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Local vehicles add nitrogen to moss biomonitors in a low-traffic protected wilderness area as revealed by a long-term isotope study. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Xu Y, Yang R, Zhang J, Gao L, Ni X. Distribution and dispersion of heavy metals in the rock-soil-moss system of the black shale areas in the southeast of Guizhou Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:854-867. [PMID: 34342823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black shales are easily exposed due to human activities such as mining, road construction, and shale gas development, which results in several environmental issues including heavy metal (HM) pollution, soil erosion, and the destruction of vegetation. Mosses are widely used to monitor metal pollution in the atmosphere, but few studies on the distribution and dispersion of HMs in the rock-soil-moss system are available. Here, mosses (Pohlia flexuosa Harv. in Hook), growing soils, and corresponding parent rocks were collected from black shale areas. After appropriate pretreatment, samples were analyzed for multiple elemental concentrations by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The results show that black shale parent rocks have elevated HM concentration and act as a source of multiple metals. The overlying soil significantly inherits and accumulates heavy metals released from black shale. Significant positive correlations between HMs in P. flexuosa and the growing soils indicate that HMs are mainly originating from geological source rather than atmospheric deposition. Differential accumulation of HMs is observed between rhizoids and stems in our study. Moreover, P. flexuosa is able to cope with high concentrations of toxic metals without any visible negative effect on its growth and development. Finally, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for all the HMs in P. flexuosa is less than 1, indicating that it has a tolerance and exclusion mechanism for these metals, especially for the non-essential elements As and Pb. Therefore, the luxuriant and spontaneous growth of P. flexuosa could be used as a phytostabilization pioneer plant in the black shale outcrop where vascular plants are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Xu
- College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ruidong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xinran Ni
- College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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The relationship of C and N stable isotopes to high-latitude moss-associated N 2 fixation. Oecologia 2021; 197:283-295. [PMID: 34319437 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Moss-associated N2 fixation by epiphytic microbes is a key biogeochemical process in nutrient-limited high-latitude ecosystems. Abiotic drivers, such as temperature and moisture, and the identity of host mosses are critical sources of variation in N2 fixation rates. An understanding of the potential interaction between these factors is essential for predicting N inputs as moss communities change with the climate. To further understand the drivers and results of N2 fixation rate variation, we obtained natural abundance values of C and N isotopes and an associated rate of N2 fixation with 15N2 gas incubations in 34 moss species collected in three regions across Alaska, USA. We hypothesized that δ15N values would increase toward 0‰ with higher N2 fixation to reflect the increasing contribution of fixed N2 in moss biomass. Second, we hypothesized that δ13C and N2 fixation would be positively related, as enriched δ13C signatures reflect abiotic conditions favorable to N2 fixation. We expected that the magnitude of these relationships would vary among types of host mosses, reflecting differences in anatomy and habitat. We found little support for our first hypothesis, with only a modest positive relationship between N2 fixation rates and δ15N in a structural equation model. We found a significant positive relationship between δ13C and N2 fixation only in Hypnales, where the probability of N2 fixation activity reached 95% when δ13C values exceeded - 30.4‰. We conclude that moisture and temperature interact strongly with host moss identity in determining the extent to which abiotic conditions impact associated N2 fixation rates.
