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Srinivas S, Senthil Kumar A. Electrical Wiring of Malarial Parasite Intermediate Hematin on a Tailored N-Doped Carbon Nanomaterial Surface and Its Bioelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction and Sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10634-10647. [PMID: 38723623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Hematin, an iron-containing porphyrin compound, plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including oxygen transport, storage, and functionality of the malarial parasite. Specifically, hematin-Fe interacts with the nitrogen atom of antimalarial drugs, forming an intermediate step crucial for their function. The electron transfer functionality of hematin in biological systems has been scarcely investigated. In this study, we developed a biomimicking electrical wiring of hematin-Fe with a model N-drug system, represented as {hematin-Fe---N-drug}. We achieved this by immobilizing hematin on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/N-graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) modified electrode (MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat). N-GQD serves as a model molecular drug system containing nitrogen atoms to mimic the {hematin-Fe---N-drug} interaction. The prepared bioelectrode exhibited a distinct redox peak at a measured potential (E1/2) of -0.410 V vs Ag/AgCl, accompanied by a surface excess value of 3.54 × 10-9 mol cm-2. This observation contrasts significantly with the weak or electroinactive electrochemical responses documented in literature-based hematin systems. We performed a comprehensive set of physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations on the MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat system, employing techniques including FESEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and AFM. To evaluate the biomimetic electrode's electroactivity, we investigated the selective-mediated reduction of H2O2 as a model system. As an important aspect of our research, we demonstrated the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy to visualize the in situ electron transfer reaction of the biomimicking electrode. In an independent study, we showed enzyme-less electrocatalytic reduction and selective electrocatalytic sensing of H2O2 with a detection limit of 319 nM. We achieved this using a batch injection analysis-coupled disposable screen-printed electrode system in physiological solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
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Franco A, Flores-Garcia Y, Venezia J, Daoud A, Scott AL, Zavala F, Sullivan DJ. Hemozoin-induced IFN-γ production mediates innate immune protection against sporozoite infection. Microbes Infect 2024:105343. [PMID: 38670216 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Hemozoin is a crystal synthesized by Plasmodium parasites during hemoglobin digestion in the erythrocytic stage. The hemozoin released when the parasites egress from the red blood cell, which is complexed with parasite DNA, is cleared from the circulation by circulating and tissue-resident monocytes and macrophages, respectively. Recently, we reported that intravenous administration of purified hemozoin complexed with Plasmodium berghei DNA (HzPbDNA) resulted in an innate immune response that blocked liver stage development of sporozoites that was dose-dependent and time-limited. Here, we further characterize the organismal, cellular, and molecular events associated with this protective innate response in the liver and report that a large proportion of the IV administered HzPbDNA localized to F4/80+ cells in the liver and that the rapid and strong protection against liver-stage development waned quickly such that by 1 week post-HzPbDNA treatment animals were fully susceptible to infection. RNAseq of the liver after IV administration of HzPbDNA demonstrated that the rapid and robust induction of genes associated with the acute phase response, innate immune activation, cellular recruitment, and IFN-γ signaling observed at day 1 was largely absent at day 7. RNAseq analysis implicated NK cells as the major cellular source of IFN-γ. In vivo cell depletion and IFN-γ neutralization experiments supported the hypothesis that tissue-resident macrophages and NK cells are major contributors to the protective response and the NK cell-derived IFN-γ is key to induction of the mechanisms that block sporozoite development in the liver. These findings advance our understanding of the innate immune responses that prevent liver stage malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Franco
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jarrett Venezia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Abdel Daoud
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alan L Scott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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3
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Noël A, Harmon AC, Subramanian B, Perveen Z, Aryal A, Legendre K, Zaman H, Paulsen DB, Varner KJ, Dugas TR, Penn AL. Adjuvant effect of inhaled particulate matter containing free radicals following house-dust mite induction of asthma in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:333-349. [PMID: 38060410 PMCID: PMC10903547 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2289024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposures to particulate matter (PM) from combustion sources can exacerbate preexisting asthma. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which PM promotes the exacerbation of asthma remain elusive. We used a house dust mite (HDM)-induced mouse model of asthma to test the hypothesis that inhaled DCB230, which are PM containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), will aggravate asthmatic responses. METHODS Groups of 8-10-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to either air or DCB230 aerosols at a concentration of 1.5 mg/m3 4 h/day for 10 days with or without prior HDM-induction of asthma. RESULTS Aerosolized DCB230 particles formed small aggregates (30-150 nm). Mice exposed to DCB230 alone showed significantly reduced lung tidal volume, overexpression of the Muc5ac gene, and dysregulation of 4 inflammation related genes, Ccl11, Ccl24, Il-10, and Tpsb2. This suggests DCB230 particles interacted with the lung epithelium inducing mucous hypersecretion and restricting lung volume. In addition to reduced lung tidal volume, compared to respective controls, the HDM + DCB230-exposed group exhibited significantly increased lung tissue damping and up-regulated expression of Muc5ac, indicating that in this model, mucous hypersecretion may be central to pulmonary dysfunction. This group also showed augmented lung eosinophilic inflammation accompanied by an up-regulation of 36 asthma related genes. Twelve of these genes are part of IL-17 signaling, suggesting that this pathway is critical for DCB230 induced toxicity and adjuvant effects in lungs previously exposed to HDM. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that inhaled DCB230 can act as an adjuvant, exacerbating asthma through IL-17-mediated responses in a HDM mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ashlyn C. Harmon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ankit Aryal
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Kelsey Legendre
