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Pujar M, Vastrad B, Kavatagimath S, Vastrad C, Kotturshetti S. Identification of candidate biomarkers and pathways associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus using bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9157. [PMID: 35650387 PMCID: PMC9160069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a metabolic disorder for which the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. This investigation aimed to elucidate essential candidate genes and pathways in T1DM by integrated bioinformatics analysis. In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using DESeq2 of R package from GSE162689 of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, REACTOME pathway enrichment analysis, and construction and analysis of protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, modules, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, and validation of hub genes were performed. A total of 952 DEGs (477 up regulated and 475 down regulated genes) were identified in T1DM. GO and REACTOME enrichment result results showed that DEGs mainly enriched in multicellular organism development, detection of stimulus, diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers, and olfactory signaling pathway. The top hub genes such as MYC, EGFR, LNX1, YBX1, HSP90AA1, ESR1, FN1, TK1, ANLN and SMAD9 were screened out as the critical genes among the DEGs from the PPI network, modules, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis confirmed that these genes were significantly associated with T1DM. In conclusion, the identified DEGs, particularly the hub genes, strengthen the understanding of the advancement and progression of T1DM, and certain genes might be used as candidate target molecules to diagnose, monitor and treat T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Pujar
- Department of Pediatrics, J J M Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, 577004, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. College of Pharmacy, Gadag, Karnataka, 582101, India
| | - Satish Kavatagimath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, K.L.E. College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580001, India.
| | - Shivakumar Kotturshetti
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580001, India
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Human carnosinase 1 overexpression aggravates diabetes and renal impairment in BTBR Ob/Ob mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1333-1346. [PMID: 32803273 PMCID: PMC7447680 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the influence of serum carnosinase (CN1) on the course of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods hCN1 transgenic (TG) mice were generated in a BTBROb/Ob genetic background to allow the spontaneous development of DKD in the presence of serum carnosinase. The influence of serum CN1 expression on obesity, hyperglycemia, and renal impairment was assessed. We also studied if aggravation of renal impairment in hCN1 TG BTBROb/Ob mice leads to changes in the renal transcriptome as compared with wild-type BTBROb/Ob mice. Results hCN1 was detected in the serum and urine of mice from two different hCN1 TG lines. The transgene was expressed in the liver but not in the kidney. High CN1 expression was associated with low plasma and renal carnosine concentrations, even after oral carnosine supplementation. Obese hCN1 transgenic BTBROb/Ob mice displayed significantly higher levels of glycated hemoglobin, glycosuria, proteinuria, and increased albumin-creatinine ratios (1104 ± 696 vs 492.1 ± 282.2 μg/mg) accompanied by an increased glomerular tuft area and renal corpuscle size. Gene-expression profiling of renal tissue disclosed hierarchical clustering between BTBROb/Wt, BTBROb/Ob, and hCN1 BTBROb/Ob mice. Along with aggravation of the DKD phenotype, 26 altered genes have been found in obese hCN1 transgenic mice; among them claudin-1, thrombospondin-1, nephronectin, and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-alpha have been reported to play essential roles in DKD. Conclusions Our data support a role for serum carnosinase 1 in the progression of DKD. Whether this is mainly attributed to the changes in renal carnosine concentrations warrants further studies. Key messages Increased carnosinase 1 (CN1) is associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). BTBROb/Ob mice with human CN1 develop a more aggravated DKD phenotype. Microarray revealed alterations by CN1 which are not altered by hyperglycemia. These genes have been described to play essential roles in DKD. Inhibiting CN1 could be beneficial in DKD.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-020-01957-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kopylov AT, Kaysheva AL, Papysheva O, Gribova I, Kotaysch G, Kharitonova L, Mayatskaya T, Krasheninnikova A, Morozov SG. Association of Proteins Modulating Immune Response and Insulin Clearance During Gestation with Antenatal Complications in Patients with Gestational or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041032. [PMID: 32326243 PMCID: PMC7226479 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the study is to establish and quantitatively assess protein markers and their combination in association with insulin uptake that may be have value for early prospective recognition of diabetic fetopathy (DF) as a complication in patients with diabetes mellitus during gestation. Methods: Proteomic surveying and accurate quantitative measurement of selected proteins from plasma samples collected from the patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who gave birth of either healthy or affected by maternal diabetes newborns was performed using mass spectrometry. Results: We determined and quantitatively measured several proteins, including CRP, CEACAM1, CNDP1 and Ig-family that were significantly differed in patients that gave birth of newborns with signs of DF. We found that patients with newborns associated with DF are characterized by significantly decreased CEACAM1 (113.18 ± 16.23 ng/mL and 81.09 ± 10.54 ng/mL in GDM and T2DM, p < 0.005) in contrast to control group (515.6 ± 72.14 ng/mL, p < 0.005). On the contrary, the concentration of CNDP1 was increased in DF-associated groups and attained 49.3 ± 5.18 ng/mL and 37.7 ± 3.34 ng/mL (p < 0.005) in GDM and T2DM groups, respectively. Among other proteins, dramatically decreased concentration of IgG4 and IgA2 subclasses of immunoglobulins were noticed. Conclusion: The combination of the measured markers may assist (AUC = 0.893 (CI 95%, 0.785–0.980) in establishing the clinical finding of the developing DF especially in patients with GDM who are at the highest risk of chronic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur T. Kopylov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (S.G.M.)
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Proteomic Researches, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-926-185-4049
| | - Anna L. Kaysheva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Proteomic Researches, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Olga Papysheva
- Sergey S. Yudin 7th State Clinical Hospital, Perinatal Center, 115446 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Iveta Gribova
- Nikolay E. Bauman 29th State Clinical Hospital, 110020 Moscow, Russia; (I.G.); (G.K.)
