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Wang Y, He X, Huang K, Cheng N. Nanozyme as a rising star for metabolic disease management. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:226. [PMID: 38711066 PMCID: PMC11071342 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanozyme, characterized by outstanding and inherent enzyme-mimicking properties, have emerged as highly promising alternatives to natural enzymes owning to their exceptional attributes such as regulation of oxidative stress, convenient storage, adjustable catalytic activities, remarkable stability, and effortless scalability for large-scale production. Given the potent regulatory function of nanozymes on oxidative stress and coupled with the fact that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the occurrence and exacerbation of metabolic diseases, nanozyme offer a unique perspective for therapy through multifunctional activities, achieving essential results in the treatment of metabolic diseases by directly scavenging excess ROS or regulating pathologically related molecules. The rational design strategies, nanozyme-enabled therapeutic mechanisms at the cellular level, and the therapies of nanozyme for several typical metabolic diseases and underlying mechanisms are discussed, mainly including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, diabetic wound healing, and others. Finally, the pharmacokinetics, safety analysis, challenges, and outlooks for the application of nanozyme are also presented. This review will provide some instructive perspectives on nanozyme and promote the development of enzyme-mimicking strategies in metabolic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China.
| | - Nan Cheng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PR China, Beijing, China.
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Almagthali A, Alsohimi S, Alkhalaf A, Al Sulaiman K, Aljuhani O. Assessing glycemic variability in critically ill patients: A prospective cohort study comparing insulin infusion therapy with insulin sliding scale. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10128. [PMID: 38698018 PMCID: PMC11066101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycemic variability (GV) has been associated with an increased mortality rate among critically ill patients. The clinical outcomes of having less GV even with slight hyperglycemia are better than those having tight glycemic control but higher GV. Insulin infusion remains the preferred method to control stress hyperglycemia in critically ill patients. However, its impacts on GV and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients still need further investigation. This study intended to evaluate the impact of insulin infusion therapy (IIT) compared to the insulin sliding scale (ISS) on the extent of GV and explore its impact on the clinical outcomes for critically ill patients. A prospective, single-center observational cohort study was conducted at a tertiary academic hospital in Saudi Arabia between March 2021 and November 2021. The study included adult patients admitted to ICUs who received insulin for stress hyperglycemia management. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the regimen of insulin therapy during ICU stay (IIT versus ISS). The primary outcome was the GV between the two groups. Secondary outcomes were ICU mortality, the incidence of hypoglycemia, and ICU length of stay (LOS). A total of 381 patients were screened; out of them, eighty patients met the eligibility criteria. The distribution of patients having diabetes and a history of insulin use was similar between the two groups. The GV was lower in the IIT group compared to the ISS group using CONGA (- 0.65, 95% CI [- 1.16, - 0.14], p-value = 0.01). Compared with ISS, patients who received IIT had a lower incidence of hypoglycemia that required correction (6.8% vs 2.77%; p-value = 0.38). In contrast, there were no significant differences in ICU LOS and ICU mortality between the two groups. Our study demonstrated that the IIT is associated with decreased GV significantly in critically ill patients without increasing the incidence of severe hypoglycemia. There is no survival benefit with the use of the IIT. Further studies with larger sample size are required to confirm our findings and elaborate on IIT's potential effect in reducing ICU complications in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Almagthali
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Samiah Alsohimi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Fahad Armed Forces hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Alkhalaf
- Measurement and Psychometrics, Psychology Department, Faculty of Graduate Educational Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al Sulaiman
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center-King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Critical Care Pharmacy Research (SCAPE) Platform, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Society for Multidisciplinary Research Development and Education (SCAPE Society), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud Aljuhani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ryan PM, Sellers EAC, Amed S, Hamilton JK. Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state: No longer an endocrine crisis exclusive to adulthood. Paediatr Child Health 2024; 29:81-83. [PMID: 38586486 PMCID: PMC10996570 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ryan
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A C Sellers
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shazhan Amed
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jill K Hamilton
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Huang J, Yeung AM, Bergenstal RM, Castorino K, Cengiz E, Dhatariya K, Niu I, Sherr JL, Umpierrez GE, Klonoff DC. Update on Measuring Ketones. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024; 18:714-726. [PMID: 36794812 PMCID: PMC11089855 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231152236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Ketone bodies are an energy substrate produced by the liver and used during states of low carbohydrate availability, such as fasting or prolonged exercise. High ketone concentrations can be present with insulin insufficiency and are a key finding in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). During states of insulin deficiency, lipolysis increases and a flood of circulating free fatty acids is converted in the liver into ketone bodies-mainly beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. During DKA, beta-hydroxybutyrate is the predominant ketone in blood. As DKA resolves, beta-hydroxybutyrate is oxidized to acetoacetate, which is the predominant ketone in the urine. Because of this lag, a urine ketone test might be increasing even as DKA is resolving. Point-of-care tests are available for self-testing of blood ketones and urine ketones through measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate and are cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Acetone forms through spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate and can be measured in exhaled breath, but currently no device is FDA-cleared for this purpose. Recently, technology has been announced for measuring beta-hydroxybutyrate in interstitial fluid. Measurement of ketones can be helpful to assess compliance with low carbohydrate diets; assessment of acidosis associated with alcohol use, in conjunction with SGLT2 inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, both of which can increase the risk of DKA; and to identify DKA due to insulin deficiency. This article reviews the challenges and shortcomings of ketone testing in diabetes treatment and summarizes emerging trends in the measurement of ketones in the blood, urine, breath, and interstitial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eda Cengiz
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ketan Dhatariya
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | - Isabella Niu
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA
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Kaewkrasaesin C, Kositanurit W, Chotwanvirat P, Laichuthai N. Enhancing outcome prediction by applying the 2019 WHO DM classification to adults with hyperglycemic crises: A single-center cohort in Thailand. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:103012. [PMID: 38643708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hyperglycemic crisis is a metabolic catastrophe which can occur in any type of diabetes. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) revised the classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) and established two new hybrid forms, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to determine clinical outcomes after a hyperglycemic crisis event in people with diabetes classified subtypes by 2019 WHO DM classification. METHODS A five-year (2015-2019) retrospective study of adult patients admitted with hyperglycemic crises was conducted. Types of diabetes were recategorized based on the 2019 WHO DM classification. Clinical characteristics, in-admission treatment and complications, long-term follow-up outcomes, and mortality were collected, analyzed, and compared. RESULTS A total of 185 admissions occurred in 136 patients. The mean age was 50.6 ± 18.4 years (49.3 % men). The annual average incidence of hyperglycemic crises was 5.2 events/1000 persons. The proportion of type 1 diabetes, T2D, LADA, ketosis-prone T2D, and pancreatic DM were 15.4 %, 69.1 %, 2.2 %, 11 %, and 2.2 %, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 3.7 % while cumulative mortality totaled 19.1 %. During the 24-month follow-up, ketosis-prone T2D had the highest success of insulin discontinuation (HR 6.59; 95 % CI 6.69-319.4; p < 0.001), while T2D demonstrated the highest mortality compared to others (HR, 2.89; 95%CI 1.15-6.27; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The reclassification of diabetes based on 2019 WHO DM classification helped elucidate differences in long-term outcomes and mortality among DM types. The new classification, which separates ketosis-prone T2D from standard T2D, should be encouraged in clinical practice for precise and individualized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchon Kaewkrasaesin
- Division of Medicine, Taksin Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand; Diabetes and Metabolic Care Center, Taksin Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand.