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Hasan Zaman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Daniel B. Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Kurt J. Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Tammy R. Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Arthur L. Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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Yoshino N, Kawamura H, Sugiyama I, Sasaki Y, Odagiri T, Sadzuka Y, Muraki Y. A systematic assessment of the relationship between synthetic surfactants and mucosal adjuvanticity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:113-126. [PMID: 34004335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal immunization with surfactants as vaccine adjuvants enhances protective immunity against invasive mucosal pathogens. However, the effects of surfactants and their adjuvanticity on mucosal immune responses remain unclear. Comparison of the mucosal adjuvanticity of 20 water-soluble surfactants from the four classes based upon the polarity composition of the hydrophilic headgroup revealed that the order of mucosal adjuvanticity was as follows: amphoteric > nonionic > cationic > anionic. Within the same class, each surfactant displayed different adjuvanticity values. Analysis of the diameter and ζ-potential of amphoteric surfactant-OVA complexes and their surface physicochemical properties revealed that the diameter was approximately 100 nm, which is considered suitable for immune induction, and that the ζ-potential of the anionic surfactant-OVA complexes was exceedingly negative. The increase in the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic tailgroups of the amphoteric surfactant resulted in an increase in the OVA-specific Ab titers. Our findings demonstrate that amphoteric surfactants exhibit potent mucosal adjuvanticity and highlight the importance of the number of carbon atoms in the tailgroups and the diameter and ζ-potential of the complexes when designing mucosal adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
| | - Hanae Kawamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Ikumi Sugiyama
- Division of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Takashi Odagiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sadzuka
- Division of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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Abstract
Respiratory distress (RD) is a complication of severe malaria associated with a particularly high risk for death in African children infected with the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The pathophysiology underlying RD remains poorly understood, and the condition is managed supportively. Respiratory distress in severe malaria is associated with high mortality, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. The malaria pigment hemozoin (HZ) is abundant in target organs of severe malaria, including the lungs, and is known to be a potent innate immune activator of phagocytes. We hypothesized that HZ might also stimulate lung epithelial activation and thereby potentiate lung inflammation. We show here that airway epithelium stimulated with HZ undergoes global transcriptional reprogramming and changes in cell surface protein expression that comprise an epithelial activation phenotype. Proinflammatory signaling is induced, and key cytoadherence molecules are upregulated, including several associated with severe malaria, such as CD36 and ICAM1. Epithelial and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways are transformed, including induction of key metalloproteases and modulation of epithelial junctions. The overall program induced by HZ serves to promote inflammation and neutrophil transmigration, and is recapitulated in a murine model of HZ-induced acute pneumonitis. Together, our data demonstrate a direct role for hemozoin in stimulating epithelial activation that could potentiate lung inflammation in malaria.
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Traore O, Compaore M, Okusa P, Hubinon F, Duez P, Blankert B, Kindrebeogo M. Development and validation of an original magneto-chromatography device for the whole blood determination of hemozoin, the paramagnetic malaria pigment. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Coban C. The host targeting effect of chloroquine in malaria. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:98-107. [PMID: 32823144 PMCID: PMC7431399 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid onset and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the treatment of COVID-19 patients by hydroxychloroquine alone or in combination with other drugs has captured a great deal of attention and triggered considerable debate. Historically, the worldwide use of quinoline based-drugs has led to a spectacular reduction in death from malaria. Unfortunately, scientists have been forced to seek alternative drugs to treat malaria due to the emergence of chloroquine-resistant parasites in the 1960s. The repurposing of hydroxychloroquine against viral infections, various types of cancer and autoimmune diseases has been ongoing for more than 70 years, with no clear understanding of its mechanism of action (MOA). Here, we closely examine the MOA of this old but influential drug in and beyond malaria. Better insights into how chloroquine targets the host's cellular and immune responses may help to develop applications against to new pathogens and diseases, and perhaps even restore the clinical utility of chloroquine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevayir Coban
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science (IMSUT), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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8
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Gupta N, Regar H, Verma VK, Prusty D, Mishra A, Prajapati VK. Receptor-ligand based molecular interaction to discover adjuvant for immune cell TLRs to develop next-generation vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:535-545. [PMID: 32112848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immune cell toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide a novel chance for the development of the vaccine adjuvant engaging TLR signaling. A library of peptides was developed and peptides structure was generated through homology modeling and refinement. Further, these peptides were subjected to receptor-ligand interaction study against human immune cell TLRs using Schrödinger-suite software. Here, we identified the most potent ligands for each human immune cell receptor and identified it as a potent adjuvant. This work portrays the ability of binding of different known protein adjuvants with human TLRs 1--10. The significance of the study deals with the identification of adjuvant (ligand) for human TLRs individually which assist in the development of the optimal highly immunogenic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hansa Regar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dhaneswar Prusty
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817 Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
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9
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Otterdal K, Berg A, Michelsen AE, Patel S, Gregersen I, Sagen EL, Halvorsen B, Yndestad A, Ueland T, Langeland N, Aukrust P. Plasma levels of interleukin 27 in falciparum malaria is increased independently of co-infection with HIV: potential immune-regulatory role during malaria. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:65. [PMID: 31964363 PMCID: PMC6974969 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune response during falciparum malaria mediates both harmful and protective effects on the host; however the participating molecules have not been fully defined. Interleukin (IL)-27 is a pleiotropic cytokine exerting both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, but data on IL-27 in malaria patients are scarce. Methods Clinical data and blood samples were collected from adults in Mozambique with P. falciparum infection, with (n = 70) and without (n = 61) HIV-1 co-infection, from HIV-infected patients with similar symptoms without malaria (n = 58) and from healthy controls (n = 52). In vitro studies were performed in endothelial cells and PBMC using hemozoin crystals. Samples were analyzed using enzyme immunoassays and quantitative PCR. Results (i) IL-27 was markedly up-regulated in malaria patients compared with controls and HIV-infected patients without malaria, showing no relation to HIV co-infection. (ii) IL-27 was correlated with P. falciparum parasitemia and von Willebrand factor as a marker of endothelial activation, but not with disease severity. (iii) In vitro, IL-27 modulated the hemozoin-mediated cytokine response in endothelial cells and PBMC with enhancing effects on IL-6 and attenuating effects on IL-8. Conclusion Our findings show that IL-27 is regulated during falciparum malaria, mediating both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, potentially playing an immune-regulatory role during falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway.
