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A Preliminary Study of the Influence of High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on Skin Surface Temperature and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Tone Changes in Thoroughbred Racehorses with Back Pain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050794. [PMID: 36899651 PMCID: PMC10000047 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reason for undertaking this study was to investigate soft tissue response to high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) by measuring changes in skin surface temperature and longissimus dorsi muscle tone in the thoracolumbar back area in Thoroughbreds with back pain and diagnosed with and without Kissing Spines Syndrome (KSS). Thoroughbreds aged 3-4 years with clinically presented back pain underwent a radiological examination (to assess a lack or presence of KSS) and longissimus dorsi muscle palpation (to assess muscle tone and pain degree). The subjects were divided into two groups, those with KSS (n = 10) and those without KSS (n = 10). A single HILT treatment on the longissimus dorsi muscle, on the left side, was performed. Thermographic examination and palpation were repeated before and after HILT to assess changes in skin surface temperature and muscle pain response. In both groups, HILT caused a significant increase in skin surface temperature of 2.5 °C on average and a palpation score reduction of 1.5 degrees on average (p = 0.005 for both measurements), without differences in any outcome measures between the groups. Furthermore, the correlation between changes in the average skin surface temperature and the average palpation scores in horses with and without KSS were negative (rho = 0.071 and r = -0.180, respectively; p > 0.05). The results of the present study are encouraging, but further studies with larger samples, a longer follow-up period and comparisons with placebo control groups are needed to draw a more valid conclusion.
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2
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Millis DL, Bergh A. A Systematic Literature Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: Laser Therapy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040667. [PMID: 36830454 PMCID: PMC9951699 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Light therapy, or photobiomodulation, is a collective name for methods where tissue is irradiated with different types of light, with the aim of stimulating healing. Despite being frequently used, there is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment protocols for light therapy, nor its clinical efficacy. A systematic literature review was conducted, searching the relevant literature regarding light therapy in three databases, published between 1980-2020. The risk of bias in each article was evaluated. Forty-five articles met the inclusion criteria; 24 articles were regarding dogs, 1 was regarding cats, and the rest were regarding horses. The indications for treatment were musculoskeletal and neurologic conditions, skin disease and wounds, and pain. The literature review showed conflicting study results and unclear application for clinical use. This can be explained by the wide variety of treatment parameters used in the searched studies, such as wavelength, laser class, dose, and effect, as well as the frequency and duration of treatment. Although some beneficial effects were reported for light therapy, the studies also had limited scientific quality regarding these therapies, with a high or moderate risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl L. Millis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Bergh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Zielińska P, Soroko-Dubrovina M, Śniegucka K, Dudek K, Čebulj-Kadunc N. Effects of High-Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) on Skin Surface Temperature and Vein Diameter in Healthy Racehorses with Clipped and Non-Clipped Coat. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020216. [PMID: 36670756 PMCID: PMC9854543 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the effects of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on skin surface temperature and vein diameter in the carpal joint region in racehorses with clipped and non-clipped treatment areas. The study included 20 Thoroughbreds split into two equal groups: clipped coat and non-clipped coat. Horses underwent thermographic examination to detect changes in skin surface temperature at the medial surface of the carpal joint, followed by ultrasonographic examination to assess changes in the diameter of the medial palmar vein before and after HILT. The increase in skin surface temperature after HILT was significantly lower in the group with clipped coat than in the non-clipped group. The group with clipped coat showed a greater increase in vessel diameter. There was a significantly weak negative correlation between the changes in average skin surface temperature and vein diameter in both groups. In conclusion, an efficient photothermal effect can be achieved in skin with a non-clipped coat and clipping the treatment area increases photobiostimulation of the tissue, while reducing the photothermal effect. Further research is needed to specify the parameters for the treatment of skin with clipped and non-clipped coat in order to perform effective laser therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Zielińska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Soroko-Dubrovina
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Śniegucka