| | - Weerapat Kositanurit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phawinpon Chotwanvirat
- Diabetes and Metabolic Care Center, Taksin Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand
| | - Nitchakarn Laichuthai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Excellent Center in Diabetes, Hormones and Metabolism, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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González-Vidal T, Lambert C, García AV, Villa-Fernández E, Pujante P, Ares-Blanco J, Menéndez Torre E, Delgado-Álvarez E. Hypoglycemia during hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crises is associated with long-term mortality. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:83. [PMID: 38594758 PMCID: PMC11005231 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has indicated that hypoglycemia during hospitalization is a predictor of unfavorable outcomes in patients with diabetes. However, no studies have examined the long-term impact of hypoglycemia in adults admitted for hyperglycemic crises. The study was aimed to investigate the long-term implications of hypoglycemia during hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crises, particularly in terms of all-cause mortality. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 170 patients (82 men [48.2%], median age 72 years) admitted to a university hospital for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crises, including pure hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states and hyperosmolar diabetic ketoacidoses. We separately investigated the prognostic significance of hypoglycemia on mortality during the initial intravenous insulin therapy phase and during the later subcutaneous insulin therapy phase, both during hospitalization and in the long term (median follow-up, 652 days; range 2-3460 days). RESULTS Both hypoglycemia during the initial intravenous insulin therapy phase (observed in 26.5% of patients) and hypoglycemia during the later subcutaneous insulin therapy phase (observed in 52.7% of patients) were associated with long-term mortality. After adjusting for potential confounders, hypoglycemia during the initial intravenous insulin therapy phase remained associated with mortality (hazard ratio 2.10, 95% CI 1.27-3.46, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycemia during hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crises is a marker of long-term mortality, especially when it occurs during the initial intravenous insulin therapy phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás González-Vidal
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias/University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Carmen Lambert
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Victoria García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elsa Villa-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pedro Pujante
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias/University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jessica Ares-Blanco
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias/University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Edelmiro Menéndez Torre
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias/University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elías Delgado-Álvarez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias/University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Peeters G, Verhaegen A. Severe insulin resistance in a patient with diabetes after treatment with brentuximab vedotin. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e251867. [PMID: 38569738 PMCID: PMC10989180 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A man in his late 60s with a history of well-controlled type 2 diabetes and hepatic cirrhosis presented to the emergency department due to uncontrollable hyperglycaemia following the initial brentuximab vedotin (BV) infusion. BV was initiated as a treatment for mycosis fungoides, a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The patient was diagnosed with severe hyperglycaemia with ketosis. Empiric treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, hydration and intravenous insulin infusion was initiated. Hyperglycaemia persisted despite receiving massive amounts of insulin and was corrected only after treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone for suspected type B insulin resistance. Extremely high and difficult-to-treat hyperglycaemia is a rare side effect of BV. Unfortunately, the patient died of upper gastrointestinal bleeding 22 days after discharge. In patients with obesity and/or diabetes mellitus, the blood glucose levels should be carefully monitored when treated with BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet Peeters
- Endocrinology-Diabetology, ZNA Jan Palfijn, Merksem, Belgium
| | - Ann Verhaegen
- Endocrinology-Diabetology, ZNA Jan Palfijn, Merksem, Belgium
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Hendi MF, Alrais ZF, Syed F, Elkholy HM, Alsayed H, Moin M, Mukhtar SH. Prevalence of Diabetes, Ketosis, and Ketoacidosis and Their Correlation With Mortality in Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e57551. [PMID: 38707154 PMCID: PMC11068365 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to find out the prevalence of diabetes, ketosis, and ketoacidosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) critically ill patients and to explore the clinical impact of the development of ketosis and ketoacidosis on the outcome of COVID-19 critically ill patients and identify them as potential risk factors for these patients. Methods We collected data on COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) retrospectively. The study population will be classified into two groups based on the presence of diabetes or ketosis. Results The study comprises data on 253 ICU patients admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia. Two hundred patients (79.05%) had diabetes or prediabetes on admission. Seventy-six patients (30%) presented with ketosis. Nine patients had progressed to diabetic ketoacidosis during their ICU stay. Concerning the outcome, among 150 patients who died (59.3%), there was significantly higher mortality among the ketotic patients (69.7%) compared to nonketotic patients (54.8%) with a P-value < 0.027. We noted that the peak blood glucose level during ICU stay was statistically significantly higher in nonsurvivors (mean 345 mg/dl) compared to survivors (mean 298 mg/dl) with a P-value of 0.006. Our data showed that peak serum levels of lactate, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein, white blood cells (WBC), D dimer, and lactate dehydrogenase strongly positively correlated to the length of ICU stay. We used the ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve) to assess the relation between many laboratories and mortality. We noted that uncontrolled hyperglycemia and other laboratory variables are significant predictors of mortality of COVID-19 patients (e.g., peak blood glucose (P = 0.004), PCT (P = 0.047), and P < 0.001 of other laboratories (e.g. lactate, PH, WBC, D dimer, ferritin). Conclusion We reported a high prevalence of diabetes and ketosis among COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. Ketosis is associated with an increased mortality risk. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia is a significant predictor of mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Muneeba Moin
- Intensive Care Unit, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, ARE
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Takahashi K, Uenishi N, Sanui M, Uchino S, Yonezawa N, Takei T, Nishioka N, Kobayashi H, Otaka S, Yamamoto K, Yasuda H, Kosaka S, Tokunaga H, Fujiwara N, Kondo T, Ishida T, Komatsu T, Endo K, Moriyama T, Oyasu T, Hayakawa M, Hoshino A, Matsuyama T, Miyamoto Y, Yanagisawa A, Wakabayashi T, Ueda T, Komuro T, Sugimoto T, Sasabuchi Y. High versus low chloride load in adult hyperglycemic emergencies with acute kidney injury: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Intern Emerg Med 2024:10.1007/s11739-024-03556-0. [PMID: 38488997 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglycemic emergencies frequently lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) and require treatment with large amount of intravenous fluids. However, the effects of chloride loading on this population have not yet been investigated. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study in 21 acute-care hospitals in Japan. The study included hospitalized adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) who had AKI upon arrival. The patients were classified into high and low chloride groups based on the amount of chloride administered within the first 48 h of their arrival. The primary outcome was recovery from AKI; secondary outcome was major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30), including mortality and prolonged renal failure. A total of 390 patients with AKI, including 268 (69%) with DKA and 122 (31%) with HHS, were included in the study. Using the criteria of Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, the severity of AKI in the patients was Stage 1 (n = 159, 41%), Stage 2 (n = 121, 31%), and Stage 3 (n = 110, 28%). The analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups in recovery from AKI (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI 0.72-1.28; P = 0.78) and in MAKE30 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI 0.45-1.76; P = 0.80). Chloride loading with fluid administration had no significant impact on recovery from AKI in patients with hyperglycemic emergencies.Trial Registration This study was registered in the UMIN clinical trial registration system (UMIN000025393, registered December 23, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Takahashi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanumacho, Omiya-ku, Saitama City, Saitama Prefecture, 330-0834, Japan.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Norimichi Uenishi
- Department of Emergency and General Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Sanui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanumacho, Omiya-ku, Saitama City, Saitama Prefecture, 330-0834, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanumacho, Omiya-ku, Saitama City, Saitama Prefecture, 330-0834, Japan
| | - Naoki Yonezawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Takei
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishioka
- Department of Preventive Services, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirotada Kobayashi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunichi Otaka
- Department of Emergency Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Narita, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kumamoto Red Cross Hospital, Higashi, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamamoto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Yasuda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Omiya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kosaka
- Department of Medicine, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, Nerima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Tokunaga
- Department of Medicine, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, Nerima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, Nerima, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Taito Municipal Taito Hospital, Taito, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashiro Kondo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishida
- Nanohana Clinic, Ikuno, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Higashi Yodogawa, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Komatsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Endo
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Tottori, Japan
| | - Taiki Moriyama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hyogo Emergency Medical Center, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Saiseikai Senri Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Oyasu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mineji Hayakawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsumi Hoshino
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Toyooka Public Hospital, Toyooka, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Matsuyama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yanagisawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Gyoda General Hospital, Gyoda, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tadamasa Wakabayashi
- Department of Medicine, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueda
- Department of Emergency and General Internal Medicine, Rakuwakai Marutamachi Hospital, Nakagyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Komuro
- Department of Medicine, TMG Muneoka Central Hospital, Shiki, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Critical Care, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sugimoto
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Medicine, National Hospital Organization Higashiohmi General Medical Center, Higashiohmi, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasabuchi
- Department of Real-World Evidence, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Cholekho S, Fan Z, Tan H. Case report: catamenial hyperglycemia: the trigger of recurrent DKA in a female patient with three-year follow-up. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1305332. [PMID: 38444588 PMCID: PMC10912938 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1305332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Catamenial hyperglycemia is a rare type of spontaneous, recurring Diabetic Ketoacidosis(DKA) in females during the luteal phase, most commonly observed in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Even with controlled serum glucose levels, adherence to a diabetic diet, medications, and in the absence of other common influencing factors such as infection, glucose levels tend to increase during the premenstrual period. This uncommon issue related to the menstrual cycle phase has not been extensively researched. Therefore, this study aims to diagnose catamenial hyperglycemia promptly and initiate early treatment to prevent complications. Case report We presented a case of a 19-year-old girl who experienced recurrent DKA during the premenstrual period, without an apparent cause. She was admitted multiple times to various hospitals and sought consultations, undergoing numerous laboratory and imaging examinations, yet the etiology remained elusive. Ultimately, she received a diagnosis of catamenial diabetic hyperglycemia. To prevent recurrence of complications associated with catamenial hyperglycemia, we initiated a comprehensive approach which included continuous glucose monitoring, adherence to a strict diabetic diet, diabetic health education, regular exercise, timely medication administration, and increase in insulin dosage during the premenstrual period based on glucose levels. Conclusions Although catamenial hyperglycemia is rare, it should be considered a cause of recurrent hyperglycemia in any postpubertal female to prevent complications. The specific underlying mechanisms responsible for catamenial hyperglycemia or DKA remain unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huiwen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Rosager EV, Heltø ALK, Fox Maule CU, Friis-Hansen L, Petersen J, Nielsen FE, Haugaard SB, Gregersen R. Incidence and Characteristics of the Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State: A Danish Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:272-279. [PMID: 38085699 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a rare and life-threatening complication of diabetes. We aimed to estimate the incidence of HHS and describe the clinical and biomarker profiles of patients with HHS, including subgroups with acidosis and acute kidney injury. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This nationwide, descriptive cohort study used Danish registry data during years 2016-2018 to identify acutely admitted patients fulfilling the hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity criteria of HHS (glucose ≥33 mmol/L and osmolarity [2 × sodium + glucose] ≥320 mmol/L). RESULTS We identified 634 patients (median age, 69 years (first quartile; third quartile: 58; 79) who met the criteria of HHS among 4.80 million inhabitants aged ≥18 years. The incidence rates were 16.5 and 3.9 per 10,000 person-years among people with known type 1 (n = 24,196) and type 2 (n = 251,357) diabetes, respectively. Thirty-two percent of patients with HHS were not previously diagnosed with diabetes. Patients were categorized as pure HHS (n = 394) and combined HHS and diabetic ketoacidosis (HHS-DKA; n = 240). The in-hospital mortality rate for pure HHS was 17% and 9% for HHS-DKA. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of HHS was higher among patients with type 1 diabetes compared with type 2 diabetes. HHS is a spectrum of hyperglycemic crises and can be divided in pure HHS and HHS-DKA. In one-third of patients, HHS was the debut of their diabetes diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie V Rosager
