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Santifort KM. Head rebound test in the clinical neurological examination of veterinary patients: a case example and discussion of Stewart and Holmes' rebound phenomenon. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180132. [PMID: 37292429 PMCID: PMC10246560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In human medical neurology, the clinical neurological examination is variably augmented by specific tests that may be either unsuitable for veterinary patients or not included in the clinical evaluation of veterinary neurological patients due to clinicians presumably being unfamiliar with these tests. An example of the latter can be found in testing for the Stewart and Holmes' rebound phenomenon ("rebound test"). In this article, a veterinary case example is presented in which a modified version of this test was performed ("head rebound test"). The interpretation of the results of this test is discussed, and the literature on the Stewart and Holmes' rebound phenomenon and testing thereof is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen M. Santifort
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Arnhem, Neurology, Arnhem, Netherlands
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Hart van Brabant, Neurology, Waalwijk, Netherlands
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2
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Tokushige H, Kobayashi M, Iimori M, Ito H, Ueshiba H, Urayama S, Kurimoto S. Inhalation injury in 11 Thoroughbred racehorses: Clinical course on bronchoscopy, treatment and postinjury racing performance. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tokushige
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association Ritto Shiga Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association Ritto Shiga Japan
| | - Mai Iimori
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association Ritto Shiga Japan
| | - Hiroki Ito
- Racehorse Hospital, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association Miho Inashiki, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hiroki Ueshiba
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association Ritto Shiga Japan
| | - Shuntaro Urayama
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association Ritto Shiga Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kurimoto
- Epizootic Prevention Section, Equine Department Japan Racing Association Minato Tokyo Japan
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3
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Sloan PB, Self KA, Kang Q, Lutter JD. Equine heel bulb lacerations: 62 cases (2004–2018). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1541-1546. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To characterize clinical findings and outcomes for horses with heel bulb lacerations.
ANIMALS
Medical records of a teaching hospital were reviewed to identify horses treated for heel bulb lacerations between February 2004 and October 2018. Long-term outcome was assessed by telephone communication with owners. Results were analyzed to determine association with clinical outcome.
RESULTS
31 mares and 31 geldings of various ages, breeds, and uses were evaluated. Thirty-six horses had a wound of 0 to 2 days’ duration, and 17 horses had a wound of > 2 days’ duration. Horses with a wound duration of < 2 days had a significantly greater likelihood of a higher outcome score (P = .025; OR = 7.08; 95% CI = 1.28% to 39.08%). Synovial communication with the wound was confirmed in 21 of 62 (33.9%) horses. One synovial structure was involved in 17 horses, and > 1 synovial structure was involved in 4 horses. Fifty-nine horses survived to discharge, and follow-up information was available for 18 (30.5%) horses. Of the horses available for follow-up, 78% returned to the previous level of work (14/18). Degree of lameness at presentation, degree of wound contamination, treatment prior to presentation, treatment with foot casting, and involvement of synovial structures were not found to be significantly associated with clinical outcome.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that horses with heel bulb lacerations have a good prognosis for survival and a favorable prognosis for return to work. Clinical application of additional findings needs further investigation before clinical relevance can be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearce B. Sloan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - J. Dylan Lutter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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4
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Dorph K, Haughan J, Robinson M, Redding LE. Critically important antimicrobials are frequently used on equine racetracks. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:774-779. [PMID: 35239509 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.01.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize antimicrobial use on four racetracks in the eastern US during the peak racing 2017-2018 seasons. PROCEDURES Handwritten daily treatment sheets provided by attending veterinarians who listed treatments administered to horses stabled at the racetrack were obtained. Information contained in the treatment sheets included the date, name of the horse and its trainer, type of treatment, and a brief (usually 1-word) indication for treatment. The handwritten data listed on the racetrack treatment sheets were manually transcribed and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2,684 antimicrobial prescriptions were recorded, representing 6.8% of all drug treatments. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobials were enrofloxacin, with 854 prescriptions (31.8% of antimicrobial treatments), followed by gentamicin (570 [21.2%] prescriptions), ceftiofur (388 [14.5%] prescriptions,), and penicillin (220 [8.2%] prescriptions). The relative frequencies of antimicrobial class and indication for treatment varied significantly by racetrack and by prescribing veterinarian. Limitations associated with the data precluded ascertainment of the proportion of horses treated or exact indications for treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Antimicrobials appeared to be prescribed relatively infrequently at racetracks relative to other drugs, but highly or critically important antimicrobials were most often used. The appropriateness of use of these drugs remains unknown.