| | - Aase Berg
- Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, PO Box 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Central Hospital of Maputo, 1100, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sam Patel
- Department of Medicine, Central Hospital of Maputo, 1100, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Lund Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Nydalen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0372, Oslo, Norway
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Saltykova IV, Ittiprasert W, Nevskaya KV, Dorofeeva YB, Kirillova NA, Kulikov ES, Ivanov VV, Mann VH, Pershina AG, Brindley PJ. Hemozoin From the Liver Fluke, Opisthorchis felineus, Modulates Dendritic Cell Responses in Bronchial Asthma Patients. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:332. [PMID: 31750318 PMCID: PMC6843058 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: There is a general, inverse relationship between helminth infection and allergic diseases including bronchial asthma (BA). Proteins and other mediators released from parasitic worms exert cogent downmodulation of atopic and other allergic reactivity. We investigated the immune activities of an immortalized murine dendritic cell (mDC) line (JAWSII) and of primary human dendritic cells (hDCs) collected from study participants with and without BA after Opisthorchis felineus hemozoin (OfHz) treatment. Methods and Results:in vitro, expression of lymphocyte-activating factors—T helper 1 (Th1) induction and anti-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-10, and IL-12β–increased significantly in mDCs pulsed with OfHz. In parallel, primary dendritic cells (hDC) from cases clinically diagnosed with BA along with healthy controls were exposed ex vivo to OfHz in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Whereas no significant change in the cellular maturation markers, CD83, CD86, and CD40, was apparent in BA vs. healthy hDC, pulsing hDC from BA with OfHz with LPS induced significant increases in expression of IL-10 and IL-12β, although not of TNF-α or tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Conclusions: Liver fluke hemozoin OfHz stimulated production of Th1 inducer and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-12β from BA-hDC pulsed with OfHz, an outcome that enhances our understanding of the mechanisms whereby opisthorchiasis contributes to protection against the atopic disease in liver fluke infection-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Saltykova
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of General Practice and Polyclinic Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kseniya V Nevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yulia B Dorofeeva
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Kirillova
- Department of General Practice and Polyclinic Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy S Kulikov
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Ivanov
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victoria H Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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11
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Roch A, Prodéo J, Pierart C, Muller RN, Duez P. The paramagnetic properties of malaria pigment, hemozoin, yield clues to a low-cost system for its trapping and determination. Talanta 2019; 197:553-557. [PMID: 30771975 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding of malaria pigment, hemozoin, by a gradient magnetic field has been investigated in a manual trapping column system. Two types of magnetic filling have been tested to produce field gradients: nickel-plated steel wires, wrapped around a steel core, and superparamagnetic microbeads. The latter system allows an efficient trapping (> 80%) of β-hematin (a synthetic pigment with physical and paramagnetic properties analogous to those of hemozoin). Tests with a Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 culture indicate that hemozoin is similarly trapped. Off-line optical spectroscopy measurements present limited sensitivity as the hemozoin we detected from in vitro cultured parasites would correspond to only a theoretical 0.02% parasitemia (1000 parasites/µL). Further work needs to be undertaken to reduce this threshold to a practical detectability level. Based on these data, a magneto-chromatographic on-line system with reduced dead volumes is proposed as a possible low-cost instrument to be tested as a malaria diagnosis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roch
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - J Prodéo
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - C Pierart
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R N Muller
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - P Duez
- Service de Chimie Thérapeutique et de Pharmacognosie, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. 6, Chemin du Champ de Mars 25, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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12
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Ekemen S, Uzay A, Bassullu N, Dikicioglu-Cetin E, Matsuda K, Ince U, Coban C. Does it take three to tango? An unsuspected multimorbidity of CD8 + T cell lymphoproliferative disorder, malaria, and EBV infection. Malar J 2018; 17:349. [PMID: 30290813 PMCID: PMC6173833 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is known to cause acute and deadly complications. However, malaria can cause unforeseen pathologies due to its chronicity. It increases the risk of endemic Burkitt Lymphoma development by inducing DNA damage in germinal centre (GC) B cells, and leading higher frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells in GCs. EBV is well known for its tropism for B cells. However, less is known about EBV's interaction with T cells and its association with T cell lymphoma. CASE PRESENTATION A 43-year-old Sudanese male admitted to hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, a non-endemic country, with hyperpigmented painful skin rashes on his whole body. A complete blood count and a peripheral blood smear during admission revealed large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) with abnormally higher CD8 T cell numbers. Additional skin biopsy and pathology results were compatible with CD8+ T cell lymphoproliferative disorder with skin involvement. Patient was treated and discharged. However, a pathologist noticed unusual structures in skin tissue samples. Careful evaluation of skin biopsy samples by polarized microscopy revealed birefringent crystalloid structures resembling malarial haemozoin mainly loaded in macrophages and giant histiocytes. After purification of DNA from the skin biopsy samples, nested PCR was performed for the detection of Plasmodium parasites and Plasmodium falciparum DNA was amplified. Because, the co-presence of EBV infection with malaria is a well-known aetiology of lymphoma, EBV-early RNA (EBER) transcripts were investigated in paraffin-embedded tissue samples and found to be positive in macrophage-like histiocytes. CONCLUSIONS This is a unique case of malaria and EBV infection in a T-LGL lymphoma patient who presented in a non-endemic country. This case emphasizes the clinical importance of EBV monitoring in T-LGL patients with skin involvement. Notably, Plasmodium infection should be examined in patients from malaria endemic regions by pathological and molecular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheyla Ekemen