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalia Lærke K Heltø
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine U Fox Maule
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Friis-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne Petersen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn E Nielsen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Gregersen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Guo L, Xiao X. Guideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in China (2024 Edition). Aging Med (Milton) 2024; 7:5-51. [PMID: 38571669 PMCID: PMC10985780 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
With the deepening of aging in China, the prevalence of diabetes in older people has increased noticeably, and standardized diabetes management is critical for improving clinical outcomes of diabetes in older people. In 2021, the National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Society of Geriatrics, and Diabetes Professional Committee of Chinese Aging Well Association organized experts to write the first guideline for diabetes diagnosis and treatment in older people in China, the Guideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in China (2021 Edition). The guideline emphasizes that older patients with diabetes are a highly heterogeneous group requiring comprehensive assessment and stratified and individualized management strategies. The guideline proposes simple treatments and de-intensified treatment strategies for older patients with diabetes. This edition of the guideline provides clinicians with practical and operable clinical guidance, thus greatly contributing to the comprehensive and full-cycle standardized management of older patients with diabetes in China and promoting the extensive development of clinical and basic research on diabetes in older people and related fields. In the past 3 years, evidence-based medicine for older patients with diabetes and related fields has further advanced, and new treatment concepts, drugs, and technologies have been developed. The guideline editorial committee promptly updated the first edition of the guideline and compiled the Guideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in China (2024 Edition). More precise management paths for older patients with diabetes are proposed, for achieving continued standardization of the management of older Chinese patients with diabetes and improving their clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Guo
- National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Society of Geriatrics, Diabetes Professional Committee of Chinese Aging Well AssociationBeijingChina
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Society of Geriatrics, Diabetes Professional Committee of Chinese Aging Well AssociationBeijingChina
- Department of EndocrinologyPeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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13
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Hodzic-Santor B, Colacci M, Raissi A, Ray P, Verma AA, Razak F, MacFadden DR, Biering-Sørensen T, Skaarup KG, Sarma S, Fralick M. Validation of the Diagnostic Accuracy Levels of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision Codes for Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Multicentre, Cross-sectional Study of Adults. Can J Diabetes 2024:S1499-2671(24)00022-4. [PMID: 38262528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes are commonly used to identify cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in health services research, but they have not been validated. Our aim in this study was to assess the accuracy of ICD, 10th revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes for DKA. METHODS We conducted a multicentre, cross-sectional study using data from 5 hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Each hospitalization event has a single most responsible diagnosis code. We identified all hospitalizations assigned diagnosis codes for DKA. A true case of DKA was defined using laboratory values (serum bicarbonate ≤18 mmol/L, arterial pH ≤7.3, anion gap ≥14 mEq/L, and presence of ketones in urine or blood). Chart review was conducted to validate DKA if laboratory values were missing or the diagnosis of DKA was unclear. Outcome measures included positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity, and specificity of ICD-10 codes in patients with laboratory-defined DKA. RESULTS We identified 316,517 hospitalizations. Among these, 312,948 did not have an ICD-10 diagnosis code for DKA and 3,569 had an ICD-10 diagnosis code for DKA. Using a combination of laboratory and chart review, we identified that the overall PPV was 67.0%, the NPV was 99.7%, specificity was 99.6%, and sensitivity was 74.9%. When we restricted our analysis to hospitalizations in which DKA was the most responsible discharge diagnosis (n=3,374 [94.5%]), the test characteristics were PPV 69.8%, NPV 99.7%, specificity 99.7%, and sensitivity 71.9%. CONCLUSION ICD-10 codes can identify patients with DKA among those admitted to general internal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benazir Hodzic-Santor
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Colacci
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Raissi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prachi Ray
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amol A Verma
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fahad Razak
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tor Biering-Sørensen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev & Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Shohinee Sarma
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael Fralick
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Wu Y, Lyu Y, Li L, Zhou K, Cai J, Wang X, Wang H, Yan F, Weng Z. Unimolecular Cascaded Multienzyme Conjugates Modulate the Microenvironment of Diabetic Wound to Promote Healing. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:43-54. [PMID: 38141019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
An abnormal microenvironment underlies poor healing in chronic diabetic chronic wounds. However, effectively modulating the microenvironment of the diabetic wound remains a great challenge due to sustained oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Here, we present a unimolecular enzyme-polymer conjugate that demonstrates excellent multienzymatic cascade activities. The cascaded enzyme conjugates (CECs) were synthesized by grafting poly(N-acryloyl-lysine) (pLAAm) from the glycan moieties of glucose oxidase (GOx) via glycan-initiated polymerization. The resulting CECs exhibited multiple enzymatic properties of GOx, superoxide dismutase mimic, and catalase mimic activities simultaneously. The CECs facilitated the depletion of high blood glucose, ROS scavenging, bacteria-killing, anti-inflammatory effects, and sustained oxygen generation, which restored the microenvironment in diabetic wounds. In vivo results from a diabetic mouse model confirmed the capacity and efficiency of the cascade reaction for diabetic wound healing. Our findings demonstrate that the three-in-one enzyme-polymer conjugates alone can modulate the diabetic microenvironment for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzi Wu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yanwei Lyu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ling Li
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhou
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jingwen Cai
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xuwei Wang
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huiru Wang
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fen Yan
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zuquan Weng
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Fisker FA, Voss TS, Svart MV, Kampmann U, Vendelbo MH, Bengtsen MB, Lauritzen ES, Møller N, Jessen N. Insulin Signaling Is Preserved in Skeletal Muscle During Early Diabetic Ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:e155-e162. [PMID: 37554078 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS During diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), muscle tissue develops a profound insulin resistance that complicates reversal of this potentially lethal condition. We have investigated mediators of insulin action in human skeletal muscle during total insulin withdrawal in patients with type 1 diabetes, under the hypothesis that initial phases of DKA are associated with impaired postreceptor signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscle biopsies were obtained during a randomized, controlled, crossover trial involving 9 patients with type 1 diabetes. The subjects were investigated during a high-dose insulin clamp preceded by either: (1) insulin-controlled euglycemia (control) or (2) total insulin withdrawal for 14 hours. Insulin action in skeletal muscle and whole-body substrate metabolism were investigated using western blot analysis and indirect calorimetry respectively. RESULTS During insulin withdrawal, insulin-stimulated dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase decreased by ∼30% (P < .05) compared with the control situation. This was associated with a decrease in glucose oxidation by ∼30% (P < .05). Despite alterations in glucose metabolism, insulin transduction to glucose transport and protein synthesis (Akt, AS160, mammalian target of rapamycin, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein) was intact, and glucose transporter (GLUT4) and mitochondrial proteins (succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A and prohibitin 1) protein expression were unaffected by the intervention. CONCLUSION DKA impairs insulin-stimulated activation of glycogen synthase, whereas insulin signal transduction to glucose transport and protein synthesis remains intact. Reversal of insulin resistance during treatment of DKA should target postreceptor mediators of glucose uptake. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02077348.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke A Fisker
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Voss
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mads V Svart
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel H Vendelbo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mads B Bengtsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Esben S Lauritzen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
This article reviews the most current literature on diabetic ketoacidosis, including how to make the diagnosis and management. It discusses euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis and the risk factors for this rare but dangerous disease process. Pertinent pearls and pitfalls encountered by the emergency physician when managing these patients are included. Because these patients often stay in the emergency department for prolonged periods, recommendations on transitioning to subcutaneous insulin are included, along with dosing recommendations. Finally, the article reviews how to disposition patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and examines important factors that lead to a successful discharge home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi-Jo Lowie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 South Paca Street, Sixth Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael C Bond
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine; University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 South Paca Street, Sixth Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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17
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Chepulis L, Papa V, Lao C, Wu J, Riguetto CM, McClintock JM, Paul RG. Epidemiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Waikato Region of New Zealand: 2000-2019. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:4715783. [PMID: 37720598 PMCID: PMC10505083 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4715783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is not well characterised in New Zealand. This study is aimed at characterising the change in epidemiology and severity of DKA from 2000 to 2019 at a tertiary hospital in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Methods A retrospective clinical data review of all patients admitted to Waikato District Health Board hospitals with DKA was undertaken. Characteristics and severity of DKA were assessed by type of DKA admission (diagnosed at admission, nonrecurrent, and recurrent), ethnicity, social deprivation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and length of hospital stay, with linear regression reporting on changes over time. Results There were 1254 admissions for DKA (564 individual patients), two-thirds being recurrent events. Nonrecurrent DKA patients were younger, whilst recurrent admissions for DKA were associated with T1D, female gender, greater socioeconomic deprivation, and rural living (all P values < 0.01). DKA admission increased 8-fold between 2000 and 2019, mostly due to an increased number of recurrent events, particularly in Māori and female patients (P < 0.001). ICU admissions increased over time (P < 0.001) whilst length of hospital stay trended down (P = 0.031). Conclusions The rise in recurrent DKA is concerning, particularly in youth and indigenous Māori. Healthcare inequities need to be addressed, including adequate access to mental health support to ensure optimal outcomes for all patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Chepulis
- Medical Research Centre, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Valentina Papa
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chunhuan Lao
- Medical Research Centre, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Justina Wu
- Waikato Regional Diabetes Service, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Joanna M. McClintock
- Waikato Regional Diabetes Service, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ryan G. Paul
- Medical Research Centre, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Waikato Regional Diabetes Service, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Kostopoulou E, Sinopidis X, Fouzas S, Gkentzi D, Dassios T, Roupakias S, Dimitriou G. Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents; Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pitfalls. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2602. [PMID: 37568965 PMCID: PMC10416834 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) represents an acute, severe complication of relative insulin deficiency and a common presentation of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) primarily and, occasionally, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. It is characterized by the biochemical triad of hyperglycaemia, ketonaemia and/or ketonuria, and acidaemia. Clinical symptoms include dehydration, tachypnoea, gastrointestinal symptoms, and reduced level of consciousness, precipitated by a variably long period of polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. The present review aims to summarize potential pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of DKA. A literature review was conducted using the Pubmed/Medline and Scopus databases including articles published from 2000 onwards. Diagnostic challenges include differentiating between T1DM and T2DM, between DKA and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS), and between DKA and alternative diagnoses presenting with overlapping symptoms, such as pneumonia, asthma exacerbation, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, acute abdomen, and central nervous system infection. The mainstays of DKA management include careful fluid resuscitation, timely intravenous insulin administration, restoration of shifting electrolyte disorders and addressing underlying precipitating factors. However, evidence suggests that optimal treatment remains a therapeutic challenge. Accurate and rapid diagnosis, prompt intervention, and meticulous monitoring are of major importance to break the vicious cycle of life-threatening events and prevent severe complications during this potentially fatal medical emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kostopoulou
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (X.S.); (S.F.); (D.G.); (T.D.); (S.R.); (G.D.)
