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Kim J, Kim M, Kim M, You YH, Song Y, Lee BW. Dysregulation of autophagy activation induced by atorvastatin contributes to new-onset diabetes mellitus in western diet-fed mice. Metabolism 2024; 153:155795. [PMID: 38253121 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The incidence of statin-induced new-onset diabetes (NOD) is increasing but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of various doses of atorvastatin (ATO)-induced autophagy on the development of NOD. METHODS AND RESULTS The isolated rat islets and MIN6 cells-treated with ATO, exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduced insulin content, and induced apoptosis. Additionally, autophagy was induced at all doses (in vitro: 5, 10, 20 μM; in vivo: 10, 15, 20 mg/kg) in ATO-treated MIN6 cells or western diet (WD)-fed mice. In contrast to normal glucose-tolerant mice administered a low-dose (10 mg/kg) ATO, those treated with high-doses (15 or 20 mg/kg) exhibited impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, high-dose ATO-treated mice showed decreased β-cell mass and increased apoptosis compared to that of vehicle-treated mice. We also observed that the number of vesicophagous cells in the pancreas of 20 mg/kg ATO-treated WD-fed mice was higher than in vehicle-treated WD-fed mice. Inhibiting autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and siAtg5 improved glucose tolerance in vivo and in vitro by preventing apoptotic β-cell death and restoring insulin granules. CONCLUSION These results indicate that high doses of ATO induced hyperactivated autophagy in pancreatic cells, leading to impaired insulin storage, decreased cell viability, and reduced functional cell mass, ultimately resulting in NOD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjune Kim
- Department of gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hye You
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Song
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon J, Kim MS, Blagojevic C, Mailloux J, Medwid S, Tirona RG, Wang R, Schwarz UI. Differential effects of OATP2B1 on statin accumulation and toxicity in a beta cell model. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:130-147. [PMID: 37771097 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2262568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus has been recently reported for statin therapy, and experimental studies have shown reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and mitochondrial dysfunction in beta cells with effects differing among agents. Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 contributes to hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin, three known substrates. Since OATP2B1 is present in beta cells of the human pancreas, we investigated if OATP2B1 facilitates the local accumulation of statins in a rat beta cell model INS-1 832/13 (INS-1) thereby amplifying statin-induced toxicity. OATP2B1 overexpression in INS-1 cells via adenoviral transduction showed 2.5-, 1.8- and 1.4-fold higher cellular retention of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin, respectively, relative to LacZ control, while absolute intracellular concentration was about twice as high for the lipophilic atorvastatin compared to the more hydrophilic rosuvastatin and pravastatin. After 24 h statin treatment at high concentrations, OATP2B1 enhanced statin toxicity involving activation of intrinsic apoptosis (caspase 3/7 activation) and mitochondrial dysfunction (NADH dehydrogenase activity) following rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, which was partly reversed by isoprenoids. OATP2B1 had no effect on statin-induced reduction in GSIS, mitochondrial electron transport chain complex expression or caspase 9 activation. We confirmed a dose-dependent reduction in insulin secretion by rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in native INS-1 with a modest change in cellular ATP. Collectively, our results indicate a role of OATP2B1, which is abundant in human beta cells, in statin accumulation and statin-induced toxicity but not insulin secretion of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in INS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kwon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle S Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Blagojevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaymie Mailloux
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Medwid
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ute I Schwarz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Wang YJ, Yeh CJ, Gao ZH, Hwang E, Chen HH, Wu SN. Inhibitory Perturbations of Fluvastatin on Afterhyperpolarization Current, Erg-mediated K + Current, and Hyperpolarization-activated Cation Current in Both Pituitary GH 3 Cells and Primary Embryonic Mouse Cortical Neurons. Neuroscience 2023; 531:12-23. [PMID: 37661016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluvastatin (FLV), the first synthetically derived 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. While its primary mechanism of action is to reduce cholesterol levels, there is some evidence suggesting that it may also have effects on K+ channels. However, the overall effects of fluvastatin on ionic currents are not yet well understood. The whole-cell clamp recordings were applied to evaluate the ionic currents and action potentials of cells. Here, we have demonstrated that FLV can effectively