- Acibadem Pathology Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ant Uzay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Acibadem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Kyoko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Umit Ince
- Acibadem Pathology Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pathology, Acibadem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Hoshi K, Yamazaki T, Yoshikawa C, Tsugawa W, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. Synthesis of a hemin-containing copolymer as a novel immunostimulator that induces IFN-gamma production. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4461-4472. [PMID: 30122920 PMCID: PMC6080671 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s166259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemozoin, a chemical analog of a malarial pigment, is a crystal composed of heme dimers that can act as a potent Th1-type adjuvant, which strongly induces antibody production. However, the clinical applications of malarial hemozoin have limitations due to biosafety concerns and difficulties in the manufacturing process. Based on the premise that an analog of the heme polymer might display immunostimulatory effects, a hemin-containing polymer was developed as a novel immunostimulator. Materials and methods To synthesize the copolymer containing hemin and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), this study employed a conventional radical polymerization method using 2,2′-azodiisobutyronitrile as the radical initiator; the synthesized copolymer was designated as NIPAM-hemin. Results NIPAM-hemin was soluble and showed no cytotoxicity in vitro. The NIPAM-hemin copolymer induced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although hemin and the NIPAM monomer individually did not induce the production of any cytokines. The production of IFN-γ induced by NIPAM-hemin was independent of toll-like receptor 9 and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Conclusion Given that NIPAM-hemin induced IL-6 and IFN-γ production in immune cells without any cytotoxic effects, NIPAM-hemin has potential therapeutic applications as a Th1-type adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hoshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,
| | - Chiaki Yoshikawa
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Yoshino N, Takeshita R, Kawamura H, Murakami K, Sasaki Y, Sugiyama I, Sadzuka Y, Kagabu M, Sugiyama T, Muraki Y, Sato S. Critical micelle concentration and particle size determine adjuvanticity of cyclic lipopeptides. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12698. [PMID: 29935085 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic lipopeptides such as surfactin and polymyxin have potent mucosal adjuvant properties. Cyclic lipopeptides are tensioactive compounds, but the relationship between adjuvanticity and surface activity is unknown. Here, we show that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of surfactant and particle size of the surfactant-protein complex are important determinants of cyclic lipopeptide adjuvanticity. We found that the diameter of cyclic lipopeptide-ovalbumin (OVA) complex particles was significantly larger than that in the solutions of OVA alone at cyclic lipopeptide concentrations above the cmc. OVA-specific antibody titres in mice immunized intranasally with OVA and a cyclic lipopeptide at concentrations above its cmc were significantly higher than those in mice immunized with OVA plus the same dose of the cyclic lipopeptide but administered with formulations in which cyclic lipopeptide concentration was below the cmc. Thus, the concentration of the cyclic lipopeptide in the formulation at immunization, but not its overall dose, was critical for its adjuvanticity. Furthermore, two types of aggregates, the cyclic lipopeptide simplex micelles and the cyclic lipopeptide-OVA complex micelles, were found in formulations with SF concentrations above its cmc. Degranulation of mast cells exposed to SF simplex micelles was more pronounced when SF concentration was above the cmc. In conclusion, our study showed that surface activity properties, such as the cmc and the size of surfactant-protein complex, contribute to the adjuvanticity of cyclic lipopeptides. Our study proposes a novel idea that cmc is a key parameter for tensioactive adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takeshita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hanae Kawamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Ikumi Sugiyama
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sadzuka
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kagabu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Toru Sugiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Sato
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
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15
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Inhibition of ex vivo erythropoiesis by secreted and haemozoin-associated Plasmodium falciparum products. Parasitology 2018; 145:1865-1875. [PMID: 29739485 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that up to a third of global malaria deaths may be attributable to malarial anaemia, with children and pregnant women being those most severely affected. An inefficient erythropoietic response to the destruction of both infected and uninfected erythrocytes in infections with Plasmodium spp. contributes significantly to the development and persistence of such anaemia. The underlying mechanisms, which could involve both direct inhibition of erythropoiesis by parasite-derived factors and indirect inhibition as a result of modulation of the immune response, remain poorly understood. We found parasite-derived factors in conditioned medium (CM) of blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum and crude isolates of parasite haemozoin directly to inhibit erythropoiesis in an ex vivo model based on peripheral blood haematopoietic stem cells. Erythropoiesis-inhibiting activity was detected in a fraction of CM that was sensitive to heat inactivation and protease digestion. Erythropoiesis was also inhibited by crude parasite haemozoin but not by detergent-treated, heat-inactivated or protease-digested haemozoin. These results suggest that the erythropoiesis-inhibiting activity in both cases is mediated by proteins or protein-containing biomolecules and may offer new leads to the treatment of malarial anaemia.