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Salemaa M, Kieloaho AJ, Lindroos AJ, Merilä P, Poikolainen J, Manninen S. Forest mosses sensitively indicate nitrogen deposition in boreal background areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114054. [PMID: 32078876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mosses take up nitrogen (N) mainly from precipitation through their surfaces, which makes them competent bioindicators of N deposition. We found positive relationships between the total N concentration (mossN%) of common terrestrial moss species (feather mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens, and a group of Dicranum species) and different forms of N deposition in 11-16 coniferous forests with low N deposition load in Finland. The mosses were collected either inside (Dicranum group) or both inside and outside (feather mosses) the forests. Deposition was monitored in situ as bulk deposition (BD) and stand throughfall (TF) and detected for ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3--N), dissolved organic N (DON), and total N (Ntot, kg ha-1yr-1). Ntot deposition was lower in TF than BD indicating that tree canopies absorbed N from deposition in N limited boreal stands. However, mossN% was higher inside than outside the forests. In regression equations, inorganic N in BD predicted best the mossN% in openings, while DON in TF explained most variation of mossN% in forests. An asymptotic form of mossN% vs. TF Ntot curves in forests and free NH4+-N accumulation in tissues in the southern plots suggested mosses were near the N saturation state already at the Ntot deposition level of 3-5 kg ha-1yr-1. N leachate from ground litterfall apparently also contributed the N supply of mosses. Our study yielded new information on the sensitivity of boreal mosses to low N deposition and their response to different N forms in canopy TF entering moss layer. The equations predicting the Ntot deposition with mossN% showed a good fit both in forest sites and openings, especially in case of P. schreberi. However, the open site mossN% is a preferable predictor of N deposition in monitoring studies to minimize the effect of tree canopies and N leachate from litterfall on the estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Salemaa
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti-Jussi Kieloaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Merilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie 3, FI-90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarmo Poikolainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie 3, FI-90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirkku Manninen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsingin yliopisto, Finland
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Liu X, Wang Z, Li X, Rousk K, Bao W. High nitrogen resorption efficiency of forest mosses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:557-563. [PMID: 31840155 PMCID: PMC7102953 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nutrient resorption from senescing tissue is a key mechanism for plants to conserve nutrients, and can affect the nutrient dynamics of ecosystems. Yet, our limited knowledge of nitrogen (N) resorption and release from mosses hampers our understanding of the role of mosses as N sources and, thereby, N cycling in moss-dominated ecosystems. The aims of this study were to estimate N resorption efficiency (NRE) of two moss species, identify the pathways of N release from the mosses and to provide a better understanding of N cycling and budgeting strategies of mosses. METHODS The dynamics of N allocation along annual moss segments of two dominant moss species (Actinothuidium hookeri and Hylocomium splendens) were assessed in old-growth fir forests using an in situ15N tracer experiment. KEY RESULTS The NRE of A. hookeri and H. splendens was 61 and 52 %, respectively. While the mosses lost 23 and 33 % N from live tissues via leaching, 15 and 14 % of N remained in senesced tissues (>3 years old) in A. hookeri and H. splendens, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Both mosses resorbed the majority of their tissue N, but a considerable amount of N was lost from live segments. Our results highlight the crucial role mosses play as N sinks in ecosystems, since N retention (resorbed and sequestered in senescent tissue) outweighed N loss via leaching. However, the sink strength depends on temperature and precipitation, which will change in a future climate. The values for NRE, leaching, etc. estimated here can help improve biogeochemical models aiming to complete N budgets for moss-abundant ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Kathrin Rousk
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weikai Bao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Choudhury MI, McKie BG, Hallin S, Ecke F. Mixtures of macrophyte growth forms promote nitrogen cycling in wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1436-1443. [PMID: 29710596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of aquatic plant diversity in regulating nutrient cycling in wetlands remains poorly understood. We investigated how variation in macrophyte growth form (emerging, submerged and bryophyte) combinations and species mixtures affect nitrogen (N) removal from the water and N accumulation in plant biomass. We conducted a wetland mesocosm experiment for 100 days during July-September 2015. Twelve species were grown in mono- and in two-species mixed cultures for a total of 32 single and two-growth form combinations. Nitrogen removal from the water was quantified on three occasions during the experiment, while N accumulation in plant biomass was determined following termination of the experiment. The number of species and growth forms present increased N removal and accumulation. The growth form combinations of emerging and bryophyte species showed the highest N accumulation and N removal from water, followed by combinations of emerging species. By contrast, submerged species growing in the presence of emerging or other submerged species showed the lowest levels of N accumulation and N removal. Temporal variation in N removal also differed among growth form combinations: N removal was highest for emerging-bryophyte combinations in July, but peaked for the emerging-submerged and emerging-bryophyte combinations in August. Indeed, the occurrence of complementarity among macrophyte species, particularly in combinations of bryophyte and emerging species, enhanced N removal and uptake during the entire growing season. Our study highlights the importance of bryophytes, which have been neglected in research on nutrient cycling in wetlands, for aquatic N cycling, especially given their worldwide distribution across biomes. Overall, our findings point towards the potential important role of the diversity of macrophyte growth forms in regulating key ecosystem processes related to N cycling in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidul I Choudhury