- “Biopharm-Test” Limited Liability Company, 121170 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Kotaysch
- Nikolay E. Bauman 29th State Clinical Hospital, 110020 Moscow, Russia; (I.G.); (G.K.)
| | - Lubov Kharitonova
- Nikolay I. Pirogov Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatiana Mayatskaya
- Nikolay I. Pirogov Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Anna Krasheninnikova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Sergey G. Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Department of Pathology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (S.G.M.)
- Nikolay E. Bauman 29th State Clinical Hospital, 110020 Moscow, Russia; (I.G.); (G.K.)
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Gu HF. Genetic and Epigenetic Studies in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Genet 2019; 10:507. [PMID: 31231424 PMCID: PMC6566106 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide health crisis, while diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DKD is a microvascular complication and occurs in 30–40% of diabetes patients. Epidemiological investigations and clinical observations on the familial clustering and heritability in DKD have highlighted an underlying genetic susceptibility. Furthermore, DKD is a progressive and long-term diabetic complication, in which epigenetic effects and environmental factors interact with an individual’s genetic background. In recent years, researchers have undertaken genetic and epigenetic studies of DKD in order to better understand its molecular mechanisms. In this review, clinical material, research approaches and experimental designs that have been used for genetic and epigenetic studies of DKD are described. Current information from genetic and epigenetic studies of DKD and ESRD in patients with diabetes, including the approaches of genome-wide association study (GWAS) or epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) and candidate gene association analyses, are summarized. Further investigation of molecular defects in DKD with new approaches such as next generation sequencing analysis and phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvest F Gu
- Center for Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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CNDP1, NOS3, and MnSOD Polymorphisms as Risk Factors for Diabetic Nephropathy among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Malaysia. J Nutr Metab 2019; 2019:8736215. [PMID: 30719346 PMCID: PMC6335667 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8736215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high incidence of nephropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of a genetic polymorphism of carnosinase (CNDP1-D18S880 and -rs2346061), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3-rs1799983), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD-rs4880) genes with the development of diabetic nephropathy among Malaysian type 2 diabetic patients. A case-control association study was performed using 652 T2DM patients comprising 227 Malays (without nephropathy = 96 and nephropathy = 131), 203 Chinese (without nephropathy = 95 and nephropathy = 108), and 222 Indians (without nephropathy = 136 and nephropathy = 86). DNA sequencing was performed for the D18S880 of CNDP1, while the rest were tested using DNA Sequenom MassARRAY to identify the polymorphisms. DNA was extracted from the secondary blood samples taken from the T2DM patients. The alleles and genotypes were tested using four genetic models, and the best mode of inheritance was chosen based on the least p value. The rs2346061 of CNDP1 was significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy among the Indians only with OR = 1.94 and 95% CI = (1.76–3.20) and fitted best the multiplicative model, while D18S880 was associated among all the three major races with the Malays having the strongest association with OR = 2.46 and 95% CI = (1.48–4.10), Chinese with OR = 2.26 and 95% CI = (1.34–3.83), and Indians with OR = 1.77 and 95% CI = (1.18–2.65) in the genotypic multiplicative model. The best mode of inheritance for both MnSOD and NOS3 was the additive model. For MnSOD-rs4880, the Chinese had OR = 2.8 and 95% CI = (0.53–14.94), Indians had OR = 2.4 and 95% CI = (0.69–2.84), and Malays had OR = 2.16 and 95% CI = (0.54–8.65), while for NOS3-rs1799983, the Indians had the highest risk with OR = 3.16 and 95% CI = (0.52–17.56), followed by the Chinese with OR = 3.55 and 95% CI = (0.36–35.03) and the Malays with OR = 2.89 and 95% CI = (0.29–28.32). The four oxidative stress-related polymorphisms have significant effects on the development of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients. The genes may, therefore, be considered as risk factors for Malaysian subjects who are predisposed to T2DM nephropathy.