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19
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Ahmad R, Narwaria M, Singh A, Kumar S, Haque M. Detecting Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Infection: Combating a Life-Threatening Emergency with Practical Diagnostic Tools. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2441. [PMID: 37510185 PMCID: PMC10378387 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening acute complication of diabetes mellitus and can lead to patient demise if not immediately treated. From the recent literature, the diabetic ketoacidosis mortality rate, depending on age, is 2-5%. Insulin discontinuation and infection remain the two most common triggers for diabetic ketoacidosis. About 50% of cases of ketoacidosis result from bacterial infections like urinary tract infections and pneumonia. It is also important to diagnose the presence of infection in diabetic ketoacidosis patients to prevent the excessive use of antibiotics, which may lead to antibiotic resistance. Although performing bacterial culture is confirmatory for the presence or absence of bacterial infection, the time required to obtain the result is long. At the same time, emergency treatment needs to be started as early as possible. METHODS This narrative review examines various septic markers to identify the appropriate tools for diagnosis and to distinguish between diabetic ketoacidosis with and without infection. Electronic databases were searched using the Google engine with the keywords "Diabetes Mellitus", "Diabetic Ketoacidosis", "Infection with Diabetic Ketoacidosis", "biomarkers for infection in Diabetic Ketoacidosis", "Procalcitonin", "Inflammatory cytokines in DKA", "Lactic acidosis in DKA", and "White blood cell in infection in DKA". RESULTS This narrative review article presents the options for diagnosis and also aims to create awareness regarding the gravity of diabetic ketoacidosis with infection and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis for appropriate management. Diabetes mellitus is a clinical condition that may lead to several acute and chronic complications. Acute diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening condition in which an excess production of ketone bodies results in acidosis and hypovolemia. Infection is one of the most common triggers of diabetic ketoacidosis. When bacterial infection is present along with diabetic ketoacidosis, the mortality rate is even higher than for patients with diabetic ketoacidosis without infection. The symptoms and biomarkers of diabetic ketoacidosis are similar to that of infection, like fever, C reactive protein, and white blood cell count, since both create an environment of systemic inflammation. It is also essential to distinguish between the presence and absence of bacterial infection to ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics and prevent antimicrobial resistance. A bacterial culture report is confirmatory for the existence of bacterial infection, but this may take up to 24 h. Diagnosis needs to be performed approximately in the emergency room upon admission since there is a need for immediate management. Therefore, researching the possible diagnostic tools for the presence of infection in diabetic ketoacidosis patients is of great importance. Several of such biomarkers have been discussed in this research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mahendra Narwaria
- Asian Bariatrics Plus Hospital, V Wing-Mondeal Business Park, S G Highways, Ahmedabad 380054, India
| | - Arya Singh
- Asian Bariatrics Plus Hospital, V Wing-Mondeal Business Park, S G Highways, Ahmedabad 380054, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar 382422, India
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Department of Scientific Research Center (KSRC), Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar 382422, India
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Khiatah B, Frugoli A, Carlson D. The Clinical Caveat for Treating Persistent Hypokalemia in Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Cureus 2023; 15:e42272. [PMID: 37605707 PMCID: PMC10440153 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The medical community seeks to provide evidence-based guidelines for treating any disease to ensure optimal care delivery. Occasionally, a patient's unique physiology does not respond to guideline-driven treatments and requires experienced clinical personalization for treatment. Failure of clinicians to recognize patient outliers and augment care can delay treatment, provide substandard care, and potentially threaten a patient's life. This paper describes a clinical caveat for treating profound or persistent hypokalemia in patients with DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Khiatah
- Internal Medicine, Overlake Medical Center, Bellevue, USA
| | - Amanda Frugoli
- Pacific Inpatient Physicians, Community Memorial Hospital, Ventura, USA
- Graduate Medical Education, Community Memorial Hospital, Ventura, USA
| | - Deborah Carlson
- Graduate Medical Education, Community Memorial Hospital, Ventura, USA
- Internal Medicine, Community Memorial Hospital, Ventura, USA
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21
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Elbelihy OE, Masalmeh HA, Shah MN, Khan N, Gebril AA. Stress Hyperglycemia Secondary to Abdominal Emergency Mimicking Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Pediatric Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e37505. [PMID: 37187638 PMCID: PMC10181911 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal pain in a pediatric patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can be mistaken for surgical or septic causes of acute abdomen. Both DKA and surgical abdominal emergencies can cause lactic acidosis (LA), which makes it challenging to differentiate between them. Fluid therapy resulting in quick alleviation of metabolic acidosis could be a valuable sign in differentiating surgical abdomen from DKA. In this report, we present a case of the surgical abdomen with stress hyperglycemia that mimicked DKA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Noman Khan
- Radiology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, PAK
| | - Amr A Gebril
- Emergency Medicine, NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, ARE
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22
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Zughaib M, Basharat B, Small D. A Case of STEMI-Induced Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient Receiving a Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor. JACC: Case Reports 2023; 11:101792. [PMID: 37077449 PMCID: PMC10107034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2023.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
A 54-year-old female on sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor presented with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, nausea, and vomiting. Percutaneous intervention was performed to the right coronary artery. The chest pain resolved, but she continued to experience nausea and vomiting. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis was diagnosed secondary to the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. After treatment for euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis, her nausea and vomiting had resolved. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zughaib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, Michigan, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr Marc Zughaib, Ascension Providence Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, 16001 West 9 Mile Road, Southfield, Michigan 48075, USA. @marcZughaib
| | - Bismah Basharat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, Michigan, USA
| | - Delano Small
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Ascension Providence Hospital, Southfield, Michigan, USA
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23
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Xie W, Li Y, Meng X, Zhao M. Machine learning prediction models and nomogram to predict the risk of in-hospital death for severe DKA: A clinical study based on MIMIC-IV, eICU databases, and a college hospital ICU. Int J Med Inform 2023; 174:105049. [PMID: 37001474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To establish a prediction model and assess the risk factors for severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adult patients during the ICU. INTRODUCTION With DKA hospitalization rates consistently increasing, in-hospital mortality has become a growing concern. METHODS DKA patients aged >18 years old in the US-based critical care database (Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV)) were considered. Independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality were screened using extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) optimal subset regression. One predictive model was developed using machine learning extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and the other one was a nomogram based on logistic regression to estimate risks of in-hospital mortality with severe DKA. Established models were assessed by using internal validation and external validation. The MIMIC-IV was split into training and testing samples in a 7:3 ratio. The eICU Collaborative Research Database and admissions data from the department of critical care medicine of the first affiliated hospital of Harbin medical university were used for independent validation. The discriminatory ability of the model was determined by illustrating a receiver operating curve (ROC) and calculating the C-index. Meanwhile, the calibration plot and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (HL test) was conducted to evaluate the performance of our new build model. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to assess the clinical net benefit. Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) was used to compare the predictive power of the two models. RESULTS A multivariable model that included acute physiology score III (APS III), the highest levels of blood plasma osmolality (osmolarity_max), minimum osmolarity (osmolarity_min)/osmolarity _max, vasopressor, and the highest levels of blood lactate was represented as the nomogram. The C- index of the nomogram model was 0.915 (95% CI: 0.966-0.864) in the training dataset and 0.971 (95% CI: 0.992-0.950) in the internal validation. The nomogram's sensitivity was well according to all data's HL test (P > 0.05). DCA showed that our model was clinically valuable. The XGB (extreme gradient boosting) model achieved an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.950 (95% CI, 0.920-0.980); however, the nomogram model made was more effective than XGB based on NRI. CONCLUSION The predictive XGB and nomogram models for predicting in-hospital patient deaths with DKA were effective. The forecast models can help clinical physicians promptly identify patients at high risk of DKA, prevent in-hospital deaths, and promptly intervene.