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16
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Hussein KE, Bahey-El-Din M, Sheweita SA. Immunization with the outer membrane proteins OmpK17 and OmpK36 elicits protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae in the murine infection model. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:12-18. [PMID: 29626658 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that is increasingly reported as a serious nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen. In the current study, two K. pneumoniae antigens, OmpK17 and OmpK36, as well as their fusion protein cognate F36/17 were investigated as potential vaccine candidates in a murine infection model. Three immunoadjuvants, namely the Gram-positive Enhancer Matrix (GEM) adjuvant, synthetic hemozoin (Hz) adjuvant and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) were evaluated. Genes of OmpK17 and OmpK36 antigens as well as their fusion protein were cloned in Escherichia coli for recombinant expression. Mice were immunized thrice with the individual recombinant purified antigens adjuvanted with one of the three adjuvants. Two weeks after the last booster, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of K. pneumoniae and immune protection parameters were assessed. Animals immunized with GEM- or Hz-adjuvanted K. pneumoniae antigens did not show significant protection upon bacterial challenge. Animals immunized with subcutaneous IFA-adjuvanted antigens showed the best results with survival percentages of 50, 60 and 50% for groups immunized with OmpK17, OmpK36 and F36/17, respectively. Serum IgG1, rather than IgG2a, antibodies were the most prevalent following vaccination indicating bias towards T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response. Opsonophagocytic assays demonstrated significant percentage killing in case of animals immunized with IFA-adjuvanted antigens. Overall, OmpK17 and OmpK36 are promising vaccine antigens which are worthy of further optimization of the immunization conditions, particularly the used immunoadjuvants, in order to achieve full protection against K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawther E Hussein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Bahey-El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Salah A Sheweita
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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17
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Kalantari P. The Emerging Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010013. [PMID: 29495555 PMCID: PMC5874654 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a global effort to develop an effective vaccine, malaria is still a significant health problem. Much of the pathology of malaria is immune mediated. This suggests that host immune responses have to be finely regulated. The innate immune system initiates and sets the threshold of the acquired immune response and determines the outcome of the disease. Yet, our knowledge of the regulation of innate immune responses during malaria is limited. Theoretically, inadequate activation of the innate immune system could result in unrestrained parasite growth. Conversely, hyperactivation of the innate immune system, is likely to cause excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and severe pathology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as essential receptors which detect signature molecules and shape the complex host response during malaria infection. This review will highlight the mechanisms by which Plasmodium components are recognized by innate immune receptors with particular emphasis on TLRs. A thorough understanding of the complex roles of TLRs in malaria may allow the delineation of pathological versus protective host responses and enhance the efficacy of anti-malarial treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kalantari
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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18
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Lee MSJ, Coban C. Unforeseen pathologies caused by malaria. Int Immunol 2017; 30:121-129. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sue Jann Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Japan
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19
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Gossuin Y, Okusa Ndjolo P, Vuong QL, Duez P. NMR relaxation properties of the synthetic malaria pigment β-hematin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14557. [PMID: 29109553 PMCID: PMC5674059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
200 million patients suffer from malaria, a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium. Reliable diagnosis is crucial since it allows the early detection of the disease. The development of rapid, sensitive and low-cost diagnosis tools is an important research area. Different studies focused on the detection of hemozoin, a major by-product of hemoglobin detoxification by the parasite. Hemozoin and its synthetic analog, β-hematin, form paramagnetic crystals. A new detection method of malaria takes advantage of the paramagnetism of hemozoin through the effect that such magnetic crystals have on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation of water protons. Indeed, magnetic microparticles cause a shortening of the relaxation times. In this work, the magnetic properties of two types of β-hematin are assessed at different temperatures and magnetic fields. The pure paramagnetism of β-hematin is confirmed. The NMR relaxation of β–hematin suspensions is also studied at different magnetic fields and for different echo-times. Our results help to identify the best conditions for β–hematin detection by NMR: T2 must be selected, at large magnetic fields and for long echo-times. However, the effect of β-hematin on relaxation does not seem large enough to achieve accurate detection of malaria without any preliminary sample preparation, as microcentrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gossuin
- Biomedical Physics Unit UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Okusa Ndjolo
- Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Quoc Lam Vuong
- Biomedical Physics Unit UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium
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20
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Khmelinskii I, Makarov V. Temperature dependence of the spin relaxation time of Fe 3 O 4 and hemozoin superparamagnetic nanocrystals. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Ranjan R, Karpurapu M, Rani A, Chishti AH, Christman JW. Hemozoin Regulates iNOS Expression by Modulating the Transcription Factor NF-κB in Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2. [PMID: 27790644 DOI: 10.21767/2471-8084.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemozoin (Hz) is released from ruptured erythrocytes during malaria infection caused by Plasmodium sp., in addition the malaria infected individuals are prone to bacterial sepsis. The molecular interactions between Hz, bacterial components and macrophages remains poorly investigated. In this report, we investigated the combinatorial immune-modulatory effects of phagocytosed Hz, Interferon gamma (IFNγ) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages. Macrophages were treated with various concentrations of commercial synthetic Hz, and surprisingly it did not result in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. However, when macrophages were pretreated with Hz and then challenged with IFNγ or LPS, there was a differential impact on iNOS expression. There was an increase in iNOS expression when macrophages were pre-treated with Hz and subsequently treated with IFNγ when compared to IFNγ alone. Whereas iNOS expression was reduced when Hz phagocytosed macrophages were stimulated with LPS compared to LPS alone. Furthermore, there was an increased activation of NF-κB in Hz phagocytosed macrophages that were challenged with IFNγ. The interaction between Hz and macrophages has an impact on iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manjula Karpurapu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Athar H Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - John W Christman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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22