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Rodriguez-Niño A, Hauske SJ, Herold A, Qiu J, van den Born J, Bakker SJL, Krämer BK, Yard BA. Serum Carnosinase-1 and Albuminuria Rather than the CNDP1 Genotype Correlate with Urinary Carnosinase-1 in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:6850628. [PMID: 31950064 PMCID: PMC6948305 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6850628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnosinase-1 (CN-1) can be detected in 24 h urine of healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We aimed to assess whether urinary CN-1 is also reliably measured in spot urine and investigated its association with renal function and the albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). We also assessed associations between the CNDP1 (CTG) n genotype and CN-1 concentrations in serum and urine. METHODS Patients with T2DM (n = 85) and nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 26) stratified by albuminuria (ACR ≤ 300 mg/g or ACR > 300 mg/g) recruited from the nephrology clinic and healthy subjects (n = 24) were studied. RESULTS Urinary CN-1 was more frequently detected and displayed higher concentrations in patients with ACR > 300 mg/g as compared to those with ACR ≤ 300 mg/g irrespective of the baseline disease (T2DM: 554 ng/ml [IQR 212-934 ng/ml] vs. 31 ng/ml [IQR 31-63 ng/ml] (p < 0.0001) and nondiabetic CKD: 197 ng/ml [IQR 112-739] vs. 31 ng/ml [IQR 31-226 ng/ml] (p = 0.015)). A positive correlation between urinary CN-1 and ACR was found (r = 0.68, p < 0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that ACR and serum CN-1 concentrations but not eGFR or the CNDP1 genotype are independent predictors of urinary CN-1, explaining 47% of variation of urinary CN-1 concentrations (R 2 = 0.47, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION These results confirm and extend previous findings on urinary CN-1 concentrations, suggesting that assessment of CN-1 in spot urine is as reliable as in 24 h urine and may indicate that urinary CN-1 in macroalbuminuric patients is primarily serum-derived and not locally produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Rodriguez-Niño
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Sibylle J. Hauske
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Anna Herold
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Jiedong Qiu
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, Netherlands
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700RB, Netherlands
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Benito A. Yard
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
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Yadav AK, Sinha N, Kumar V, Bhansali A, Dutta P, Jha V. Association of CTG repeat polymorphism in carnosine dipeptidase 1 ( CNDP1) gene with diabetic nephropathy in north Indians. Indian J Med Res 2017; 144:32-37. [PMID: 27834323 PMCID: PMC5116895 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.193280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES CNDP1 gene, present on chromosome 18q22.3-23, encodes carnosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in hydrolysis of carnosine to ß-alanine and L-histidine. Linkage of CTG trinucleotide (leucine) repeat polymorphism in CNDP1 gene with diabetic nephropathy has been observed in several populations. However, this association is conflicting and population-dependent. We investigated this association in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with and without nephropathy in north India. METHODS A total of 564 individuals [199 T2DM without nephropathy (DM), 185 T2DM with nephropathy (DN) and 180 healthy individuals (HC)] were enrolled. CNDP1 CTG repeat analysis was done by direct sequencing of a 377 base pair fragment in exon 2. RESULTS The most frequent leucine (L) repeats were 5L-5L, 6L-5L and 6L-6L. 5L-5L genotype frequency was reduced in DN (24.3%) as compared to DM (34.7%, P=0.035) and HC (38.4%, P=0.005). Similarly, 5L allele frequency was lower in DN (46.8%) as compared to DM (57.3%, P=0.004) and HC (60.5%, P<0.001). The genotype and allelic frequencies were similar in DM and HC groups. No gender specific difference was observed in the genotype or allelic frequencies between groups. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Compared to healthy individuals and those with diabetes but no kidney disease, patients with diabetic nephropathy exhibited lower frequencies of 5L-5L genotype and 5L allele of CNDP1 gene, suggesting that this allele might confer protection against development of kidney disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Yadav
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nisha Sinha
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pinaki Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh; George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
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Krolewski AS, Skupien J, Rossing P, Warram JH. Fast renal decline to end-stage renal disease: an unrecognized feature of nephropathy in diabetes. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1300-1311. [PMID: 28366227 PMCID: PMC5429989 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new model of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes emerged from our studies of Joslin Clinic patients. The dominant feature is progressive renal decline, not albuminuria. This decline is a unidirectional process commencing while patients have normal renal function and, in the majority, progressing steadily (linearly) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). While an individual's rate of renal decline is constant, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope varies widely among individuals from -72 to -3.0 ml/min/year. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines define rapid progression as rate of eGFR declines > 5 ml/min/year, a value exceeded by 80% of patients in Joslin's type 1 diabetes ESRD cohort. The extraordinary range of slopes within the rapid progression category prompted us to partition it into "very fast," "fast" and "moderate" decline. We showed, for the first time, that very fast and fast decline from normal eGFR to ESRD within 2 to 10 years constitutes 50% of the Joslin cohort. In this review we present data about frequency of fast decliners in both diabetes types, survey some mechanisms underlying fast renal decline, discuss methods of identifying patients at risk and comment on the need for effective therapeutic interventions. Whether the initiating mechanism of fast renal decline affects glomerulus, tubule, interstitium or vasculature is unknown. Since no animal model mimics progressive renal decline, studies in humans are needed. Prospective studies searching for markers predictive of the rate of renal decline yield findings that may make detection of fast decliners feasible. Identifying such patients will be the foundation for developing effective individualized methods to prevent or delay onset of ESRD in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Krolewski
- Research Division of Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Jan Skupien
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James H Warram
- Research Division of Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Nazar CMJ. Mechanism of hypertension in diabetic nephropathy. J Nephropharmacol 2014; 3:49-55. [PMID: 28197463 PMCID: PMC5297529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High prevalence of hypertension is observed in diabetic patients of both the types. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major reason for high morbidity, mortality and financial burden in such hypertensive diabetic patients. For this review, electronic databases including PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane and Google scholar were searched from 1990-2013. Multiple inter-related factors are responsible for the development of hypertension and therefore nephropathy in the chronic diabetic patients. Majority of such factors are identified to lead to extensive sodium reabsorption and peripheral vasoconstriction and thus leading to microvascular complications like nephropathy. Management of hypertension by targeting such mediators is the highly recommended therapy for controlling and treating diabetic nephropathy. Clinical trials suggests that drugs inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway should be used as the first-line agents for the management of hypertensive diabetic nephropathy patients. These agents are effective in slowing the progression of the end-stage kidney disease as well as lowering albuminuria. Researchers are also investigating the effectiveness of drug combination for better management of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. The present article is a review of the evidences which explains the underlying pathological changes which leads to the development of nephropathy in a hypertensive diabetic patients. The review also observes the clinical trials for different anti-hypertensive drugs which are recommended for the treatment of such patients.
