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Piotrowski IL, Junge HK, Schwarzwald CC. Evaluation of the Audicor Acoustic Cardiography Device as a Diagnostic Tool in Horses with Mitral or Aortic Valve Insufficiency. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:331. [PMID: 38275790 PMCID: PMC10812805 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitral and aortic valve insufficiencies have been commonly reported in horses. The objective of this study was to establish the use of acoustic cardiography (Audicor®) in horses with aortic (AI) or mitral valve insufficiency (MI). A total of 17 healthy horses, 18 horses with AI, and 28 horses with MI were prospectively included. None of the horses was in heart failure. Echocardiography and Audicor® analyses were conducted. Electromechanical activating time (EMAT), rate-corrected EMATc, left ventricular systolic time (LVST), rate-corrected LVSTc, and intensity and persistence of the third and fourth heart sound (S3, S4) were reported by Audicor®. Graphical analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) phonocardiogram served to visually detect murmurs. Audicor® snapshot variables were compared between groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparisons test. The association between Audicor® snapshot variables and the corresponding echocardiographic variables was investigated by linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses. Heart murmurs were not displayed on Audicor® phonocardiograms. No significant differences were found between Audicor® variables obtained in clinically healthy horses and horses with valvular insufficiency. The Audicor® device is unable to detect heart murmurs in horses. Audicor® variables representing cardiac function are not markedly altered, and their association with corresponding echocardiographic variables is poor in horses with valvular insufficiency that are not in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle L. Piotrowski
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (H.K.J.); (C.C.S.)
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2
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Ellis KL, Contino EK, Nout‐Lomas YS. Poor performance in the horse: Diagnosing the non‐orthopaedic causes. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Ellis
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Erin K. Contino
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Yvette S. Nout‐Lomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Sadeghian Chaleshtori S, Mokhber Dezfouli MR, Najizadeh MH, Nikbakht Borujeni GR. Measurement of
ANP
,
BNP
and endothelin‐1 concentrations in jumping horses with heart valvular regurgitation and their correlation with the dimensions of heart structures. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Sadeghian Chaleshtori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Institute of Biomedical Research University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mokhber Dezfouli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Institute of Biomedical Research University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | | | - Golam Reza Nikbakht Borujeni
- Institute of Biomedical Research University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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4
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Hövener J, Pokar J, Merle R, Gehlen H. Association between Cardiac Auscultation and Echocardiographic Findings in Warmblood Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3463. [PMID: 34944240 PMCID: PMC8698104 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart murmurs are detected frequently when auscultating horses and certain murmurs can usually be linked to specific valvular regurgitations. Limited information exists about the accuracy of these broad rules in warmblood horses and the influence of grade of the regurgitation and dimensional changes on murmur intensity. This study aims to clarify the accuracy of cardiac auscultation in warmblood horses and the influence of the grade of regurgitation and dimensional changes on the loudness of the murmur. In this retrospective study, 822 warmblood horses presented for cardiac examination in a large equine referral center in northern Germany underwent a thorough cardiac auscultation. In total, 653 of these revealed one or more heart murmurs. Most common auscultatory findings were left-sided systolic murmurs (68%) or left-sided diastolic murmurs (15%). On 635 of these horses, an echocardiographic examination was performed, revealing regurgitations of the mitral valve as the most common valvular regurgitation (77%) followed by regurgitations of the aortic valve (23%). Thirty-one percent of horses that underwent echocardiographic examination displayed dimensional changes of one or more compartments of the heart, with the left atrium being most affected (21%), followed by the left ventricle (13%). The main goal of this study was to link certain auscultatory findings with results of the echocardiographic examinations, trying to determine whether auscultation and echocardiography agreed on the valve affected, as well as to find out if loudness of the murmur coincided with grade of regurgitation and presence of dimensional changes. Agreement between auscultation and cardiac ultrasound was substantial (Kappa 0.74) if one or more murmurs and regurgitations were present and almost perfect (Kappa 0.94) if only one murmur and one regurgitation were found. Auscultation was particularly well suited for detection of left-sided systolic and diastolic murmurs, with 87% of left-sided systolic murmurs being caused by a mitral valve regurgitation and 81% of left-sided diastolic murmurs originating from an aortic valve regurgitation. We found a fair agreement between the grade of regurgitation and the respective murmur. Association was particularly good between mild regurgitations and low-grade murmurs, while differentiation between moderate to severe regurgitation based upon the loudness of the murmur was less reliable. Dimensional changes were usually linked to more severe regurgitations and higher-grade murmurs. However, a direct correlation between murmur intensity and the presence or severity of dimensional changes, independent of the grade of valvular regurgitation, could not be established in this cohort of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hövener
