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Buckley JP, Riddell M, Mellor D, Bracken RM, Ross MK, LaGerche A, Poirier P. Acute glycaemic management before, during and after exercise for cardiac rehabilitation participants with diabetes mellitus: a joint statement of the British and Canadian Associations of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the International Council for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation and the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:bjsports-2020-102446. [PMID: 33361136 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 (T1) and type 2 (T2) diabetes mellitus (DM) are significant precursors and comorbidities to cardiovascular disease and prevalence of both types is still rising globally. Currently,~25% of participants (and rising) attending cardiac rehabilitation in Europe, North America and Australia have been reported to have DM (>90% have T2DM). While there is some debate over whether improving glycaemic control in those with heart disease can independently improve future cardiovascular health-related outcomes, for the individual patient whose blood glucose is well controlled, it can aid the exercise programme in being more efficacious. Good glycaemic management not only helps to mitigate the risk of acute glycaemic events during exercising, it also aids in achieving the requisite physiological and psycho-social aims of the exercise component of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). These benefits are strongly associated with effective behaviour change, including increased enjoyment, adherence and self-efficacy. It is known that CR participants with DM have lower uptake and adherence rates compared with those without DM. This expert statement provides CR practitioners with nine recommendations aimed to aid in the participant's improved blood glucose control before, during and after exercise so as to prevent the risk of glycaemic events that could mitigate their beneficial participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Buckley
- Shrewsbury Centre for Active Living, University of Chester Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chester, Cheshire West and Chester, UK
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- LMC Healthcare, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duane Mellor
- Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Sport and Exercise Science, Swansea University College of Engineering, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Sport and Exercise Science, Swansea University College of Engineering, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Marie-Kristelle Ross
- Hotel-Dieu de Levis, Laval University Faculty of Medicine, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andre LaGerche
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Pty Ltd, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Poirier
- Cardiology, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Lohner S, Kuellenberg de Gaudry D, Toews I, Ferenci T, Meerpohl JJ. Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 5:CD012885. [PMID: 32449201 PMCID: PMC7387865 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012885.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Products sweetened with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are widely available. Many people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes use NNS as a replacement for nutritive sweeteners to control their carbohydrate and energy intake. Health outcomes associated with NNS use in diabetes are unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners in people with diabetes mellitus. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE Ovid, Scopus, the WHO ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The date of the last search of all databases (except for Scopus) was May 2019. We last searched Scopus in January 2019. We did not apply any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a duration of four weeks or more comparing any type of NNS with usual diet, no intervention, placebo, water, a different NNS, or a nutritive sweetener in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Trials with concomitant behaviour-changing interventions, such as diet, exercise, or both, were eligible for inclusion, given that the concomitant interventions were the same in the intervention and comparator groups. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened abstracts, full texts, and records retrieved from trials registries, assessed the certainty of the evidence, and extracted data. We used a random-effects model to perform meta-analysis, and calculated effect estimates as risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes, using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool and the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included nine RCTs that randomised a total of 979 people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The intervention duration ranged from 4 to 10 months. We judged none of these trials as at low risk of bias for all 'Risk of bias' domains; most of the included trials did not report the method of randomisation. Three trials compared the effects of a dietary supplement containing NNS with sugar: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 0.4% higher in the NNS group (95% CI -0.5 to 1.2; P = 0.44; 3 trials; 72 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The MD in weight change was -0.1 kg (95% CI -2.7 to 2.6; P = 0.96; 3 trials; 72 participants; very low-certainty evidence). None of the trials with sugar as comparator reported on adverse