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Gareau A, Sekiguchi T, Warry E, Ripoll AZ, Sullivan E, Westfall T, Chretin J, Fulton LM, Harkey M, Storb R, Suter SE. Allogeneic peripheral blood haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:862-870. [PMID: 35789057 PMCID: PMC9796125 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autologous peripheral blood haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) cures 33%-40% of dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. We hypothesized, based on human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation literature, that transplanting dogs using canine donor leukocyte-matched CD34+ cells would lead to fewer relapses and increased cure rates. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of dogs diagnosed with high-grade B-cell lymphoma who received an identical allogeneic HCT. A total of 15 dogs transplanted at four facilities were identified. Five of fifteen dogs relapsed before transplant. The mean number of donor CD34+ cells/kg harvested and infused into recipient dogs was 8.0 × 106 /kg (range: 2.08 × 106 /kg-2.9 × 107 /kg). The median disease-free interval and overall survival of all dogs was 1095 days (range: 9-2920 days) and 1115 days (range: 9-2920 days), respectively. Two of five dogs, not in remission at transplant, died in the hospital. The median disease-free interval and overall survival of the remaining three dogs was 25 days (range: 15-250 days) and 1100 days (range: 66-1902 days), respectively. The median disease-free interval and overall survival of the 10 dogs who had not relapsed was 1235 days (range: 19-2920 days) and 1235 days (range: 19-2920 days), respectively. One dog died soon after discharge of presumed gastric-dilatation-volvulus. Eight of nine remaining dogs lived >4 yrs post-alloHCT, leading to a cure rate of 89%. Acute graft versus host disease was seen in three dogs. These results suggest that allogeneic HCT can cure ~50% more dogs than those treated with autologous HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gareau
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Tomoko Sekiguchi
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA,Present address:
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Emma Warry
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA,Present address:
College of Veterinary MedicineTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Alexandra Z. Ripoll
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA,Present address:
VCA Veterinary Care Animal Hospital & Referral CenterAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | | | | | - John Chretin
- VCA West LALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Present address:
TrueCare for PetsStudio CityCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Michael Harkey
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Rainer Storb
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Steven E. Suter
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA,North Carolina State University, Comparative Medicine InstituteRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA,Duke/NCSU Consortium for Comparative Canine OncologyDurhamUSA
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Graves SS, Storb R. Evolution of haematopoietic cell transplantation for canine blood disorders and a platform for solid organ transplantation. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2156-2171. [PMID: 34390541 PMCID: PMC8604109 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) studies in canines have proven to be invaluable for establishing HCT as a highly successful clinical option for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant haematological diseases in humans. Additionally, studies in canines have shown that immune tolerance, established following HCT, enabled transplantation of solid organs without the need of lifelong immunosuppression. This progress has been possible due to multiple biological similarities between dog and mankind. In this review, the hurdles that were overcome and the methods that were developed in the dog HCT model which made HCT clinically possible are examined. The results of these studies justify the question whether HCT can be used in the veterinary clinical practice for more wide-spread successful treatment of canine haematologic and non-haematologic disorders and whether it is prudent to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Graves
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rainer Storb
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kim S, Hosoya K, Fukayama N, Deguchi T, Okumura M. Safety and efficacy of a nonmyeloablative pretransplant conditioning regimen using total lymphoid irradiation with volumetric modulated arc therapy in healthy dogs: A pilot study. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1120-1130. [PMID: 33713574 PMCID: PMC8294366 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been an effective treatment for human patients with haematological malignancies (Baron & Storb, 2006; Bair et al., 2020; Copelan et al., 2019). However, the optimal pretransplant conditioning treatment is unclear in canine allogeneic HCT. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for a nonmyeloablative HCT conditioning. Six healthy dogs were treated with 8 or 12 Gy TLI using VMAT. Haematological and physical changes were recorded over 8 weeks. To assess the effect of peripheral lymphocyte condition, lymphocyte subset and proliferative ability were examined. At the end of the experiment, necropsy was performed. All dogs showed mild‐to‐moderate neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and these haematological changes resolved spontaneously. One dog treated with 8 Gy TLI developed transient cutaneous infection. No major complication was seen in the other seven dogs. Myelocytes and erythroblast cytopenia of bone marrow were detected in two dogs treated with 12 Gy TLI. This study is the first report of TLI using VMAT in dogs, and results suggest that this regimen is a feasible nonmyeloablative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Laboratory of Advanced Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Fukayama
- Laboratory of Advanced Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Deguchi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Graves SS, Storb R. Developments and translational relevance for the canine haematopoietic cell transplantation preclinical model. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:471-483. [PMID: 32385957 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and reliable haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) protocols to treat human patients with malignant and non-malignant blood disorders was highly influenced by preclinical studies obtained in random-bred canines. The surmounted barriers included recognizing the crucial importance of histocompatibility matching, establishing long-term donor haematopoietic cell engraftment, preventing graft-vs-host disease and advancing effective conditioning and post-grafting immunosuppression protocols, all of which were evaluated in canines. Recent studies have applied the tolerance inducing potential of HCT to solid organ and vascularized composite tissue transplantation. Several advances in HCT and tolerance induction that were first developed in the canine preclinical model and subsequently applied to human patients are now being recruited into veterinary practice for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant disorders in companion dogs. Here, we review recent HCT advancements attained in the canine model during the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Graves
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rainer Storb
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Lymphoma is a common disease in companion animals. Although conventional chemotherapy has the potential to induce remission and prolong life, relapse is common, and novel treatments are needed to improve outcome. This review discusses recent modifications/adjustments to conventional standard of care therapy for canine and feline lymphoma, as well as cutting-edge immunotherapy and small-molecule-based approaches that are in varying stages of regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA.