- Equine Clinic Bargteheide, 22941 Bargteheide, Germany;
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Department, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julie Pokar
- Equine Clinic Bargteheide, 22941 Bargteheide, Germany;
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Department, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Kis J, Rózsa L, Husvéth F, Zsolnai A, Anton I. Role of genes related to performance and reproduction of Thoroughbreds in training and breeding - A review. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:315-323. [PMID: 34739392 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thoroughbreds have been selected for speed and stamina since the 1700s. This selection resulted in structural and functional system-wide adaptations that enhanced physiological characteristics for outstanding speed of 61-71 kph (38-44 mph) between 1,000 and 3,200 m (5 furlongs - 2 miles). At present, horseracing is still an economically important industrial sector, therefore intensive research is underway to explore genes that allow the utilisation of genetic abilities and are significant in breeding and training. This study aims to provide an overview of genetic research and its applicability related to Thoroughbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Kis
- 1Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor u. 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - László Rózsa
- 1Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor u. 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Husvéth
- 2Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, Hungary
| | - Attila Zsolnai
- 1Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor u. 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - István Anton
- 1Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Guba Sándor u. 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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6
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Abstract
There have been some advances in understanding the genetic contribution to ventricular septal defects in Arabians, sudden death in racehorses, and atrial fibrillation in racehorses. No genetic analyses have been published for aortic rupture in Friesians or atrioventricular block in donkeys despite strong evidence for a genetic cause. To date, no genetic mutation has been identified for any equid cardiac disease. With the advancement of genetic tools and resources, we are moving closer to discoveries that may explain the heritable basis of inherited equid cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Fousse
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Stern Comparative Cardiac Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Stern Comparative Cardiac Genetics Laboratory, UC Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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7
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Two-dimensional, M-mode and left atrial velocity echocardiographic measurements in healthy Norwegian-Swedish Coldblooded Trotters. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 29:60-73. [PMID: 32505882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Norwegian-Swedish Coldblooded Trotter (NSCT) is an important breed in Norwegian and Swedish harness racing. In spite of this, little is known about its cardiac measurements and factors that may influence these. The aims of this study were to establish reference intervals (RI) for a series of conventional echocardiographic variables, primarily of the left heart, in NSCTs in race training and to evaluate any effects age, gender, estimated body weight (EBW), number of starts and racing performance may have on these. ANIMALS Sixty-three apparently healthy NSCTs in race training. METHODS Observational study, convenience sampling. All horses were examined unsedated in their normal stabling environment. Auscultatory and echocardiographic examinations were performed. Means, standard deviations, medians and confidence intervals of the RI limits were used to summarize the data. The relationship between selected echocardiographic variables and age, gender, EBW, racing performance and number of starts were explored using linear regression analyses. RESULTS Reference intervals were determined for routinely used echocardiographic variables. Data for left atrial velocity were also obtained. Increasing age, number of starts and money earned significantly increased all cardiac measurements. Males had significantly higher ventricular measurements than females. Great vessel measurements increased with increasing EBW. Horses with faster recorded racing times had generally significantly increased cardiac measurements. Clinically insignificant valvular regurgitation was a common finding, particularly at the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. CONCLUSIONS The RIs described and the factors that may affect these will assist clinicians in interpreting echocardiograms of NSCTs with suspected cardiac disease or poor performance.