events. Five trials compared NNS with placebo. The MD for HbA1c was 0%, 95% CI -0.1 to 0.1; P = 0.99; 4 trials; 360 participants; very low-certainty evidence. The 95% prediction interval ranged between -0.3% and 0.3%. The comparison of NNS versus placebo showed a MD in body weight of -0.2 kg, 95% CI -1 to 0.6; P = 0.64; 2 trials; 184 participants; very low-certainty evidence. Three trials reported the numbers of participants experiencing at least one non-serious adverse event: 36/113 participants (31.9%) in the NNS group versus 42/118 participants (35.6%) in the placebo group (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.56; P = 0.48; 3 trials; 231 participants; very low-certainty evidence). One trial compared NNS with a nutritive low-calorie sweetener (tagatose). HbA1c was 0.3% higher in the NNS group (95% CI 0.1 to 0.4; P = 0.01; 1 trial; 354 participants; very low-certainty evidence). This trial did not report body weight data and adverse events. The included trials did not report data on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality, or socioeconomic effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is inconclusive evidence of very low certainty regarding the effects of NNS consumption compared with either sugar, placebo, or nutritive low-calorie sweetener consumption on clinically relevant benefit or harm for HbA1c, body weight, and adverse events in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Data on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality, and socioeconomic effects are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szimonetta Lohner
- Cochrane Hungary, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Daniela Kuellenberg de Gaudry
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Toews
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tamas Ferenci
- Physiological Controls Research Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joerg J Meerpohl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cochrane France, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm UMR1153, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Kim H, Kang J, Hong S, Jo S, Noh H, Kang BH, Park S, Seo YJ, Kong KH, Hong S. 3M-Brazzein as a Natural Sugar Substitute Attenuates Obesity, Metabolic Disorder, and Inflammation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2183-2192. [PMID: 31984741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global chronic disease linked to various diseases. Increased consumption of added sugars, especially in beverages, is a key contributor to the obesity epidemic. It is essential to reduce or replace sugar intake with low-calorie sweeteners. Here, a natural sweet protein, 3M-brazzein, was investigated as a possible sugar substitute. Mice were exposed to 3M-brazzein or 10% sucrose of equivalent sweetness, in drinking water to mimic human obesity development over 15 weeks. Consumption of 3M-brazzein in liquid form did not cause adiposity hypertrophy, resulting in 33.1 ± 0.4 g body weight and 0.90 ± 0.2 mm fat accumulation, which were 35.9 ± 0.7 g (p = 0.0094) and 1.53 ± 0.067 mm (p = 0.0031), respectively, for sucrose supplement. Additionally, 3M-brazzein did not disrupt glucose homeostasis or affect insulin resistance and inflammation. Due to its naturally low-calorie content, 3M-brazzein could also be a potential sugar substitute that reduces adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansaem Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Seungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Seonyeong Jo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Hyangsoon Noh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Byung-Ha Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Suhyun Park
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Kong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
| | - Sungguan Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , South Korea
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Machek SB, Willoughby DS. Non-nutritive Sweeteners: Implications for Consumption in Athletic Populations. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Joseph JA, Akkermans S, Nimmegeers P, Van Impe JFM. Bioproduction of the Recombinant Sweet Protein Thaumatin: Current State of the Art and Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:695. [PMID: 31024485 PMCID: PMC6463758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a worldwide trend to reduce sugar consumption. This trend is mostly met by the use of artificial non-nutritive sweeteners. However, these sweeteners have also been proven to have adverse health effects such as dizziness, headaches, gastrointestinal issues, and mood changes for aspartame. One of the solutions lies in the commercialization of sweet proteins, which are not associated with adverse health effects. Of these proteins, thaumatin is one of the most studied and most promising alternatives for sugars and artificial sweeteners. Since the natural production of these proteins is often too expensive, biochemical production methods are currently under investigation. With these methods, recombinant DNA technology is used for the production of sweet proteins in a host organism. The most promising host known today is the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. This yeast has a tightly regulated methanol-induced promotor, allowing a good control over the recombinant protein production. Great efforts have been undertaken for improving the yields and purities of thaumatin productions, but a further optimization is still desired. This review focuses on (i) the motivation for using and producing sweet proteins, (ii) the properties and history of thaumatin, (iii) the production of recombinant sweet proteins, and (iv) future possibilities for process optimization based on a systems biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Ann Joseph
- BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- CPMF, Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simen Akkermans
- BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- CPMF, Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Nimmegeers
- BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- CPMF, Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan F. M. Van Impe
- BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- CPMF, Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods, Leuven, Belgium
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Lohner S, Toews I, Kuellenberg de Gaudry D, Sommer H, Meerpohl JJ. Non-nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Szimonetta Lohner
- University of Pécs; Cochrane Hungary; Rákóczi Str. 2. Pécs Hungary H-7623
| | - Ingrid Toews
- Medical Center - Univ. of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Freiburg; Cochrane Germany; Breisacher Straße 153 Freiburg Baden-Württemberg Germany 79110
| | - Daniela Kuellenberg de Gaudry
- Medical Center - Univ. of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Freiburg; Cochrane Germany; Breisacher Straße 153 Freiburg Baden-Württemberg Germany 79110
| | - Harriet Sommer
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics; Stephan-Meier-Str. 26 Freiburg Baden-Württemberg Germany 79106
| | - Joerg J Meerpohl
- Medical Center - Univ. of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Freiburg; Cochrane Germany; Breisacher Straße 153 Freiburg Baden-Württemberg Germany 79110
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7
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Sharma A, Amarnath S, Thulasimani M, Ramaswamy S. Artificial sweeteners as a sugar substitute: Are they really safe? Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 48:237-40. [PMID: 27298490 PMCID: PMC4899993 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) have become an important part of everyday life and are increasingly used nowadays in a variety of dietary and medicinal products. They provide fewer calories and far more intense sweetness than sugar-containing products and are used by a plethora of population subsets for varying objectives. Six of these agents (aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame-K, and stevia) have previously received a generally recognized as safe status from the United States Food and Drug Administration, and two more (Swingle fruit extract and advantame) have been added in the recent years to this ever growing list. They are claimed to promote weight loss and deemed safe for consumption by diabetics; however, there is inconclusive evidence to support most of their uses and some recent studies even hint that these earlier established benefits regarding NNS use might not be true. There is a lack of properly designed randomized controlled studies to assess their efficacy in different populations, whereas observational studies often remain confounded due to reverse causality and often yield opposite findings. Pregnant and lactating women, children, diabetics, migraine, and epilepsy patients represent the susceptible population to the adverse effects of NNS-containing products and should use these products with utmost caution. The overall use of NNS remains controversial, and consumers should be amply informed about the potential risks of using them, based on current evidence-based dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - S. Amarnath
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - M. Thulasimani
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - S. Ramaswamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
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The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress in the brain caused by the long-term intake of aspartame by rats. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1681-90. [PMID: 24970110 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term intake of aspartame at the acceptable daily dose causes oxidative stress in rodent brain mainly due to the dysregulation of glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. N-Acetylcysteine provides the cysteine that is required for the production of GSH, being effective in treating disorders associated with oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine treatment (150 mg kg(-1), i.p.) on oxidative stress biomarkers in rat brain after chronic aspartame administration by gavage (40 mg kg(-1)). N-Acetylcysteine led to a reduction in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, and carbonyl protein levels, which were increased due to aspartame administration. N-Acetylcysteine also resulted in an elevation of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activities, as well as non-protein thiols, and total reactive antioxidant potential levels, which were decreased after aspartame exposure. However, N-acetylcysteine was unable to reduce serum glucose levels, which were increased as a result of aspartame administration. Furthermore, catalase and glutathione S-transferase, whose activities were reduced due to aspartame treatment, remained decreased even after N-acetylcysteine exposure. In conclusion, N-acetylcysteine treatment may exert a protective effect against the oxidative damage in the brain, which was caused by the long-term consumption of the acceptable daily dose of aspartame by rats.