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Brendan G McKie
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hallin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Reconstruction of annual growth in relation to summer temperatures and translocation of nutrients in the aquatic moss Drepanocladus trifarius from West Greenland. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sokołowska K, Turzańska M, Nilsson MC. Symplasmic and apoplasmic transport inside feather moss stems of Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:805-817. [PMID: 29028868 PMCID: PMC5691860 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The ubiquitous feather mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens form a thick, continuous boundary layer between the soil and the atmosphere, and play important roles in hydrology and nutrient cycling in tundra and boreal ecosystems. The water fluxes among these mosses and environmental factors controlling them are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether feather mosses are capable of internal transport and to provide a better understanding of species-specific morphological traits underlying this function. The impacts of environmental conditions on their internal transport rates were also investigated. Methods Cells involved in water and food conduction in P. schreberi and H. splendens were identified by transmission electron microscopy. Symplasmic and apoplasmic fluorescent tracers were applied to the moss stems to determine the routes of internal short- and long-distance transport and the impact of air humidity on the transport rates. Key Results Symplasmic transport over short distances occurs via food-conducting cells in both mosses. Pleurozium schreberi is also capable of apoplasmic internal long-distance transport via a central strand of hydroids. These are absent in H. splendens. Reduced air humidity significantly increased the internal transport of both species, and the increase was significantly faster for P. schreberi than for H. splendens. Conclusions Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens are capable of internal transport but the pathway and conductivity differ due to differences in stem anatomy. These results help explain their varying desiccation tolerance and possibly their differing physiology and autecology and, ultimately, their impact on ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sokołowska
- University of Wrocław, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Turzańska
- University of Wrocław, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M-C Nilsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Umeå, Sweden
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Shortlidge EE, Eppley SM, Kohler H, Rosenstiel TN, Zúñiga GE, Casanova-Katny A. Passive warming reduces stress and shifts reproductive effort in the Antarctic moss, Polytrichastrum alpinum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:27-38. [PMID: 27794516 PMCID: PMC5218369 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, and many biotic communities inhabiting this dynamic region are responding to these well-documented climatic shifts. Yet some of the most prevalent organisms of terrestrial Antarctica, the mosses, and their responses to warming have been relatively overlooked and understudied. In this research, the impacts of 6 years of passive warming were investigated using open top chambers (OTCs), on moss communities of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica. METHODS The effects of experimental passive warming on the morphology, sexual reproductive effort and stress physiology of a common dioicous Antarctic moss, Polytrichastrum alpinum ,: were tested, gaining the first species-specific mechanistic insight into moss responses to warming in the Antarctic. Additionally community analyses were conducted examining the impact of warming on overall moss percentage cover and sporophyte production in intact Antarctic moss communities. KEY RESULTS Our results show a generally greater percentage moss cover under warming conditions as well as increased gametangia production in P. alpinum Distinct morphological and physiological shifts in P. alpinum were found under passive warming compared with those without warming: warmed mosses reduced investment in cellular stress defences, but invested more towards primary productivity and gametangia development. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results from this study of mosses under passive warming imply that in ice-free moss-dominated regions, continued climate warming will probably have profound impacts on moss biology and colonization along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Such findings highlight the fundamental role that mosses will play in influencing the terrestrialization of a warming Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Shortlidge
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Sarah M Eppley
- Department of Biology and the Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Hans Kohler
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Todd N Rosenstiel
- Department of Biology and the Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Gustavo E Zúñiga
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Casanova-Katny
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Alameda 3363 Santiago, Chile
- Program in Environmental Studies (NEA), School of Environmental Science, Natural Resources Faculty, Catholic University of Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco, Chile