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8
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Barrett E, Arkins S. Abnormalities detected at pre-purchase examination of National Hunt racehorses presented at sale. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:281-289. [PMID: 31418917 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies are available concerning prevalences of abnormalities in the Thoroughbred horse population. OBJECTIVES Determine the prevalence of commonly observed abnormalities in a National Hunt Thoroughbred population using results of pre-purchase examinations conducted at Thoroughbred sales venues. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Veterinary pre-purchase examination certificates for 13,603 3- and 4-year-old Thoroughbred National Hunt horses from Tattersalls Ireland, Goffs Ireland and Doncaster Bloodstock Sales Ltd. (DBS) Sales were analysed. All conditions noted by the veterinarians were recorded to determine the prevalence of abnormalities. RESULTS Abnormalities were recorded in 73.6% of horses; 12.0% had abnormalities likely to prejudice their use for racing. Metacarpal/metatarsal exostoses and tarsal-plantar desmitis affected 17.1 and 19.4% of the sample respectively, while 9.9% were found to make abnormal respiratory noises and 5.3% had recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Age, year of birth and sex significantly affected the prevalence of many abnormalities (P<0.001). The proportions of horses sold differed significantly between horses with and without some abnormalities, with unaffected horses significantly more likely to be sold (e.g., prejudicial findings present vs. non-prejudicial/none, 38.1% vs. 77.6% respectively, P<0.001). A range of abnormalities significantly negatively affected the price at sale (P<0.001). Significantly higher proportions of horses in the lower price categories had multiple abnormalities (P<0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study consisted only of horses entered into store horse sales and presented for sale. Horses kept for racing or breeding purposes or horses withdrawn prior to the panel veterinary pre-purchase examination were not included. The upper respiratory tract was only examined endoscopically in horses found to have an abnormal respiratory noise. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of 3- and 4-year-old Thoroughbred National Hunt horses intended for sale are affected by abnormalities. The prevalence of many abnormalities increases with age and certain abnormalities are viewed negatively by purchasers, affecting sale of the horse and achieved sale price.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Oaklands Equine Hospital, Yarm, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - S Arkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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9
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Boegli J, Schwarzwald CC, Mitchell KJ. Diagnostic value of noninvasive pulse pressure measurements in Warmblood horses with aortic regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1446-1455. [PMID: 30938891 PMCID: PMC6524107 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noninvasive blood pressures (NIBP) and pulse pressures (PP) have not been published in horses with aortic and mitral regurgitation (AR or MR). Objectives To investigate NIBP and PP in healthy Warmblood horses and horses with AR and MR and propose PP cutoffs to identify and stage AR severity. Animals Seventy‐three Warmblood horses (healthy, 10; AR, 31; MR, 32). Methods Retrospective study. All horses had NIBP and an echocardiogram recorded. Cases were categorized based on severity of regurgitation. Pulse pressures were compared among healthy, MR, and AR groups and among AR severity groups. Cutoffs were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Results Horses with AR had higher PP than horses with MR (mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)], +17 [9‐26] mm Hg, P < .001) and controls (+17 [5‐30] mm Hg; P =.004). Horses with severe AR had higher PP compared those with mild (+38 [20‐54] mm Hg; P < 0.001) and moderate AR (+33 [18‐47] mm Hg; P < .001). The PP cutoffs to distinguish AR from MR and controls were 38 mm Hg (sensitivity [Sn], 100%; specificity [Sp], 19%) for maximal Sn and 61 mm Hg (Sn, 43%; Sp, 100%) for maximal Sp. The PP cutoffs to distinguish severe AR from mild and moderate AR were 57 mm Hg (Sn, 100%; Sp, 70%) for maximal Sn and 77 mm Hg (Sn, 75%; Sp, 100%) for maximal Sp. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Horses with AR have increased PP. Noninvasive PP measurements interpreted with provided cutoffs may aid clinicians in diagnosing and staging severity of AR in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Boegli
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharyn J Mitchell
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Durando MM. Cardiovascular Causes of Poor Performance and Exercise Intolerance and Assessment of Safety in the Equine Athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:175-190. [PMID: 30871825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses have a high prevalence of resting arrhythmias, cardiac murmurs, and valvular regurgitation, and training can increase the prevalence. This makes it challenging for equine veterinarians who are asked to evaluate horses for poor performance to determine the clinical relevance of some findings. In addition, cardiac disease has the potential to cause collapse or sudden death, putting both the horse and rider at risk. Further diagnostics, such as echocardiograms and resting and exercising ECGs can help to sort out the impact of an abnormality found on resting physical examination. However uncertainty over the importance of some findings continues to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Durando
- Equine Sports Medicine Consultants, LLC, 40 East Main Street, Suite 232, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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11
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System in Horses During Prepurchase and Insurance Examinations. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:191-204. [PMID: 30871830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmias detected on prepurchase examination should be confirmed with an ECG. Exercising ECG determines if the arrhythmia is overdriven during exercise or is a safety concern. An echocardiogram is needed in all horses with a grade 3/6 or louder mid to late systolic, holosystolic, or pansystolic murmur or any holodiastolic decrescendo murmur to identify the cardiac abnormality and its hemodynamic impact. Most horses with arrhythmias and murmurs have a normal performance career and life expectancy and are insurable. Risks for sudden death and congestive heart failure associated with the common murmurs and arrhythmias are identified, because these horses cannot be insured.
