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Li Q, Li Z, Luo T, Shi H. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways for cancer therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:47. [PMID: 36539659 PMCID: PMC9768098 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is dysregulated in nearly all kinds of neoplasms, with the component in this pathway alternations. RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascades are used to conduct signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus to mediate gene expression, cell cycle processes and apoptosis. RAS, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are frequent upstream alternative sites. These mutations resulted in activated cell growth and downregulated cell apoptosis. The two pathways interact with each other to participate in tumorigenesis. PTEN alterations suppress RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activity via AKT phosphorylation and RAS inhibition. Several inhibitors targeting major components of these two pathways have been supported by the FDA. Dozens of agents in these two pathways have attracted great attention and have been assessed in clinical trials. The combination of small molecular inhibitors with traditional regimens has also been explored. Furthermore, dual inhibitors provide new insight into antitumor activity. This review will further comprehensively describe the genetic alterations in normal patients and tumor patients and discuss the role of targeted inhibitors in malignant neoplasm therapy. We hope this review will promote a comprehensive understanding of the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in facilitating tumors and will help direct drug selection for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ting Luo
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Breast, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Huashan Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, P. R. China
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Primary TSC2-/meth Cells Induce Follicular Neogenesis in an Innovative TSC Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179713. [PMID: 36077111 PMCID: PMC9456283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lesions are one of the hallmarks of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disease in which mTOR is hyperactivated due to the lack of hamartin or tuberin. To date, novel pharmacological treatments for TSC cutaneous lesions that are benign but still have an impact on a patient’s life are needed, because neither surgery nor rapamycin administration prevents their recurrence. Here, we demonstrated that primary TSC2-/meth cells that do not express tuberin for an epigenetic event caused cutaneous lesions and follicular neogenesis when they were subcutaneously injected in nude mice. Tuberin-null cells localized in the hair bulbs and alongside mature hairs, where high phosphorylation of S6 and Erk indicated mTOR hyperactivation. Interestingly, 5-azacytidine treatment reduced hair follicles, indicating that chromatin remodeling agents might be effective on TSC lesions in which cells lack tuberin for an epigenetic event. Moreover, we demonstrated that the primary TSC2-/meth cells had metastatic capability: when subcutaneously injected, they reached the bloodstream and lymphatics and invaded the lungs, causing the enlargement of the alveolar walls. The capability of TSC2-/meth cells to survive and migrate in vivo makes our mouse model ideal to follow the progression of the disease and test potential pharmacological treatments in a time-dependent manner.
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3
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Differential Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and -7 in LAM/TSC Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121760. [PMID: 34944575 PMCID: PMC8698908 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) dysregulation is implicated in several diseases, given their involvement in extracellular matrix degradation and cell motility. In lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a pulmonary rare disease, MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been detected at high levels in serum and urine. LAM cells, characterized by a mutation in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)1 or TSC2, promote cystic lung destruction. The role of MMPs in invasive and destructive LAM cell capability has not yet been fully understood. We evaluated MMP-2 and MMP-7 expression, secretion, and activity in primary LAM/TSC cells that bear a TSC2 germline mutation and an epigenetic modification and depend on epidermal growth factor (EGF) for survival. 5-azacytidine restored tuberin expression with a reduction of MMP-2 and MMP-7 levels and inhibits motility, similarly to rapamycin and anti-EGFR antibody. Both drugs reduced MMP-2 and MMP-7 secretion and activity during wound healing and decreased their expression in lung nodules of a LAM mouse model. In LAM/TSC cells, MMP-2 and MMP-7 are dependent on tuberin expression, cellular adhesion, and migration. MMPs appears sensitive to rapamycin and anti-EGFR antibody only during cellular migration. Our data indicate a complex and differential modulation of MMP-2 and MMP-7 in LAM/TSC cells, likely critical for lung parenchyma remodeling during LAM progression.