inhibit the amplitude of erg-mediated K+ current (IK(erg)) in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells, with an IC50 of approximately 3.2 µM. In the presence of FLV, the midpoint in the activation curve of IK(erg) was distinctly shifted to a less negative potential by 10 mV, with minimal modification of the gating charge. However, the magnitude of hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) elicited by long-lasting membrane hyperpolarization was progressively decreased, with an IC50 value of 8.7 µM, upon exposure to FLV. More interestingly, we also found that FLV (5 µM) could regulate the action potential and afterhyperpolarization properties in primary embryonic mouse cortical neurons. Our study presents compelling evidence indicating that FLV has the potential to impact both the amplitude and gating of the ion channels IK(erg) and Ih. We also provide credible evidence suggesting that this drug has the potential to modify the properties of action potentials and the afterhyperpolarization current in electrically excitable cells. However, the assumption that these findings translate to similar in-vivo results remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jean Wang
- Department of Senior Services Industry Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Jui Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Han Gao
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Eric Hwang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hisen Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, An Nan Hostpial, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Breaker RR, Harris KA, Lyon SE, Wencker FDR, Fernando CM. Evidence that OLE RNA is a component of a major stress-responsive ribonucleoprotein particle in extremophilic bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:324-340. [PMID: 37469248 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OLE RNA is a ~600-nucleotide noncoding RNA present in many Gram-positive bacteria that thrive mostly in extreme environments, including elevated temperature, salt, and pH conditions. The precise biochemical functions of this highly conserved RNA remain unknown, but it forms a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that localizes to cell membranes. Genetic disruption of the RNA or its essential protein partners causes reduced cell growth under various stress conditions. These phenotypes include sensitivity to short-chain alcohols, cold intolerance, reduced growth on sub-optimal carbon sources, and intolerance of even modest concentrations of Mg2+ . Thus, many bacterial species appear to employ OLE RNA as a component of an intricate RNP apparatus to monitor fundamental cellular processes and make physiological and metabolic adaptations. Herein we hypothesize that the OLE RNP complex is functionally equivalent to the eukaryotic TOR complexes, which integrate signals from various diverse pathways to coordinate processes central to cell growth, replication, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Breaker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly A Harris
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Seth E Lyon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Freya D R Wencker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chrishan M Fernando
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Wang L, Zheng Z, Zhu L, Meng L, Liu H, Wang K, Chen J, Li P, Yang H. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate depletion by statins compromises skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2697-2711. [PMID: 35961942 PMCID: PMC9745480 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs but have been shown to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the diabetogenic effect of statins are still not fully understood. METHODS The effects of geranylgeranyl transferase I and II (GGTase I and II) inhibition on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation, and the dependence of these effects on insulin signalling were investigated in skeletal muscle cells. The protective effects of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and its precursor geranylgeraniol (GGOH) on simvastatin-induced insulin resistance were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The effect of GGTase II inhibition in skeletal muscle on insulin sensitivity in vivo was confirmed by adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-mediated knockdown of the specific subunit of GGTase II, RABGGTA. The regulatory mechanisms of GGTase I on insulin signalling and GGTase II on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation were investigated by knockdown of RhoA, TAZ, IRS1, geranylgeranylation site mutation of RhoA, RAB8A, and RAB13. RESULTS Both inhibition of GGTase I and II mimicked simvastatin-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. GGPP and GGOH were able to prevent simvastatin-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo. GGTase I inhibition suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473) (-51.3%, P < 0.01), while GGTase II inhibition had no effect on it. AAV9-mediated knockdown of RABGGTA in skeletal muscle impaired glucose disposal without disrupting insulin signalling in vivo (-46.2% for gastrocnemius glucose uptake, P < 0.001; -52.5% for tibialis anterior glucose uptake, P < 0.001; -17.8% for soleus glucose uptake, P < 0.05; -31.4% for extensor digitorum longus glucose uptake, P < 0.01). Inhibition of RhoA, TAZ, IRS1, or