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12
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Wijnberg I, Franklin S. The heart remains the core: cardiac causes of poor performance in horses compared to human athletes. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling occurs in response to exercise and is generally beneficial for athletic performance due to the increase in cardiac output. However, this remodelling also may lead to an increased prevalence of cardiac murmurs and arrhythmias. In most cases, these are not considered to be significant. However, in some cases, there may be potentially deleterious consequences. Whilst sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare occurrence, the consequences are catastrophic for both the horse and potentially the rider or driver. Furthermore, the sudden death of a horse in the public arena has negative connotations in regards to public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Prediction of which individuals might be susceptible to potential deleterious effects of exercise is a focus of interest in both human and equine athletes but remains a challenge because many athletes experience cardiac murmurs and exercise-induced arrhythmias that are clinically irrelevant. This review summarises the effects of exercise on cardiac remodelling in the horse and the potential effects on athletic performance and SCD. The use of biomarkers and their future potential in the management of athletic horses is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.D. Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S.H. Franklin
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Shave R, Howatson G, Dickson D, Young L. Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling: Lessons from Humans, Horses, and Dogs. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010009. [PMID: 29056668 PMCID: PMC5606617 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is dependent upon the cardiovascular system adequately delivering blood to meet the metabolic and thermoregulatory demands of exercise. Animals who regularly exercise therefore require a well-adapted heart to support this delivery. The purpose of this review is to examine cardiac structure, and the potential for exercise-induced cardiac remodeling, in animals that regularly engage in strenuous activity. Specifically, we draw upon the literature that has studied the "athlete's heart" in humans, horses, and dogs, to enable the reader to compare and contrast cardiac remodeling in these three athletic species. The available literature provides compelling evidence for exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in all three species. However, more work is required to understand the influence of species/breed specific genetics and exercise-related hemodynamics, in order to fully understand the impact of exercise on cardiac structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Shave
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne TN1 8ST, UK.
- Water Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | | | - Lesley Young
- Specialist equine Cardiology Services, Moulton, Suffolk CB8 8SD, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Decloedt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
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16
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Roberts SL, Dukes-McEwan J. Assessment of cardiovascular disease in the donkey: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological observations. Vet Rec 2016; 179:384. [PMID: 27534982 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Roberts
- SLR Cardiology Referrals; Plumpton Farm, Pecket Well Hebden Bridge West Yorkshire HX7 8QU UK
| | - J. Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Chester High Road Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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Trachsel DS, Grenacher B, Schwarzwald CC. Plasma atrial/A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in horses with various heart diseases. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17:216-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide as an Indicator of the Severity of Valvular Regurgitation and Heart Failure in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leroux A, Detilleux J, Sandersen C, Borde L, Houben R, Al Haidar A, Art T, Amory H. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Cardiac Diseases in a Hospital-Based Population of 3,434 Horses (1994-2011). J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1563-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Leroux
- Equine Teaching Hospital; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
| | - J. Detilleux
- Quantitative Genetics Section; Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
| | - C.F. Sandersen
- Equine Teaching Hospital; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
| | - L. Borde
- Equine Teaching Hospital; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
| | - R.M.A.C. Houben
- Equine Teaching Hospital; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
| | - A. Al Haidar
- Equine Teaching Hospital; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
| | - T. Art
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre; Department of Functional Sciences (Art); Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
| | - H. Amory
- Equine Teaching Hospital; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Sart-Tilman Liege Belgium