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4
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Bongaarts A, Mijnsbergen C, Anink JJ, Jansen FE, Spliet WGM, den Dunnen WFA, Coras R, Blümcke I, Paulus W, Gruber VE, Scholl T, Hainfellner JA, Feucht M, Kotulska K, Jozwiak S, Grajkowska W, Buccoliero AM, Caporalini C, Giordano F, Genitori L, Söylemezoğlu F, Pimentel J, Jones DTW, Scicluna BP, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Mühlebner A, Mills JD, Aronica E. Distinct DNA Methylation Patterns of Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2863-2892. [PMID: 34709498 PMCID: PMC9560915 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a monogenic disorder caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, two key regulators of the mechanistic target of the rapamycin complex pathway. Phenotypically, this leads to growth and formation of hamartomas in several organs, including the brain. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) are low-grade brain tumors commonly associated with TSC. Recently, gene expression studies provided evidence that the immune system, the MAPK pathway and extracellular matrix organization play an important role in SEGA development. However, the precise mechanisms behind the gene expression changes in SEGA are still largely unknown, providing a potential role for DNA methylation. We investigated the methylation profile of SEGAs using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (SEGAs n = 42, periventricular control n = 8). The SEGA methylation profile was enriched for the adaptive immune system, T cell activation, leukocyte mediated immunity, extracellular structure organization and the ERK1 & ERK2 cascade. More interestingly, we identified two subgroups in the SEGA methylation data and show that the differentially expressed genes between the two subgroups are related to the MAPK cascade and adaptive immune response. Overall, this study shows that the immune system, the MAPK pathway and extracellular matrix organization are also affected on DNA methylation level, suggesting that therapeutic intervention on DNA level could be useful for these specific pathways in SEGA. Moreover, we identified two subgroups in SEGA that seem to be driven by changes in the adaptive immune response and MAPK pathway and could potentially hold predictive information on target treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bongaarts
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Mijnsbergen
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G M Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Victoria E Gruber
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Hainfellner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Flavio Giordano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Genitori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Figen Söylemezoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - José Pimentel
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Y N Schouten-van Meeteren
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - James D Mills
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
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Yu L, Wei J, Liu P. Attacking the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway for targeted therapeutic treatment in human cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 85:69-94. [PMID: 34175443 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of human death globally. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is one of the most frequently dysregulated signaling pathways observed in cancer patients that plays crucial roles in promoting tumor initiation, progression and therapy responses. This is largely due to that PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is indispensable for many cellular biological processes, including cell growth, metastasis, survival, metabolism, and others. As such, small molecule inhibitors targeting major kinase components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway have drawn extensive attention and been developed and evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Targeting a single kinase component within this signaling usually causes growth arrest rather than apoptosis associated with toxicity-induced adverse effects in patients. Combination therapies including PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors show improved patient response and clinical outcome, albeit developed resistance has been reported. In this review, we focus on revealing the mechanisms leading to the hyperactivation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in cancer and summarizing efforts for developing PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors as either mono-therapy or combination therapy in different cancer settings. We hope that this review will facilitate further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing dysregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR oncogenic signaling in cancer and provide insights into possible future directions for targeted therapeutic regimen for cancer treatment, by developing new agents, drug delivery systems, or combination regimen to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This information will also provide effective patient stratification strategy to improve the patient response and clinical outcome for cancer patients with deregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Afshar Saber W, Sahin M. Recent advances in human stem cell-based modeling of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Mol Autism 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32075691 PMCID: PMC7031912 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-0320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, and benign tumors of the brain, heart, skin, and kidney. Animal models have contributed to our understanding of normal and abnormal human brain development, but the construction of models that accurately recapitulate a human pathology remains challenging. Recent advances in stem cell biology with the derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from somatic cells from patients have opened new avenues to the study of TSC. This approach combined with gene-editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 offers the advantage of preserving patient-specific genetic background and the ability to generate isogenic controls by correcting a specific mutation. The patient cell line and the isogenic control can be differentiated into the cell type of interest to model various aspects of TSC. In this review, we discuss the remarkable capacity of these cells to be used as a model for TSC in two- and three-dimensional cultures, the potential variability in iPSC models, and highlight differences between findings reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wardiya Afshar Saber
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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7
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Volpi A, Sala G, Lesma E, Labriola F, Righetti M, Alfano RM, Cozzolino M. Tuberous sclerosis complex: new insights into clinical and therapeutic approach. J Nephrol 2018; 32:355-363. [PMID: 30406604 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a complex disease with many different clinical manifestations. Despite the common opinion that TSC is a rare condition, with a mean incidence of 1/6000 live births and a prevalence of 1/20,000, it is increasingly evident that in reality this is not true. Its clinical sequelae span a range of multiple organ systems, in particular the central nervous system, kidneys, skin and lungs. The management of TSC patients is heavily burdensome in terms of time and healthcare costs both for the families and for the healthcare system. Management options include conservative approaches, surgery, pharmacotherapy with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and recently proposed options such as therapy with anti-EGFR antibody and ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwaves. So far, however, no systematically accepted strategy has been found that is both clinically and economically efficient. Thus, decisions are tailored to patients' characteristics, resource availability and clinical and technical expertise of each single center. This paper reviews the pathophysiology and the clinical (diagnostic-therapeutic) management of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Volpi
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Renal Division, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, San Paolo Hospital, Università di Milano, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sala
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Renal Division, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, San Paolo Hospital, Università di Milano, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mario Cozzolino
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Renal Division, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, San Paolo Hospital, Università di Milano, Via A. di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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Human renal angiomyolipoma cells of male and female origin can migrate and are influenced by microenvironmental factors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199371. [PMID: 29920561 PMCID: PMC6007918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving the knowledge of angiomyolipoma physiopathology might help in refining its pharmacological treatment. We investigated if angiomyolipoma cells have migratory properties, how their growth and motility can be influenced by the hormonal milieu, and if this can be related to a specific gender. Methods Primary cells were isolated from angiomyolipomas surgically resected for therapeutical reasons in a female and in a male patient. The genetic control demonstrated no TSC2 deletion. Bi- (wound healing) and three-dimensional (transwell assay) migration were analyzed in vitro in basal conditions and under the influence of 17- β-estradiol and SDF-1α. Results Treatment up to 72 hours with 17-β-estradiol (0.1–100 nM), tamoxifen (0.2–20 μM) or with both, does not modify angiomyolipoma cells proliferation. On the other hand, SDF-1α and 17-β-estradiol treatment induce a significant motility increase (both bi- and three-dimensional) which becomes evident already after 2 hours of incubation. Angiomyolipoma cells express mRNA coding for SDF-1α and 17-β-estradiol receptors and secrete both the metalloproteases principally involved in malignant phenotype acquisition, i.e. MMP-2 and MMP-9. Conclusion Angiomyolipoma cells behave similarly, despite their different source. Primary angiomyolipoma cells migrate in response to hormonal milieu and soluble factors, and produce active metalloproteases, both aspects being consistent with the theory claiming they can migrate to the lungs (and/or other organs) and colonizing them. No main feature, among the aspects we analyzed, seems to be referable to the gender of origin.