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Khusro A, Aarti C, Buendía-Rodriguez G, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Barbabosa-Pliego A. Adverse Effect of Antibiotics Administration on Horse Health: An Overview. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 97:103339. [PMID: 33478757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics-based therapy plays a paramount role in equine medicine because of their potential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Conventional antibiotics show bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties by interfering bacterial cell wall and protein synthesis as well as inhibiting RNA polymerase, DNase 1, and DNA gyrase. Antibiotics are extensively used not only for the treatment of varied bacterial infections but also the prevention of postoperative and secondary infections. Surprisingly, antibiotics such as sulfonamides or trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations, benzylpenicillin, cefquinome, fluphenazine, enrofloxacin, and sodium ceftriaxone cause detrimental effects on horses' health, namely, diarrhea, colitis, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, dysrhythmia, arthropathy, ataxia, anorexia, seizures, peripheral neuropathy, and certain neurologic abnormalities. Therefore, in equine practice, it is essential to optimize and analyze the combinations, formulations, route of administration, and dosages of certain antibiotics before administration. This review overviews the mode of actions and pharmacologic attributes of certain antibiotics, commonly used toward the treatment of disparate horse diseases. Most importantly, special emphasis was given to spotlight the potential adverse effects encountered during the administration of antibiotics as therapeutics in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Khusro
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chirom Aarti
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - German Buendía-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Nutrición de Rumiantes, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestal, Querétaro, México
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pliego
- Departamento de Nutrición de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México.
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Ellerbrock RE, Curcio BR, Zhong L, Honoroto J, Wilkins P, Lima FS, Giguere S, Canisso IF. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin to the late-term pregnant and non-pregnant mares. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:464-470. [PMID: 31483886 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enrofloxacin may be an alternative antimicrobial for unresponsive cases of severe bacterial infections in pregnant mares. As pregnancy may affect drug bioavailability, distribution, metabolism and excretion, dose adjustment might be necessary. OBJECTIVES To determine the disposition of orally and intravenously administered enrofloxacin in pregnant and non-pregnant mares. STUDY DESIGN Randomised cross-over experiment. METHODS Six light-breed, healthy pregnant mares (260 days gestation) were given a single dose of either intravenous (5 mg/kg bwt) or oral compounded (7.5 mg/kg bwt) enrofloxacin, with the opposite dose administered after a 7-day washout. The protocol was repeated 45-60 days post-partum, 15-30 days after foals were weaned. Plasma samples were obtained via venepuncture at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 min, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after enrofloxacin administration. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Concentration versus time data were analysed based on non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Enrofloxacin AUC0-∞ was significantly higher in pregnant mares than non-pregnant mares after PO administration and tended to be higher after i.v. administration. Ciprofloxacin maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and concentration at 24 h (C24h ) were higher, and half-life of the terminal phase (t½λz ) was longer in pregnant mares than non-pregnant mares after oral administration. Similarly, ciprofloxacin C24h was higher in pregnant mares with intravenous administration. Oral bioavailability did not differ based on pregnancy status. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only six healthy light breed mares were assessed. Disease or horse breed may affect the endpoints evaluated. A lack of established enrofloxacin AUC/MIC targets for equine pathogens limits pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic conclusions. CONCLUSIONS The oral form of enrofloxacin was well absorbed, and oral bioavailability was comparable to previous studies. While differences in enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics were seen between pregnant and non-pregnant mares, the recommended drug dose and dose intervals are appropriate for MIC <0.25 µg/mL. Dosages may need to be adjusted for bacteria with a MIC >0.25 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - B R Curcio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Departamento de Clinica Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L Zhong
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - J Honoroto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - S Giguere
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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7