geranylgeranylation deficiency of RhoA attenuated the beneficial effect of GGPP on insulin signalling in skeletal muscle cells. Geranylgeranylation deficiency of RAB8A inhibited insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and concomitant glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells (-42.8% for GLUT4 translocation, P < 0.01; -50.6% for glucose uptake, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate regulates glucose uptake via GGTase I-mediated insulin signalling-dependent way and GGTase II-mediated insulin signalling-independent way in skeletal muscle. Supplementation of GGPP/GGOH could be a potential therapeutic strategy for statin-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuguo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingchang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Chai H, Hu W, Dai Y, Zhu X, Qian P, Zhu J. Environmental exposure to organophosphate esters and suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults: A mixture analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:995649. [PMID: 36339157 PMCID: PMC9631026 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.995649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. We evaluated NAFLD using the US FLI to determine whether there is an association between urinary organophosphorus (OPE) levels and the "prevalence" of NAFLD in US individuals. Methods The current study included 1,102 people aged 20 years and older with information from the 2011-2014 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NAFLD was assessed using the U.S. FLI. Individual OPE metabolites and OPE combinations were linked to NAFLD using logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression. All analyzes were carried out separately on males and females. The possible impacts of age, serum total testosterone (TT), and menopausal state, as well as the importance of the interaction term with exposure, were investigated using stratified analysis. Results Bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate were associated with NAFLD in all males after adjusting for covariates (P < 0.05). A combination of OPEs (OPE index) was positively linked with NAFLD in the WQS analysis of all males (odds ratio for OPE index: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.19). Stratified analyzes for males revealed that considerable connections were largely confined to individuals over 60 years old or with low total testosterone. In women, the connection was limited and inconsistent, except for the OPE index, which was positively linked with NAFLD in post-menopausal women. Conclusions In this study, environmental exposure to OPE was linked to an elevated risk of NAFLD in males, particularly those over 60 years old or with low TT levels. Aside from the continuous positive connection of a combination of OPEs with NAFLD risk in post-menopausal women, these correlations were weaker in women. However, these findings should be taken with caution and verified in future investigations by collecting numerous urine samples in advance to strengthen OPE exposure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Chai
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Hu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyao Dai
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping'an Qian
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Junfeng Zhu
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Hepatology, Yueyang Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Ping'an Qian
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7
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Preparation, physicochemical characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of berberine-entrapped albumin nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17431. [PMID: 36261663 PMCID: PMC9581884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid with several clinical therapeutic applications. Its low water solubility, absorption, and cellular bioavailability diminish BBR's therapeutic efficacy. In this study, BBR was encapsulated into bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) core to reduce BBR limitations and enhance its clinical therapeutic properties. Several physicochemical characterization tools, such as Dynamic Light Scattering and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopic measurements, field emission transmission electron microscopy surface morphology, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, thermal stability analysis, and releasing studies, were used to evaluate the BBR-BSA NPs. Compared to BBR, BBR-BSA nanoparticles demonstrated superior free radical scavenging and antioxidant capacities, anti-hemolytic and anticoagulant efficacies, and antimicrobial activities, as demonstrated by the findings of the in vitro studies. Furthermore, a stressed pancreatic rat model was induced using a high-fat, high-sucrose diet plus carbon tetrachloride injection. The in vivo results revealed that BBR-BSA NPs substantially restored peripheral glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Oral administration of BBR-BSA NPs also improved pancreatic β-cells homeostasis, upregulated pancreatic antioxidant mechanisms, inhibited oxidants generation, and attenuated oxidative injury in the stressed pancreatic tissues. In conclusion, our in vitro and in vivo results confirmed that BBR-BSA NPs demonstrated more potent antioxidant properties and restored pancreatic homeostasis compared to BBR.