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9
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Steagall WK, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Darling TN, Torre O, Harari S, Moss J. The Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Lung Cell and Its Human Cell Models. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:678-683. [PMID: 29406787 PMCID: PMC6002654 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0403tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a multisystem disease of women, affecting lungs, kidneys, and lymphatics. It is caused by the proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle-like LAM cells, with mutations and loss of heterozygosity in the TSC1 or, more frequently, TSC2 genes. Isolated pulmonary LAM cells have been difficult to maintain in culture, and most studies of LAM lung cells involve mixtures of TSC2 wild-type and TSC2-null cells. A clonal population of LAM lung cells has not been established, making analysis of the cells challenging. Cell lines have been established from angiomyolipomas, a common manifestation of LAM, and from tumors from patients with TSC. Circulating LAM cells have also been isolated from blood and other body fluids. LAM cells may also be identified in clusters apparently derived from lymphatic vessels. Genetics, patterns of antigen expression, and signaling pathways have been studied in LAM lung tissue and in LAM cell models, although rarely all in the same study. We show here that LAM cells manifest differences in these characteristics, depending on the source investigated, suggesting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K. Steagall
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Olga Torre
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Harari
- Unità Operativa di Pneumologia e Terapia Semi-Intensiva Respiratoria, Servizio di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria ed Emodinamica Polmonare, Ospedale San Giuseppe, MultiMedica Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Martin KR, Zhou W, Bowman MJ, Shih J, Au KS, Dittenhafer-Reed KE, Sisson KA, Koeman J, Weisenberger DJ, Cottingham SL, DeRoos ST, Devinsky O, Winn ME, Cherniack AD, Shen H, Northrup H, Krueger DA, MacKeigan JP. The genomic landscape of tuberous sclerosis complex. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643795 PMCID: PMC5481739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease causing multisystem growth of benign tumours and other hamartomatous lesions, which leads to diverse and debilitating clinical symptoms. Patients are born with TSC1 or TSC2 mutations, and somatic inactivation of wild-type alleles drives MTOR activation; however, second hits to TSC1/TSC2 are not always observed. Here, we present the genomic landscape of TSC hamartomas. We determine that TSC lesions contain a low somatic mutational burden relative to carcinomas, a subset feature large-scale chromosomal aberrations, and highly conserved molecular signatures for each type exist. Analysis of the molecular signatures coupled with computational approaches reveals unique aspects of cellular heterogeneity and cell origin. Using immune data sets, we identify significant neuroinflammation in TSC-associated brain tumours. Taken together, this molecular catalogue of TSC serves as a resource into the origin of these hamartomas and provides a framework that unifies genomic and transcriptomic dimensions for complex tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Martin
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Wanding Zhou
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Megan J Bowman
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Juliann Shih
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Kit Sing Au
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston-McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kristin E Dittenhafer-Reed
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Kellie A Sisson
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Julie Koeman
- Cytogenetics and Pathology Core, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Daniel J Weisenberger
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Sandra L Cottingham
- Department of Pathology, Spectrum Health System, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Steven T DeRoos
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Spectrum Health System, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 223 E 34 Street, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Mary E Winn
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston-McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Darcy A Krueger
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey P MacKeigan
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA.,College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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11
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Robens BK, Grote A, Pitsch J, Schoch S, Cardoso C, Becker AJ. Minute amounts of hamartin wildtype rescue the emergence of tuber-like lesions in conditional Tsc1 ablated mice. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:134-44. [PMID: 27425891 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a phacomatosis associated with highly differentiated malformations including tubers in the brain. Those are composed of large dysplastic neurons and 'giant cells'. Cortical tubers are frequent causes of chronic seizures and resemble neuropathologically focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) type IIb. Patients with FCDIIb, however, lack additional stigmata of TSC. Mutations and allelic variants of the TSC1 gene have been observed in patients with tubers as well as FCDIIb. Those include hamartin(R692X) and hamartin(R786X), stop mutants frequent in TSC patients and hamartin(H732Y) frequent in FCDIIb. Expression of these variants in cell culture led to aberrant distribution of corresponding proteins. We here scrutinized morphological and structural effects of these TSC1 variants by intraventricular in utero electroporation (IUE), genetically mimicking the discrete focal character and a somatic postzygotic mosaicism of the lesion, focusing on the gene dosage required for tuber-like lesions to emerge in Tsc1(flox/flox) mice. Expression of only hamartin(R692X) as well as hamartin(R786X) led to a 2-fold enlargement of neurons with high pS6 immunoreactivity, stressing their in vivo pathogenic potential. Co-electroporation of the different aberrant alleles and varying amounts of wildtype TSC1 surprisingly revealed already minimal amounts of functional hamartin to be sufficient for phenotype rescue. This result strongly calls for further studies to unravel new mechanisms for substantial silencing of the second allele in cortical tubers, as proposed by Knudson's '2-hit hypothesis'. The rescuing effects may provide a promising basis for gene therapies aiming at reconstituting hamartin expression in tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Robens
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neuropathology, Germany
| | | | - Julika Pitsch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neuropathology, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neuropathology, Germany
| | - Carlos Cardoso
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901 Marseille, France
| | - Albert J Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neuropathology, Germany.