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20
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Trachsel DS, Schwarzwald CC, Bitschnau C, Grenacher B, Weishaupt MA. Atrial natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy Warmblood horses and in Warmblood horses with mitral regurgitation at rest and after exercise. J Vet Cardiol 2013; 15:105-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Bavegems VC, Duchateau L, Polis IE, Van Ham LM, De Rick AF, Sys SU. Detection of innocent systolic murmurs by auscultation and their relation to hematologic and echocardiographic findings in clinically normal Whippets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:468-71. [PMID: 21320016 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.4.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine murmur prevalence by auscultation of 105 apparently healthy Whippets without signs of cardiac disease, to determine the origin of these murmurs, and to evaluate the influence of sex, type of pedigree (ie, bred for showing or racing), and training on these murmurs. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 105 client-owned Whippets. PROCEDURES All dogs were auscultated by the first author and underwent a complete physical and cardiological examination, together with a hematologic assessment. Several RBC variables and echocardiographic variables were compared between dogs with or without a murmur at the level of the aortic valve. RESULTS 44 of 105 (41.9%) dogs had no murmur. A soft systolic murmur was present with point of maximal intensity at the level of the aortic valve in 50 (47.6%) dogs, at the level of the pulmonic valve in 8 (7.6%) dogs, and at the level of the mitral valve in 3 (2.9%) dogs. No significant differences were found in heart rate, rhythm, murmur presence, point of maximal intensity, and murmur grade between males and females, between dogs with race- and show-type pedigrees, or between dogs in training and not in training. Dogs with a murmur at the level of the aortic valve had a significantly higher aortic and pulmonic blood flow velocity and cardiac output, compared with dogs without a murmur. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Whippets have a high prevalence of soft systolic murmurs in the absence of any structural abnormalities, which fit the description of innocent murmurs. No influence of sex, pedigree type, or training was found on the occurrence of these murmurs in Whippets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie C Bavegems
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Patteson M. Prepurchase examination in horses: detection and significance of heart murmurs. IN PRACTICE 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.c5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Schefer K, Bitschnau C, Weishaupt M, Schwarzwald C. Quantitative Analysis of Stress Echocardiograms in Healthy Horses with 2-Dimensional (2D) Echocardiography, Anatomical M-Mode, Tissue Doppler Imaging, and 2D Speckle Tracking. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:918-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Although valvular regurgitation is diagnosed frequently by colour Doppler echocardiography in racehorses at rest, there is currently no information about the effect of exercise on valvular regurgitation. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of light exercise on valvular regurgitation in a population of trotters. METHODS Standardbred trotters (n = 73) were examined by resting auscultation and echocardiography, of which 50 fullfilled the criteria of the study. Of these, 4 had reduced performance according to the trainers and were not included in the statistical analyses. Horses that showed valvular regurgitations diagnosed by colour Doppler echocardiography at rest, were light exercised and the regurgitant valves were then re-examined by colour Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS Of the 46 horses, 41 (89%) had one or more valvular regurgitations at rest with tricuspid regurgitation present in 83% of horses, mitral regurgitation 46%, pulmonary regurgitation 37% and aortic regurgitation 57%. After exercise, one or more valvular regurgitation persisted for 23 of the 41 horses (56%). The regurgitation decreased significantly for mitral, pulmonary and aortic valves; the mitral regurgitation persisted for 21% of the horses, pulmonary regurgitation persisted for 6% and aortic regurgitation persisted after exercise for 23 % with regurgitation diagnosed at rest. Half of those with tricuspid regurgitation at rest still had tricuspid regurgitation after exercise. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that the majority of small valvular regurgitations disappear after light exercise. However, the severity of tricuspid regurgitation increased in 4 horses. Furthermore, these horses were not performing satisfactorily according to the trainers. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Studies in man have shown that severity after exercise suggests pathological regurgitation. The present study indicates that echocardiographic examination of valvular regurgitation after exercise might be a relevant examination in horses. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the effect of strenuous exercise on valvular regurgitation in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buhl