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Xilifu D, Tuerxun Z, Nuermaimaiti B, Aili A, Rehemu N, Sun H, Zhang X. Effects of rosuvastatin on serum glucose and insulin in hyperuricemic rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:66. [PMID: 36064644 PMCID: PMC9442931 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperuricemia is a state in which the serum levels of uric acid (UA) are elevated. This study was to determine the roles of rosuvastatin in fasting blood glucose (FGB) and insulin levels in hyperuricemic rats. Methods Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized divided into the control, model and rosuvastatin groups: the control was given no intervention, the model group was established by administrating yeast extract powder and oxonic acid potassium salt, and the rosuvastatin group was given intravenous administration of rosuvastatin for 28 days in hyperuricemic rats. Serum uric acid (SUA), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting blood insulin (FBI), glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) levels, and the ultrastructure of pancreatic β-cells were measured. Also, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores was computed in three groups. Results Compared to the model group, SUA were decreased, while the FBG, GADA, OGTT and HOMA-IR at week 4 were significantly increased in rosuvastatin group. However, FBI was not significantly changed between three groups. It was also showed that the structure of pancreatic β-cells was damaged and the number of β-cells was changed in hyperuricemic rats while they were aggravated in rosuvastatin group. Conclusion Rosuvastatin has roles in inducing FGB, GADA, OGTT and pancreatic β-cells damage in hyperuricemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilidaer Xilifu
- Department of CardiologyCardiac care unit, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Xinyiroad, Xinshi District, ÜrÜmqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P.R. China
| | - Zumulaiti Tuerxun
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Center, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, ÜrÜmqi, Xinjiang, 830000, P.R. China
| | - Buweiayixiemu Nuermaimaiti
- Department of CardiologyCardiac care unit, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Xinyiroad, Xinshi District, ÜrÜmqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ayinu Aili
- Department of CardiologyCardiac care unit, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Xinyiroad, Xinshi District, ÜrÜmqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P.R. China
| | - Nijiati Rehemu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, ÜrÜmqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Sun
- Department of CardiologyCardiac care unit, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Xinyiroad, Xinshi District, ÜrÜmqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P.R. China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of CardiologyCardiac care unit, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Xinyiroad, Xinshi District, ÜrÜmqi, Xinjiang, 830011, P.R. China.
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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10
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Xiao X, Luo Y, Peng D. Updated Understanding of the Crosstalk Between Glucose/Insulin and Cholesterol Metabolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879355. [PMID: 35571202 PMCID: PMC9098828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose and cholesterol engage in almost all human physiological activities. As the primary energy substance, glucose can be assimilated and converted into diverse essential substances, including cholesterol. Cholesterol is mainly derived from de novo biosynthesis and the intestinal absorption of diets. It is evidenced that glucose/insulin promotes cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, which have been targeted by several drugs for lipid-lowering, e.g., bempedoic acid, statins, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. Inversely, these lipid-lowering drugs may also interfere with glucose metabolism. This review would briefly summarize the mechanisms of glucose/insulin-stimulated cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, and discuss the effect and mechanisms of lipid-lowering drugs and genetic mutations on glucose homeostasis, aiming to help better understand the intricate relationship between glucose and cholesterol metabolism.
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Roles of mTOR in the Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Mass and Insulin Secretion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050614. [PMID: 35625542 PMCID: PMC9138643 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are the only type of cells that can control glycemic levels via insulin secretion. Thus, to explore the mechanisms underlying pancreatic β-cell failure, many reports have clarified the roles of important molecules, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a central regulator of metabolic and nutrient cues. Studies have uncovered the roles of mTOR in the function of β-cells and the progression of diabetes, and they suggest that mTOR has both positive and negative effects on pancreatic β-cells in the development of diabetes.
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12
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Kowluru A, Gleason NF. Underappreciated roles for Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) in cell function: Lessons learned from the pancreatic islet β-cell. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114886. [PMID: 34968495 PMCID: PMC8858860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rho subfamily of G proteins (e.g., Rac1) have been implicated in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell. Interestingly, metabolic stress (e.g., chronic exposure to high glucose) results in sustained activation of Rac1 leading to increased oxidative stress, impaired insulin secretion and β-cell dysfunction. Activation-deactivation of Rho G proteins is mediated by three classes of regulatory proteins, namely the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which facilitate the conversion of inactive G proteins to their active conformations; the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which convert the active G proteins to their inactive forms); and the GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which prevent the dissociation of GDP from G proteins. Contrary to a large number of GEFs (82 members) and GAPs (69 members), only three members of RhoGDIs (RhoGDIα, RhoGDIβ and RhoGDIγ) are expressed in mammalian cells.Even though relatively smaller in number, the GDIs appear to play essential roles in G protein function (e.g., subcellular targeting) for effector activation and cell regulation. Emerging evidence also suggests that the GDIs are functionally regulated via post-translational modification (e.g., phosphorylation) and by lipid second messengers, lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases. We highlight the underappreciated regulatory roles of RhoGDI-Rho G protein signalome in islet β-cell function in health and metabolic stress. Potential knowledge gaps in the field, and directions for future research for the identification of novel therapeutic targets to loss of functional β-cell mass under the duress of metabolic stress are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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13