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Center for Statistical Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Nina Čebulj-Kadunc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Marek MJ, Pham TN, Wang J, Cai Q, Yap GPA, Day ES, Rosenthal J. Isocorrole-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Photothermal Therapy under 980 nm Light Excitation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36653-36662. [PMID: 36278042 PMCID: PMC9583081 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising treatment option for diseases, including cancer, arthritis, and periodontitis. Typical photothermal agents (PTAs) absorb light in the near-infrared (NIR)-I region of 650-900 nm with a predominant focus around 800 nm, as these wavelengths are minimally absorbed by water and blood in the tissue. Recently, interest has grown in developing nanomaterials that offer more efficient photothermal conversion and that can be excited by light close to or within the NIR-II window of 1000-1700 nm, which offers less absorption by melanin. Herein, we report on the development of 5,5-diphenyl isocorrole (5-DPIC) complexes containing either Zn(II) or Pd(II) (Zn[5-DPIC] and Pd[5-DPIC], respectively) that absorb strongly across the 850-1000 nm window. We also show that poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with these designer isocorroles exhibit low toxicity toward triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in the dark but enable efficient heat production and photothermal cell ablation upon excitation with 980 nm light. These materials represent an exciting new platform for 980 nm activated PTT and demonstrate the potential for designer isocorroles to serve as effective PTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian
R. J. Marek
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Trong-Nhan Pham
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Qiuqi Cai
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Emily S. Day
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
- Helen
F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
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5
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Rodriguez-Alvarez JS, Kratky L, Yates-Alston S, Sarkar S, Vogel K, Gutierrez-Aceves J, Levi N. A PEDOT nano-composite for hyperthermia and elimination of urological bacteria. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:212994. [PMID: 35882143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel modalities for overcoming recurrent urinary tract infections associated with indwelling urinary catheters are needed, and rapidly induced hyperthermia is one potential solution. PEDOT nanotubes are a class of photothermal particles that can easily be incorporated into silicone to produce thin, uniform coating on medical grade silicone catheters; subsequent laser stimulation therein imparts temperature elevations that can eliminate bacteria and biofilms. PEDOT silicone coatings are stable following thermal sterilization and repeated heating and cooling cycles. Laser stimulation can induce temperature increases of up to 55 °C in 300 s, but only 45 s was needed for ablation of UTI inducing E. coli biofilms in vitro. This work also demonstrates that mild hyperthermia of 50 °C, applied for only 31 s in the presence of antibiotics could eliminate E. coli biofilm as effectively as high temperatures. This work culminates in the evaluation of the PEDOT NTs for photothermal elimination of E. coli in an in vivo model to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a photothermal nanocomposite (16 s treatment time) for rapid clearance of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastian Rodriguez-Alvarez
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America; Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Lauren Kratky
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Shaina Yates-Alston
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Santu Sarkar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Vogel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Nicole Levi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America.
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Abstract
The goal of rehabilitation is to restore function and mobility and reduce pain associated with chronic disease. In human medicine, physical therapy is standard of care for acute and chronic injuries and an integral component of postoperative recovery. Although there is a dearth of evidence-based veterinary medical studies in rehabilitation therapy and modalities for forelimb injuries in dogs, some extrapolation from human medicine can be made and applied. When developing a rehabilitation and therapeutic plan, the biomechanics of the affected limb and timeline of tissue healing of the target tissue and/or joint are important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Brown
- Florida Veterinary Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 11016 North Dale Mabry Highway, #202, Tampa, FL 33618, USA.
| | - Julia Tomlinson
- Twin Cities Animal Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Clinic, 12010 Riverwood Drive, Burnsville, MN 55337, USA
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Ahmed W, Elbrønd VS, Harrison AP, Hart JO, Williams RE. An Investigation Into the Short-Term Effects of Photobiomodulation on the Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds of M. Longissimus and M. Gluteus Medius, in Relation to Muscle Firing Rate in Horses at Three Different Gaits. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 98:103363. [PMID: 33663728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Back pain is a common condition in horses, yet despite this, quantitative assessments of the efficacy of treatment are scarce. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and acoustic myography (AMG) recordings were obtained, both preinterventionand postintervention, from the left and right epaxial muscles in eight healthy general riding horses (mean age 17 ± 6 yrs). Using an algometer, MNT readings were taken at each of the 6 preselected points along the thoracolumbar M. longissimus and M. gluteus medius region. AMG recordings of the M. longissimus and M. gluteus medius were taken while walking, trotting, and cantering on a left or right hand 20m circle on a longe, on a waxed sand surface in an indoor arena. Horses were then treated using a class 1 laser. Therapy was applied for 1 minute at 1000 Hz to the same preselected points from which MNT measurements had previously been taken. Measurements were subsequently taken 1 hour and 24 hours post-treatment for MNT reading, and only 24 hours after for AMG measurements. No significant effect of treatment was noted for the MNTs. The AMG results were analyzed in terms of their temporal summation (T-score), where statistically significant improvements in the T-scores for M. longissimus and M. gluteus medius were noted for the different gaits. It is concluded that cold laser therapy has a positive effect on horse muscles that reveals a change in their firing frequency that is commensurate with changes seen with analgesia in subjects experiencing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, PAS (Physiology), Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vibeke S Elbrønd