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary andAgricultural University, 48 Dyrlaegevej, DK- 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Young LE, Helwegen MMGHJ, Rogers K, Kearns L, Schreiber C, Wood JLN. Associations between exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage, right ventricular dimensions and atrioventricular valve regurgitation in conditioned National Hunt racehorses. Equine Vet J 2010:193-7. [PMID: 17402417 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) and tricuspid (TR) and mitral valve regurgitation (MR) are conditions with high prevalence in conditioned Thoroughbreds. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries, leading to EIPH, is most likely when pulmonary vascular pressure is increased, and mitral regurgitation can result in pulmonary venous hypertension. HYPOTHESIS There might be an association between MR and EIPH and the right ventricle (RV) of horses known to suffer repeated episodes of EIPH, as their hearts would be subject to higher pulmonary vascular pressures and cardiac output during training and hence increased RV afterload and preload. METHODS An echocardiographic and auscultation study was conducted in 121 race-fit National Hunt Thoroughbreds. Cardiac auscultation and echocardiography were performed. A guided M-mode image of the RV just below the tricuspid valve was obtained from a right parasternal location and colour flow Doppler (CFD) used to interrogate the tricuspid valve and right atrium. The mitral valve was similarly examined from the left hemithorax. Severity of TR and MR by CFD was graded. Binary data on EIPH, based on whether the horse was perceived to have a clinically significant problem with EIPH, were determined retrospectively for each horse by the horses' primary care veterinary surgeon from medical and other records. Data were analysed using a standard logistic regression analysis approach. RESULTS EIPH was significantly and positively associated with the systolic and diastolic dimensions of the RV (P = 0.017 and 0.011 respectively) and this association was not sensitive to the effects of age or weight. There were no significant associations between EIPH and TR or MR by auscultation or CFD (TR: auscultation P = 0.1; CFD P = 0.2 and MR: auscultation P = 0.07; CFD P = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study was limited by the method used to classify EIPH, but there was no association between EIPH and horse age, weight, TR or MR in this population of Thoroughbreds. Nevertheless, RV internal dimension was greater in horses obviously affected by EIPH, suggesting that factors resulting in EIPH may directly or indirectly affect RV remodelling in athletic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Young
- Specialist Veterinary Cardiology Services, Moat End, Dunstall Green Road, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Helwegen MMGHJ, Young LE, Rogers K, Wood JLN. Measurements of right ventricular internal dimensions and their relationships to severity of tricuspid valve regurgitation in National Hunt Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 2010:171-7. [PMID: 17402414 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The effect of tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) in right ventricular (RV) chamber size has not been reported. METHODS An echocardiographic and auscultation study was conducted on 394 race-fit National Hunt Thoroughbreds (TBs) in 4 training yards. Auscultation was performed on each horse and audible murmurs of TR graded using a 1-6 scale. Echocardiography was also performed and standard, 2-dimensional (2D), short (SA) and long axis (LA) images of the RV obtained from a right parasternal location. An m-mode image was recorded from an SA view of the RV just below the level of the tricuspid valve. Colour flow Doppler (CFD) echocardiography was used to interrogate the tricuspid valve and right atrium. If retrograde flow was visible, representative recordings were also acquired. Severity of TR by CFD was graded using a subjective 1-9 scale. Measurements of RV chamber size in systole and diastole were made from archived 2D, LA, SA and m-mode images by a single observer unaware of the auscultation and CFD findings. To determine day-to-day repeatability of RV measurements from each imaging plane and of TR by CFD, 5 horses were examined on 5 consecutive days using an identical echocardiographic protocol. Images from 30 horses in the original dataset were also measured on a second occasion to determine the intra-observer repeatability. RESULTS There were significant positive correlations between the severity of TR by CFD and RV internal diameter from each image plane. In contrast, there were no significant associations between grade of TR by auscultation and any RV dimension. Data also showed that only RV measurements derived from M-mode images have acceptable intraobserver repeatability and similarly the M-mode measurements had the best overall day-to-day repeatability. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Data showed that TR assessed by CFD was positively associated with the diastolic and systolic dimensions of the RV, but failed to demonstrate a positive association between the presence of a murmur of TR and RV chamber size. M-mode and 2D echocardiography provided moderately reliable and repeatable methods for obtaining measurements of RV internal dimensions. M-mode images provide the most reliable and repeatable measurements, particularly for less experienced operators.