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Andrejić BM, Mijatović VM, Samojlik IN, Horvat OJ, Ćalasan JD, Đolai MA. The influence of chronic intake of saccharin on rat hepatic and pancreatic function and morphology: gender differences. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2014; 13:94-9. [PMID: 23725505 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2013.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are opposite hypotheses on the effect of saccharin. Our aim was reviewing the influence of chronically ingested saccharin on the function and histological structure of liver and pancreas and all this in light of gender differences. The rats were divided into control group - (Group C) and saccharin-treated group - (Group S) which was given a normal diet and 0.0005% saccharin in drinking water for 6 weeks. Liver and pancreas were histologically processed and quantitative histological analysis was performed. Glucose blood levels and plasma activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), body weight, and food intake were analyzed. Quantitative histological analysis determined that the values of diameter and volume density of both Langerhans islets and exocrine acini were significantly higher in S group, especially in males. AST levels were significantly higher in treated group. Glucose levels were higher in treated group, mainly due to the values of the female subgroup. Food intake was significantly higher in control group, while weight gain was higher in treated group. Treated males had significantly higher food intake and weight gain in comparison with treated females. The data presented here suggests that chronic saccharin intake affects the examined parameters. Reported facts reflect various metabolic, hormonal and neural responses in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana M Andrejić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Siegler J, Howell K, Vince R, Bray J, Towlson C, Peart D, Mellor D, Atkin S. Aspartame in conjunction with carbohydrate reduces insulin levels during endurance exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:36. [PMID: 22853297 PMCID: PMC3441850 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As most sport drinks contain some form of non-nutritive sweetener (e.g. aspartame), and with the variation in blood glucose regulation and insulin secretion reportedly associated with aspartame, a further understanding of the effects on insulin and blood glucose regulation during exercise is warranted. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to profile the insulin and blood glucose responses in healthy individuals after aspartame and carbohydrate ingestion during rest and exercise. FINDINGS Each participant completed four trials under the same conditions (45 min rest + 60 min self-paced intense exercise) differing only in their fluid intake: 1) carbohydrate (2% maltodextrin and 5% sucrose (C)); 2) 0.04% aspartame with 2% maltodextrin and 5% sucrose (CA)); 3) water (W); and 4) aspartame (0.04% aspartame with 2% maltodextrin (A)). Insulin levels dropped significantly for CA versus C alone (43%) between pre-exercise and 30 min, while W and A insulin levels did not differ between these time points. CONCLUSIONS Aspartame with carbohydrate significantly lowered insulin levels during exercise versus carbohydrate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Siegler
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Australia
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Keith Howell
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Vince
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - James Bray
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Towlson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Peart
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Duane Mellor
- Clinical Sciences Department, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Atkin
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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11
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Collison KS, Makhoul NJ, Zaidi MZ, Saleh SM, Andres B, Inglis A, Al-Rabiah R, Al-Mohanna FA. Gender dimorphism in aspartame-induced impairment of spatial cognition and insulin sensitivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31570. [PMID: 22509243 PMCID: PMC3317920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have linked aspartame consumption to impaired retention of learned behavior in rodents. Prenatal exposure to aspartame has also been shown to impair odor-associative learning in guinea pigs; and recently, aspartame-fed hyperlipidemic zebrafish exhibited weight gain, hyperglycemia and acute swimming defects. We therefore investigated the effects of chronic lifetime exposure to aspartame, commencing in utero, on changes in blood glucose parameters, spatial learning and memory in C57BL/6J mice. Morris Water Maze (MWM) testing was used to assess learning and memory, and a random-fed insulin tolerance test was performed to assess glucose homeostasis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the associations between body characteristics and MWM performance outcome variables. At 17 weeks of age, male aspartame-fed mice exhibited weight gain, elevated fasting glucose levels and decreased insulin sensitivity compared to controls (P<0.05). Females were less affected, but had significantly raised fasting glucose levels. During spatial learning trials in the MWM (acquisition training), the escape latencies of male aspartame-fed mice were consistently higher than controls, indicative of learning impairment. Thigmotactic behavior and time spent floating directionless was increased in aspartame mice, who also spent less time searching in the target quadrant of the maze (P<0.05). Spatial learning of female aspartame-fed mice was not significantly different from controls. Reference memory during a probe test was affected in both genders, with the aspartame-fed mice spending significantly less time searching for the former location of the platform. Interestingly, the extent of visceral fat deposition correlated positively with non-spatial search strategies such as floating and thigmotaxis, and negatively with time spent in the target quadrant and swimming across the location of the escape platform. These data suggest that lifetime exposure to aspartame, commencing in utero, may affect spatial cognition and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice, particularly in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Collison
- Cell Biology and Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