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12
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Morales CR, Li DL, Pedrozo Z, May HI, Jiang N, Kyrychenko V, Cho GW, Kim SY, Wang ZV, Rotter D, Rothermel BA, Schneider JW, Lavandero S, Gillette TG, Hill JA. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases blunts cardiac hypertrophy through TSC2-dependent mTOR repression. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra34. [PMID: 27048565 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad5736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Altering chromatin structure through histone posttranslational modifications has emerged as a key driver of transcriptional responses in cells. Modulation of these transcriptional responses by pharmacological inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs), a group of chromatin remodeling enzymes, has been successful in blocking the growth of some cancer cell types. These inhibitors also attenuate the pathogenesis of pathological cardiac remodeling by blunting and even reversing pathological hypertrophy. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical sensor and regulator of cell growth that, as part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), drives changes in protein synthesis and metabolism in both pathological and physiological hypertrophy. We demonstrated through pharmacological and genetic methods that inhibition of class I HDACs suppressed pathological cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of mTOR activity. Mice genetically silenced for HDAC1 and HDAC2 had a reduced hypertrophic response to thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) and showed reduced mTOR activity. We determined that the abundance of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), an mTOR inhibitor, was increased through a transcriptional mechanism in cardiomyocytes when class I HDACs were inhibited. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, loss of TSC2 abolished HDAC-dependent inhibition of mTOR activity, and increased expression of TSC2 was sufficient to reduce hypertrophy in response to phenylephrine. These findings point to mTOR and TSC2-dependent control of mTOR as critical components of the mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors blunt pathological cardiac growth. These results also suggest a strategy to modulate mTOR activity and facilitate the translational exploitation of HDAC inhibitors in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyndi R Morales
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Dan L Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Herman I May
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Viktoriia Kyrychenko
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - David Rotter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Jay W Schneider
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
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13
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Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors of the uterine cervix. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:667-71. [PMID: 27083240 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines PEComas as mesenchymal tumors composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular cells. Uterus is the most common site of a subgroup of PEComas not otherwise specified(NOS). PEComas of the uterine cervix are extremely rare, and only thirteen cases have been described in the English literature to date. In this review, we summarize the available data concerning diagnostics, immunohistochemical analysis, genetics and treatment of cervical PEComas. Radical hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooophorectomy is the best surgical approach available. Adjuvant therapy in its present form is not efficient. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the newest treatment strategies.
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14
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Sirchia SM, Faversani A, Rovina D, Russo MV, Paganini L, Savi F, Augello C, Rosso L, Del Gobbo A, Tabano S, Bosari S, Miozzo M. Epigenetic effects of chromatin remodeling agents on organotypic cultures. Epigenomics 2016; 8:341-58. [PMID: 26949823 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor epigenetic defects are of increasing relevance to clinical practice, because they are 'druggable' targets for cancer therapy using chromatin-remodeling agents (CRAs). New evidences highlight the importance of the microenvironment on the epigenome regulation and the need to use culture models able to preserve tissue morphology, to better understand the action of CRAs. Methods & methods: We studied the epigenetic response induced by culturing and CRAs in a preclinical model, preserving ex vivo the original tissue microenvironment and morphology, assessing different epigenetic signatures. Our overall findings suggest that culturing and CRAs cause heterogeneous effects on the genes methylation; CRAs affect the global DNA methylation and can trigger an active DNA demethylation; the culture induces alterations in the histone deacetylase expression. CONCLUSION Despite the limited number of cases, these findings can be considered a proof of concept of the possibility to test CRAs epigenetic effects on ex vivo tissues maintained in their native tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Sirchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Faversani
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Rovina
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria V Russo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Leda Paganini
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Savi
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Augello
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rosso
- Division of Thoracic Surgery & Lung Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Gobbo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
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15
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Valencia JC, Steagall WK, Zhang Y, Fetsch P, Abati A, Tsukada K, Billings E, Hearing VJ, Yu ZX, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Moss J. Antibody αPEP13h reacts with lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells in lung nodules. Chest 2015; 147:771-777. [PMID: 25411763 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is characterized by the proliferation in the lung, axial lymphatics (eg, lymphangioleiomyomas), and kidney (eg, angiomyolipomas) of abnormal smooth muscle-like LAM cells, which express melanoma antigens such as Pmel17/gp100 and have dysfunctional tumor suppressor tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes TSC2 or TSC1. Histopathologic diagnosis of LAM in lung specimens is based on identification of the Pmel17 protein with the monoclonal antibody HMB-45. METHODS We compared the sensitivity of HMB-45 to that of antipeptide antibody αPEP13h, which reacts with a C-terminal peptide of Pmel17. LAM lung nodules were laser-capture microdissected to identify proteins by Western blotting. RESULTS HMB-45 recognized approximately 25% of LAM cells within the LAM lung nodules, whereas αPEP13h identified > 82% of LAM cells within these structures in approximately 90% of patients. Whereas HMB-45 reacted with epithelioid but not with spindle-shaped LAM cells, αPEP13h identified both spindle-shaped and epithelioid LAM cells, providing greater sensitivity for detection of all types of LAM cells. HMB-45 recognized Pmel17 in premelanosomal organelles; αPEP13h recognized proteins in the cytoplasm as well as in premelanosomal organelles. Both antibodies recognized a Pmel17 variant of approximately 50 kDa. CONCLUSIONS Based on its sensitivity and specificity, αPEP13h may be useful in the diagnosis of LAM and more sensitive than HMB-45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Valencia
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Wendy K Steagall
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Yi Zhang
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Patricia Fetsch
- Cytopathology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrea Abati
- Cytopathology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katsuya Tsukada
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Eric Billings
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Vincent J Hearing
- Pigment Cell Biology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.