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Wang L, Zhu L, Zheng Z, Meng L, Liu H, Wang K, Chen J, Li P, Yang H. Mevalonate pathway orchestrates insulin signaling via RAB14 geranylgeranylation-mediated phosphorylation of AKT to regulate hepatic glucose metabolism. Metabolism 2022; 128:155120. [PMID: 34995578 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.155120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statin use accompanies with increased risk of new onset of type 2 diabetes, however, the underlying mechanisms remain not be fully understood and effective prevention strategies are still lacking. Herein, we find that both pharmacological and genetic inhibition of GGTase II mimic the disruption of simvastatin on hepatic insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in vitro. AAV8-mediated knockdown of liver RABGGTA, the specific subunit of GGTase II, triggers systemic glucose metabolism disorders in vivo. By adopting a small-scale siRNA screening, we identify RAB14 as a regulator of hepatic insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Geranylgeranylation deficiency of RAB14 inhibits the phosphorylation of AKT (Ser473) and disrupts hepatic insulin signaling and glucose metabolism possibly via impeding mTORC2 complex assembly. Finally, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) supplementation is sufficient to prevent simvastatin-caused disruption of hepatic insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in vitro. Geranylgeraniol (GGOH), a precursor of GGPP, is able to ameliorate simvastatin-induced systemic glucose metabolism disorders in vivo. In conclusion, our data indicate that statins-targeted mevalonate pathway regulates hepatic insulin signaling and glucose metabolism via geranylgeranylation of RAB14. GGPP/GGOH supplementation might be an effective strategy for the prevention of the diabetic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuguo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingchang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Wang S, Ren H, Zhong H, Zhao X, Li C, Ma J, Gu X, Xue Y, Huang S, Yang J, Chen L, Chen G, Qu S, Liang J, Qin L, Huang Q, Peng Y, Li Q, Wang X, Zou Y, Shi Z, Li X, Li T, Yang H, Lai S, Xu G, Li J, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Wang W. Combined berberine and probiotic treatment as an effective regimen for improving postprandial hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a double blinded placebo controlled randomized study. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2003176. [PMID: 34923903 PMCID: PMC8726654 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-fasting lipidemia (nFL), mainly contributed by postprandial lipidemia (PL), has recently been recognized as an important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk as fasting lipidemia (FL). PL serves as a common feature of dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), albeit effective therapies targeting on PL were limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the therapy combining probiotics (Prob) and berberine (BBR), a proven antidiabetic and hypolipidemic regimen via altering gut microbiome, could effectively reduce PL in T2D and to explore the underlying mechanism. Blood PL (120 min after taking 100 g standard carbohydrate meal) was examined in 365 participants with T2D from the Probiotics and BBR on the Efficacy and Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes (PREMOTE study), a random, placebo-controlled, and multicenter clinical trial. Prob+BBR was superior to BBR or Prob alone in improving postprandial total cholesterol (pTC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (pLDLc) levels with decrement of multiple species of postprandial lipidomic metabolites after 3 months follow-up. This effect was linked to the changes of fecal Bifidobacterium breve level responding to BBR alone or Prob+BBR treatment. Four fadD genes encoding long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase were identified in the genome of this B. breve strain, and transcriptionally activated by BBR. In vitro BBR treatment further decreased the concentration of FFA in the culture medium of B. breve compared to vehicle. Thus, the activation of fadD by BBR could enhance FFA import and mobilization in B. breve and diliminish the intraluminal lipids for absorption to mediate the effect of Prob+BBR on PL. Our study confirmed that BBR and Prob (B. breve) could exert a synergistic hypolipidemic effect on PL, acting as a gut lipid sink to achieve better lipidemia and CVD risk control in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huahui Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Xinjie Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | - Changkun Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejiang Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tong Ji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Qin
- Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Chang Hai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongde Peng
- Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | | | | | - Xuelin Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenghan Lai