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Roady PJ, Litsky A, Durgam S, Podico G, Li Z, Lima FS. Administration of enrofloxacin during late pregnancy failed to induce lesions in the resulting newborn foals. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:136-143. [PMID: 31009093 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study demonstrated that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin cross the equine placenta without causing gross cartilage or tendon lesions in the 9-month fetus; however, long-term effects of in utero fluoroquinolone exposure remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of fetal exposure to enrofloxacin on the resulting foal's cartilage and tendon strength. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Healthy mares at 280 days' gestation were allocated into four groups: untreated (n = 5), therapeutic treatment (7.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO × 14 days, n = 6), supratherapeutic treatment (15 mg/kg, PO × 14 days, n = 6) and no mare treatment with treatment of the foals post-partum (n = 2). Mares were allowed to carry pregnancy to term, and foals were maintained on pasture for 5 weeks. After that foals were euthanized, and their articular cartilage and extensor and flexor tendons were examined macroscopically and histologically for lesions. Tendon strength was tested by loading until failure. RESULTS Administration of enrofloxacin at recommended doses in late gestation did not result in cartilaginous lesions or clinical lameness in any foal by 5 weeks old. Tensile strength was greater in hind tendons than front tendons, but no difference was found between foals born from treated and control mares. Expectedly, osteochondral changes were present both in foals born from enrofloxacin-treated mares and in negative control foals with no apparent association with fluoroquinolone treatment during pregnancy. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only one time point in gestation was evaluated, and mares treated in the study were healthy at time of treatment. Additionally, it is possible that the assessments performed herein were not sensitive enough to detect subtle or functional changes in the articular cartilage. Further studies are needed to determine if enrofloxacin administration during late pregnancy potentiates osteochondral alterations in the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS While this study did not assess other stages of gestation or long-term foal outcomes, short-term administration of enrofloxacin to late gestation mares did not result in macroscopic or microscopic lesions in the resulting foals by 5 weeks of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - A Litsky
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - S Durgam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - G Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Z Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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8
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Roady PJ, Rothrock LT, Zhong L, Wilkins P, Dirikolu L, Lima FS, Honoroto J. Diffusion of enrofloxacin to pregnancy fluids and effects on fetal cartilage after intravenous administration to late pregnant mares. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:544-551. [PMID: 30449030 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In selective cases, enrofloxacin may be an alternative antibacterial agent to treat unresponsive infections in pregnant mares. Supratherapeutic doses of enrofloxacin are toxic to adult horses and also to newborn foals, however, it is unknown if enrofloxacin crosses the equine placenta or if it is toxic to the fetus. OBJECTIVES To assess the diffusion of enrofloxacin and its metabolite to fetal fluids and its effects on fetal cartilage when administered to pregnant mares. STUDY DESIGN In vivo and terminal controlled experiment. METHODS Healthy mares at 260 days of gestation were allocated into three groups: untreated (n = 3), therapeutic treatment (5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, i.v., n = 7) or supratherapeutic treatment (10 mg/kg, i.v., n = 6) for 11 days. Fetal fluids were collected on days 1, 5 and 11 of treatment. Premature delivery was induced on day 11 with oxytocin and fetal fluids and plasma were collected during delivery. Plasma and fetal fluid enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fetal articular cartilage was examined macroscopically and histologically for lesions. RESULTS Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reached the minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogens in all fluids. Ciprofloxacin did not increase with the double enrofloxacin dose in maternal plasma, but allantoic fluid showed a 10-fold increase relative to fetal trough plasma concentrations. Administration of enrofloxacin at recommended doses did not result in cartilaginous lesions in fetuses. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only one time point in gestation was evaluated and mares treated in the study were healthy at the time of treatment. It remains to be determined if enrofloxacin shows toxicity at other stages of pregnancy, after a longer duration of treatment, or once the foals are delivered and articular surfaces are weightbearing. CONCLUSIONS Short-term administration of enrofloxacin to late gestation mares resulted in detectable enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in fetal fluids and did not result in macroscopic or microscopic lesions in the fetus. While further research is needed to address long-term foal outcomes, enrofloxacin may be useful for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - L T Rothrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - L Zhong