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16
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Vignoli A, Lesma E, Alfano RM, Peron A, Scornavacca GF, Massimino M, Schiavello E, Ancona S, Cerati M, Bulfamante G, Gorio A, Canevini MP. Glioblastoma multiforme in a child with tuberous sclerosis complex. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2388-93. [PMID: 25946256 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is characterized by the presence of benign tumors in the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. The typical brain lesions are cortical tubers, subependimal nodules and subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas. The occurrence of malignant astrocytomas such as glioblastoma is rare. We report on a child with a clinical diagnosis of TSC and a rapidly evolving glioblastoma multiforme. Genetic analysis identified a de novo mutation in TSC2. Molecular characterization of the tumor was performed and discussed, as well as a review of the literature where cases of TSC and glioblastoma multiforme are described. Although the co-occurrence of TSC and glioblastoma multiforme seems to be rare, this possible association should be kept in mind, and proper clinical and radiological follow up should be recommended in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Vignoli
- Child Neurology Unit - Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Alfano
- Department of Human Pathology, Cytogenetic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Science, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Peron
- Child Neurology Unit - Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Federica Scornavacca
- Child Neurology Unit - Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Maura Massimino
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Hematology and Pediatric Oncoematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiavello
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Hematology and Pediatric Oncoematology, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Ancona
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Cerati
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Department of Human Pathology, Cytogenetic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Science, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Alfredo Gorio
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Canevini
- Child Neurology Unit - Epilepsy Center, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
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17
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Desantis A, Bruno T, Catena V, De Nicola F, Goeman F, Iezzi S, Sorino C, Ponzoni M, Bossi G, Federico V, La Rosa F, Ricciardi MR, Lesma E, De Meo PD, Castrignanò T, Petrucci MT, Pisani F, Chesi M, Bergsagel PL, Floridi A, Tonon G, Passananti C, Blandino G, Fanciulli M. Che-1-induced inhibition of mTOR pathway enables stress-induced autophagy. EMBO J 2015; 34:1214-30. [PMID: 25770584 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key protein kinase that regulates cell growth, metabolism, and autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis. Its activity is inhibited by adverse conditions, including nutrient limitation, hypoxia, and DNA damage. In this study, we demonstrate that Che-1, a RNA polymerase II-binding protein activated by the DNA damage response, inhibits mTOR activity in response to stress conditions. We found that, under stress, Che-1 induces the expression of two important mTOR inhibitors, Redd1 and Deptor, and that this activity is required for sustaining stress-induced autophagy. Strikingly, Che-1 expression correlates with the progression of multiple myeloma and is required for cell growth and survival, a malignancy characterized by high autophagy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Desantis
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bruno
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Catena
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca De Nicola
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Frauke Goeman
- Translational Oncogenomic Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Iezzi
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Sorino
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology and Myeloma Units, Molecular Oncology Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bossi
- Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Federico
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ricciardi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Hematology Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Chesi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - P Leif Bergsagel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Aristide Floridi
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Molecular Oncology Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Passananti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR Department of Molecular Medicine "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncogenomic Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fanciulli
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Area Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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18
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Martignoni G, Pea M, Zampini C, Brunelli M, Segala D, Zamboni G, Bonetti F. PEComas of the kidney and of the genitourinary tract. Semin Diagn Pathol 2015; 32:140-59. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Anti-EGFR antibody reduces lung nodules by inhibition of EGFR-pathway in a model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:315240. [PMID: 25699271 PMCID: PMC4324894 DOI: 10.1155/2015/315240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
EGFR belongs to the HER/ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors and its activation in cancer cells has been linked with increased proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, low-grade neoplasm that occurs sporadically or in association with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic, multisystem disorder characterized by hamartomas in several organs. From chylous of a LAM/TSC patient, we previously isolated smooth muscle-like LAM/TSC cells whose proliferation depends on EGF and monoclonal anti-EGFR antibodies reduced proliferation and caused cell death. We demonstrated that the dependency from EGF was caused by the absence of tuberin. To study the role of EGFR pathway in vivo, we developed a mouse model by administration of LAM/TSC cells to female nude mice. LAM/TSC cells caused pulmonary airspace enlargement and, after 30 weeks, nodule formation which express EGFR. Anti-EGFR antibody decreased the number and dimension of lung nodules likely for the inhibition of Erk and S6 signaling, reversed the pulmonary alterations, and reduced lymphatic and blood vessels. Moreover, in pulmonary nodules anti-EGFR antibody reduced the positivity to estrogen and progesterone receptors which enhance survival of LAM cells and Snail expression. These results suggest that the inhibition of EGFR signalling has a potential in treatment of LAM/TSC lung alterations.