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guowang Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | - Junhua Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,CONTACT Junhua Li BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yifei Zhang Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yanyun Gu Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the Pr China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Weiqing Wang, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Cheng T, Li C, Shen L, Wang S, Li X, Fu C, Li T, Liu B, Gu Y, Wang W, Feng B. The Intestinal Effect of Atorvastatin: Akkermansia muciniphila and Barrier Function. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:797062. [PMID: 35185821 PMCID: PMC8847773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.797062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the cholesterol-lowering medicine statins alter the gut microbiome, induce chronic metabolic inflammation, and disrupt glycemic homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether effects of atorvastatin (Ator) on gut microbiome and metabolic inflammation could be causally correlated. Mice at 8-week age were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD with Ator (HFD+Ator) for 16 weeks. 16S rRNA sequencing of stool and RNA sequencing of colon tissue were employed to analyze the intestinal alterations that could be induced by Ator. A human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco2) was used for in vitro experiments on barrier function. Compared to HFD, HFD+Ator induced more weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and led to gut microbiota dysbiosis, such as suppressing Akkermansia muciniphila in mice. The expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins were attenuated in the colon, and the serum LPS-binding-protein (LBP) level was elevated in HFD+Ator mice, so as to transcriptionally activate the intestinal nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Consistently, Ator impaired the barrier function of Caco2, and treatment of supernatant of A. Muciniphila culture could decrease the intestinal permeability and recover the attenuated expression of TJ proteins induced by Ator. In conclusion, long-term use of Ator with HFD may alter gut microbiota, induce intestinal barrier dysfunction, and hence promote chronic inflammation that contributes to disrupted glycemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changkun Li
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyan Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Fu
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Liu
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Cui C, Li T, Xie Y, Yang J, Fu C, Qiu Y, Shen L, Ni Q, Wang Q, Nie A, Ning G, Wang W, Gu Y. Enhancing Acsl4 in absence of mTORC2/Rictor drove β-cell dedifferentiation via inhibiting FoxO1 and promoting ROS production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166261. [PMID: 34455055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin insensitive companion of mechanistic target of Rapamycin (Rictor), the key component of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), controls both β-cell proliferation and function. We sought to study whether long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (Acsl4) worked downstream of Rictor/mTORC2 to maintain β-cell functional mass. We found Acsl4 was positively regulated by Rictor at transcriptional and posttranslational levels in mouse β-cell. Infecting adenovirus expressing Acsl4 in β-cell-specific-Rictor-knockout (βRicKO) islets and Min6 cells knocking down Rictor with lentivirus-expressing siRNA-oligos targeting Rictor(siRic), recovered the β-cell dysplasia but not dysfunction. Cell bioenergetic experiment performed with Seahorse XF showed that Acsl4 could not rescue the dampened glucose oxidation in Rictor-lacking β-cell, but further promoted lipid oxidation. Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC) and H3K27Ac chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing studies reflected the epigenetic elevated molecular signature for β-cell dedifferentiation and mitigated oxidative defense/response. These results were confirmed by the observations of elevated acetylation and ubiquitination of FoxO1, increased protein levels of Gpx1 and Hif1an, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and diminished MafA in Acsl4 overexpressed Rictor-lacking β-cells. In these cells, antioxidant treatment significantly recovered MafA level and insulin content. Inducing lipid oxidation alone could not mimic the effect of Acsl4 in Rictor lacking β-cell. Our study suggested that Acsl4 function in β-cell was context dependent and might facilitate β-cell dedifferentiation with attenuated Rictor/mTORC2 activity or insulin signaling via posttranslational inhibiting FoxO1 and epigenetically enhancing ROS induced MafA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canqi Cui
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Fu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Qiu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyan Shen
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Ni
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aifang Nie
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Sarsenbayeva A, Jui BN, Fanni G, Barbosa P, Ahmed F, Kristófi R, Cen J, Chowdhury A, Skrtic S, Bergsten P, Fall T, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Impaired HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Caused by Genetic Variants or Statin Exposure: Impact on Human Adipose Tissue, β-Cells and Metabolome. Metabolites 2021; 11:574. [PMID: 34564389 PMCID: PMC8468287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is associated with an increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes. We studied the association of genetic or pharmacological HMG-CoA reductase inhibition with plasma and adipose tissue (AT) metabolome and AT metabolic pathways. We also investigated the effects of statin-mediated pharmacological inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase on systemic insulin sensitivity by measuring the HOMA-IR index in subjects with or without statin therapy. The direct effects of simvastatin (20-250 nM) or its active metabolite simvastatin hydroxy acid (SA) (8-30 nM) were investigated on human adipocyte glucose uptake, lipolysis, and differentiation and pancreatic insulin secretion. We observed that the LDL-lowering HMGCR rs12916-T allele was negatively associated with plasma phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, and HMGCR expression in AT was correlated with various metabolic and mitochondrial pathways. Clinical data showed that statin treatment was associated with HOMA-IR index after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, LDL-c levels, and diabetes status in the subjects. Supra-therapeutic concentrations of simvastatin reduced glucose uptake in adipocytes and normalized fatty acid-induced insulin hypersecretion from β-cells. Our data suggest that inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase is associated with insulin resistance. However, statins have a very mild direct effect on AT and pancreas, hence, other tissues as the liver or muscle appear to be of greater importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Bipasha Nandi Jui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Jing Cen