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24
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Mung SM, Fonseca I, Azmi S, Balmuri LMR. Prolonged diabetic ketoacidosis due to
SGLT2
inhibitor use and low‐carbohydrate diet. Practical Diabetes 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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25
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Zhao Z, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Hu X, Li J, Tian C, Jin P, Liu D. Risk factors of dapagliflozin-associated diabetic ketosis/ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A matched case-control study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 196:110236. [PMID: 36610546 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk factors of dapagliflozin-associated diabetic ketosis/ketoacidosis (DK/DKA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted in a general hospital in China from 2018 to 2021. T2DM patients who developed DK/DKA after dapagliflozin treatment were identified. Each patient in the DA/DKA group was matched with a patient in the non-DK/DKA group in terms of the baseline characteristics. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and logistic regressions were performed. RESULTS Out of 1,684 hospitalized patients taking dapagliflozin, 170 were diagnosed with dapagliflozin-associated DK/DKA. A total of 137 cases were matched with 137 controls. The mean time-to-onset (TTO) of DK/DKA was 28.59 days. Logistic regression showed that current drinking (OR = 7.656, p < 0.001), T2DM duration ≥ 7.625 years (OR = 2.399, p = 0.017), acute ST-elevations myocardial infarction (STEMI) (OR = 12.770, p = 0.028), acute infection (OR = 2.862, p = 0.043), insulin dose reduction/cessation before dapagliflozin exposure (OR = 6.751, p < 0.001), and a major plus or major operation (OR = 2.652, p = 0.022) were risk factors for dapagliflozin-associated DK/DKA. Furthermore, T2DM duration ≥ 7.625 years (p = 0.046) and acute STEMI (p < 0.001) were independently associated with more severe DK/DKA. CONCLUSION Current drinking, long T2DM duration, STEMI, acute infection, insulin deficiency, and major operation are the risk factors associated with DK/DKA in T2DM patients. Furthermore, long T2DM duration and STEMI were associated with more severe DK/DKA situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Yatong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, PR China.
| | - Deping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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Hassan EM, Mushtaq H, Mahmoud EE, Chhibber S, Saleem S, Issa A, Nitesh J, Jama AB, Khedr A, Boike S, Mir M, Attallah N, Surani S, Khan SA. Overlap of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:11702-11711. [PMID: 36405291 PMCID: PMC9669841 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i32.11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state (HHS) are two life-threatening metabolic complications of diabetes that significantly increase mortality and morbidity. Despite major advances, reaching a uniform consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria and treatment of both conditions has been challenging. A significant overlap between these two extremes of the hyperglycemic crisis spectrum poses an additional hurdle. It has well been noted that a complete biochemical and clinical patient evaluation with timely diagnosis and treatment is vital for symptom resolution. Worldwide, there is a lack of large-scale studies that help define how hyperglycemic crises should be managed. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of DKA-HHS overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Mamdouh Hassan
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Hisham Mushtaq
- Medicine, St. Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT 06606, United States
| | - Esraa Elaraby Mahmoud
- Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sherley Chhibber
- Medicine, Mercy Catholic Medical Center, Darby, PA 19025, United States
| | - Shoaib Saleem
- Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Issa
- Medicine, Medical University of the Americas, Nevis, West Indies
| | - Jain Nitesh
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Abbas B Jama
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Anwar Khedr
- Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY 10457, United States
| | - Sydney Boike
- Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Mikael Mir
- Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Noura Attallah
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Salim Surani
- Medicine & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
- Anesthesiolgy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Syed A Khan
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
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27
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Zhou D, Song W, Zhang S, Chen L, Ge G. Au@bovine serum albumin nanoparticle-based acid-resistant nanozyme quartz crystal microbalance sensing of urine glucose. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29727-29733. [PMID: 36321095 PMCID: PMC9575391 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust, efficient and sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for glucose detection has been constructed using Au@bovine serum albumin (Au@BSA) nanoparticles as an active layer. The nanoparticles serve as tandem nanozymes and their stability over natural enzymes enable the sensor to show a wider linear dynamic range between 0.05 and 15 mM, a higher acid-resistance (pH 2.0-8.0) and heat-resistance (35-60 °C) than conventional glucose oxidase (GOx)-based sensors. The sensor has been further applied to measure glucose content in artificial urine directly without dilution, where the recovery of 99.6-105.2% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 0.88% confirm a good reproducibility for the measurement results. In addition, the developed Au@BSA QCM sensor can retain 95% of its initial activity after 40 days of storage. Overall, the Au@BSA sensor shows better comprehensive performance than the commercial sensor strips for urine glucose analysis and provides a promising approach in a more precise and robust manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyNo. 11 Zhongguancun BeiyitiaoBeijing 100190PR China,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049PR China
| | - Wenyao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyNo. 11 Zhongguancun BeiyitiaoBeijing 100190PR China,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049PR China
| | - Shuangbin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyNo. 11 Zhongguancun BeiyitiaoBeijing 100190PR China,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049PR China
| | - Lan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyNo. 11 Zhongguancun BeiyitiaoBeijing 100190PR China
| | - Guanglu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyNo. 11 Zhongguancun BeiyitiaoBeijing 100190PR China
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28
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Liao WT, Lee CC, Kuo CL, Lin KC. Predicting readmission due to severe hyperglycemia after a hyperglycemic crisis episode. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 192:110115. [PMID: 36220515 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the readmission pattern and risk factors for patients who experienced a hyperglycemic crisis. METHODS Patients admitted to MacKay Memorial Hospital for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) between January 2016 and April 2019 were studied. The timing of the first readmission for hyperglycemia and other causes was recorded. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare patients with hyperglycemia and all-cause readmissions. Cox regression was used to identify independent predictors for hyperglycemia and all-cause readmission post-discharge. RESULTS The study cohort included 410 patients, and 15.3 % and 46.3 % of them had hyperglycemia and all-cause readmissions, respectively. The DKA and HHS group showed a similar incidence for hyperglycemia, with the latter group showing a higher incidence of all-cause readmissions. The significant predictors of hyperglycemia readmissions included young age, smoking, hypoglycemia, higher effective osmolality, and hyperthyroidism in the DKA group and higher glycated hemoglobin level in the HHS group. CONCLUSIONS Patients who experienced DKA and HHS had similar hyperglycemia readmission rates; however, predictors in the DKA group were not applicable to the HHS group. Designing different strategies for different types of hyperglycemic crisis is necessary for preventing readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tsen Liao
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, Zhongshan Dist., Taipei City 10449, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd, Sanzhi Dist, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan, ROC; Community Medicine Research Center, Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chuan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, Zhongshan Dist., Taipei City 10449, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd, Sanzhi Dist, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Lin Kuo
- Community Medicine Research Center, Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Yong Cheng Rehabilitation Clinic, Taipei City 10663, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Chia Lin
- Community Medicine Research Center, Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Abstract
Depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia are all things that have been found to be linked to the mental health of diabetics. When combined with particular mental health conditions, the management of diabetes might become very challenging. The management of diabetes requires the patient to be actively involved and is contingent on the patient's adherence to prescribed lifestyle modifications, self-monitoring, and medication. Patients who struggle to keep their mental health concerns under control are more likely to have trouble managing their diabetes on their own. People who have diabetes, because it is one of the most cognitively and behaviorally taxing chronic medical conditions, may be especially susceptible to developing mental health disorders. It is more prevalent in those who suffer from mental problems than it is in the general population. Diabetics frequently struggle with a variety of mental health conditions, including but not limited to schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Diagnosing and treating mental health disorders is an important component of diabetes treatment that can be accomplished through the collaborative efforts of members of a multidisciplinary team. Patients who fall into this category can benefit from a wide range of services provided by pharmacists who work with them, including individual assessments, joint goal-setting, skill development, ongoing monitoring, and medication management. These services are designed to help patients feel better and function better.
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Farooq U, Tarar ZI, Kamal F, Malik A, Bresnahan J, Abegunde AT. Is acid suppression associated with the increased length of stay in diabetic ketoacidosis patients? A nationwide analysis. J Intern Med 2022; 292:136-145. [PMID: 35212056 PMCID: PMC9311185 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients present with low serum bicarbonate ( HCO3-${\rm{HCO}}_{3}^{-} $ ), and an increase in its level to ≥15 mEq/L is considered one of the criteria for DKA resolution. Both proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists inhibit downstream functioning of H+ /K+ ATPase in the gastric parietal cells, which results in the decreased secretion of HCO3-${\rm{HCO}}_{3}^{-} $ into the bloodstream. OBJECTIVES We aimed to introduce the hypothesis that DKA patients on acid-suppressive medications may have a delayed rise in serum HCO3-${\rm{HCO}}_{3}^{-} $ to >15 mEq/L that may cause increased hospital length of stay (LOS) and sought to compare the outcomes of such patients. For the sake of simplicity, conditions requiring acid suppression are grouped under the term peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in this study. METHODS This is a retrospective study using Nationwide Inpatient Sample employing International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes for adult patients with a primary diagnosis of DKA. Analyses were performed using STATA, proportions were compared using Fisher exact test, and continuous variables using Student's t-test. Confounding variables were adjusted using propensity matching, multivariate logistic, and linear regression analyses. RESULTS DKA patients with PUD had higher adjusted LOS, intensive care unit admission, and total hospital costs. Mortality and morbidity indicators were similar in both groups. The variables found to be independent predictors of increased LOS were malnutrition, Clostridium difficile infection, pneumonia, Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3-8, and higher Charlson comorbidity score. CONCLUSION We found that Clostridium difficile and pneumonia predicted longer LOS in DKA patients with concomitant PUD, hinting at the possible role of acid suppression in prolonging the LOS in such patients. However, further studies are needed to examine the effect of lesser HCO3-${\rm{HCO}}_{3}^{-} $ generation on LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Farooq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola Medicine/MacNeal Hospital, Berwyn, Illinois, USA
| | - Zahid Ijaz Tarar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Faisal Kamal
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adnan Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph Bresnahan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Loyola Medicine/MacNeal Hospital Berwyn, Illinois, USA
| | - Ayokunle T Abegunde
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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31
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Yu X, Fu X, Yang J, Chen L, Leng F, Yang Z, Yu C. Glucose/ROS cascade-responsive ceria nanozymes for diabetic wound healing. Mater Today Bio 2022; 15:100308. [PMID: 35711291 PMCID: PMC9194460 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wounds have an extremely complex microenvironment of hyperglycemia, hypoxia and high reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the regulation and management of this microenvironment may provide a new and improved treatment method for chronic diabetic wound healing. Herein, a glucose/ROS cascade-responsive nanozyme (CHA@GOx) was developed for diabetic wound treatment based on Ce-driven coassembly by a special dual ligand (alendronic acid and 2-methylimidazole) and glucose oxidase (GOx). It possesses superoxide dismutase and catalase mimic activities, which effectively remove excess ROS. In particular, it can catalyze excessive hydrogen peroxide generated by the glucose oxidation reaction to produce oxygen, regulate the oxygen balance of the wound, and reduce the toxic side effects of GOx, thus achieving the purpose of synergistically repairing diabetic wounds. In vitro experiments show that CHA@GOx assists mouse fibroblast migration and promotes human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation. In vivo, it can induce angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization during wound healing in diabetic mice. Taken together, this study indicates that the coassembly of multifunctional nanozymes has implications in diabetic wound healing.