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Lesma E, Ancona S, Sirchia SM, Orpianesi E, Grande V, Colapietro P, Chiaramonte E, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. TSC2 epigenetic defect in primary LAM cells. Evidence of an anchorage-independent survival. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:766-79. [PMID: 24606538 PMCID: PMC4119383 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) can be sporadic or associated with TSC and is characterized by widespread pulmonary proliferation of abnormal α-smooth muscle (ASM)-like cells. We investigated the features of ASM cells isolated from chylous thorax of a patient affected by LAM associated with TSC, named LAM/TSC cells, bearing a germline TSC2 mutation and an epigenetic defect causing the absence of tuberin. Proliferation of LAM/TSC cells is epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent and blockade of EGF receptor causes cell death as we previously showed in cells lacking tuberin. LAM/TSC cells spontaneously detach probably for the inactivation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Akt/mTOR pathway and display the ability to survive independently from adhesion. Non-adherent LAM/TSC cells show an extremely low proliferation rate consistent with tumour stem-cell characteristics. Moreover, LAM/TSC cells bear characteristics of stemness and secrete high amount of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Anti-EGF receptor antibodies and rapamycin affect proliferation and viability of non-adherent cells. In conclusion, the understanding of LAM/TSC cell features is important in the assessment of cell invasiveness in LAM and TSC and should provide a useful model to test therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling their migratory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Dept. of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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21
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Lesma E, Ancona S, Orpianesi E, Grande V, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Chromatin remodeling by rosuvastatin normalizes TSC2-/meth cell phenotype through the expression of tuberin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:180-8. [PMID: 23426956 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multi-systemic syndrome caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 gene. In TSC2-null cells, Rheb, a member of the Ras family of GTPases, is constitutively activated. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and block the synthesis of isoprenoid lipids with inhibition of Rheb farnesylation and RhoA geranylgeranylation. The effects of rosuvastatin on the function of human TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) α-actin smooth muscle (ASM) cells have been investigated. The TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, previously isolated in our laboratory from the renal angiomyolipoma of two TSC patients, do not express tuberin and bear loss of heterozigosity caused by a double hit on TSC2 and methylation of TSC2 promoter, respectively. Exposure to rosuvastatin affected TSC2(-/meth) ASM cell growth and promoted tuberin expression by acting as a demethylating agent. This occurred without changes in interleukin release. Rosuvastatin also reduced RhoA activation in TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells, and it required coadministration with the specific mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin to be effective in TSC2(-/-) ASM cells. Rapamycin enhanced rosuvastatin effect in inhibiting cell proliferation in TSC2(-/-) and TSC2(-/meth) ASM cells. Rosuvastatin alone did not alter phosphorylation of S6 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and at the higher concentration, rosuvastatin and rapamycin slightly decreased ERK phosphorylation. These results suggest that rosuvastatin may potentially represent a treatment adjunct to the therapy with mTOR inhibitors now in clinical development for TSC. In particular, rosuvastatin appears useful when the disease is originated by epigenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via di Rudini', 8, 20142 Milano, Italy.
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Wang Z, Gong Q, Fan Q. Expression of E-cadherin in angiomyolipoma. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:2348-53. [PMID: 22939576 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiomyolipoma is the most common member of perivascular epithelioid cell tumors that characteristically express myogenic and melanocytic markers. E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule that is repressed in epithelial to mesenchymal transition occurring in carcinomas. E-cadherin has not, thus far, been systematically studied in angiomyolipoma. We analyzed a series of 42 angiomyolipomas with E-cadherin and discussed its clinicopathologic significance. Forty-two cases of angiomyolipomas (35 renal, 5 hepatic, and 2 retroperitoneal) were examined histologically. E-cadherin was investigated immunohistochemically and compared with other significant markers found in angiomyolipoma in all cases. The percentages of tumors staining positively were E-cadherin (98%), smooth muscle actin (98%), actin (93%), HMB-45 (93%), Melan-A (90%), S-100 (38%), and CD117 (60%). The intensity of E-cadherin staining was moderate to strong in 30 cases (71%). E-cadherin stained both the cytoplasm and cell membrane of tumor cells, but membrane staining was stronger in the epithelioid tumor cells than in the spindle-shaped tumor cells. E-cadherin may serve as an additional diagnostic marker for angiomyolipoma. Angiomyolipoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of E-cadherin-positive tumors. Stronger membrane immunoreactivity for E-cadherin in epithelioid tumor cells is possibly related to constitution of their epithelioid architecture, but the pathogenetic significance of E-cadherin in angiomyolipoma remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Abstract
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) presents in a spectrum that encompasses the eponymous disorders Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba. Herein, we delineate the distinctive histopathology of a predominantly intramuscular lesion in PHTS, often called "arteriovenous malformation," because of certain imaging and histopathologic features. Cases were identified by review of lesions resected from patients with PHTS registered at our Vascular Anomalies Center and of unusual intramuscular vascular anomalies in our pathology database from 1985 to 2008. Thirty-four patients with this lesion were identified: 20 had a clinical diagnosis of, or were suspected to have, PHTS (genetically confirmed in 16). In 4 patients without clinical manifestations of PHTS, 2 had PTEN mutations, 1 did not, and in 1 the mutation was intronic. In the remaining 10, there was insufficient clinical information to fully assess whether they had manifestations of PHTS. Lesions manifested by 15 years of age, normally with pain and swelling, and were most often located in the lower extremity. The major mass was usually intramuscular, but often there were fascial and subcutaneous components and not infrequently a cutaneous vascular stain. Magnetic resonance imaging generally showed an infiltrative soft tissue lesion involving the muscle, fascia, and subcutis with frequently enlarged, serpiginous vessels, small arteriovenous fistulae with disproportionately dilated draining veins, and a prominent adipocytic component. Some lesions involved contiguous muscles, and 20% were multifocal. Resected specimens ranged in size from 1.2 to 25 cm; in 1 patient, amputation was necessary. Histopathologically, these unencapsulated masses, often with a nodular appearance at scanning magnification, consisted of: (1) a variable admixture of mature adipocytic and dense and/or myxoid fibrous tissues (50% to 90% of surface area); (2) a vascular component (10% to 50% of surface area) with: (a) clusters of venous channels, some with excessively and irregularly muscularized complex walls and lumens, and others with thin walls resembling pulmonary alveoli, (b) tortuous, thick-walled arteries with concentric muscular hyperplasia and relatively small lumens, (c) numerous small vessels (arteries, veins, and indeterminate channels), and (d) occasional arteriovenous communications; (3) lymphoid follicles (50%); (4) foci of bone (20%); and (5) hypertrophic nerves with "onion bulb" proliferation of periaxonal spindled cells (9%). We designate this disorganized overgrowth of essentially mesenchymal elements as PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue. It differs from other vascular and connective tissue lesions that occur in patients with PHTS. PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue is histopathologically distinctive, and its identification should prompt a thorough investigation for PHTS.