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, PAS (Physiology), Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Adrian P Harrison
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, PAS (Physiology), Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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8
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Locke RC, Lemmon EA, Dudzinski E, Kopa SC, Wayne JM, Soulas JM, De Taboada L, Killian ML. Photobiomodulation does not influence maturation and mildly improves functional healing of mouse achilles tendons. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1866-1875. [PMID: 31965620 PMCID: PMC8637462 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendon rupture can occur at any age and is commonly treated nonoperatively, yet can result in persisting symptoms. Thus, a need exists to improve nonoperative treatments of injured tendons. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has shown promise in the clinic and is hypothesized to stimulate mitochondrial-related metabolism and improve healing. However, the effect of PBM therapy on mitochondrial function during tendon maturation and healing are unknown, and its effect on tendon structure and function remain unclear. In this study, near-infrared light (980:810 nm blend, 2.5 J/cm2 ) was applied at low (30 mW/cm2 ) or high (300 mW/cm2 ) irradiance to unilateral Achilles tendons of CD-1 mice during postnatal growth (maturation) as well as adult mice with bilateral Achilles tenotomy (healing). The chronic effect of PBM therapy on tendon structure and function was determined using histology and mechanics, and the acute effect of PBM therapy on mitochondrial-related gene expression was assessed. During maturation and healing, collagen alignment, cell number, and nuclear shape were unaffected by chronic PBM therapy. We found a sex-dependent effect of PBM therapy during healing on mechanical outcomes (eg, increased stiffness and Young's modulus for PBM-treated females, and increased strain at ultimate stress for PBM-treated males). Mitochondria-related gene expression was marginally influenced by PBM therapy for both maturation and healing studies. This study was the first to implement PBM therapy during both growth and healing of the murine tendon. PBM therapy resulted in marginal and sex-dependent effects on the murine tendon. Clinical significance: PBM may be beneficial for tendon healing because functional remodeling improves without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Locke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Elisabeth A. Lemmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Ellen Dudzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Sarah C. Kopa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Julianna M. Wayne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Jaclyn M. Soulas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | | | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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9
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Haussler KK, Manchon PT, Donnell JR, Frisbie DD. Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Chiropractic Care on Back Pain in Quarter Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 86:102891. [PMID: 32067657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy has been used clinically to treat musculoskeletal pain; however, there is limited evidence available to support its use in treating back pain in horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of low-level laser therapy and chiropractic care in treating thoracolumbar pain in competitive western performance horses. The subjects included 61 Quarter Horses actively involved in national western performance competitions judged to have back pain. A randomized, clinical trial was conducted by assigning affected horses to either laser therapy, chiropractic, or combined laser and chiropractic treatment groups. Outcome parameters included a visual analog scale (VAS) of perceived back pain and dysfunction and detailed spinal examinations evaluating pain, muscle tone, and stiffness. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured along the dorsal trunk and values were compared before and after treatment. Repeated measures with post-hoc analysis were used to assess treatment group differences. Low-level laser therapy, as applied in this study, produced significant reductions in back pain, epaxial muscle hypertonicity, and trunk stiffness. Combined laser therapy and chiropractic care produced similar reductions, with additional significant decreases in the severity of epaxial muscle hypertonicity and trunk stiffness. Chiropractic treatment by itself did not produce any significant changes in back pain, muscle hypertonicity, or trunk stiffness; however, there were improvements in trunk and pelvic flexion reflexes. The combination of laser therapy and chiropractic care seemed to provide additive effects in treating back pain and trunk stiffness that were not present with chiropractic treatment alone. The results of this study support the concept that a multimodal approach of laser therapy and chiropractic care is beneficial in treating back pain in horses involved in active competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Haussler
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
| | | | | | - David D Frisbie
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; Equine Sports Medicine, LLC, Pilot Point, TX
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10
