in wood density, wood water content, stem growth and mortality among twenty-seven tree species in a tropical rainforest on Borneo Island. AUSTRAL ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Beckage B, Joseph L, Belisle P, Wolfson DB, Platt WJ. Bayesian change-point analyses in ecology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:456-467. [PMID: 17388908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ecological and biological processes can change from one state to another once a threshold has been crossed in space or time. Threshold responses to incremental changes in underlying variables can characterize diverse processes from climate change to the desertification of arid lands from overgrazing. Simultaneously estimating the location of thresholds and associated ecological parameters can be difficult: ecological data are often 'noisy', which can make the identification of the locations of ecological thresholds challenging. We illustrate this problem using two ecological examples and apply a class of statistical models well-suited to addressing this problem. We first consider the case of estimating allometric relationships between tree diameter and height when the trees have distinctly different growth modes across life-history stages. We next estimate the effects of canopy gaps and dense understory vegetation on tree recruitment in transects that transverse both canopy and gap conditions. The Bayesian change-point models that we present estimate both threshold locations and the slope or level of ecological quantities of interest, while incorporating uncertainty in the change-point location into these estimates. This class of models is suitable for problems with multiple thresholds and can account for spatial or temporal autocorrelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Beckage
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05452, USA
| | - Lawrence Joseph
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Patrick Belisle
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - David B Wolfson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - William J Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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49
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Muller-Landau HC, Condit RS, Chave J, Thomas SC, Bohlman SA, Bunyavejchewin S, Davies S, Foster R, Gunatilleke S, Gunatilleke N, Harms KE, Hart T, Hubbell SP, Itoh A, Kassim AR, LaFrankie JV, Lee HS, Losos E, Makana JR, Ohkubo T, Sukumar R, Sun IF, Nur Supardi MN, Tan S, Thompson J, Valencia R, Muñoz GV, Wills C, Yamakura T, Chuyong G, Dattaraja HS, Esufali S, Hall P, Hernandez C, Kenfack D, Kiratiprayoon S, Suresh HS, Thomas D, Vallejo MI, Ashton P. Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size, growth and mortality in tropical forests. Ecol Lett 2006; 9:575-88. [PMID: 16643303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The theory of metabolic ecology predicts specific relationships among tree stem diameter, biomass, height, growth and mortality. As demographic rates are important to estimates of carbon fluxes in forests, this theory might offer important insights into the global carbon budget, and deserves careful assessment. We assembled data from 10 old-growth tropical forests encompassing censuses of 367 ha and > 1.7 million trees to test the theory's predictions. We also developed a set of alternative predictions that retained some assumptions of metabolic ecology while also considering how availability of a key limiting resource, light, changes with tree size. Our results show that there are no universal scaling relationships of growth or mortality with size among trees in tropical forests. Observed patterns were consistent with our alternative model in the one site where we had the data necessary to evaluate it, and were inconsistent with the predictions of metabolic ecology in all forests.
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50
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Niklas KJ, Spatz HC. Growth and hydraulic (not mechanical) constraints govern the scaling of tree height and mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15661-3. [PMID: 15505224 PMCID: PMC524850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405857101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The size-dependent variations of plant height L and mass M with respect to basal stem diameter D are important to the analysis of a broad range of ecological and evolutionary phenomena. Prior examination of some of the world's largest trees suggests that the scaling relationships L alpha D(2/3) and M alpha D(8/3) hold true, ostensibly as functional adaptations for mechanical stability. This concept remains engrained in the literature in the form of null hypotheses (or predictive models), despite numerous examples showing that the 2/3 and 8/3 rules are violated by small and intermediate-sized plants. Here, we present a growth-hydraulic model that provides more accurate and biologically realistic predictions of L and M. This model also sheds light on why L, D, and M scale differently across species and habitats as a result of differences in absolute size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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