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Lesma E, Eloisa C, Isaia E, Grande V, Ancona S, Orpianesi E, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Development of a lymphangioleiomyomatosis model by endonasal administration of human TSC2-/- smooth muscle cells in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:947-60. [PMID: 22770663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by invasion and proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle (ASM) cells in lung parenchyma and axial lymphatics. LAM cells bear mutations in tuberous sclerosis (TSC) genes. TSC2(-/-) ASM cells, derived from a human renal angiomyolipoma, require epidermal growth factor (EGF) for proliferation. Blockade of EGF receptors (EGFR) causes cell death. TSC2(-/-) ASM cells, previously labeled with PKH26-GL dye, were endonasally administered to 5-week-old immunodeficient female nude mice, and 4 or 26 weeks later anti-EGFR antibody or rapamycin was administered twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks. TSC2(-/-) ASM cells infiltrated lymph nodes and alveolar lung walls, causing progressive destruction of parenchyma. Parenchymal destruction was efficiently reversed by anti-EGFR treatment and partially by rapamycin treatment. Following TSC2(-/-) ASM cell administration, lymphangiogenesis increased in lungs as indicated by more diffuse LYVE1 expression and high murine VEGF levels. Anti-EGFR antibody and rapamycin blocked the increase in lymphatic vessels. This study shows that TSC2(-/-) ASM cells can migrate and invade lungs and lymph nodes, and anti-EGFR antibody is more effective than rapamycin in promoting lung repair and reducing lymphangiogenesis. The development of a model to study metastasis by TSC cells will also help to explain how they invade different tissues and metastasize to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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Liu F, Lunsford EP, Tong J, Ashitate Y, Gibbs SL, Yu J, Choi HS, Henske EP, Frangioni JV. Real-time monitoring of tumorigenesis, dissemination, & drug response in a preclinical model of lymphangioleiomyomatosis/tuberous sclerosis complex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38589. [PMID: 22719903 PMCID: PMC3376142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TSC2-deficient cells can proliferate in the lungs, kidneys, and other organs causing devastating progressive multisystem disorders such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Preclinical models utilizing LAM patient-derived cells have been difficult to establish. We developed a novel animal model system to study the molecular mechanisms of TSC/LAM pathogenesis and tumorigenesis and provide a platform for drug testing. Methods and Findings TSC2-deficient human cells, derived from the angiomyolipoma of a LAM patient, were engineered to co-express both sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Cells were inoculated intraparenchymally, intravenously, or intratracheally into athymic NCr nu/nu mice and cells were tracked and quantified using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT). Surprisingly, TSC2-deficient cells administered intratracheally resulted in rapid dissemination to lymph node basins throughout the body, and histopathological changes in the lung consistent with LAM. Estrogen was found to be permissive for tumor growth and dissemination. Rapamycin inhibited tumor growth, but tumors regrew after the drug treatment was withdrawn. Conclusions We generated homogeneous NIS/GFP co-expressing TSC2-deficient, patient-derived cells that can proliferate and migrate in vivo after intratracheal instillation. Although the animal model we describe has some limitations, we demonstrate that systemic tumors formed from TSC2-deficient cells can be monitored and quantified noninvasively over time using SPECT/CT, thus providing a much needed model system for in vivo drug testing and mechanistic studies of TSC2-deficient cells and their related clinical syndromes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/drug therapy
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Tuberous Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Tuberous Sclerosis/pathology
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbing Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elaine P. Lunsford
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jingli Tong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoshitomo Ashitate
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Summer L. Gibbs
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jane Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John V. Frangioni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dilling DF, Gilbert ER, Picken MM, Eby JM, Love RB, Le Poole IC. A current viewpoint of lymphangioleiomyomatosis supporting immunotherapeutic treatment options. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:1-5. [PMID: 21940815 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0215tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) leads to hyperproliferation of abnormal smooth muscle cells in the lungs, associated with diffuse pulmonary parenchymal cyst formation and progressive dyspnea on exertion. The disease targets women of child-bearing age. Complications include pneumothoraces and chylous pleural effusions. Ten-year survival is estimated at 70%, and lung transplantation remains the only validated treatment. It has been observed that LAM cells express markers associated with melanocytic differentiation, including gp100 and MART-1. Other melanocytic markers have also been observed. The same proteins are targeted by T cells infiltrating melanoma tumors as well as by T cells infiltrating autoimmune vitiligo skin, and these antigens are regarded as relatively immunogenic. Consequently, vaccines have been developed for melanoma targeting these and other immunogenic melanocyte differentiation proteins. Preliminary data showing susceptibility of LAM cells to melanoma derived T cells suggest that vaccines targeting melanosomal antigens can be successful in treating LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Dilling