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - L Dirikolu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - J Honoroto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Celani G, Tulini SMR, Montesano C, Zezza D, Sergi M, Varasano V, Mortellaro CM, Compagnone D, Amorena M, Petrizzi L. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin administered via intravenous regional limb perfusion in dairy cows: evaluation of two different tourniquets. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000227. [PMID: 29018533 PMCID: PMC5623333 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated synovial and systemic plasma pharmacokinetic variables of marbofloxacin after a single intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) performed using two different tourniquets in clinically healthy, standing, non-sedated dairy cows. The authors hypothesised that the type of tourniquet used for IVRLP would influence the synovial fluid concentration of marbofloxacin in the perfused distal limb. Design The study had a randomised parallel-group design. Methods Ten adult dairy cows were included. Unilateral hindlimb IVRLP through the dorsal common digital III vein was performed in two groups of five cows (group 1: wide rubber tourniquet; group 2: manual pneumatic tourniquet) using 0.67 mg/kg of marbofloxacin. The tourniquet was applied proximal to the tarsus and maintained for 30 minutes. Samples of jugular blood and synovial fluid from the tibiotarsal joints of the perfused limb were obtained before and at intervals after IVRLP. All samples were analysed for drug concentrations using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined to establish the influence of tourniquet types. Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. Results No adverse effects from the procedure or marbofloxacin were observed in any animal. Significant differences in synovial concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were measured. The mean ± sd areas under the concentration versus time curve from time 0 to 24 hours were 178.98±58.08 µg hour/ml for group 2 and 21.11±9.93 µg hour/ml for group 1. The mean ± sd maximum marbofloxacin concentrations were 75.50±10.19 µg/ml for group 2 and 6.35±1.47 µg/ml for group 1. Conclusions Performing IVRLP using the dorsal common digital III vein and a manual pneumatic tourniquet set at 300 mmHg above the tarsus in standing cows resulted in significantly higher marbofloxacin concentrations in the tibiotarsal joint compared with those with the wide rubber tourniquet. Trial registration Local ethical committee (number 41/2012/CEISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Celani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Maria Rita Tulini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Zezza
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Amorena
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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10
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Ruzickova P, Trencart P, Laverty S. Spontaneous hoof capsule loss following lacerations of the equine distal limb. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ruzickova
- Département de Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St Hyacinthe Québec Canada
| | - P. Trencart
- Département de Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St Hyacinthe Québec Canada
| | - S. Laverty
- Département de Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St Hyacinthe Québec Canada
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James O, Payne R, Bathe A, Greet T, Wylie C. Arthroscopy of the Dorsal and Plantar Pouches of the Tarsocrural Joint for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Horse: Clinical Features and Follow-Up. Vet Surg 2016; 45:1049-1055. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver James
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The University of Edinburgh, Dick Vet Equine; Edinburgh United Kingdom
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket, Suffolk United Kingdom
| | - Richard Payne
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket, Suffolk United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bathe
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket, Suffolk United Kingdom
| | - Tim Greet
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket, Suffolk United Kingdom
| | - Claire Wylie
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket, Suffolk United Kingdom
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12
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13
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Endo Y, Tsuchiya T, Omura T, Nakai K, Korosue K, Ishimaru M, Ishikawa Y, Hobo S. Effects of pre-shipping marbofloxacin administration on fever and blood properties in healthy Thoroughbreds transported a long distance. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:75-9. [PMID: 25720808 PMCID: PMC4349540 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated
the effects of single-dose marbofloxacin in protecting horses against fever associated
with transportation using 48 healthy Thoroughbreds. All horses were premedicated with
interferon-α (0.5 U/kg, sublingually, every 24 hr) for 2 days before transportation and on
the day of transportation. Horses were randomly assigned to receive marbofloxacin (2
mg/kg, IV, once; MRFX group), enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, IV, once; ERFX group) or saline (0.9%
NaCl) solution (10 ml, IV, once; control group) ≤1 hr before being
transportation. Each group contained 16 horses (8 males, 8 females). Horses were
transported 1,210 km using commercial vans over the course of approximately 26 hr.