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Inyushin M, Kucheryavih Y, Kucheryavih L, Rojas L, Khmelinskii I, Makarov V. Superparamagnetic Properties of Hemozoin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26212. [PMID: 27188748 PMCID: PMC4870585 DOI: 10.1038/srep26212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that hemozoin nanocrystals demonstrate superparamagnetic properties, with direct measurements of the synthetic hemozoin magnetization. The results show that the magnetic permeability constant varies from μ = 4585 (at -20 °C) to 3843 (+20 °C), with the values corresponding to a superparamagnetic system. Similar results were obtained from the analysis of the diffusion separation of natural hemozoin nanocrystals in the magnetic field gradient, with μ = 6783 exceeding the value obtained in direct measurements by the factor of 1.8. This difference is interpreted in terms of structural differences between the synthetic and natural hemozoin. The ab initio analysis of the hemozoin elementary cell showed that the Fe(3+) ion is in the high-spin state (S = 5/2), while the exchange interaction between Fe(3+) electron-spin states was much stronger than kBT at room temperature. Thus, the spin dynamics of the neighboring Fe(3+) ions are strongly correlated, lending support to the superparamagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Inyushin
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
| | | | - L. Kucheryavih
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
| | - L. Rojas
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
| | - I. Khmelinskii
- University of the Algarve, FCT, DQB and CIQA, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - V. Makarov
- University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23343, San Juan, PR 00931-3343, USA
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Lee MSJ, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Current status of synthetic hemozoin adjuvant: A preliminary safety evaluation. Vaccine 2016; 34:2055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Erythropoiesis in Malaria Infections and Factors Modifying the Erythropoietic Response. Anemia 2016; 2016:9310905. [PMID: 27034825 PMCID: PMC4789361 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9310905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of malarial infections and is responsible for the substantial rate of morbidity. The pathophysiology discussed till now catalogued several causes for malarial anemia among which ineffective erythropoiesis being remarkable one occurs silently in the bone marrow. A systematic literature search was performed and summarized information on erythropoietic response upon malaria infection and the factors responsible for the same. This review summarizes the clinical and experimental studies on patients, mouse models, and in vitro cell cultures reporting erythropoietic changes upon malaria infection as well as factors accountable for the same. Inadequate erythropoietic response during malaria infection may be the collective effect of various mediators generated by host immune response as well as parasite metabolites. The interplay between various modulators causing the pathophysiology needs to be explored further. Globin gene expression profiling upon malaria infection should also be looked into as abnormal production of globin chains could be a possible contributor to ineffective erythropoiesis.
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Hobro AJ, Pavillon N, Fujita K, Ozkan M, Coban C, Smith NI. Label-free Raman imaging of the macrophage response to the malaria pigment hemozoin. Analyst 2015; 140:2350-9. [PMID: 25646175 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01850h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemozoin, the 'malaria pigment', is engulfed by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, during malaria infection. This biocrystalline substance is difficult to degrade and often accumulates in phagocytes. The macrophage response to hemozoin relates to the severity of the disease and the potential for malaria-related disease complications. In this study we have used Raman spectroscopy as a label-free method to investigate the biochemical changes occurring in macrophages during the first few hours of hemozoin uptake. We found a number of distinct spectral groups, spectrally or spatially related to the presence of the hemozoin inside the cell. Intracellular hemozoin was spectrally identical to extracellular hemozoin, regardless of the location in the cell. A small proportion of hemozoin was found to be associated with lipid-based components, consistent with the uptake of hemozoin into vesicles such as phagosomes and lysosomes. The spatial distribution of the hemozoin was observed to be inhomogeneous, and its presence largely excluded that of proteins and lipids, demonstrating that cells were not able to break down the biocrystals on the time scales studied here. These results show that Raman imaging can be used to answer some of the open questions regarding the role of hemozoin in the immune response. How different combinations of hemozoin and other molecules are treated by macrophages, whether hemozoin can be broken down by the cell, and more importantly, which co-factors or products are involved in the subsequent cell reaction are the expected issues to be elucidated by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Hobro
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Simões ML, Gonçalves L, Silveira H. Hemozoin activates the innate immune system and reduces Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles gambiae. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:12. [PMID: 25573379 PMCID: PMC4297457 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a worldwide infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria vector mosquito Anopheles can trigger effective mechanisms to control completion of the Plasmodium lifecycle; the mosquito immune response to the parasite involves several pathways which are not yet well characterized. Plasmodium metabolite hemozoin has emerged as a potent immunostimulator of mammalian tissues. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of this parasite's by-product as stimulator of Anopheles gambiae immunity to Plasmodium berghei. METHODS Female mosquitoes were inoculated with hemozoin and the Plasmodium infection rate and intensity were measured. Differences between treatments were detected by Zero-inflated models. Microarray transcription analysis was performed to assess gene expression response to hemozoin. Genome-wide analysis results were confirmed by stimulation of Anopheles gambiae tissues and cells with hemozoin and silencing of REL2-F and its negative regulator Caspar. RESULTS Gene expression profiles revealed that hemozoin activates several immunity genes, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Importantly, we found that the Immune deficiency (Imd) pathway Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcription factor REL2, in its full-length form REL2-F, was induced upon hemozoin treatment. CONCLUSIONS We have for the first time shown the impact of hemozoin treatment in Plasmodium infection, reducing both rate and intensity of the infection. We propose that hemozoin boosts the innate immunity in Anopheles, activating key effector genes involved in mosquito resistance to Plasmodium, and this activation is REL2-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Simões
- UEI Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Luzia Gonçalves
- UEI Saúde Internacional e Bioestatística, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. .,CEAUL, Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Henrique Silveira
- UEI Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Ligand binding reveals a role for heme in translationally-controlled tumor protein dimerization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112823. [PMID: 25396429 PMCID: PMC4232476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The translationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed, abundant protein that is broadly distributed among eukaryotes. Its biological function spans numerous cellular processes ranging from regulation of the cell cycle and microtubule stabilization to cell growth, transformation, and death processes. In this work, we propose a new function for TCTP as a “buffer protein” controlling cellular homeostasis. We demonstrate that binding of hemin to TCTP is mediated by a conserved His-containing motif (His76His77) followed by dimerization, an event that involves ligand-mediated conformational changes and that is necessary to trigger TCTP's cytokine-like activity. Mutation in both His residues to Ala prevents hemin from binding and abrogates oligomerization, suggesting that the ligand site localizes at the interface of the oligomer. Unlike heme, binding of Ca2+ ligand to TCTP does not alter its monomeric state; although, Ca2+ is able to destabilize an existing TCTP dimer created by hemin addition. In agreement with TCTP's proposed buffer function, ligand binding occurs at high concentration, allowing the “buffer” condition to be dissociated from TCTP's role as a component of signal transduction mechanisms.