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Graves SS, Parker MH, Storb R. Animal Models for Preclinical Development of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. ILAR J 2018; 59:263-275. [PMID: 30010833 PMCID: PMC6808062 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its inception in the 1950s, hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has become a highly effective clinical treatment for malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders. This milestone in cancer therapy was only possible through decades of intensive research using murine and canine animal models that overcame what appeared in the early days to be insurmountable obstacles. Conditioning protocols for tumor ablation and immunosuppression of the recipient using irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs were developed in mouse and dog models as well as postgrafting immunosuppression methods essential for dependable donor cell engraftment. The random-bred canine was particularly important in defining the role of histocompatibility barriers and the development of the nonmyeloablative transplantation procedure, making HCT available to elderly patients with comorbidities. Two complications limit the success of HCT: disease relapse and graft versus host disease. Studies in both mice and dogs have made significant progress toward reducing and to some degree eliminating patient morbidity and mortality associated with both disease relapse and graft versus host disease. However, more investigation is needed to make HCT more effective, safer, and available as a treatment modality for other non-life-threatening diseases such as autoimmune disorders. Here, we focus our review on the contributions made by both the murine and canine models for the successful past and future development of HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Graves
- Clinical Research Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington
| | - Maura H Parker
- Clinical Research Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington
| | - Rainer Storb
- Clinical Research Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington in Seattle, Washington
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Buller MC, Higbie CT, Tully TN, Crossland N, Wilson LD. Diagnostic Challenge. J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Suter SE, Hamilton MJ, Sullivan EW, Venkataraman GM. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in a dog with acute large granular lymphocytic leukemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:994-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.9.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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O'Connor CM, Wilson-Robles H. Developing T Cell Cancer Immunotherapy in the Dog with Lymphoma. ILAR J 2014; 55:169-81. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Bucknoff MC, Hanel RM, Marks SL, Motsinger-Reif AA, Suter SE. Evaluation of thromboelastography for prediction of clinical bleeding in thrombocytopenic dogs after total body irradiation and hematopoietic cell transplantation. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:425-32. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.5.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Kumar SR, Hansen SA, Axiak-Bechtel SM, Bryan JN. The health effects of fetal microchimerism can be modeled in companion dogs. CHIMERISM 2013; 4:139-41. [PMID: 24080551 DOI: 10.4161/chim.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fetal microchimerism (FMC) has been described to have a range of effects on health and disease. Y-chromosomal DNA has been detected in Golden Retrievers suggesting persistent FMC. In that report, nine dogs had evidence of microchimerism without prior pregnancy. To further understand this finding, a dam with prior male live births giving birth to her fourth litter of puppies, all females, was evaluated for FMC along with two of her daughters. All three female dogs had evidence of Y-chromosomal DNA in their blood. This suggests that male cells carried by the dam from previous pregnancy trafficked to her daughters to establish microchimerism in younger siblings. Companion dogs share many of the same cancers as humans, have out-bred genetics, and share the human environment, making them optimal models of human disease. Understanding the impact of FMC on health and disease of dogs could elucidate mechanisms useful for clinical interventions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil R Kumar
- Comparative Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA; Harry S. Truman Veterans Hospital; Columbia, MO USA
| | - Sarah A Hansen
- Comparative Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
| | - Sandra M Axiak-Bechtel
- Comparative Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Comparative Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
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Posner LP, Willcox JL, Suter SE. Apheresis in three dogs weighing <14 kg. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:403-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Willcox J, Pruitt A, Suter S. Autologous Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Dogs with B-cell Lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1155-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Willcox
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - A. Pruitt
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; NC
| | - S.E. Suter
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; Chapel Hill; NC
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Suter SE. Collection of peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells from healthy dogs and dogs diagnosed with lymphoproliferative diseases using a Baxter-Fenwal CS-3000 Plus blood cell separator. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 25:1406-13. [PMID: 22092635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) apheresis using a Baxter-Fenwal CS-3000 Plus automated blood cell separator has not been reported. OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility and safety of using a CS-3000 Plus blood cell separator with a small volume separation container holder (SVSCH) and small volume collection chamber (SVCC) to harvest canine PBMCs from dogs weighing <50 kg. ANIMALS Eight healthy mongrel dogs and 11 client-owned dogs in clinical remission for lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD). METHODS In this prospective study, aphereses were performed using a Baxter-Fenwal CS-3000 Plus blood cell separator, with or without recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) treatment. RESULTS Aphereses from 6 healthy dogs given rhG-CSF yielded an average of 1.1 × 10(7) ± 8.2 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg. Aphereses from LPD dogs given rhG-CSF yielded an average of 5.4 × 10(6) ± 3.25 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg (P = .17). Higher hematocrit in both groups of dogs receiving rhG-CSF correlated with an increased number of CD34+ cells/kg harvested (healthy, P = .04; LPD, P = .05). Apheresis was well tolerated by all dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Canine PBMC apheresis using the Baxter-Fenwal CS-3000 Plus cell separator with an SVSCH and SVCC is a feasible and safe option for harvesting an adequate number of CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells from dogs weighing ≥17 kg for hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Suter