Clinical examinations and hematologic analyses were performed on all horses both before
and after transportation. Post-transportation neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios were
significantly lower in horses in the MRFX group compared with the control horses. The
serum amyloid A levels were significantly lower in horses in the MRFX group and ERFX group
compared with the control horses. Regarding the post-transportation rectal temperatures,
fever was detected in 0 horses and 1 horse in the MRFX and ERFX groups, respectively,
whereas fevers exceeding 39.1°C were detected in 2 horses in the control group.
Additionally, the number of essential post-transportation treatments provided by
veterinarians was reduced 3-fold in the MRFX and ERFX groups compared with the saline
group. MRFX provided ERFX-like protection against fever associated with long-distance
transportation, yielding significantly better protection than saline. Administration of
MRFX just before transportation deserves a further study for efficacy in preventing horse
fever associated with transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Endo
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057-0171 Japan
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Lallemand E, Trencart P, Tahier C, Dron F, Paulin A, Tessier C. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Local Tolerance at Injection Site of Marbofloxacin Administered by Regional Intravenous Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses. Vet Surg 2013; 42:649-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lallemand
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes; France
| | | | - Carine Tahier
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Imaging; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes; France
| | | | | | - Caroline Tessier
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes; France
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Levine RS, Pacheco AP, Chope K, García López JM, Gates S, Costa LRR. What is your diagnosis? Bilateral SDFT rupture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:1563-4. [PMID: 23216026 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.12.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael S Levine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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16
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Tsuchiya T, Hobo S, Endo Y, Narita S, Sakamoto K. Effects of a single dose of enrofloxacin on body temperature and tracheobronchial neutrophil count in healthy Thoroughbreds premedicated with interferon-α and undergoing long-distance transportation. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:968-72. [PMID: 22738047 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.7.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of a single dose of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, IV) on body temperature and tracheobronchial neutrophil count in healthy Thoroughbreds premedicated with interferon-α and undergoing long-distance transportation. ANIMALS 32 healthy Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES All horses received interferon-α (0.5 U/kg, sublingually, q 24 h) as an immunologic stimulant for 2 days before transportation and on the day of transportation. Horses were randomly assigned to receive enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, IV, once; enrofloxacin group) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (50 mL, IV, once; control group) ≤ 1 hour before being transported 1,210 km via commercial vans (duration, approx 26 hours). Before and after transportation, clinical examination, measurement of temperature per rectum, and hematologic analysis were performed for all horses; a tracheobronchial aspirate was collected for neutrophil quantification in 12 horses (6/group). Horses received antimicrobial treatment after transportation if deemed necessary by the attending clinician. RESULTS No adverse effects were associated with treatment. After transportation, WBC count and serum amyloid A concentration in peripheral blood samples and neutrophil counts in tracheobronchial aspirates were significantly lower in horses of the enrofloxacin group than in untreated control horses. Fever (rectal temperature, ≥ 38.5°C) after transportation was detected in 3 of 16 enrofloxacin group horses and 9 of 16 control horses; additional antimicrobial treatment was required in 2 horses in the enrofloxacin group and 7 horses in the control group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses premedicated with interferon-α, enrofloxacin appeared to provide better protection against fever and lower respiratory tract inflammation than did saline solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Tsuchiya
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13, Nishicha, Urakawa-chou, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan.
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17
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Sekkin S, Gokbulut C, Kum C, Karademir U. Plasma disposition of enrofloxacin following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys. Vet Rec 2012; 171:447. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sekkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Adnan Menderes; Bati Kampusu Aydin Turkey
| | - C. Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Adnan Menderes; Bati Kampusu Aydin Turkey
| | - C. Kum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Adnan Menderes; Bati Kampusu Aydin Turkey
| | - U. Karademir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Adnan Menderes; Bati Kampusu Aydin Turkey
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18
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YAMARIK TA, WILSON WD, WIEBE VJ, PUSTERLA N, EDMAN J, PAPICH MG. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ciprofloxacin in adult horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:587-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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KUM C, GOKBULUT C, SEKKIN S, BOYACIOGLU M. Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin following intravenous and intramuscular administration in donkeys. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:105-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Altered pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in experimental models of hepatic and renal impairment. Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:481-7. [PMID: 19085067 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of hepatic and renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental hepatic and renal failure were induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCL(4)) and 5/6 nephrectomy, respectively. After intravenous dosing of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg), plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured using liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometry. There was no significant effect of hepatic impairment on enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics. However, renal impairment markedly prolonged elimination half life (t(1/2lambdaz)) of enrofloxacin (P < 0.05), comparing with respective control. Total body clearance (Cl(b)) and volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by renal impairment. In conclusion, these results suggested that renal impairment could affect the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin.