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Maaroufi NI, Nordin A, Palmqvist K, Gundale MJ. Chronic Nitrogen Deposition Has a Minor Effect on the Quantity and Quality of Aboveground Litter in a Boreal Forest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162086. [PMID: 27580120 PMCID: PMC5007034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition enhances carbon (C) sequestration in boreal soils. However, key underlying mechanisms explaining this increase have not been resolved. Two potentially important mechanisms are that aboveground litter production increases, or that litter quality changes in response to N enrichment. As such, our aim was to quantify whether simulated chronic N deposition caused changes in aboveground litter production or quality in a boreal forest. We conducted a long-term (17 years) stand-scale (0.1 ha) forest experiment, consisting of three N addition levels (0, 12.5, and 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in northern Sweden, where background N deposition rates are very low. We measured the annual quantity of litter produced for 8 different litter categories, as well as their concentrations of C, N, phosphorus (P), lignin, cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Our results indicate that mosses were the only major litter component showing significant quantitative and qualitative alterations in response to the N additions, indicative of their ability to intercept a substantial portion of the N added. These effects were, however, offset by the other litter fractions where we found no changes in the total litter fluxes, or individual chemical constituents when all litter categories were summed. This study indicates that the current annual litter fluxes cannot explain the increase in soil C that has occurred in our study system in response to simulated chronic N application. These results suggest that other mechanisms are likely to explain the increased soil C accumulation rate we have observed, such as changes in soil microbial activity, or potentially transient changes in aboveground litter inputs that were no longer present at the time of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I. Maaroufi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Annika Nordin
- Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristin Palmqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Street LE, Burns NR, Woodin SJ. Slow recovery of High Arctic heath communities from nitrogen enrichment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:682-695. [PMID: 25599914 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arctic ecosystems are strongly nutrient limited and exhibit dramatic responses to nitrogen (N) enrichment, the reversibility of which is unknown. This study uniquely assesses the potential for tundra heath to recover from N deposition and the influence of phosphorus (P) availability on recovery. We revisited an experiment in Svalbard, established in 1991, in which N was applied at rates representing atmospheric N deposition in Europe (10 and 50 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) ; 'low' and 'high', respectively) for 3-8 yr. We investigated whether significant effects on vegetation composition and ecosystem nutrient status persisted up to 18 yr post-treatment. Although the tundra heath is no longer N saturated, N treatment effects persist and are strongly P-dependent. Vegetation was more resilient to N where no P was added, although shrub cover is still reduced in low-N plots. Where P was also added (5 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) ), there are still effects of low N on community composition and nutrient dynamics. High N, with and without P, has many lasting impacts. Importantly, N + P has caused dramatically increased moss abundance, which influences nutrient dynamics. Our key finding is that Arctic ecosystems are slow to recover from even small N inputs, particularly where P is not limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna E Street
- IBES, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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12
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Jägerbrand AK. Dead or alive? Testing the use of C:N ratios and chlorophyll fluorescence in vertical shoot profiles to determine depth of vitality and point of senescence in populations of bryophytes. LINDBERGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.25227/linbg.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annika K. Jägerbrand
- A. K. Jägerbrand , Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden, and: Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido Univ., JP-060-0810 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Present address: VTI, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Inst., Box 55685, SE-102 15 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Lang SI, Aerts R, van Logtestijn RSP, Schweikert W, Klahn T, Quested HM, van Hal JR, Cornelissen JHC. Mapping nutrient resorption efficiencies of subarctic cryptogams and seed plants onto the Tree of Life. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2217-27. [PMID: 25360262 PMCID: PMC4201435 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient resorption from senescing photosynthetic organs is a powerful mechanism for conserving nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in infertile environments. Evolution has resulted in enhanced differentiation of conducting tissues to facilitate transport of photosynthate to other plant parts, ultimately leading to phloem. Such tissues may also serve to translocate N and P to other plant parts upon their senescence. Therefore, we hypothesize that nutrient resorption efficiency (RE, % of nutrient pool exported) should correspond with the degree of specialization of these conducting tissues across the autotrophic branches of the Tree of Life. To test this hypothesis, we had to compare members of different plant clades and lichens within a climatic region, to minimize confounding effects of climatic drivers on nutrient resorption. Thus, we compared RE among wide-ranging basal clades from the principally N-limited subarctic region, employing a novel method to correct for mass loss during senescence. Even with the limited numbers of species available for certain clades in this region, we found some consistent patterns. Mosses, lichens, and lycophytes generally showed low REN (<20%), liverworts and conifers intermediate (40%) and monilophytes, eudicots, and monocots high (>70%). REP appeared higher in eudicots and liverworts than in mosses. Within mosses, taxa with more efficient conductance also showed higher REN. The differences in REN among clades broadly matched the degree of specialization of conducting tissues. This novel mapping of a physiological process onto the Tree of Life broadly supports the idea that the evolution of conducting tissues toward specialized phloem has aided land plants to optimize their internal nitrogen recycling. The generality of evolutionary lines in conducting tissues and nutrient resorption efficiency needs to be tested across different floras in different climatic regions with different levels of N versus P availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Lang