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ZUCCA E, FERRUCCI F, STANCARI G, SAPORITI T, FERRO E. The Prevalence of Cardiac Murmurs among Standardbred Racehorses Presented with Poor Performance. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:781-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica ZUCCA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Internal Medicine and Sports Medicine Service, Large Animal Veterinary Hospital, University of Milan
| | - Francesco FERRUCCI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Internal Medicine and Sports Medicine Service, Large Animal Veterinary Hospital, University of Milan
| | - Giovanni STANCARI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Internal Medicine and Sports Medicine Service, Large Animal Veterinary Hospital, University of Milan
| | - Tiziana SAPORITI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Internal Medicine and Sports Medicine Service, Large Animal Veterinary Hospital, University of Milan
| | - Elisabetta FERRO
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Internal Medicine and Sports Medicine Service, Large Animal Veterinary Hospital, University of Milan
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Stevens KB, Marr CM, Horn JNR, Pfeiffer DU, Perkins JD, Bowen IM, Allan EJ, Campbell J, Elliott J. Effect of left-sided valvular regurgitation on mortality and causes of death among a population of middle-aged and older horses. Vet Rec 2009; 164:6-10. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. B. Stevens
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - C. M. Marr
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Cotton End Road, Exning Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7NN
| | | | - D. U. Pfeiffer
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - J. D. Perkins
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - I. M. Bowen
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - E. J. Allan
- Davison Veterinary Surgeons; 65 Ilkeston Road Nottingham NG7 3GR
| | - J. Campbell
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - J. Elliott
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
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Lightfoot G, Jose-Cunilleras E, Rogers K, Newton JR, Young LE. An echocardiographic and auscultation study of right heart responses to training in young national hunt thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2007:153-8. [PMID: 17402411 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There are few data available to determine the effect of training on cardiac valve function. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of commercial race training on right ventricular (RV) and tricuspid valve function in an untrained group of National Hunt Thoroughbreds (TB). MATERIAL AND METHODS Cardiac auscultation, guided M-mode echocardiography of the RV, and colour flow Doppler (CFD) tricuspid valve and right atrium were performed in 90 TB horses (age 2-7 years) 1998-2003. Forty horses were examined at least once and 48 horses were examined on at least 2 occasions. Examinations were then classified as: i) before commencement of race training, ii) after cantering exercise had been sustained for a period of 8-12 weeks and iii) at full race fitness. Tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) murmurs were graded on a 1-6 scale and CFD echocardiography TR signals were graded on a 1-9 scale. Right ventricular internal diameter (RVID) in diastole and systole (RVIDd and RVIDs) was measured by guided M-mode. Associations between continuous RVID and TR measures and explanatory covariates of weight, age, heart rate, yard and stage of training were examined using general linear mixed models with horse-level random effects. RESULTS On average, RVIDd and RVIDs increased by 0.08 and 0.1 cm, respectively, per year increase in age (P = 0.1 and 0.02) and by 0.3 and 0.4 cm, respectively between pretraining and race fitness (P = 0.07 and 0.005). Tricuspid regurgitation score by colour flow Doppler increased by 0.6/year with age (P<0.0001) and by 1.8 between pretraining and race fitness (P<0.0001). No significant associations were found between any outcomes and weight, heart rate and training yard. Due to the high level of colinearity between age and training, multivariable models including both terms were not interpretable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Athletic training of horses exerts independent effects on both severity and prevalence of tricuspid valve incompetence. This effect should therefore be taken into account when examinations are performed. Dimensions of RV increase with age and training in TB horses in a manner that appears to be similar to that of the LV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lightfoot
- Specialist Veterinary Cardiology Services, Ousden, Suffolk, UK
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Buhl R, Ersbøll AK, Eriksen L, Koch J. Use of color Doppler echocardiography to assess the development of valvular regurgitation in Standardbred trotters. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 227:1630-5. [PMID: 16313042 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence and development of valvular regurgitation and its effect on racing performance in Standardbred trotters from 2 to 3.5 years of age. DESIGN Longitudinal observational study. ANIMALS 103 horses. PROCEDURE Horses were examined via echocardiographic imaging 4 times at 6-month intervals. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic examinations were performed in each horse, and color Doppler imaging was used to detect and evaluate regurgitant blood flow at each valve. RESULTS For all cardiac valves, the frequency of valvular regurgitation increased significantly during the 18-month study period. Regurgitation was mild in all valves in which it was detected, and no progression in severity was observed at any valve. Tricuspid regurgitation was more prevalent in horses that raced regularly and was diagnosed more frequently in males and horses with larger left ventricular mass and left ventricular internal diameter during diastole. No relationship between racing performance and valvular regurgitation was observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The incidence of valvular regurgitation increased during the study period, and it was common at 3.5 years of age. It was not possible to determine whether the increase was a result of maturity or training. The study revealed that there is a high prevalence of mild valvular regurgitation at this age, but apparently, the regurgitation had no effect on racing performance in this age group. Whether regurgitation will progress or influence future performance is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Buhl
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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