- Department of Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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Cai X, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Fan QY, Haughey M, Samsel L, El-Chemaly S, Wu HP, McCoy JP, Steagall WK, Lin JP, Darling TN, Moss J. Phenotypic characterization of disseminated cells with TSC2 loss of heterozygosity in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1410-8. [PMID: 20639436 PMCID: PMC3029931 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0489oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), occurring sporadically (S-LAM) or in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), results from abnormal proliferation of LAM cells exhibiting mutations or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the TSC genes, TSC1 or TSC2. OBJECTIVES To identify molecular markers useful for isolating LAM cells from body fluids and determine the frequency of TSC1 or TSC2 LOH. METHODS Candidate cell surface markers were identified using gene microarray analysis of human TSC2⁻(/)⁻ cells. Cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), urine, chylous effusions, and blood were sorted based on reactivity with antibodies against these proteins (e.g., CD9, CD44v6) and analyzed for LOH using TSC1- and TSC2-related microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TSC2 gene. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS CD44v6(+)CD9(+) cells from BALF, urine, and chyle showed TSC2 LOH in 80%, 69%, and 50% of patient samples, respectively. LAM cells with TSC2 LOH were detected in more than 90% of blood samples. LAM cells from different body fluids of the same patients showed, in most cases, identical LOH patterns, that is, loss of alleles at the same microsatellite loci. In a few patients with S-LAM, LAM cells from different body fluids differed in LOH patterns. No patients with S-LAM with TSC1 LOH were identified, suggesting that TSC2 abnormalities are responsible for the vast majority of S-LAM cases and that TSC1-disease may be subclinical. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a common genetic origin of LAM cells in most patients with S-LAM, consistent with a metastatic model. In some cases, however, there was evidence for genetic heterogeneity between LAM cells in different sites or within a site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Cai
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qing-Yuan Fan
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Haughey
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leigh Samsel
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Souheil El-Chemaly
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hai-Ping Wu
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wendy K. Steagall
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, and Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Hayashi T, Kumasaka T, Mitani K, Yao T, Suda K, Seyama K. Loss of heterozygosity on tuberous sclerosis complex genes in multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1251-60. [PMID: 20526286 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia is a rare pulmonary manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) that is a tumor suppressor gene disorder characterized by many hamartomas. A purported mechanism of hamartomatous proliferation in TSC is constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway dysregulated by a functional loss of TSC genes. Although multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia develops locally as self-limited, benign lesions, it is morphologically similar to the preinvasive lesion of pneumocytes that characterize atypical adenomatous hyperplasia or bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Frequently both conditions include a loss of heterozygosity on TSC. The goal of this study was to determine whether multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia is neoplastic. Loss of heterozygosity on TSC genes and immunohistochemistry for mTOR-related proteins (phospho-mTOR, phospho-p70S6K, phospho-S6, and phospho-Akt) were analyzed in 42 lesions: 16 multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (7 patients with TSC, 1 TSC not confirmed), 14 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and 12 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (9 and 12 patients, respectively). The results showed that at least one of two multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia lesions from each patient had loss of heterozygosity on TSC1 or TSC2 (15 or 50%) and were frequently immunopositive for phospho-mTOR (88%), phospho-p70S6K (100%), and phospho-S6 (100%) but not phospho-Akt (14%), an upstream regulatory protein of mTOR. Loss of heterozygosity of TSC was found in the preinvasive lesions of pneumocytes, equal to or less than multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia. In contrast, phospho-Akt was expressed in the preinvasive lesions of pneumocytes more frequently than multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia, but the other mTOR-related proteins were less frequently expressed in the former than in the latter. These outcomes suggest that functional loss of TSCs and consequent hyperphosphorylation of mTOR-related proteins in multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia may cause its benign neoplastic proliferation of pneumocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Darling TN, Pacheco-Rodriguez G, Gorio A, Lesma E, Walker C, Moss J. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and TSC2-/- cells. Lymphat Res Biol 2010; 8:59-69. [PMID: 20235888 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2009.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells comprising pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are heterogeneous, with variable mixtures of cells exhibiting differentiation towards smooth muscle, fat, and vessels. Cells grown from LAM and AMLs have likewise tended to be heterogeneous. The discovery that LAM and AMLs contain cells with mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes is allowing investigators to discriminate between "two-hit" cells and neighboring cells, providing insights into disease pathogenesis. In rare cases, it has been possible to derive cells from human tumors, including AMLs and TSC skin tumors that are highly enriched for TSC2(-/-) cells. Cells derived from an Eker rat uterine leiomyoma (ELT3 cells) are Tsc2-null and these have been used in a rodent cell models for LAM. Further improvements in the ability to reliably grow well-characterized TSC2(-/-) cells from human tumors are critical to developing in vitro and in vivo model systems for studies of LAM pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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