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Alkhalaf A, Landman GWD, van Hateren KJJ, Groenier KH, Mooyaart AL, De Heer E, Gans ROB, Navis GJ, Bakker SJL, Kleefstra N, Bilo HJG. Sex specific association between carnosinase gene CNDP1 and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-22). J Nephrol 2014; 28:201-7. [PMID: 24756973 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-014-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Homozygosity for a 5-leucine repeat (5L-5L) in the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) has been associated with a reduced prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in cross-sectional studies in patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly in women. Prospective studies on mortality are not available. This study investigated whether 5L-5L was associated with mortality and progression of renal function loss and to what extent this effect is modified by sex. METHODS In a prospective cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes, a Cox proportional hazard model was used to compare 5L-5L with other genotypes regarding (cardiovascular) mortality. Renal function slopes were obtained by within-individual linear regression of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, and were compared between 5L-5L and other genotypes. RESULTS 871 patients were included (38% with 5L-5L). After 9.5 years of follow-up, hazards ratios (HR) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in 5L-5L versus other genotypes were 1.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88-1.36] and 1.12 (95% CI 0.79-1.58), respectively. There was a significant interaction between CNDP1 and sex for the association with cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.01), not for all-cause mortality (p = 0.32). Adjusted HR in 5L-5L for cardiovascular mortality was 0.69 (95% CI 0.39-1.23) in men and 1.77 (95% CI 1.12-2.81) in women. The slopes of eGFR-MDRD did not significantly differ between 5L-5L and other genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The association between CNDP1 and cardiovascular mortality was sex-specific, with a higher risk in women with 5L-5L genotype. CNDP1 was not associated with all-cause mortality or change in eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alkhalaf
- Diabetes Centre, Isala Clinics, Dr. Spanjaardweg 11, P.O. Box 10400, 8000 GK, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Bellia F, Vecchio G, Rizzarelli E. Carnosinases, their substrates and diseases. Molecules 2014; 19:2299-329. [PMID: 24566305 PMCID: PMC6271292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnosinases are Xaa-His dipeptidases that play diverse functions throughout all kingdoms of life. Human isoforms of carnosinase (CN1 and CN2) under appropriate conditions catalyze the hydrolysis of the dipeptides carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) and homocarnosine (γ-aminobutyryl-l-histidine). Alterations of serum carnosinase (CN1) activity has been associated with several pathological conditions, such as neurological disorders, chronic diseases and cancer. For this reason the use of carnosinase levels as a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been questioned. The hydrolysis of imidazole-related dipeptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is also catalyzed by aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidases like PepD (EC 3.4.13.3), PepV (EC 3.4.13.19) and anserinase (EC 3.4.13.5). The review deals with the structure and function of this class of enzymes in physiological and pathological conditions. The main substrates of these enzymes, i.e., carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine (β-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine) will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Zhu JM, Wang B, Li J, Chen GM, Fan YG, Feng CC, Pan HF, Ye DQ. D18S880 microsatellite polymorphism of carnosinase gene and diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:289-94. [PMID: 23402577 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the CNDP1 (carnosinase gene) D18S880 microsatellite polymorphism confers susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS The authors conducted meta-analysis on association between the CNDP1 D18S880 microsatellite polymorphism and DN susceptibility, using fixed and random effects models. RESULTS A total of nine comparative studies were included in this meta-analysis, which included 4546 DN, 7994 diabetes mellitus (DM), and 1826 healthy (Heal) subjects. Overall, the analysis revealed that the D18S880 microsatellite polymorphism was significantly associated with DN for the five trinucleotide repeat (5L) allele and five leucines repeat (5L-5L) homozygous in the comparisons of DN versus DM (5L: odds ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-0.97, p=0.008; 5L-5L: OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.97, p=0.006) and DN versus non-DN (DM+Heal) (5L: OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.98, p=0.009; 5L-5L: OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.96, p=0.004). The protective effects of the D18S880 polymorphism were similar to those observed in the subgroups of the type 2 DM and the Caucasian population. However, significant association was not found in the type 1 DM population. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis confirms that the carnosinase D18S880 microsatellite polymorphism is associated with DN susceptibility, especially in the type 2 DM and the Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Kurashige M, Imamura M, Araki SI, Suzuki D, Babazono T, Uzu T, Umezono T, Toyoda M, Kawai K, Imanishi M, Hanaoka K, Maegawa H, Uchigata Y, Hosoya T, Maeda S. The influence of a single nucleotide polymorphism within CNDP1 on susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Japanese women with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54064. [PMID: 23342076 PMCID: PMC3546962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several linkage analyses have mapped a susceptibility locus for diabetic nephropathy to chromosome 18q22–23, and polymorphisms within the carnosine dipeptidase 1 gene (CNDP1), located on 18q22.3, have been shown to be associated with diabetic nephropathy in European subjects with type 2 diabetes. However, the association of this locus with diabetic nephropathy has not been evaluated in the Japanese population. In this study, we examined the association of polymorphisms within the CNDP1/CNDP 2 locus with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methodology/Principal Findings We genotyped a leucine repeat polymorphism (D18S880) that is within CNDP1 along with 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNDP1/CNDP2 locus for 2,740 Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes (1,205 nephropathy cases with overt nephropathy or with end-stage renal disease [ESRD], and 1,535 controls with normoalbuminuria). The association of each polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy was analysed by performing logistic regression analysis. We did not observe any association between D18S880 and diabetic nephropathy in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. None of the 29 SNPs within the CNDP1/CNDP2 locus were associated with diabetic nephropathy, but a subsequent sex-stratified analysis revealed that 1 SNP in CNDP1 was nominally associated with diabetic nephropathy in women (rs12604675-A; p = 0.005, odds ratio [OR] = 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19−2.61). Rs12604675 was associated with overt proteinuria (p = 0.002, OR = 2.18, 95% CI, 1.32−3.60), but not with ESRD in Japanese women with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions/Significance Rs12604675-A in CNDP1 may confer susceptibility to overt proteinuria in Japanese women with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiro Kurashige
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Imamura
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Araki
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Uzu
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomoya Umezono
- Division of Nephrology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masao Toyoda
- Division of Nephrology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Masahito Imanishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushige Hanaoka