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Azazul Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technologies & Development, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
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18
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Furtado RHDM, Genestreti PR, Dalçóquio TF, Baracioli LM, Lima FG, Franci A, Giraldez RRCV, Menezes FR, Ferrari AG, Lima VM, Pereira CAC, Nakashima CAK, Salsoso R, Godoy LC, Nicolau JC. Association between Statin Therapy and Lower Incidence of Hyperglycemia in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 116:285-294. [PMID: 33656078 PMCID: PMC7909967 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamento O maior risco de se desenvolver diabetes com o uso de estatinas é um desafio para a segurança do uso dessa classe de medicamentos em longo prazo. No entanto, poucos estudos analisaram essa questão durante síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA). Objetivos Investigar a associação entre início precoce da terapia com estatina e níveis de glicemia em pacientes admitidos com SCA. Métodos Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados por SCA. Pacientes que nunca haviam usado estatinas foram incluídos e divididos segundo uso ou não de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas de internação. O desfecho primário foi a incidência de hiperglicemia na internação (definida como pico de glicemia > 200mg/dL). Modelos de regressão logística e modelos lineares multivariados foram usados para ajuste quanto a fatores de confusão e um modelo de pareamento por escore de propensão foi desenvolvido para comparações entre os dois grupos de interesses. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Um total de 2357 pacientes foram incluídos, 1704 deles alocados no grupo que receberam estatinas e 653 no grupo que não receberam estatinas nas primeiras 24 horas de internação. Após os ajustes, uso de estatina nas primeiras 24 horas foi associado com uma menor incidência de hiperglicemia durante a internação (OR ajustado = 0,61, IC95% 0,46-0,80; p < 0,001) e menor necessidade de uso de insulina (OR ajustado = 0,56, IC 95% 0,41-0,76; p < 0,001). Essas associações mantiveram-se similares nos modelos de pareamento por escore de propensão, bem como após análises de sensibilidade, como exclusão de pacientes que desenvolveram choque cardiogênico, infecção grave ou pacientes que foram a óbito durante a internação hospitalar. Conclusões Entre os pacientes internados com SCA que não receberam estatinas previamente, a terapia precoce com estatina associou-se independentemente com menor incidência de hiperglicemia durante a internação. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):285-294)
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Holanda de Mendonça Furtado
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Paulo Rizzo Genestreti
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Talia F Dalçóquio
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Luciano Moreira Baracioli
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Felipe Galego Lima
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - André Franci
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Roberto R C V Giraldez
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Fernando R Menezes
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Aline Gehlen Ferrari
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Viviane Moreira Lima
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Cesar A C Pereira
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Carlos Alberto Kenji Nakashima
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Rocio Salsoso
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Lucas Colombo Godoy
- University of Toronto Ringgold standard institution - Peter Munk Cardiac Centre Toronto, Ontario - Canadá
| | - José C Nicolau
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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Statins induce skeletal muscle atrophy via GGPP depletion-dependent myostatin overexpression in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:441-460. [PMID: 33034787 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myopathy is the major adverse effect of statins. However, the underlying mechanism of statin-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, one of statin-induced myopathy, remains to be elucidated. Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and functions. Whether myostatin is involved in statin-induced skeletal muscle atrophy remains unknown. In this study, we uncovered that simvastatin administration increased serum myostatin levels in mice. Inhibition of myostatin with follistatin, an antagonist of myostatin, improved simvastatin-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Simvastatin induced myostatin expression not only in skeletal muscle but also in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Mechanistically, simvastatin inhibited the phosphorylation of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) in C2C12 myotubes, promoting the nuclear translocation of FOXO1 and thereby stimulating the transcription of myostatin. In differentiated brown adipocytes, simvastatin promoted myostatin expression mainly by inhibiting the expression of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). Moreover, the stimulative effect of simvastatin on myostatin expression was blunted by geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) supplementation in both myotubes and brown adipocytes, suggesting that GGPP depletion was attributed to simvastatin-induced myostatin expression. Besides, the capacities of statins on stimulating myostatin expression were positively correlated with the lipophilicity of statins. Our findings provide new insights into statin-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Graphical headlights 1. Simvastatin induces skeletal muscle atrophy via increasing serum myostatin levels in mice; 2. Simvastatin promotes myostatin expression in both skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue through inhibiting GGPP production; 3. The stimulating effect of statins on myostatin expression is positively correlated with the lipophilicity of statins.