Sugar is an inseparable part of the food we consume. But too much sugar is not ideal for our teeth and waistline. There have been some controversial suggestions that excessive sugar may play an important role in certain degenerative diseases. So artificial sweeteners or artificially sweetened products continue to attract consumers. A sugar substitute (artificial sweetener) is a food additive that duplicates the effect of sugar in taste, but usually has less food energy. Besides its benefits, animal studies have convincingly proven that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain, brain tumors, bladder cancer and many other health hazards. Some kind of health related side effects including carcinogenicity are also noted in humans. A large number of studies have been carried out on these substances with conclusions ranging from “safe under all conditions” to “unsafe at any dose”. Scientists are divided in their views on the issue of artificial sweetener safety. In scientific as well as in lay publications, supporting studies are often widely referenced while the opposing results are de-emphasized or dismissed. So this review aims to explore the health controversy over perceived benefits of sugar substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtida R Tandel
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat,, India
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common clinical condition which is associated with metabolic syndrome in 70% of cases. Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks, insulin resistance and increased oxidative stress combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver, and increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation contributes to fatty liver. Regular soft drinks have high fructose corn syrup which contains basic sugar building blocks, fructose 55% and glucose 45%. Soft drinks are the leading source of added sugar worldwide, and have been linked to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The consumption of soft drinks can increase the prevalence of NAFLD independently of metabolic syndrome. During regular soft drinks consumption, fat accumulates in the liver by the primary effect of fructose which increases lipogenesis, and in the case of diet soft drinks, by the additional contribution of aspartame sweetener and caramel colorant which are rich in advanced glycation end products that potentially increase insulin resistance and inflammation. This review emphasizes some hard facts about soft drinks, reviews fructose metabolism, and explains how fructose contributes to the development of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD.
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Whitehouse CR, Boullata J, McCauley LA. The potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:251-9; quiz 260-1. [PMID: 18604921 DOI: 10.3928/08910162-20080601-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, the safety of artificial sweeteners has been controversial. Artificial sweeteners provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories. As public health attention has turned to reversing the obesity epidemic in the United States, more individuals of all ages are choosing to use these products. These choices may be beneficial for those who cannot tolerate sugar in their diets (e.g., diabetics). However, scientists disagree about the relationships between sweeteners and lymphomas, leukemias, cancers of the bladder and brain, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism, and systemic lupus. Recently these substances have received increased attention due to their effects on glucose regulation. Occupational health nurses need accurate and timely information to counsel individuals regarding the use of these substances. This article provides an overview of types of artificial sweeteners, sweetener history, chemical structure, biological fate, physiological effects, published animal and human studies, and current standards and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Whitehouse
- Adult Health/Gerontology Nurse Practitioner Program, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
Since their discovery, the safety of artificial sweeteners has been controversial. Artificial sweeteners provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories. As public health attention has turned to reversing the obesity epidemic in the United States, more individuals of all ages are choosing to use these products. These choices may be beneficial for those who cannot tolerate sugar in their diets (e.g., diabetics). However, scientists disagree about the relationships between sweeteners and lymphomas, leukemias, cancers of the bladder and brain, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism, and systemic lupus. Recently these substances have received increased attention due to their effects on glucose regulation. Occupational health nurses need accurate and timely information to counsel individuals regarding the use of these substances. This article provides an overview of types of artificial sweeteners, sweetener history, chemical structure, biological fate, physiological effects, published animal and human studies, and current standards and regulations.
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16
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Brassard P, Ferland A, Marquis K, Maltais F, Jobin J, Poirier P. Impact of diabetes, chronic heart failure, congenital heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on acute and chronic exercise responses. Can J Cardiol 2007; 23 Suppl B:89B-96B. [PMID: 17932595 PMCID: PMC2794474 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(07)71018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several chronic diseases are known to negatively affect the ability of an individual to perform exercise. However, the altered exercise capacity observed in these patients is not solely associated with the heart and lungs dysfunction. Exercise has also been shown to play an important role in the management of several pathologies encountered in the fields of cardiology and pneumology. Studies conducted in our institution regarding the influence of diabetes, chronic heart failure, congenital heart disease and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease on the acute and chronic exercise responses, along with the beneficial effects of exercise training in these populations, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Brassard
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Annie Ferland
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Karine Marquis
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - François Maltais
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Jean Jobin
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
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