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, VU University De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rien Aerts
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, VU University De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard S P van Logtestijn
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, VU University De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenka Schweikert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT) Pfinztal-Berghausen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT) Pfinztal-Berghausen, Germany
| | - Helen M Quested
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield Sheffield, U.K
| | - Jurgen R van Hal
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, VU University De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, VU University De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Stark LR, Greenwood JL, Brinda JC, Oliver MJ. The desert moss Pterygoneurum lamellatum (Pottiaceae) exhibits an inducible ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance: effects of rate of drying on shoot damage and regeneration. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1522-31. [PMID: 23876454 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Bryophytes include clades that incorporate constitutive desiccation tolerance, especially terrestrial species. Here we test the hypothesis that the opposing ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance, inducibility, is present in a desert moss, and address this hypothesis by varying rates of drying in a laboratory study. Desiccation tolerance is arguably the most important evolutionary innovation relevant to the colonization of land by plants; increased understanding of the ecological drivers of this trait will eventually illuminate the responsible mechanisms and ultimately open doors to the potential for the application of this trait in cultivated plants. METHODS Plants were cloned, grown in continuous culture (dehardened) for several months, and subjected to rates of drying (drying times) ranging from 30 min to 53 h, rehydrated and tested for recovery using chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf damage, and regeneration of protonema and shoots. KEY RESULTS Rate of drying significantly affected all recovery responses, with very rapid drying rates severely damaging the entire shoot except the shoot apex and resulting in slower growth rates, fewer regenerative shoots produced, and a compromised photosynthetic system as inferred from fluorescence parameters. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a desert moss is shown to exhibit an ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance that is inducible, challenging the assumption that arid-land bryophytes rely exclusively on constitutive protection. Results indicate that previous considerations defining a slow-dry event in bryophytes need reevaluation, and that the ecological strategy of inducible desiccation tolerance is probably more common than currently understood among terrestrial bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd R Stark
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4004, USA.
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Kłos A, Czora M, Rajfur M, Wacławek M. Mechanisms for Translocation of Heavy Metals from Soil to Epigeal Mosses. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2012; 223:1829-1836. [PMID: 22593608 PMCID: PMC3332361 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-0987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms for translocation of heavy metals from soil to epigeal mosses were investigated. The first mechanism was demonstrated for (137)Cs and involved the uplifting of the pollutant-containing dust from the soil, followed by the local secondary deposition on surfaces of epigeal mosses and epiphytic lichens. The second mechanism involved the diffusion of metal cations from the soil through water wetting the moss into the gametophyte. The mechanism was demonstrated by measuring the electric conductance of wetted gametophytes with single ends immersed in solutions of Cu and Na salts. In addition, the concentrations of Cu and Cd were compared in moss samples exposed to the natural soil and to the soil contaminated with the metals. The exposition to the contaminated soil resulted in the statistically significant increase of metal concentrations in the gametophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kłos
- Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland
- Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 6 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Marcin Czora
- Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rajfur
- Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland
| | - Maria Wacławek
- Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland
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Harmens H, Norris DA, Cooper DM, Mills G, Steinnes E, Kubin E, Thöni L, Aboal JR, Alber R, Carballeira A, Coşkun M, De Temmerman L, Frolova M, González-Miqueo L, Jeran Z, Leblond S, Liiv S, Maňkovská B, Pesch R, Poikolainen J, Rühling A, Santamaria JM, Simonèiè P, Schröder W, Suchara I, Yurukova L, Zechmeister HG. Nitrogen concentrations in mosses indicate the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:2852-2860. [PMID: 21620544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2005/6, nearly 3000 moss samples from (semi-)natural location across 16 European countries were collected for nitrogen analysis. The lowest total nitrogen concentrations in mosses (<0.8%) were observed in northern Finland and northern UK. The highest concentrations (≥ 1.6%) were found in parts of Belgium, France, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia and Bulgaria. The asymptotic relationship between the nitrogen concentrations in mosses and EMEP modelled nitrogen deposition (averaged per 50 km × 50 km grid) across Europe showed less scatter when there were at least five moss sampling sites per grid. Factors potentially contributing to the scatter are discussed. In Switzerland, a strong (r(2) = 0.91) linear relationship was found between the total nitrogen concentration in mosses and measured site-specific bulk nitrogen deposition rates. The total nitrogen concentrations in mosses complement deposition measurements, helping to identify areas in Europe at risk from high nitrogen deposition at a high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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Armitage HF, Britton AJ, Woodin SJ, van der Wal R. Assessing the recovery potential of alpine moss-sedge heath: reciprocal transplants along a nitrogen deposition gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:140-147. [PMID: 20888678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential of alpine moss-sedge heath to recover from elevated nitrogen (N) deposition was assessed by transplanting Racomitrium lanuginosum shoots and vegetation turfs between 10 elevated N deposition sites (8.2-32.9 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) and a low N deposition site, Ben Wyvis (7.2 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). After two years, tissue N of Racomitrium shoots transplanted from higher N sites to Ben Wyvis only partially equilibrated to reduced N deposition whereas reciprocal transplants almost matched the tissue N of indigenous moss. Unexpectedly, moss shoot growth was stimulated at higher N deposition sites. However, moss depth and biomass increased in turfs transplanted to Ben Wyvis, apparently due to slower shoot turnover (suggested to result partly from decreased tissue C:N slowing decomposition), whilst abundance of vascular species declined. Racomitrium heath has the potential to recover from the impacts of N deposition; however, this is constrained by the persistence of enhanced moss tissue N contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Armitage
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
| | | | - Sarah J Woodin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - René van der Wal
- Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability (ACES), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
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Tobias M, Niinemets U. Acclimation of photosynthetic characteristics of the moss Pleurozium schreberi to among-habitat and within-canopy light gradients. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:743-754. [PMID: 20701697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Light availability varies strongly among moss habitats and within the moss canopy, and vertical variation in light within the canopy further interacts with the age gradient. The interacting controls by habitat and canopy light gradient and senescence have not been studied extensively. We measured light profiles, chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid (Car) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, and photosynthetic electron transport capacity (J(max)) along habitat and canopy light gradients in the widespread, temperate moss Pleurozium schreberi to separate sources of variation in moss chemical and physiological traits. We hypothesised that this species, like typical feather mosses with both apical and lateral growth, exhibits greater plasticity in the canopy than between habitats due to deeper within-canopy light gradients. For the among-habitat light gradient, Chl, Chl/N and Chl/Car ratio increased with decreasing light availability, indicating enhanced light harvesting in lower light and higher capacity for photoprotection in higher light. N and J(max) were independent of habitat light availability. Within the upper canopy, until 50-60% above-canopy light, changes in moss chemistry and photosynthetic characteristics were analogous to patterns observed for the between-habitat light gradient. In contrast, deeper canopy layers reflected senescence of moss shoots, with pigment and nitrogen concentrations and photosynthetic capacity decreasing with light availability. Thus, variation in chemical and physiological traits within the moss canopy is a balance between acclimation and senescence. This study demonstrates extensive light-dependent variation in moss photosynthetic traits, but also that between-habitat and within-canopy light gradient affects moss physiology and chemistry differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tobias
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
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Lindo Z, Gonzalez A. The Bryosphere: An Integral and Influential Component of the Earth’s Biosphere. Ecosystems 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-010-9336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Salemaa M, Mäkipää R, Oksanen J. Differences in the growth response of three bryophyte species to nitrogen. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 152:82-91. [PMID: 17597269 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitrogen on biomass production, shoot elongation and relative density of the mosses Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens and Dicranum polysetum was studied in a chamber experiment. Monocultures were exposed to 10 N levels ranging from 0.02 to 7.35 g N m(-2) during a 90-day period. All the growth responses were unimodal, but the species showed differences in the shape parameters of the curves. Hylocomium and Pleurozium achieved optimum biomass production at a lower N level than Dicranum. Pleurozium had the highest biomass production per tissue N concentration. Tolerance to N was the widest in Dicranum, whereas Hylocomium had the narrowest tolerance. Dicranum retained N less efficiently from precipitation than the other two species, which explained its deviating response. All species translocated some N from parent to new shoots. The results emphasize that the individual responses of bryophytes to N should be known when species are used as bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Salemaa
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland.