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Hleb EYL, Lapotko DO. Malaria theranostics using hemozoin-generated vapor nanobubbles. Theranostics 2014; 4:761-9. [PMID: 24883125 PMCID: PMC4038757 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a widespread and deadly infectious human disease, with increasing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to the drug resistance and aggressiveness of malaria infection. Early detection and innovative approaches for parasite destruction are needed. The high optical absorbance and nano-size of hemozoin crystals have been exploited to detect and mechanically destroy the malaria parasite in a single theranostic procedure. Transient vapor nanobubbles are generated around hemozoin crystals in malaria parasites in infected erythrocytes in response to a single short laser pulse. Optical scattering signals of the nanobubble report the presence of the malaria parasite. The mechanical impact of the same nanobubble physically destroys the parasite in nanoseconds in a drug-free manner. Laser-induced nanobubble treatment of human blood in vitro results in destruction of up to 95% of parasites after a single procedure, and delivers an 8-fold better parasiticidal efficacy compared to standard chloroquine drug treatment. The mechanism of destruction is highly selective for malaria infected red cells and does not harm neighboring, uninfected erythrocytes. Thus, laser pulse-induced vapor nanobubble generation around hemozoin supports both rapid and highly specific detection and destruction of malaria parasites in one theranostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitri O. Lapotko
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX
- 2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX
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Onishi M, Kitano M, Taniguchi K, Homma T, Kobayashi M, Sato A, Coban C, Ishii KJ. Hemozoin is a potent adjuvant for hemagglutinin split vaccine without pyrogenicity in ferrets. Vaccine 2014; 32:3004-9. [PMID: 24721532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic hemozoin (sHZ, also known as β-hematin) from monomeric heme is a particle adjuvant which activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages, and enhances humoral immune responses to several antigens, including ovalbumin, human serum albumin, and serine repeat antigen 36 of Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, we evaluated the adjuvanticity and pyrogenicity of sHZ as an adjuvant for seasonal trivalent hemagglutinin split vaccine (SV) for humans using the experimental ferret model. METHOD Ferrets were twice immunized with trivalent SV, SV with sHZ (SV/sHZ) or Fluad, composed of trivalent SV with MF59. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against three viral hemagglutinin (HA) antigens were measured at every week after the immunization. The pyrogenicity of SV/sHZ was examined by monitoring the body temperature of the immunized ferrets. To evaluate the protective efficacy of SV/sHZ, the immunized ferrets were challenged with influenza virus B infection, followed by measurement of viral titers in the nasal cavity and body temperature. RESULTS sHZ enhanced HI titers against three viral HA antigens in a dose-dependent manner, to an extent comparable to that of Fluad. The highest dose of sHZ (800 μg) immunized with SV conferred sterile protection against infection with heterologous Influenza B virus, without causing any pyrogenic reaction such as high fever. CONCLUSION In the present study, sHZ enhanced the protective efficacy of SV against influenza infection without inducing pyrogenic reaction, suggesting sHZ to be a promising adjuvant candidate for human SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Onishi
- Infectious Diseases, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFREC), World Premier Institute (WPI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Kitano
- Infectious Diseases, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Taniguchi
- Infectious Diseases, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Homma
- Infectious Diseases, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Infectious Diseases, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Infectious Diseases, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFREC), World Premier Institute (WPI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFREC), World Premier Institute (WPI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Coronado LM, Nadovich CT, Spadafora C. Malarial hemozoin: from target to tool. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2032-41. [PMID: 24556123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or the so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW Hemozoin is involved in several aspects of the pathology of the disease as well as in important processes such as the immunogenicity elicited. It is known that the once best antimalarial drug, chloroquine, exerted its effect through interference with the process of hemozoin formation. In the present review we explore what is known about hemozoin, from hemoglobin digestion, to its final structural analysis, to its physicochemical properties, its role in the disease and notions of the possible mechanisms that could kill the parasite by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of this remarkable crystal. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The importance and peculiarities of this biocrystal have given researchers a cause to consider it as a target for new antimalarials and to use it through unconventional approaches for diagnostics and therapeutics against the disease. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Hemozoin plays an essential role in the biology of malarial disease. Innovative ideas could use all the existing data on the unique chemical and biophysical properties of this macromolecule to come up with new ways of combating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Coronado
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, A.P., India
| | | | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama.