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Cruz AM, Rubio-Martinez L, Dowling T. New antimicrobials, systemic distribution, and local methods of antimicrobial delivery in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007; 22:297-322, vii-viii. [PMID: 16882477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The local delivery of antimicrobials is a valuable therapeutic tool with a low morbidity, is practical to use, and is well tolerated by horses. Clinically, its use has allowed equine practitioners to achieve better results when treating musculoskeletal infections, and it represents an extremely useful tool in the practitioner's armamentarium against these types of infections. The technique is indicated to combat orthopedic infections involving bones, joints, physes, tendon sheaths, and foot tissues. Optimal treatment must include other approaches, such as systemic antimicrobial therapy and surgical debridement and lavage, and monitoring of the clinical progression of the patient can help to determine the ideal protocol for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Cruz
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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22
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Fernández-Varón E, Cárceles CM, Marín P, Martos N, Escudero E, Ayala I. Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular, and intragastric administration to horses. Am J Vet Res 2007; 67:1076-81. [PMID: 16740105 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.6.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics of difloxacin (5 mg/kg) following IV, IM, and intragastric (IG) administration to healthy horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy mature horses. PROCEDURES A crossover study design with 3 phases was used (15-day washout periods between treatments). An injectable formulation of difloxacin (5%) was administered IV and IM in single doses (5 mg/kg); for IG administration, an oral solution was prepared and administered via nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected before and at intervals after each administration. A high-performance liquid chromatography assay with fluorescence detection was used to determine plasma difloxacin concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters of difloxacin were analyzed. Plasma creatine kinase activity was monitored to assess tissue damage. RESULTS Difloxacin plasma concentration versus time data after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model. The disposition of difloxacin following IM or IG administration was best described by a 1-compartment model. Mean half-life for difloxacin administered IV, IM, and IG was 2.66, 5.72, and 10.75 hours, respectively. Clearance after IV administration was 0.28 L/kg.h. After IM administration, the absolute mean +/- SD bioavailability was 95.81 +/- 3.11% and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1.48 +/- 0.12 mg/L. After IG administration, the absolute bioavailability was 68.62 +/- 10.60% and Cmax was 0.732 +/- 0.05 mg/L. At 12 hours after IM administration, plasma creatine kinase activity had increased 7-fold, compared with the preinjection value. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Data suggest that difloxacin is likely to be effective for treating susceptible bacterial infections in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernández-Varón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30.071-Murcia, Spain
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Parra-Sanchez A, Lugo J, Boothe DM, Gaughan EM, Hanson RR, Duran S, Belknap JK. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional intravenous limb perfusion in standing horses. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1687-95. [PMID: 17014317 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional IV limb perfusion (RILP) in standing horses. ANIMALS 14 adult horses. PROCEDURES Standing horses (7 horses/group) received either enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) or amikacin (250 mg) via RILP (involving tourniquet application) in 1 forelimb. Samples of interstitial fluid (collected via implanted capillary ultrafiltration devices) from the bone marrow (BMIF) of the third metacarpal bone and overlying subcutaneous tissues (STIF), blood, and synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint were collected prior to (time 0) and at intervals after tourniquet release for determination of drug concentrations. For pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 microg/mL (amikacin) and 0.5 microg/mL (enrofloxacin) were applied. RESULTS After RILP with enrofloxacin, 3 horses developed vasculitis. The highest synovial fluid concentrations of enrofloxacin and amikacin were detected at time 0; median values (range) were 13.22 microg/mL (0.254 to 167.9 microg/mL) and 26.2 microg/mL (5.78 to 50.0 microg/mL), respectively. Enrofloxacin concentrations exceeded MIC for approximately 24 hours in STIF and synovial fluid and for 36 hours in BMIF. After perfusion of amikacin, concentrations greater than the MIC were not detected in any samples. Effective therapeutic concentrations of enrofloxacin were attained in all samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses with orthopedic infections, RILP of enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) should be considered as a treatment option. However, care must be taken during administration. A dose of amikacin > 250 mg is recommended to attain effective tissue concentrations via RILP in standing horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Parra-Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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BRUNI SSÁNCHEZ, GONZÁLEZ C, MORENO L, FUMUSO E, SOLANA H, DAVID O, MORÁN P. D17 Uterine biotransformation of enrofloxacin in mares. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00762_19.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fernández-Varón E, Ayala I, Marín P, Carrión A, Martos N, Escudero E, Cárceles CM. Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and intragastric administration. Equine Vet J 2006; 38:342-6. [PMID: 16866202 DOI: 10.2746/042516406777749245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary medicine showing an excellent activity. However, danofloxacin pharmacokinetics profile have not been studied in horses previously. OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics following i.v., i.m. and intragastric (i.g.) administration of 1.25 mg/kg bwt danofloxacin to 6 healthy horses. METHODS A cross-over design was used in 3 phases (2 x 2 x 2), with 2 washout periods of 15 days (n = 6). Danofloxacin (18%) was administered by i.v. and i.m. routes at single doses of 1.25 mg/kg bwt. For i.g. administration an oral solution was prepared and administered via nasogastric tube. Danofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC assay with fluorescence detection. Tolerability at the the site of i.m. injection was monitored by creatine kinase (CK) activity. RESULTS Danofloxacin plasma concentration vs. time data after i.v. and i.g. administration could best be described by a 2-compartment open model. The disposition of i.m. administered danofloxacin was best described by a one-compartment model. The terminal half-lives for i.v., i.m. and i.g. routes were 6.31, 5.36 and 4.74 h, respectively. Clearance value after i.v. dosing was 0.34 l/kg bwt/h. After i.m. administration, absolute bioavailability was mean +/- s.d. 88.48 +/- 11.10% and Cmax was 0.35 +/- 0.05 mg/l. After i.g. administration, absolute bioavailability was 22.36 +/- 6.84% and Cmax 0.21 +/- 0.07 mg/l. CK activity following i.m. dosing increased 3-fold over pre-injection levels 12 h after dosing and subsequently approached (but did not reach) normal values at 72 h post dose. CONCLUSIONS Systemic danofloxacin exposure achieved in horses following i.m. administration was consistent with the predicted blood levels needed for a positive therapeutic outcome for many equine infections. Conversely, danofloxacin utility by the i.g. route was limited by low bioavailability. Tolerability associated with i.m. administration was high. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Pharmacokinetics, blood levels and good tolerability of i.v. and i.m. administration of danofloxacin in horses indicates that it is likely to be effective for treating sensitive bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fernández-Varón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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Lugo J, Gaughan EM. Septic Arthritis, Tenosynovitis, and Infections of Hoof Structures. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:363-88, viii. [PMID: 16882480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases of synovial and hoof structures in horses can be devastating to soundness and can result in life-threatening complications. Timely diagnosis and early aggressive treatment can result in successful outcomes and resumption of athletic careers; however, delays in recognition and therapy can be the most costly reasons for failure. Sterilization of affected compartments and tissues requires removal of microorganisms and compromised tissue. Debridement, lavage, and appropriate antimicrobial drug use are the most reliable avenues of treatment. Antimicrobial drugs can be administered by local, regional, and systemic routes. Lavage techniques and debridement typically require surgical manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lugo
- J.T. Vaughan Large Animal Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Stewart AJ. Actinobacillus pleuritis and peritonitis in a quarter horse mare. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:e77-93. [PMID: 16627097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1500 Wire Road, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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Dowling PM, Lopez HS. International perspectives in clinical pharmacology: Canada and Mexico. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2003; 19:707-13, vii. [PMID: 14608809 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(03)00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews clinical pharmacology in food animal production in Canada and Mexico. The authors discuss topics such as drug availability, the drug-approval process, availability (prescription or over-the-counter) of drugs to producers, withdrawal times, and extralabel drug use. Drugs that are prohibited and proactive measures for drug use in Canadian food animals also are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Dowling