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32
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Lee N, Park SJ, Kang D, Jeon JY, Kim HJ, Kim DJ, Lee KW, Boyko EJ, Han SJ. Characteristics and Clinical Course of Diabetes of the Exocrine Pancreas: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1141-1150. [PMID: 35226735 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The natural course of diabetes of the exocrine pancreas (DEP) is not well established. We aimed to compare the risk of insulin initiation, diabetic complications, and mortality between DEP and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort between 2012 and 2017, we divided patients with diabetes into those with diabetes without prior pancreatic disease (indicated type 2 diabetes, n = 153,894) and diabetes with a prior diagnosis of pancreatic disease (indicated DEP, n = 3,629). ICD-10 codes and pharmacy prescription information were used to define type 2 diabetes, DEP, and acute and chronic diabetes complications. Kaplan-Meier curves were produced to compare insulin use over time between groups. We created logistic regression models for odds of progression to diabetic complications and mortality. RESULTS DEP was associated with a higher risk of insulin use than type 2 diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio 1.38 at 5 years [95% CI 1.30-1.47], P < 0.0001). Individuals with DEP showed higher risks of hypoglycemia (odds ratio 1.85 [1.54-2.21], P < 0.0001), diabetic neuropathy (1.38 [1.28-1.49], P < 0.0001), nephropathy (1.38 [1.27-1.50], P < 0.0001), retinopathy (1.10 [1.01-1.20], P = 0.0347), coronary heart disease (1.59 [1.48-1.70], P < 0.0001), cerebrovascular disease (1.38 [1.28-1.49], P < 0.0001), and peripheral arterial disease (1.34 [1.25-1.44], P < 0.0001). All-cause mortality was higher in those with DEP (1.74 [1.57-1.93], P < 0.0001) than in those with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS DEP is more likely to require insulin therapy than type 2 diabetes. Hypoglycemia, micro- and macrovascular complications, and all-cause mortality events are higher in DEP compared with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - So Jeong Park
- Data Science Team, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kang
- Data Science Team, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja Young Jeon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Woo Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Edward J Boyko
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Aldhaeefi M, Aldardeer NF, Alkhani N, Alqarni SM, Alhammad AM, Alshaya AI. Updates in the Management of Hyperglycemic Crisis. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc 2022; 2:820728. [PMID: 36994324 PMCID: PMC10012093 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2021.820728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the metabolism of primary macronutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Due to the high prevalence of DM, emergency admissions for hyperglycemic crisis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are fairly common and represent very challenging clinical management in practice. DKA and HHS are associated with high mortality rates if left not treated. The mortality rate for patients with DKA is < 1% and ~ 15% for HHS. DKA and HHS have similar pathophysiology with some few differences. HHS pathophysiology is not fully understood. However, an absolute or relative effective insulin concentration reduction and increased in catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormones represent the mainstay behind DKA pathophysiology. Reviewing the patient’s history to identify and modify any modifiable precipitating factors is crucial to prevent future events. The aim of this review article is to provide a review of the DKA, and HHS management based on the most recently published evidence and to provide suggested management pathway of DKA of HHS management in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aldhaeefi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Aldhaeefi,
| | - Namareq F. Aldardeer
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alkhani
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha Mohammed Alqarni
- Doctor of Pharmacy Program, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Alhammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I. Alshaya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alghamdi NA, Major P, Chaudhuri D, Tsui J, Brown B, Self WH, Semler MW, Ramanan M, Rochwerg B. Saline Compared to Balanced Crystalloid in Patients With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0613. [PMID: 35018349 DOI: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the use of saline to balanced crystalloid for fluid resuscitation in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DATA SOURCES We searched databases including Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane registry. STUDY SELECTION We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared saline to balanced crystalloid in patients with DKA. DATA EXTRACTION We pooled estimates of effect using relative risk for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes, both with 95% CIs. We assessed risk of bias for included RCTs using the modified Cochrane tool and certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. DATA SYNTHESIS We included eight RCTs (n = 482 patients). Both time to DKA resolution (MD, 3.51 hr longer; 95% CI, 0.90 longer to 6.12 longer; moderate certainty) and length of hospital stay (MD, 0.89 d longer in saline group; 95% CI, 0.34 longer to 1.43 d longer; moderate certainty) are probably longer in the saline group compared with the balanced crystalloid group, although for the latter, the absolute difference (under 1 d) is small. Post-resuscitation serum chloride level may be higher (MD, 1.62 mmol/L higher; 95% CI, 0.40 lower to 3.64 higher; low certainty), and post-resuscitation serum bicarbonate is probably lower (MD, 1.50 mmol/L; 95% CI, 2.33 lower to 0.67 lower; moderate certainty) in those receiving saline. CONCLUSIONS In patients with DKA, the use of saline may be associated with longer time to DKA resolution, higher post-resuscitation serum chloride levels, lower post-resuscitation serum bicarbonate levels, and longer hospital stay compared with balanced crystalloids. Pending further data, low to moderate certainty data support using balanced crystalloid over saline for fluid resuscitation in patients with DKA.
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Marren SM, Beale A, Yiin GS. Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state as a stroke cause or stroke mimic: an illustrative case and review of literature. Clin Med (Lond) 2022; 22:83-86. [PMID: 38589106 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) is a life-threatening metabolic complication of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) that often presents with neurological symptoms. A 74-year-old man with known T2DM presented to the emergency department with collapse, left-sided weakness and slurred speech (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 3) and a biochemical profile consistent with HHS. When he further deteriorated (NIHSS 20), he was managed for concurrent ischaemic stroke. All his symptoms fully resolved after 24 hours, which coincided with establishment of normoglycaemia. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head revealed a tiny parietal lobe infarct. Two further cases of HHS mimicking ischaemic stroke have been reported with symptoms and imaging findings resolving with treatment of HHS. Our case demonstrates how HHS can also accentuate symptoms of a minor stroke, highlighting the importance of excluding ischaemic stroke in HHS patients with neurological dysfunction. We recommend consideration of early MRI and/or computed tomography angiography in this cohort, especially in those appropriate for intervention.
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de Sá-Ferreira CO, da Costa CHM, Guimarães JCW, Sampaio NS, Silva LDML, de Mascarenhas LP, Rodrigues NG, Dos Santos TL, Campos S, Young EC. Diabetic ketoacidosis and COVID-19: what have we learned so far? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E44-E53. [PMID: 34779657 PMCID: PMC8721947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00244.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, a pandemic emerged due to a new coronavirus that imposed various uncertainties and discoveries. It has been reported that diabetes is a risk factor for worst outcomes of COVID-19 and also that SARS-CoV-2 infection was correlated with the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients. The aim of this work is to discuss this correlation emphasizing the main case reports from 2020 while exploring the management of DKA during the course of COVID-19. Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched using two sets of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) search terms or Title/Abstract words: Coronavirus Infections (Coronavirus Infections, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, COVID-19) and Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diabetic Acidosis, Diabetic Ketosis). There is a clear correlation between COVID-19 and DKA. The SARS-Cov-2 infection may precipitate both a hyperglycemic state and ketoacidosis occurrence in patients with diabetes and nondiabetic patients, which may lead to fatal outcomes. DKA in patients with COVID-19 may increase risk and worse outcomes. Hence, the SARS-Cov-2 infection presents a new perspective toward the management of glycemia and acidosis in patients with diabetes and nondiabetic patients, highlighting the need for rapid interventions to minimize the complications from COVID-19 while reducing its spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathasha Souza Sampaio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nicollas Garcia Rodrigues
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Talita Labonia Dos Santos
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Solange Campos
- Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Esther Cytrynbaum Young
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bass ME, Paavola N, Kiser TH, Wright G, Jacknin G. Evaluation of Insulin Infusion Rates for the Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department. JBM 2022; 10:203-211. [PMID: 35386489 PMCID: PMC8983016 DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2022.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Objective: Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Bass
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicole Paavola
- Department of Pharmacy, UCHealth, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tyree H. Kiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Garth Wright
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gabrielle Jacknin
- Department of Pharmacy, UCHealth, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
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Tilinca MC, Gliga MC, Varga A. The Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in COVID-19 Patients: A Literature Review. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures) 2021; 0. [PMID: 35274050 PMCID: PMC8852291 DOI: 10.2478/jccm-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic individuals are considered a vulnerable population during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and several studies noted worse outcomes, including death, among those who get infected. Diabetic emergencies, such as ketoacidosis (DKA), are common and potentially life-threatening conditions in uncontrolled patients. While the pathophysiological background of the relationship between COVID-19 and DKA is not fully understood, early reports available so far indicate that patients with pre-existing diabetes who get infected with the SARS-CoV 2 virus are at higher risk of DKA. It was also suggested that DKA is a poor prognostic sign for infected patients, these being at higher risk of developing worse forms of COVID-19 disease and having high mortality. Therefore, healthcare personnel dealing with such patients face a considerable challenge, as the correct and safe emergency management of such cases is far from established. This article aimed to conduct a study that reviews the current published data available about patients with DKA and COVID-19.