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Hemozoin inhibition and control of clinical malaria. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2014; 2014:984150. [PMID: 24669217 PMCID: PMC3941158 DOI: 10.1155/2014/984150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria has a negative impact on health and social and economic life of residents of endemic countries. The ultimate goals of designing new treatment for malaria are to prevent clinical infection, reduce morbidity, and decrease mortality. There are great advances in the understanding of the parasite-host interaction through studies by various scientists. In some of these studies, attempts were made to evaluate the roles of malaria pigment or toxins in the pathogenesis of malaria. Hemozoin is a key metabolite associated with severe malaria anemia (SMA), immunosuppression, and cytokine dysfunction. Targeting of this pigment may be necessary in the design of new therapeutic products against malaria. In this review, the roles of hemozoin in the morbidity and mortality of malaria are highlighted as an essential target in the quest for effective control of clinical malaria.
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Hobro AJ, Konishi A, Coban C, Smith NI. Raman spectroscopic analysis of malaria disease progression via blood and plasma samples. Analyst 2013; 138:3927-33. [PMID: 23529513 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study Raman spectroscopy has been used to monitor the changes in erythrocytes and plasma during Plasmodium infection in mice, following malaria disease progression over the course of 7 days. The Raman spectra of both samples are dominated by the spectra of hemoglobin and hemozoin, due to their resonant enhancement. In plasma samples, due to the inherently low heme background, heme-based changes in the Raman spectra could be detected in the very early stages of infection, as little as one day after Plasmodium infection, where parasitemia levels were low, on the order of 0.2%, and typically difficult to detect by existing methods. Further principal component analysis also indicates concurrent erythrocyte membrane changes at around day 4, where parasitemia levels reached 3%. These results show that plasma analysis has significant potential for early, quantitative and automated detection of malaria, and to quantify heme levels in serum which modulate malarial effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Hobro
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kuroda E, Coban C, Ishii KJ. Particulate adjuvant and innate immunity: past achievements, present findings, and future prospects. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:209-20. [PMID: 23570316 PMCID: PMC3632271 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.773326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Particulates and crystals stimulate the immune system to induce inflammatory responses. Several nanometer- to micrometer-sized particulates, such as particle matter 2.5 (PM2.5), diesel particles, and sand dust, induce pulmonary inflammation and allergic asthma. Conversely, nanometer- to micrometer-sized crystal, sphere, and hydrogel forms of aluminum salts (referred to as “alum”) have been used as vaccine adjuvants to enhance antibody responses in animals and humans. Although most of these particulates induce type-2 immune responses in vivo, the molecular and immunological mechanisms of action as a vaccine adjuvant are poorly understood. In this review, recent advances in particulate adjuvant research from the standpoint of innate immune responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Boura M, Frita R, Góis A, Carvalho T, Hänscheid T. The hemozoin conundrum: is malaria pigment immune-activating, inhibiting, or simply a bystander? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim W, Ozdemir SK, Zhu J, Faraz M, Coban C, Yang L. Detection and size measurement of individual hemozoin nanocrystals in aquatic environment using a whispering gallery mode resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29426-29446. [PMID: 23388770 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We, for the first time, report the detection and the size measurement of single nanoparticles (i.e. polystyrene) in aquatic environment using mode splitting in a whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical resonator, namely a microtoroid resonator. Using this method we achieved detecting and measuring individual synthetic hemozoin nanocrystals--a hemoglobin degradation by-product of malarial parasites--dispersed in a solution or in air. The results of size measurement in solution and in air agree with each other and with those obtained using scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. Moreover, we compare the sensing capabilities of the degenerate (single resonance) and non-degenerate (split mode, doublet) operation regimes of the WGM resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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36
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Geurts N, Martens E, Verhenne S, Lays N, Thijs G, Magez S, Cauwe B, Li S, Heremans H, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Insufficiently defined genetic background confounds phenotypes in transgenic studies as exemplified by malaria infection in Tlr9 knockout mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27131. [PMID: 22096530 PMCID: PMC3214040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of genetically modified mice, i.e. transgenic as well as gene knockout (KO) and knock-in mice, has become an established tool to study gene function in many animal models for human diseases . However, a gene functions in a particular genomic context. This implies the importance of a well-defined homogenous genetic background for the analysis and interpretation of phenotypes associated with genetic mutations. By studying a Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (PcAS) malaria infection in mice bearing a TLR9 null mutation, we found an increased susceptibility to infection, i.e. higher parasitemia levels and increased mortality. However, this was not triggered by the deficient TLR9 gene itself. Instead, this disease phenotype was dependent on the heterogeneous genetic background of the mice, which appeared insufficiently defined as determined by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Hence, it is of critical importance to study gene KO phenotypes on a homogenous genetic background identical to that of their wild type (WT) control counterparts. In particular, to avoid problems related to an insufficiently defined genetic background, we advocate that for each study involving genetically modified mice, at least a detailed description of the origin and genetic background of both the WT control and the altered strain of mice is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Geurts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Verhenne
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Thijs
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Cauwe
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Li
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hubertine Heremans
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E. Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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38
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Coban C, Horii T, Akira S, Ishii KJ. TLR9 and endogenous adjuvants of the whole blood-stage malaria vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:775-84. [PMID: 20624050 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has been a successful tool in the protection against many infectious diseases, and recent advances in biotechnology have created new techniques and strategies to produce safe and efficacious vaccines for human use. However, developing a protective vaccine against malaria has been a challenge. In this article, we focus on an old approach with some new modifications, the so-called whole-parasite vaccination strategy against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest human malarial agent. In addition, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of how the endogenous adjuvant activity in the parasites, which functions via Toll-like receptor 9, acts as a double-edged sword between protective vaccination and pathological responses against malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevayir Coban
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier Institute for Immunology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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