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yasuko Uchigata
- Diabetes Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hosoya
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Maeda
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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14
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O'Seaghdha CM, Fox CS. Genome-wide association studies of chronic kidney disease: what have we learned? Nat Rev Nephrol 2011; 8:89-99. [PMID: 22143329 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past 3 years have witnessed a dramatic expansion in our knowledge of the genetic determinants of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, heritability estimates of eGFR indicate that we have only identified a small proportion of the total heritable contribution to the phenotypic variation. The majority of associations reported from genome-wide association studies identify genomic regions of interest and further work will be required to identify the causal variants responsible for a specific phenotype. Progress in this area is likely to stem from the identification of novel risk genotypes, which will offer insight into the pathogenesis of disease and potential novel therapeutic targets. Follow-up studies stimulated by findings from genome-wide association studies of kidney disease are already yielding promising results, such as the identification of an association between urinary uromodulin levels and incident CKD. Although this work is at an early stage, prospects for progress in our understanding of CKD and its treatment look more promising now than at any point in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall M O'Seaghdha
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, 73 Mount Wayte Avenue, Suite 2, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
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15
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Turner CF, Pan H, Silk GW, Ardini MA, Bakalov V, Bryant S, Cantor S, Chang KY, DeLatte M, Eggers P, Ganapathi L, Lakshmikanthan S, Levy J, Li S, Pratt J, Pugh N, Qin Y, Rasooly R, Ray H, Richardson JE, Riley AF, Rogers SM, Scheper C, Tan S, White S, Cooley PC. The NIDDK Central Repository at 8 years--ambition, revision, use and impact. Database (Oxford) 2011; 2011:bar043. [PMID: 21959867 PMCID: PMC3243603 DOI: 10.1093/database/bar043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Central Repository makes data and biospecimens from NIDDK-funded research available to the broader scientific community. It thereby facilitates: the testing of new hypotheses without new data or biospecimen collection; pooling data across several studies to increase statistical power; and informative genetic analyses using the Repository's well-curated phenotypic data. This article describes the initial database plan for the Repository and its revision using a simpler model. Among the lessons learned were the trade-offs between the complexity of a database design and the costs in time and money of implementation; the importance of integrating consent documents into the basic design; the crucial need for linkage files that associate biospecimen IDs with the masked subject IDs used in deposited data sets; and the importance of standardized procedures to test the integrity data sets prior to distribution. The Repository is currently tracking 111 ongoing NIDDK-funded studies many of which include genotype data, and it houses over 5 million biospecimens of more than 25 types including serum, plasma, stool, urine, DNA, red blood cells, buffy coat and tissue. Repository resources have supported a range of biochemical, clinical, statistical and genetic research (188 external requests for clinical data and 31 for biospecimens have been approved or are pending). Genetic research has included GWAS, validation studies, development of methods to improve statistical power of GWAS and testing of new statistical methods for genetic research. We anticipate that the future impact of the Repository's resources on biomedical research will be enhanced by (i) cross-listing of Repository biospecimens in additional searchable databases and biobank catalogs; (ii) ongoing deployment of new applications for querying the contents of the Repository; and (iii) increased harmonization of procedures, data collection strategies, questionnaires etc. across both research studies and within the vocabularies used by different repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Turner
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Huaqin Pan
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Gregg W. Silk
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Mary-Anne Ardini
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Vesselina Bakalov
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Stephanie Bryant
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Susanna Cantor
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Kung-yen Chang
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Michael DeLatte
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Paul Eggers
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Laxminarayana Ganapathi
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Sujatha Lakshmikanthan
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Joshua Levy
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Sheping Li
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Joseph Pratt
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Norma Pugh
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Ying Qin
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Rebekah Rasooly
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Helen Ray
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Jean E. Richardson
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Amanda Flynn Riley
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Susan M. Rogers
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Charlotte Scheper
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Sylvia Tan
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Stacie White
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
| | - Philip C. Cooley
- RTI International, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, City University of New York (Queens College and the Graduate Center), Flushing, NY 11367, Poole College of Management, North Carolina State University, Nelson Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD 29892, USA
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16
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Ahluwalia TS, Lindholm E, Groop LC. Common variants in CNDP1 and CNDP2, and risk of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2295-302. [PMID: 21573905 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Several genome-wide linkage studies have shown an association between diabetic nephropathy and a locus on chromosome 18q harbouring two carnosinase genes, CNDP1 and CNDP2. Carnosinase degrades carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), which has been ascribed a renal protective effect as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species. We investigated the putative associations of genetic variants in CNDP1 and CNDP2 with diabetic nephropathy (defined either as micro- or macroalbuminuria) and estimated GFR in type 2 diabetic patients from Sweden. METHODS We genotyped nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one trinucleotide repeat polymorphism (D18S880, five to seven leucine repeats) in CNDP1 and CNDP2 in a case-control set-up including 4,888 unrelated type 2 diabetic patients (with and without nephropathy) from Sweden (Scania Diabetes Registry). RESULTS Two SNPs, rs2346061 in CNDP1 and rs7577 in CNDP2, were associated with an increased risk of diabetic nephropathy (rs2346061 p = 5.07 × 10(-4); rs7577 p = 0.021). The latter was also associated with estimated GFR (β = -0.037, p = 0.014), particularly in women. A haplotype including these SNPs (C-C-G) was associated with a threefold increased risk of diabetic nephropathy (OR 2.98, 95% CI 2.43-3.67, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that common variants in CNDP1 and CNDP2 play a role in susceptibility to kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Ahluwalia
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Skane, UMAS, 20502 Malmo, Sweden.