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Solga A, Burkhardt J, Frahm JP. A new approach to assess atmospheric nitrogen deposition by way of standardized exposition of mosses. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2006; 116:399-417. [PMID: 16779604 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-7659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A standardized method of moss exposition for assessing variations in nitrogen deposition was tested in the western part of Germany. Six pleurocarpous moss species were transplanted to two sites differing in their deposition rates but being comparable as to their climatic conditions. The mosses were exposed in standardized containers over a period of 12 months; the focus of interest was the effect of N deposition on nitrogen content and on (15)N natural abundance (delta(15)N-values). Within the first nine months only trends could be observed. However, after one year all species tested showed significantly higher N concentrations at the highly polluted site. Besides, more negative delta(15)N-values possibly reflecting the higher ammonium input were detected at this site. Surprisingly, most of the plants though being kept in plastic containers without a favourable substratum did not show any conspicuous deficiency symptoms. The potential advantages of a standardized moss exposition for N monitoring purposes are discussed. It is concluded that the method presented here can yield significant results in particular if the number of testing sites is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solga
- Nees-Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Rixen C, Mulder CPH. Improved water retention links high species richness with increased productivity in arctic tundra moss communities. Oecologia 2005; 146:287-99. [PMID: 16044351 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A positive relationship between plant species richness and ecosystem functioning has been found in a number of experimental studies. Positive species interactions at high species numbers have been suggested as a cause, but mechanisms driving positive interactions have not often been tested. In this experiment we asked three questions: (1) What is the relationship between species richness and productivity in experimentally constructed moss communities? (2) Is this relationship affected by plant density? and (3) Can changes in moisture absorption and retention explain observed relationships? To answer these questions we exposed arctic tundra moss communities of different species richness levels (1-11 species) and two different densities in the greenhouse to two levels of drought (short and long). Biomass (by the community and individual species), height and community moisture absorption and retention were measured as response variables. High species diversity increased productivity (more so in low-density plots than in high-density plots), but only when plots were watered regularly. Plot moisture retention was improved at high species richness as well, and plant height and variation in height was increased compared to plants in monoculture. Under high-density and short-drought conditions 10 out of 12 species grew better in mixture than in monoculture, but under the long drought treatment only six species did. A positive feedback loop between biomass and improved humidity under high diversity was supported by path analysis. We conclude that in this community the relationship between species richness and productivity depends on moisture availability and density, with improved water absorption and retention likely to be the mechanism for increased plant growth when drought periods are short. Furthermore, since this is the opposite of what has been found for temperate moss communities, conclusions from one system cannot automatically be extrapolated to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rixen
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA.
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Wilkinson CE, Hocking MD, Reimchen TE. Uptake of salmon-derived nitrogen by mosses and liverworts in coastal British Columbia. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stark LR. Skipped reproductive cycles and extensive sporophyte abortion in the desert moss Tortula inermis correspond to unusual rainfall patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/b02-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A phenological assessment of Tortula inermis (Brid.) Mont. populations in the Mojave Desert, Nevada, U.S.A., over a period of 4 years revealed that the sporophyte cohort initiated in early 1995 remained dormant until early 1998, by which time approximately 66% of the sporophytes had aborted. The viable sporophytes of this cohort were significantly shorter in length and had significantly less biomass than the previous cohort of sporophytes. In the intervening years 1996 and 1997, the sexual reproductive cycle was skipped altogether. The absence of sporophyte initiation in these two years was attributed to reduced winterspring rainfall. The majority of abortive sporophytes aborted in the late embryonic and seta elongation phenophases. The 1997 and 1998 summers were characterized by unusually heavy rains. Following the heavy summer rain events of 1997, sporophyte abortion in the 1995 cohort increased from 9 to 43%, and abortive sporophytes in this cohort further increased to 66% following the summer rains of 1998. Abortive sporophyte biomass averaged 49 µg or 33% of the mean biomass of the viable sporophytes in the cohort at maturity. These data suggest that the summer rain events precipitated two waves of sporophyte abortion, possibly through heavy membrane damage associated with rapid drying and high temperatures while hydrated.Key words: sporophyte abortion, bryophyte, desert, Tortula, desiccation.
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Gerdol R, Bragazza L, Marchesini R. Element concentrations in the forest moss Hylocomium splendens: variation associated with altitude, net primary production and soil chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 116:129-135. [PMID: 11808548 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Net primary production (NPP) of the forest moss Hylocomium splendens increased significantly along an elevational gradient in the southern Alps of Italy. Extracellularly bound metals (Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mo, Ni, Pb) showed declining concentrations in moss tissue with increasing altitude, presumably because the amount of exchange sites on the cell wall increases less than total biomass. Concentrations of intracellular elements did not vary (Cd, Cu, Mg, Na, Zn), or even increased (K) with altitude. The observed patterns were always independent of precipitation amount and soil concentrations of exchangeable elements. A higher soil nutrient status only enhanced K uptake by the moss. We concluded that variations in moss NPP, associated with elevational gradients, may significantly affect estimates of atmospheric deposition based on moss analysis in mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Gerdol
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Botanica, Università di Ferrara, Italy.
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