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Nkoke C, Bain LE, Makoge C, Teuwafeu D, Mapina A, Nkouonlack C, Kouam W, Jingi AM, Choukem SP. Profile and outcomes of patients admitted with hyperglycemic emergencies in the Buea Regional Hospital in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:274. [PMID: 34754351 PMCID: PMC8556727 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.274.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction hyperglycemic emergencies (diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state) are the most common serious acute metabolic complications of diabetes which result in significant morbidity and mortality. There is paucity of data on hyperglycemic emergencies in Cameroon. The objective of this study was to investigate the precipitants and outcomes of patients admitted for hyperglycemic emergencies in the Buea Regional Hospital in the South West Region of Cameroon. Methods in this retrospective study the medical records of patients admitted for hyperglycemic emergencies between 2013 and 2016 in the medical unit of the Buea Regional Hospital were reviewed. We extracted data on demographic characteristics, admission clinical characteristics, precipitants, and treatment outcomes. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of mortality. Results data were available for 60 patients (51.7% females) admitted for hyperglycemic emergencies. The mean age was 55.2±16.3 (range 18-86). Overall there were 51 (85%) cases of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Twenty six (43.3%) of the patients had hypertension. The most common precipitants of hyperglycemic emergencies were infections (41.7%), newly diagnosed diabetes (33.3%) and non-adherence to medications (33.3%). Mean admission blood glucose was 574mg/dl±70.0mg/dl. The median length of hospital stay was 6 days. Overall case fatality rate was 21.7%. Six (46.2%) deaths were related to infections. Predictors of mortality were a Glasgow coma score <13(p<0.001), a diastolic blood pressure <60 mmHg (p=0.034) and a heart rate >90(0.057) on admission. Conclusion admission for hyperglycemic emergencies in this semi-urban hospital is associated with abnormally high case fatality. Infections, newly diagnosed diabetes and non-adherence to medications are the commonest precipitants of hyperglycemic emergencies. Public health measures to reduce morbidity and mortality from hyperglycemic crisis are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Nkoke
- Buea Regional Hospital and Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Buea, Cameroon.,Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy (CRENC), Douala, Cameroon
| | - Luchuo Engelbert Bain
- Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Makoge
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Denis Teuwafeu
- Buea Regional Hospital and Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alice Mapina
- Buea Regional Hospital and Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Nkouonlack
- Buea Regional Hospital and Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Kouam
- Buea Regional Hospital and Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ahmadou Musa Jingi
- Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Modi S, Syed Gaggatur N, Sange AH, Srinivas N, Sarnaik MK, Hassan M, Gajjela H, Sange I. An Emerging Facet of Diabetes Mellitus: The Nexus of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Cureus 2021; 13:e18245. [PMID: 34712528 PMCID: PMC8542353 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a multi-systemic involvement, the gastrointestinal (GI) system being one of them. In this study, we have compiled and analyzed findings from various studies to conclude that peripheral insulin resistance and hyperglycemia are the two key factors that play a role in the pathogenesis of the web of disorders associated with diabetes. These two key factors, when clubbed with autoimmunity, autonomic neuropathy, and genetic and environmental factors, play a substantial role in the development of GI disorders in DM. This article examines GI disorders such as gastric autonomic neuropathy, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), celiac disease (CD), etc. It also highlights the importance of regular screening and assessment of DM in preventing the GI tangent of the disease. A prompt blood glucose control through lifestyle modifications, dietary management, and weight reduction, coupled with pharmacotherapy for existing DM, can lead to a better outcome and an optimistic perspective on the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimy Modi
- Research, K.J. Somaiya Medical College, Mumbai, IND
| | | | | | - Natasha Srinivas
- Research, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, IND
| | | | - Mohammad Hassan
- Internal Medicine, Mohiuddin Islamic Medical College, Mirpur, PAK
| | - Harini Gajjela
- Research, Our Lady of Fatima University College of Medicine, Valenzuela, Metro Manila, PHL
| | - Ibrahim Sange
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Research, K.J. Somaiya Medical College, Mumbai, IND
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41
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Zhou D, Wang J, Li X. The Red Blood Cell Distribution Width-Albumin Ratio Was a Potential Prognostic Biomarker for Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5375-5380. [PMID: 34522133 PMCID: PMC8434876 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s327733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The red blood cell distribution width (RDW)–albumin ratio (RA) is a new biomarker, which is d-efined as RDW divided by albumin. This study aimed at determining the prognostic values of RA for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Methods Data were obtained from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care Database III V1.4 (MIMIC-III) and the RA calculated. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between RA and 90-day mortality or 365-day mortality. To further investigate the association with RA and mortality, the patients were divided into two groups. The second outcome was the association between the incidence of DKA-related infections and RA. Results For DKA patients in the ICU, RA was significantly correlated with 90-day mortality (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.0, p < 0.001) and 365-day mortality (HR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.5, p < 0.001). A high RA was independently correlated with increased 90-day mortality (HR: 7.8, 95% CI: 1.8, 34.0, p for trend <0.001) and 365-day mortality (HR: 5.2, 95% CI: 2.4, 11.3, p for trend <0.001). Moreover, RA was found to be an independent predictor for sepsis and septic shock in patients with DKA (HR: 2.9, 95% CI: 2.0, 4.1, p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, the statistical outcome was the same. Conclusion A high RA is significantly correlated with increased all-cause mortality of DKA as well as an increased incidence of DKA-related infections. RA is a potential prognostic marker for DKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depu Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
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42
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Michaelis M, Shochat T, Shimon I, Akirov A. Features and long-term outcomes of patients hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3408. [PMID: 32942337 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic complication characterized by hyperglycaemia, ketones in blood or urine, and acidosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize features of patients hospitalized for DKA, to identify triggers for DKA and to evaluate the long-term effects of DKA on glycaemic control, complications of diabetes, re-hospitalizations, and mortality. METHODS Historical prospectively collected data of patients hospitalized to medical wards for DKA between 2011 and 2017. Data regarding comorbidities, mortality, triggers, and re-hospitalizations for DKA were also collected. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 160 patients (mean age 38 ± 18 years, 43% male). One fifth of the patients (34 patients, 21%) were newly diagnosed with diabetes, and DKA was their first presentation of the disease. Among the 126 patients with pre-existing diabetes, the common identified triggers for DKA were poor compliance to treatment (22%) and infectious diseases (18%). During over 7 years of follow-up, mortality rate was 9% (15 patients), and re-hospitalization for DKA rate was 31% (50 patients). Risk factors for re-hospitalization for DKA included young age (OR = 1.02, 95% CI, 1.00-1.04), pre-existing diabetes compared to DKA as the first presentation (OR = 5.4, 95% CI, 1.7-18), and poorer glycaemic control before initial hospitalization (10.5 ± 2.5% vs. 9.4 ± 2.2%; OR = 0.8, 95% CI [0.68-0.96]) and after discharge (10.3 ± 2.4% vs. 9.0 ± 1.9%; OR = 0.73, 95% CI [0.61-0.87]). Laboratory tests during the initial hospitalization, smoking, alcohol, or comorbidities did not increase the risk for re-hospitalization for DKA. CONCLUSIONS The risk for readmission for DKA is higher for young patients with long duration of diabetes, poor compliance of insulin treatment and poorly controlled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Michaelis
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center I Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tzippy Shochat
- Statistical Consulting Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ilan Shimon
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Amit Akirov
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Maxwell AR, Jones NHY, Taylor S, Corathers SD, Rasnick E, Brokamp C, Riley CL, Parsons A, Kichler JC, Beck AF. Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities in Diabetic Ketoacidosis Admissions in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes. J Hosp Med 2021; 16:jhm.3664. [PMID: 34424192 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether census tract poverty, race, and insurance status were associated with the likelihood and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) hospitalization among youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using Cincinnati Children's Hospital electronic medical record (EMR) data from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2017, for T1D patients ≤18 years old. The primary outcome was admission for DKA. Secondary outcomes included DKA severity, defined by initial pH and bicarbonate, and length of stay. Exposures were the poverty rate for the youth's home census tract, parent-reported race, and insurance status. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze effects on odds of admission. RESULTS We identified 439 patients with T1D; 152 were hospitalized. The cohort was 48% female, 25% Black, and 36% publicly insured; the median age was 14 years. For every 10% increase in a youth's census tract poverty rate, the adjusted odds of admission increased by 22% (95% CI, 1.03-1.47). Public insurance status was associated with DKA admission (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.71, 95% CI, 1.62-4.55) while race was not. There were no clinically meaningful differences in pH or bicarbonate by census tract poverty, race, or insurance status; however, Black patients experienced differences in care (eg, longer length of stay). CONCLUSION Youth with T1D living in high poverty areas and on public insurance were significantly more likely to be admitted for DKA. Severity upon presentation was similar across exposures. Understanding contextual mechanisms by which disparities emerge will inform changes aimed at equitably improving care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Maxwell
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nana-Hawa Yayah Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stuart Taylor
- James M Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sarah D Corathers
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erika Rasnick
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cole Brokamp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Carley L Riley
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Allison Parsons
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jessica C Kichler