- College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Sato M, Goto-Koshino Y, Mochizuki H, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Perfusion method for harvesting bone marrow cells from dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1344-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.10.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Escobar C, Grindem C, Neel JA, Suter SE. Hematologic changes after total body irradiation and autologous transplantation of hematopoietic peripheral blood progenitor cells in dogs with lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:341-3. [PMID: 21670196 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811410721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with and without lymphoma have undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation in a research setting for decades. North Carolina State University is currently treating dogs with B- and T-cell lymphoma in a clinical setting with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplants, using peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells harvested using an apheresis machine. Complete blood counts were performed daily for 15 to 19 days posttransplantation to monitor peripheral blood cell nadirs and subsequent CD34+ cell engraftment. This study documents the hematologic toxicities of total body irradiation in 10 dogs and the subsequent recovery of the affected cell lines after peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant, indicating successful CD34+ engraftment. All peripheral blood cell lines, excluding red blood cells, experienced grade 4 toxicities. All dogs had ≥ 500 neutrophils/μl by day 12, while thrombocytopenia persisted for many weeks. All dogs were clinically normal at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Escobar
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Lupu M, Storb R. Five decades of progress in haematopoietic cell transplantation based on the preclinical canine model. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 5:14-30. [PMID: 19754798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2006.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The preclinical canine model has proved valuable for the development of principles and techniques of haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) applicable to human patients. Studies in random-bred dogs concerning the impact of histocompatibility barriers on engraftment and graft-versus-host disease, the kinetics of immunological reconstitution, the efficacy of various pretransplant conditioning regimens, post-transplantation immunosuppression protocols, treatment of malignant diseases, and graft-versus-tumour effects have advanced HCT from an investigational therapy with uncertain clinical benefit half a century ago to an important treatment choice for thousands of patients treated annually in transplantation centres worldwide. More recent preclinical canine studies have resulted in the clinical translation of non-myeloablative, minimally invasive transplantation protocols that have extended allogeneic HCT to include older human patients with malignant and non-malignant, acquired or inherited haematological disorders, and those with comorbid conditions. Here, we review the contributions of the canine model to modern HCT and describe the usefulness of HCT for the treatment of canine haematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lupu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Yamazaki J, Baba K, Goto-Koshino Y, Setoguchi-Mukai A, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Quantitative assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) in canine lymphoma by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:321-31. [PMID: 18977540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic malignancy in dogs. Although a large proportion of dogs with lymphoma can achieve clinical remission by initial chemotherapy, most dogs die as a consequence of tumor relapse. We established a quantitative detection system for minimal residual disease (MRD) in canine lymphoma by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A canine T-cell lymphoma-derived cell line, namely, UL-1, was used to examine the specificity and sensitivity of the MRD detecting system. Allele-specific oligonucleotide primers and probes were designed based on the sequence of T-cell receptor gamma chain (TCRgamma) gene fragment of UL-1 cells in conjunction with its downstream sequence, which were obtained from the dog genome database. The real-time PCR system for plasmid DNA containing the TCRgamma gene derived from UL-1 cells and the genomic DNA of UL-1 cells revealed that the system was accurate for 10-100,000 copies per reaction and its sensitivity was 1 cell per 10,000 cells. In order to monitor the kinetics of tumor cell number in canine lymphoma, we quantified the level of MRD in the peripheral blood of 7 dogs with lymphoma under chemotherapy. Since the lymphoma cells from the 7 patients were shown to be B-cell origin from the finding of clonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene, allele-specific oligonucleotide primers and probes were prepared based on the sequence of rearranged IgH gene in each case. The number of peripheral blood tumor cells measured by the real-time PCR was comparable to that estimated by conventional hematological examination in 2 cases of stage V lymphoma. MRD in the peripheral blood was detectable in all 7 cases, even in the complete remission (CR) phase. In the 7 lymphoma dogs, changes in the MRD levels of peripheral blood generally paralleled with the changes in the volumes of lymph nodes. Molecular CR, in which the MRD level was below the detection limit, was not observed in any of these 7 patients under chemotherapy. The MRD level detected by the real-time PCR method described here would be useful for investigating the kinetics of tumor cell growth and its regression in canine lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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