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Luna SPL, Schoen A, Trindade PHE, Rocha PBD. Penetration Profiles of a Class IV Therapeutic Laser and a Photobiomodulation Therapy Device in Equine Skin. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 85:102846. [PMID: 31952636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) effects depend on the energy settings and laser penetration. We investigated the penetration time profiles of two different light therapy devices, at the dark and light skin regions in horses. Six light skin and six dark skin adult clinically healthy Arab and Quarter horses were used. A cutometer was used to measure the width of the skin fold from both sides of the cervical area, followed by three measurements of the thickness of the same skin fold by transversal and longitudinal ultrasonography (US). The depth of light penetration was compared based on the percentage of penetration versus power, between a portable PBMT device versus a class IV laser device. The laser mean power output was measured with an optical power meter system for 120 seconds after penetrating the skin. Skin width and laser penetration were compared among equipment by paired "t" test. There was no difference in the width of the skin fold between measurements acquired by the cutometer against either longitudinal or transversal US or between the US measurements at cervical versus metacarpus area. Light penetration was greater in both kinds of skins in the PBMT (0.01303 ± 0.00778) versus class IV laser (0.00122 ± SD 0.00070) (P < .001). The PBMT device provided a greater energy penetration than the class IV laser in unclipped light and dark skin, suggesting that the former may produce a better therapeutic effect. The color of the skin changes penetration profiles of PBMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Allen Schoen
- Center for Integrative Animal Health, Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Paula Barreto da Rocha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Hochman L. Photobiomodulation Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: A Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:83-88. [PMID: 30243364 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Laser therapy, or photobiomodulation, has rapidly grown in popularity in human and veterinary medicine. With a number of proposed indications and broad, sometimes anecdotal, use in practice, research interest has expanded aimed at providing scientific support. Recent studies have shown that laser therapy alters the inflammatory and immune response as well as promotes healing for a variety of tissue types. This review will cover the history of the modality, basic principles, proposed mechanisms of action, evidence-based clinical indications, and will guide the practitioner through its application in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hochman
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Integrative Medicine Service, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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12
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Wilson JM, McKenzie E, Duesterdieck-Zellmer K. International Survey Regarding the Use of Rehabilitation Modalities in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:120. [PMID: 29942811 PMCID: PMC6004390 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To define which biologic, electrophysical and other modalities are used in horses for injury or performance issues, a questionnaire regarding 38 modalities was distributed to eight veterinary groups. A total of 305 complete or partial responses were obtained from over 10 geographic regions; 75.4% from private equine practice or regional private equine referral hospitals, 14.1% from university teaching hospitals or satellite clinics, 8.2% from private mixed animal practice, and 2.3% from veterinary rehabilitation centers. The majority of respondents were located in the USA (60%), Europe (25.6%), and Canada (5.6%). Respondents reported working with athletic horses primarily in the disciplines of hunter-jumper (26.9%), dressage (16.0%), and pleasure riding (14.7%), followed by Western riding, track racing, and eventing. Warmbloods (39.7%) were the predominant breed presenting to respondents, followed by Thoroughbreds (20.3%) and Quarter Horses (17.3%) ahead of other breeds. All 38 modalities were used by respondents. The 10 most prominently utilized were controlled hand walking (97.3%), therapeutic shoeing (96.1%), ice (95.2%), compression bandaging (89.5%), platelet rich plasma (PRP; 86.5%), therapeutic exercises (84.3%), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein therapy (IRAP; 81.4%), stretching (83.3%), and cold water hydrotherapy (82.9%). Heat (77.6%), massage (69.0%), and acupuncture (68.3%) were also commonly utilized. The least prominently used modalities were hyperbaric oxygen therapy (9.4%), cytowave (8.3%), and radiofrequency (6.4%). Injectable modalities (IRAP, PRP, mesotherapy, stem cells) were almost solely administered by veterinarians; other modalities were variably applied by veterinarians, technicians, veterinary assistants, farriers, physical therapists, trainers, and other entities. A total of 33% of respondents reported working collaboratively with physical therapists on equine patients. Findings indicate that a broad range of invasive and non-invasive modalities are used in equine patients to address a variety of rehabilitation and performance needs, and that personnel with varying levels of expertise are involved in their administration. This suggests that further investigation to better define the delivery, efficacy and any negative effects of many of these modalities is important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Katja Duesterdieck-Zellmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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13
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McKenzie E. Current status of myopathies affecting athletic horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscular disorders rank among the most prevalent problems of horses competing in a broad variety of athletic disciplines, including track racing, dressage, endurance racing and Western riding disciplines. As described in this review, active scientific investigation is continuing to elucidate the different mechanisms underlying specific muscular disorders in horses, and is discovering and defining new disorders, and new methods of diagnosis, treatment and management. The flourishing field of equine rehabilitation and regenerative medicine is also driving the progressive application of a variety of modalities to the treatment and management of musculoskeletal conditions in horses. However, it is essential that this be accompanied by appropriate scientific investigation to verify the efficacy of recommended modalities and treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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