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew F Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- James M Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Long B, Willis GC, Lentz S, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Ill Adult Patient with Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State. J Emerg Med 2021; 61:365-375. [PMID: 34256953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is important for emergency physicians to be aware of this unique diagnosis and treatment considerations. OBJECTIVE This manuscript reviews the emergency department evaluation and management of the adult patient with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. DISCUSSION Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state is diagnosed by an elevated glucose, elevated serum osmolality, minimal or absent ketones, and a neurologic abnormality, most commonly altered mental status. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation and correction of electrolyte abnormalities. It is important to monitor these patients closely to avoid overcorrection of osmolality, sodium, and other electrolytes. These patients are critically ill and generally require admission to an intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is important for clinicians to be aware of the current evidence regarding the diagnosis, management, and disposition of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - George C Willis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Skyler Lentz
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvin Wei Choon Koh
- Metabolic Medicine Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University SingaporeSingapore
| | - Joyce Xia Lian
- Department of EndocrinologyTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Department of EndocrinologyTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
- Metabolic Medicine Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University SingaporeSingapore
| | - Bernhard Otto Boehm
- Department of EndocrinologyTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
- Metabolic Medicine Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University SingaporeSingapore
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Ibrahim A, Bayramoglu B, Hokenek NM, Tekyol D. Lactate clearance during the first 2 hours after hospital admission: A useful biomarker for predicting 30-day mortality in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14204. [PMID: 33811737 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed whether lactate clearance (LC) during the first 2 hours after admission to the emergency department can be used to predict the 30-day mortality of patients diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective observational cohort study of patients admitted to the hospital between January 2014 and January 2019. We identified patients with diabetes who had blood gas test results at the time of admission and 2 hours thereafter. We then calculated the LC in these patients. Patients were divided into groups based on mortality and length of stay (LOS). The groups were compared in terms of age, blood gas pH, osmolarity, glucose level, lactate level on admission and 2 hours thereafter, LC, and bicarbonate (HCO3 - ), blood urea nitrogen, sodium, and potassium levels. RESULTS The overall mortality rate was 7.54% (8/107). Age, pH, osmolarity, the HCO3 - , and sodium levels, the lactate level 2 hours after admission, and LC differed significantly between the groups (Mann-Whitney U test, P < .05). LC cut-off values and areas under the curve were significant (P < .05). Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated an LC cut-off value of 18.6441; the area under the curve was 0.711 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS LC during the first 2 hours after admission is useful for predicting 30-day mortality in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Ibrahim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Haydarpaşa Numune Training And Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Bayramoglu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Akcaabat Hackali Baba State Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Nihat Mujdat Hokenek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Davut Tekyol
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Haydarpaşa Numune Training And Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Al Hayek AA, Al Dawish MA. Frequency of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Using FreeStyle Libre: A Retrospective Chart Review. Adv Ther 2021; 38:3314-3324. [PMID: 34009604 PMCID: PMC8131878 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication associated with poorly managed or undiagnosed diabetes. DKA is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, but can be prevented with appropriate management of diabetes. The FreeStyle Libre is flash glucose monitoring device that measures glucose levels in the interstitial subcutaneous tissue and has been shown to reduce HbA1c, time in hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, as well as improve health-related quality of life. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and recurrent DKA and who initiated FreeStyle Libre (Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA, USA) was conducted. DKA frequency and severity, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and frequency of blood glucose monitoring were compared between the 2-year period before FreeStyle Libre initiation and the 2-year period after FreeStyle Libre initiation. RESULTS A total of 47 patients with T1DM with recurrent DKA were included. FreeStyle Libre was associated with a reduction in the frequency of DKA events, with a mean of 0.2 (standard deviation [SD] 0.4) events per person during the 2 years after FreeStyle Libre initiation versus 2.9 (SD 0.9) during the 2 years before FreeStyle Libre initiation. Severity of DKA events was also reduced, with fewer severe (before mean 0.3 [SD 0.5] versus after 0.0 [SD 0.0]; p < 0.001) DKA events. A reduction in HbA1c (mean 7.4% [SD 0.5] after versus 9.9% [SD 1.2] before [p < 0.001]) and an increase in frequency of blood glucose testing (mean 8.1 scans/day [SD 1.7] after versus 2.2 finger-pricks/day [SD 0.7] at before [p < 0.001]) were also observed. CONCLUSION FreeStyle Libre is associated with a reduction in the frequency and severity of DKA events, reduction in HbA1c, and increase in frequency of blood glucose testing in patients with T1DM and recurrent DKA. The use of such a glucose monitoring tool can help to reduce the burden of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Al Hayek
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, P.O. Box 7897, Riyadh, 11159, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed A Al Dawish
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, P.O. Box 7897, Riyadh, 11159, Saudi Arabia
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Ata F, Yousaf Z, Khan AA, Razok A, Akram J, Ali EAH, Abdalhadi A, Ibrahim DA, Al Mohanadi DHSH, Danjuma MI. SGLT-2 inhibitors associated euglycemic and hyperglycemic DKA in a multicentric cohort. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10293. [PMID: 33986421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EuDKA) secondary to Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a rare but increasingly reported phenomenon. Not much is known about the burden of EuDKA in patients on SGLT2i or the associated factors. This retrospective cohort study tries to delineate the differences in factors associated with the development of EuDKA as compared to hyperglycemic DKA. We conducted a multicentre, retrospective study across three tertiary care centers under Weill Cornell affiliated-Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. The cohort comprised of T2D patients on SGLT2i who developed DKA between January 2015 to December 2020. The differences between the subjects who developed EuDKA or hyperglycaemic DKA (hDKA) were analyzed. A total of 9940 T2D patients were on SGLT2i during 2015–2020, out of which 43 developed DKA (0.43%). 25 developed EuKDA, whereas 18 had hDKA. The point prevalence of EuDKA in our cohort was 58.1%. EuDKA was most common in patients using canagliflozin, followed by empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin (100%, 77%, and 48.3%, respectively). Overall, infection (32.6%) was the most common trigger for DKA, followed by insulin non-compliance (13.7%). Infection was the only risk factor with a significant point estimate between the two groups, being more common in hDKA patients (p-value 0.006, RR 2.53, 95% CI 1.07–5.98). Canagliflozin had the strongest association with the development of EuDKA and was associated with the highest medical intensive care unit (MICU) admission rates (66.6%). In T2D patients on SGLT2i, infection is probably associated with an increased risk of developing EuDKA. The differential role of individual SGLT2i analogs is less clear and will need exploration by more extensive prospective studies.
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Taye GM, Bacha AJ, Taye FA, Bule MH, Tefera GM. Diabetic Ketoacidosis Management and Treatment Outcome at Medical Ward of Shashemene Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2021; 14:11795514211004957. [PMID: 33911912 PMCID: PMC8047941 DOI: 10.1177/11795514211004957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common and yet potentially life-threatening acute complication of diabetes that progresses rapidly to death and requires immediate medical intervention. Objective: To assess the DKA management and treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality and its predictors among hospitalized patients with DKA at the Medical ward of Shashemene Referral Hospital (SRH). Method: A retrospective study was conducted at the Medical Ward of SRH from 01 February 2015 to 31 January 2017. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects based on the inclusion criteria. Thus, of 236 reviewed charts, only 225 patients with DKA fulfilled inclusion criteria. Treatment outcome was considered good for patients who have shown improvement at discharge, while poor for patients who left against medical advice or died in the hospital. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine independent predictors for treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality using SPSS version 20 with statistical significant at P ⩽ .05. Results: Of 225 patients with DKA, 124 (55.1%) were male. Regular insulin was prescribed to all patients and antibiotics were administered to 87 (38.7%). Potassium supplementation was given only for 28 (12.4%). Non-adherence to insulin treatment (n = 91; 40.4%) and infection (n = 66; 29.3%) were the principal DKA precipitating factors. Even though 73.8% of hospitalized patients with DKA have shown good treatment outcomes, DKA contributed 12% in-hospital mortality. The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis shown that hypoglycemia is the only independent predictor for in-hospital mortality[P = .03]. Moreover, the independent predictors for poor DKA treatment outcome were found to be smoker [P = .04], Urinary tract infection (UTI) relative to other co-morbid condition [P < .001], severe hypokalemia which increase risk of poor treatment outcome by around 4 times [P = .02], and use of Metronidazole as a concurrent medication relative to other concurrent medication [P = .03]. Conclusion: There was a high in-hospital mortality rate due to correctable causes. This mortality is unacceptable as it was majorly related to the poor practice of potassium supplementation and hypoglycemia due to insulin. Thus, clinicians and stakeholders should have to focus on modifiable factors (hypokalemia, UTI, and hypoglycemia) to reduce poor treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Melesie Taye
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Amente Jorise Bacha
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Fetene Abeje Taye
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Hussen Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Jalalzadeh M, Garcia Goncalves de Brito D, Chaudhari S, Poor AD, Baumstein D. Gitelman Syndrome Provisionally Diagnosed During the First Presentation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Cureus 2021; 13:e14253. [PMID: 33954067 PMCID: PMC8088595 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gitelman syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, and hypocalciuria. It is caused by mutations in gene SLC12A3 (located in chromosome 16q) encoding NaCl cotransporter. GS is usually asymptomatic for several years and is diagnosed in late childhood or adulthood. The association between GS and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is rare. We present a case of a 25-year-old man with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus and DKA with profound hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia who was provisionally found to have GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Jalalzadeh
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York Medical College, New York, USA
| | | | - Shobhana Chaudhari
- Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Armeen D Poor
- Internal Medicine/Pulmonary Critical Care, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Donald Baumstein
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York Medical College, New York, USA
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