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17
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Chakkera HA, Hanson RL, Kobes S, Millis MP, Nelson RG, Knowler WC, Distefano JK. Association of variants in the carnosine peptidase 1 gene (CNDP1) with diabetic nephropathy in American Indians. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 103:185-90. [PMID: 21393041 PMCID: PMC3101283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CNDP1 is located on 18q22.3, where linkage with diabetic nephropathy has been observed in several populations, including Pima Indians. However, evidence for association between CNDP1 alleles and diabetic nephropathy is equivocal and population-dependent. This study investigated CNDP1 as a candidate for diabetic kidney disease in Pima Indians. Nineteen tag single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the CNDP1 locus were selected using genotype data from Chinese individuals in the HapMap resource along with 2 variants previously associated with diabetic nephropathy. All variants were genotyped in 3 different samples including a diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) case-control study, a family-based study of diabetic individuals who participated in the linkage study for nephropathy, and a cohort of diabetic individuals in whom longitudinal measures of glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were performed. There was no statistically significant evidence for association with diabetic ESRD. However, nominal evidence for association was found in the family study, where markers rs12957330 (Odds ratio [OR]=0.29 per copy of G allele; p=0.04) and rs17817077 (OR=0.46 per copy of G allele; p=0.05) were associated with diabetic nephropathy. In addition, markers rs12964454, rs7244647, and rs7229005 were associated with changes in GFR (-8.5ml/min per copy of the G allele; p=0.04; 18.8ml/min per copy of the C allele; p=0.03; and -13.4ml/min per copy of the C allele; p=0.001, respectively). These findings provide nominal evidence supporting a role between CNDP1 variants and diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini A Chakkera
- Divisions of Nephrology and Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
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18
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Alkhalaf A, Bakker SJL, Bilo HJG, Gans ROB, Navis GJ, Postmus D, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Vionnet N, Hadjadj S, Marre M, Parving HH, Rossing P, Tarnow L. A polymorphism in the gene encoding carnosinase (CNDP1) as a predictor of mortality and progression from nephropathy to end-stage renal disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2562-8. [PMID: 20711718 PMCID: PMC2974933 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Homozygosity for a five leucine repeat (5L-5L) in the carnosinase gene (CNDP1) has been found to be cross-sectionally associated with a low frequency of diabetic nephropathy (DN), mainly in type 2 diabetes. We prospectively investigated in patients with type 1 diabetes whether: (1) 5L-5L is associated with mortality; (2) there is an interaction of 5L-5L with DN or sex for prediction of mortality; and (3) 5L-5L is associated with progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). METHODS In this prospective study in white European patients with type 1 diabetes, individuals with DN were defined by persistent albuminuria ≥ 300 mg/24 h. Controls without nephropathy were defined by persistent (>15 years) normoalbuminuria < 30 mg/24 h. Leucine repeats were assessed with a fluorescent DNA analysis system. Onset of ESRD was defined by need to start chronic dialysis or kidney transplantation. RESULTS The study involved 916 patients with DN and 1,170 controls. During follow-up for 8.8 years, 107 patients (14%) with 5L-5L died compared with 182 patients (13.8%) with other genotypes (p = 0.99). There was no significant interaction of 5L-5L with DN for prediction of mortality (p = 0.57), but a trend towards interaction with sex (p = 0.08). In patients with DN, HR for ESRD in 5L-5L vs other genotypes was not constant over time, with increased risk for 5L-5L beyond 8 years of follow-up (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CNDP1 polymorphism was not associated with mortality, and nor was there an interaction of this polymorphism with DN for prediction of mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes. CNDP1 polymorphism predicts progression to ESRD in patients with DN, but only late after baseline measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alkhalaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Riedl E, Koeppel H, Pfister F, Peters V, Sauerhoefer S, Sternik P, Brinkkoetter P, Zentgraf H, Navis G, Henning RH, Van Den Born J, Bakker SJ, Janssen B, van der Woude FJ, Yard BA. N-glycosylation of carnosinase influences protein secretion and enzyme activity: implications for hyperglycemia. Diabetes 2010; 59:1984-90. [PMID: 20460427 PMCID: PMC2911063 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The (CTG)(n) polymorphism in the serum carnosinase (CN-1) gene affects CN-1 secretion. Since CN-1 is heavily glycosylated and glycosylation might influence protein secretion as well, we tested the role of N-glycosylation for CN-1 secretion and enzyme activity. We also tested whether CN-1 secretion is changed under hyperglycemic conditions. RESULTS N-glycosylation of CN-1 was either inhibited by tunicamycin in pCSII-CN-1-transfected Cos-7 cells or by stepwise deletion of its three putative N-glycosylation sites. CN-1 protein expression, N-glycosylation, and enzyme activity were assessed in cell extracts and supernatants. The influence of hyperglycemia on CN-1 enzyme activity in human serum was tested in homozygous (CTG)(5) diabetic patients and healthy control subjects. Tunicamycin completely inhibited CN-1 secretion. Deletion of all N-glycosylation sites was required to reduce CN-1 secretion efficiency. Enzyme activity was already diminished when two sites were deleted. In pCSII-CN-1-transfected Cos-7 cells cultured in medium containing 25 mmol/l d-glucose, the immature 61 kilodaltons (kDa) CN-1 immune reactive band was not detected. This was paralleled by an increased GlcNAc expression in cell lysates and CN-1 expression in the supernatants. Homozygous (CTG)(5) diabetic patients had significantly higher serum CN-1 activity compared with genotype-matched, healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that apart from the (CTG)(n) polymorphism in the signal peptide of CN-1, N-glycosylation is essential for appropriate secretion and enzyme activity. Since hyperglycemia enhances CN-1 secretion and enzyme activity, our data suggest that poor blood glucose control in diabetic patients might result in an increased CN-1 secretion even in the presence of the (CTG)(5) allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Riedl