- Western Centre Canadian gFARAD, Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Papich MG, Van Camp SD, Cole JA, Whitacre MD. Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin after i.v. administration of enrofloxacin to mares. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2002; 25:343-50. [PMID: 12423224 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin was administered i.v. to five adult mares at a dose of 5 mg/kg. After administration, blood and endometrial biopsy samples were collected at regular intervals for 24 h. The plasma and tissue samples were analyzed for enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin by high-pressure liquid chromatography. In plasma, enrofloxacin had a terminal half-life (t(1/2)), volume of distribution (area method), and systemic clearance of 6.7 +/- 2.9 h, 1.9 +/- 0.4 L/kg, and 3.7 +/- 1.4 mL/kg/min, respectively. Ciprofloxacin had a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 0.28 +/- 0.09 microg/mL. In endometrial tissue, the enrofloxacin Cmax was 1.7 +/- 0.5 microg/g, and the t(1/2) was 7.8 +/- 3.7 h. Ciprofloxacin Cmax in tissues was 0.15 +/- 0.04 microg/g and the t(1/2) was 5.2 +/- 2.0 h. The tissue:plasma enrofloxacin concentration ratios (w/w:w/v) were 0.175 +/- 0.08 and 0.47 +/- 0.06 for Cmax and AUC, respectively. For ciprofloxacin, these values were 0.55 +/- 0.13 and 0.58 +/- 0.31, respectively. We concluded that plasma concentrations achieved after 5 mg/kg i.v. are high enough to meet surrogate markers for antibacterial activity (Cmax:MIC ratio, and AUC:MIC ratio) considered effective for most susceptible gram-negative bacteria. Endometrial tissue concentrations taken from the mares after dosing showed that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin both penetrate this tissue adequately after systemic administration and would attain concentrations high enough in the tissue fluids to treat infections of the endometrium caused by susceptible bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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31
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Blanchard TL, Woods JA, Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Boothe DM. Theriogenology question of the month. Treatment options for erosive seminal vesiculitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221:793-5. [PMID: 12322915 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Blanchard
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Carretero M, Rodríguez C, San Andrés MI, Forés P, de Lucas JJ, Nieto J, Waxman S, San Andrés MD, González F. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in mature horses after single intravenous and intramuscular administration. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:360-5. [PMID: 12117107 DOI: 10.2746/042516402776249173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behaviour of marbofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent developed exclusively for veterinary use, was studied in mature horses (n = 5) after single-dose i.v. and i.m. administrations of 2 mg/kg bwt. Drug concentrations in plasma were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and data obtained were subjected to compartmental and noncompartmental kinetic analysis. This compound presents a relatively high volume of distribution (V(SS) = 1.17 +/- 0.18 l/kg), which suggests good tissue penetration, and a total body clearance (Cl) of 0.19 +/- 0.042 l/kgh, which is related to a long elimination half-life (t(1/2beta) = 4.74 +/- 0.8 h and 5.47 +/- 1.33 h i.v. and i.m. respectively). Marbofloxacin was rapidly absorbed after i.m. administration (MAT = 33.8 +/- 14.2 min) and presented high bioavailability (F = 87.9 +/- 6.0%). Pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between both routes of administration (P>0.05). After marbofloxacin i.m. administration, no adverse reactions at the site of injection were observed. Serum CK activity levels 12 h after administration increased over 8-fold (range 3-15) compared with pre-injection levels, but this activity decreased to 3-fold during the 24 h follow-up period. Based on the value of surrogate markers to predict clinical success, Cmax/MIC ratio or AUC/MIC ratio, single daily marbofloxacin dose of 2 mg/kg bwt may not be effective in treating infections in horses caused by pathogens with an MIC > or = 0.25 microg/ml. However, if we use a classical antimicrobial efficacy criteria, marbofloxacin can reach a high plasma peak concentration and maintain concentrations higher than MICs determined for marbofloxacin against most gram-negative veterinary pathogens throughout the administration period. Taking into account the fact that fluoroquinolones are considered to have a concentration-dependent effect and a long postantibiotic effect against gram-negative bacteria, a dose of 2 mg/kg bwt every 24 h could be adequate for marbofloxacin in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carretero
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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