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Shi MY, Bang IH, Han CY, Lee DH, Park BH, Bae EJ. Statin suppresses sirtuin 6 through miR-495, increasing FoxO1-dependent hepatic gluconeogenesis. Theranostics 2020; 10:11416-11427. [PMID: 33052223 PMCID: PMC7545997 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Statin, the most widely used medication in lowering cholesterol, is also associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but its molecular basis remains unclear. Methods: Mice were injected intraperitoneally with statins alone or in combination with sirtuin (Sirt) 6 activator, and blood glucose levels were measured. Liver tissues from patients with statin use were analyzed for the expression of Sirt6. Results: Statin treatment up-regulated the hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, which was prevented by Sirt6 overexpression. Mechanistically, statin directly repressed Sirt6 expression by induction of microRNA (miR)-495, a novel inhibitor of Sirt6. Pathway analysis for predicted target genes of miR-495 recognized forkhead box protein (Fox)O1 as a key downstream signaling of Sirt6. Statin treatment increased the acetylation and protein stability of FoxO1, which was suppressed by Sirt6 overexpression. Inhibiting miR-495 recovered Sirt6 levels, blocking the ability of statin to increase FoxO1 mediated gluconeogenesis, and thus confirming the role of the miR-495/Sirt6/FoxO1 pathway in controlling gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the Sirt6 activator MDL801 prevented gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia induced by statin in mice. Equally noteworthy was that human liver tissues obtained from statin users showed a significant decrease in Sirt6 protein levels compared to those of non-users. Conclusion: Statin induces miR-495 to suppress Sirt6 expression, which leads to enhancement of FoxO1-mediated hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thus, Sirt6 activation may offer a promising strategy for preventing statin-induced hyperglycemia.
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Henriksbo BD, Tamrakar AK, Phulka JS, Barra NG, Schertzer JD. Statins activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and impair insulin signaling via p38 and mTOR. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E110-E116. [PMID: 32421368 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00125.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Statins lower cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease. Statins can increase blood glucose and risk of new-onset diabetes. It is unclear why statins can have opposing effects on lipids versus glucose. Statins have cholesterol-independent pleiotropic effects that influence both insulin and glucose control. Statin lowering of isoprenoids required for protein prenylation promotes pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and adipose tissue insulin resistance. Protein prenylation influences immune function and statin-mediated adipose tissue insulin resistance involves the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and IL-1β. However, the intracellular cues that statins engage to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and those responsible for IL-1β-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissue have not been identified. We hypothesized that stress kinases or components of the insulin signaling pathway mediated statin-induced insulin resistance. We tested the associations of p38, ERK, JNK, phosphatase, and tensin homolog (PTEN), and mTOR in statin-exposed adipose tissue from WT and IL-1β-/- mice. We found that statins increased phosphorylation of p38 in WT and IL-1β-/- mice. Statin activation of p38 upstream of IL-1β led to priming of this NLRP3 inflammasome effector in macrophages. We found that mTORC1 inhibition with low doses of rapamycin (2 or 20 nM) lowered macrophage priming of IL-1β mRNA and secretion of IL-1β caused by multiple statins. Rapamycin (20 nM) or the rapalog everolimus (20 nM) prevented atorvastatin-induced lowering of insulin-mediated phosphorylation of Akt in mouse adipose tissue. These results position p38 and mTOR as mediators of statin-induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue and highlight rapalogs as candidates to mitigate the insulin resistance and glycemic side effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyn D Henriksbo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
| | - Akhilesh K Tamrakar
- Biochemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jobanjit S Phulka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole G Barra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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