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hannes Koeppel
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederick Pfister
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Peters
- First Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Sauerhoefer
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paula Sternik
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paul Brinkkoetter
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanswalter Zentgraf
- Department of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Van Den Born
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J.L. Bakker
- Department of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bart Janssen
- Institute of Human Genetics Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fokko J. van der Woude
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benito A. Yard
- 5th Medical Clinic, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Corresponding author: Benito A. Yard,
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Adler S, Pahl M, Abboud H, Nicholas S, Ipp E, Seldin M. Mexican-American admixture mapping analyses for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Semin Nephrol 2010; 30:141-9. [PMID: 20347643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a classic complex trait, whose development in a given individual reflects contributions from multiple genes and whose expression is modulated by environmental factors. Numerous genetic strategies have been used to identify common disease risk loci and genes, including candidate gene analyses, linkage analysis, transmission disequilibrium testing (a family based association test to identify linkage between a genetic marker and a biological trait or disease), and admixture mapping (also referred to as mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium). Choosing the best genetic strategy to identify susceptibility genes in a disease is dependent on knowing whether the disorder is monogenic (the result of one gene), oligogenic (the result of a few genes), or polygenic (the result of many genes). The likelihood of finding risk loci for a disease with a putative genetic contribution is in part owing to the disease recurrence risk ratio (the risk of expressing the disease phenotype in siblings of the proband divided by the risk observed in the general population), the genotypic risk ratio (the risk of expressing the phenotype if the gene is present divided by the risk if the gene is not present), the number of susceptibility genes, how the susceptibility genes interact, how much of the disease risk is contributed by environmental factors, and the disease penetrance (the likelihood that the phenotype will be expressed if the gene is present).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Adler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Kiliś-Pstrusińska K, Zwolińska D, Grzeszczak W. Is Carnosinase 1 Gene (CNDP1) Polymorphism Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Children and Young Adults? Results of a Family-based Study. Arch Med Res 2010; 41:356-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Mooyaart AL, Zutinic A, Bakker SJL, Grootendorst DC, Kleefstra N, van Valkengoed IGM, Böhringer S, Bilo HJG, Dekker FW, Bruijn JA, Navis G, Janssen B, Baelde HJ, De Heer E. Association between CNDP1 genotype and diabetic nephropathy is sex specific. Diabetes 2010; 59:1555-9. [PMID: 20332346 PMCID: PMC2874718 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 5-5 homozygous CNDP1 (carnosinase) genotype is associated with a reduced risk of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated whether this association is sex specific and independent of susceptibility for type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Three separate groups of 114, 90, and 66 patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy were included in this study and compared with 93 patients with type 2 diabetes for >15 years without diabetic nephropathy and 472 population control subjects. The diabetes control group was used to determine an association in the three patient groups separately, and the population control group was used to estimate the genotype risk [odds ratio (CI)] for the population in a pooled analysis. The population control subjects were also compared with 562 patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic nephropathy to determine whether the association was independent of type 2 diabetes. The CNDP1 genotype was determined by fragment analysis after PCR amplification. RESULTS The frequency of the 5-5 homozygous genotype was 28, 36, and 41% in the three diabetic nephropathy patient groups and 43 and 42% in the diabetic and population control subjects, respectively. The 5-5 homozygous genotype occurred significantly less frequently in women in all three patient groups compared with diabetic control subjects. The genotype risk for the population was estimated to be 0.5 (0.30-0.68) in women and 1.2 (0.77-1.69) in men. The 562 patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic nephropathy did not differ from the general population (P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the association between the CNDP1 gene and diabetic nephropathy is sex specific and independent of susceptibility for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antien L Mooyaart
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews recent efforts to identify genetic variants conferring risk for chronic kidney disease. A brief overview of methods for identifying gene variants is provided, along with genetic associations and new avenues under exploration. RECENT FINDINGS The role of renal failure susceptibility genes, including MYH9, ELMO1, UMOD and ACTN4, has become clearer over the past 18 months. The spectrum of MYH9-associated kidney disease, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, global glomerulosclerosis and collapsing glomerulopathy, related entities contributing to approximately 43% of end-stage renal disease in African-Americans, has come to light. SUMMARY MYH9 will re-categorize focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and related disorders, and has clarified the relationship between hypertension and kidney disease. MYH9 polymorphisms account for much of the excess risk of HIV-associated nephropathy and nondiabetic kidney disease in African-Americans. Kidney disease associations with ELMO1 and UMOD have been replicated and applications of genome-wide association studies based on expression data are providing novel insights on renal protein expression. These breakthroughs will alter our approach to kidney disease surveillance and lead to new therapeutic options.
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McKnight AJ, Patterson CC, Pettigrew KA, Savage DA, Kilner J, Murphy M, Sadlier D, Maxwell AP. A GREM1 gene variant associates with diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:773-81. [PMID: 20150533 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gremlin, a cell growth and differentiation factor, promotes the development of diabetic nephropathy in animal models, but whether GREM1 gene variants associate with diabetic nephropathy is unknown. We comprehensively screened the 5' upstream region (including the predicted promoter), all exons, intron-exon boundaries, complete untranslated regions, and the 3' region downstream of the GREM1 gene. We identified 31 unique variants, including 24 with a minor allele frequency exceeding 5%, and 9 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs). We selected one additional variant that we predicted to alter transcription factor binding. We genotyped 709 individuals with type 1 diabetes of whom 267 had nephropathy (cases) and 442 had no evidence of kidney disease (controls). Three individual SNPs significantly associated with nephropathy at the 5% level, and two remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing. Subsequently, we genotyped a replicate population comprising 597 cases and 502 controls: this population supported an association with one of the SNPs (rs1129456; P = 0.0003). Combined analysis, adjusted for recruitment center (n = 8), suggested that the T allele conferred greater odds of nephropathy (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.11). In summary, the GREM1 variant rs1129456 associates with diabetic nephropathy, perhaps explaining some of the genetic susceptibility to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jayne McKnight
- Nephrology Research Group, Queen's University of Belfast, c/o Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Pezzolesi MG, Poznik GD, Mychaleckyj JC, Paterson AD, Barati MT, Klein JB, Ng DP, Placha G, Canani LH, Bochenski J, Waggott D, Merchant ML, Krolewski B, Mirea L, Wanic K, Katavetin P, Kure M, Wolkow P, Dunn JS, Smiles A, Walker WH, Boright AP, Bull SB, Doria A, Rogus JJ, Rich SS, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58:1403-10. [PMID: 19252134 PMCID: PMC2682673 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite extensive evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy, the identification of susceptibility genes and their variants has had limited success. To search for genes that contribute to diabetic nephropathy, a genome-wide association scan was implemented on the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes collection. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We genotyped approximately 360,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 820 case subjects (284 with proteinuria and 536 with end-stage renal disease) and 885 control subjects with type 1 diabetes. Confirmation of implicated SNPs was sought in 1,304 participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, a long-term, prospective investigation of the development of diabetes-associated complications. RESULTS A total of 13 SNPs located in four genomic loci were associated with diabetic nephropathy with P < 1 x 10(-5). The strongest association was at the FRMD3 (4.1 protein ezrin, radixin, moesin [FERM] domain containing 3) locus (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, P = 5.0 x 10(-7)). A strong association was also identified at the CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) locus (OR = 1.36, P = 3.1 x 10(-6)). Associations between both loci and time to onset of diabetic nephropathy were supported in the DCCT/EDIC study (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33, P = 0.02, and HR = 1.32, P = 0.01, respectively). We demonstratedexpression of both FRMD3 and CARS in human kidney. CONCLUSIONS We identified genetic associations for susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy at two novel candidate loci near the FRMD3 and CARS genes. Their identification implicates previously unsuspected pathways in the pathogenesis of this important late complication of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G. Pezzolesi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G. David Poznik
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Josyf C. Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jon B. Klein
- Kidney Disease Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel P.K. Ng
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Placha
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luis H. Canani
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jacek Bochenski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daryl Waggott
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Bozena Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucia Mirea
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Wanic
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pisut Katavetin
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masahiko Kure
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pawel Wolkow
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jonathon S. Dunn
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Smiles
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William H. Walker
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew P. Boright
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shelley B. Bull
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Alessandro Doria
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J. Rogus
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - James H. Warram
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Andrzej S. Krolewski,
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McDonough CW, Hicks PJ, Lu L, Langefeld CD, Freedman BI, Bowden DW. The influence of carnosinase gene polymorphisms on diabetic nephropathy risk in African-Americans. Hum Genet 2009; 126:265-75. [PMID: 19373489 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Four genome wide linkage scans for diabetic nephropathy have mapped susceptibility loci to chromosome 18q22.3-23 in the region of the carnosinase genes, CNDP1 and CNDP2. CNDP1 has been associated with diabetic nephropathy in Europeans and European Americans, but not African-Americans. Individuals homozygous for a five tri-nucleotide repeat allele (5L; D18S880) are protected from diabetic nephropathy. We identified 64 variants after sequencing the exons, promoter, and 3' UTR of CNDP1 and CNDP2 in African-American and European American DNA samples. After scanning 44 of these variants, extensive genotyping of 12 SNPs and D18S880 was performed in 1,025 African-American cases with type 2 diabetes (DM)-associated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and 1,064 African-American non-diabetic non-nephropathy controls to assess whether the carnosinase genes influence risk for DM-ESRD in African-Americans. Evidence of association with DM-ESRD was seen with 2 SNPs: rs6566810 and rs4892247; 3 two-marker haplotypes: rs6566810 and rs17089362, rs17089362 and rs890336, and rs890334 and rs12717111 (global empirical P = 0.0034, 0.0275, and 0.0002, respectively) and 3 three-marker haplotypes: rs6566810, rs17089362, and rs890336; rs890335, rs890334, and rs12717111; and rs890334, rs12717111, and D18S880 (global empirical P = 0.0074, 1.5E-05, and 0.0032, respectively). The risk haplotypes (rs6566810, rs17089362 [A,T] and rs6566810, rs17089362, rs890336 [A,T,C]) were most strongly associated with DM-ESRD among African-Americans in the non 5L-5L group. Variants in the carnosinase genes appear to contribute to diabetic nephropathy susceptibility in African-Americans. Protection from diabetic nephropathy afforded by 5L-5L homozygosity in CNDP1 may be masked by the effects of additional risk haplotypes in CNDP1 and CNDP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin W McDonough
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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