Biological activities of chitosan and prepared chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles using ionic gelation method against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi strains

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of tedizolid nanoparticle incorporated buccal films for oromucosal infections

A novel tedizolid phosphate (TZP) nanoparticle (NP)-loaded buccal film formulation was developed for the treatment of buccal wounds infected with S. aureus. TZP-loaded chitosan NPs were produced and characterized to prepare this composite system. The optimum NP formulation was then loaded into mucoadhesive buccal films. The antibacterial effects of the obtained buccal films were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. The optimum TZP-NP formulation (F8) had a particle size of 177.40 ± 2.97 nm and PDI and ZP values were 0.437 ± 0.002 and 33.9 ± 0.5, respectively. In antibacterial efficacy tests, the optimum NP containing buccal film formulation was used, which released approximately 90 % of TZP within 5 h. TZP-NP-loaded buccal films achieved a 3 log10 reduction in S. aureus within just 3 h. It was also administered to Wistar albino rats with S. aureus-infected buccal wounds. As a result of in vivo studies, a significant decrease in the number of S. aureus was detected in wound samples treated with TZP-NP-loaded buccal films. In addition, a complete inhibition of growth was observed on the fifth day of the film application. The current work suggested that the TZP-NP-loaded composite films could be promising candidates for effective and long-acting antibacterial treatment of buccal wounds.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of honey stabilized inulin nanoparticles as colon targeting drug delivery carrier

Inulin (INU) is a versatile natural polysaccharide primarily derived from chicory roots. INU possesses the unique quality of evading digestion or fermentation in the early stages of the human digestive tract, instead reaching the lower colon directly. Exploiting on this distinctive attribute, INU finds application in the creation of targeted carrier systems for delivering drugs tailored to colon-related diseases. This study presents a novel method for synthesizing highly stable and non-aggregatory inulin nanoparticles (INU NPs) by ionotropic gelation method, using calcium chloride as crosslinker and natural honey as a stabilizing agent. Different formulation and process parameters were optimized for the synthesis of monodispersed INU NPs. These INU NPs efficiently encapsulated a hydrophilic drug irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate (IHT) and drug loaded formulation (IINPs) demonstrated excellent colloidal and storage stabilities. Notably, these IINPs exhibited pH-dependent drug release, suggesting potential for colon-specific drug delivery. Anticancer activity of the NPs was found significantly higher in comparison to IHT through cytotoxicity and apoptosis studies against human colorectal carcinoma cells. Overall, this study revealed that the INU NPs synthesized by ionotropic gelation will be an efficient nanocarrier system for colon-targeted drug delivery due to their exceptional biocompatibility and stability in stomach and upper intestinal conditions.

Therapeutic effect of 5-ASA and hesperidin-loaded chitosan/Eudragit® S100 nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive carrier for local targeted drug delivery in a rat model of ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic disease characterized by colonic mucosal tissue destruction secondary to an excessive immune response. We synthesized pH-sensitive cross-linked chitosan/Eudragit® S100 nanoparticles (EU S100/CS NPs) as carriers for 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and hesperidin (HSP), then conducted in-vitro and in-vivo studies and evaluated the therapeutic effects. In-vitro analysis revealed that the 5-ASA-loaded EU S100/CS NPs and the HSP-loaded EU S100/CS NPs had smooth and curved surfaces and ranged in size between 250 and 300 nm, with a zeta potential of 32 to 34 mV. FTIR analysis demonstrated that the drugs were loaded on the nanoparticles without significant alterations. The loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of loading 5-ASA onto EU S100/CS NPs were 25.13 % and 60.81 %, respectively. Regarding HSP, these values were 38.34 % and 77.84 %, respectively. Drug release did not occur in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), while a slow-release pattern was recorded for both drugs in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). In-vivo macroscopic and histopathological examinations revealed that both NPs containing drugs significantly relieved the symptoms of acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in Wistar rats. We conclude that the synthesized pH-sensitive 5-ASA/EU S100/CS NPs and HSP/EU S100/CS NPs offer promise in treating UC.

Preparation of mucoadhesive methacrylated chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of ciprofloxacin

Mucoadhesive polymers and their nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention in pharmaceutical applications, especially transmucosal drug delivery (TDD). Mucoadhesive polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, particularly chitosan, and its derivatives, are widely used for TDD owing to their outstanding features such as biocompatibility, mucoadhesive, and absorption-enhancing properties. Herein, this study aimed to design potential mucoadhesive nanoparticles for the delivery of ciprofloxacin based on methacrylated chitosan (MeCHI) using the ionic gelation method in the presence of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and compared them with the unmodified chitosan nanoparticles. In this study, different experimental conditions including the polymer to TPP mass ratios, NaCl, and TPP concentration were changed to achieve unmodified and MeCHI nanoparticles with the smallest particle size and lowest polydispersity index. At 4:1 polymer /TPP mass ratio, both chitosan and MeCHI nanoparticles had the smallest size (133 ± 5 nm and 206 ± 9 nm, respectively). MeCHI nanoparticles were generally larger and slightly more polydisperse than the unmodified chitosan nanoparticles. Ciprofloxacin-loaded MeCHI nanoparticles had the highest encapsulation efficiency (69 ± 13 %) at 4:1 MeCHI /TPP mass ratio and 0.5 mg/mL TPP, but similar encapsulation efficiency to that of their chitosan counterpart at 1 mg/mL TPP. They also provided a more sustained and slower drug release compared to their chitosan counterpart. Additionally, the mucoadhesion (retention) study on sheep abomasum mucosa showed that ciprofloxacin-loaded MeCHI nanoparticles with optimized TPP concentration had better retention than the unmodified chitosan counterpart. The percentage of the remained ciprofloxacin-loaded MeCHI and chitosan nanoparticles on the mucosal surface was 96 % and 88 %, respectively. Therefore, MeCHI nanoparticles have an excellent potential for applications in drug delivery.

Leflunomide Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Preparation of Aliphatic Polyester Based Skin Patches

In the present study, the preparation of controlled-released leflunomide (LFD)-loaded skin patches was evaluated, utilizing the combination of chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated into suitable poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polyester matrices. Initially, LFD-loaded CS NPs of ~600 nm and a smooth surface were prepared, while strong inter-molecular interactions between the drug and the CS were unraveled. In the following step, the prepared LFD-loaded CS NPs were incorporated into PLLA or PLGA, and thin-film patches were prepared via spin-coating. Analysis of the prepared films showed that the incorporation of the drug-loaded CS NPs resulted in a significant increase in the drug’s release rate and extent as compared to neat LFD-loaded polyester patches (i.e., prepared without the use of CS NPs). In-depth analysis of the prepared formulations showed that the amorphization of the drug within the matrix and the increased wetting properties of the prepared CS NPs were responsible for the improved thin-film patch characteristics.

A promising technology for wound healing; in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of chitosan nano-biocomposite films containing gentamicin

Aim: This paper aims to study in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of chitosan (CHI) biocomposite of gentamicin nanoparticles (GNPs) for wound healing. Methods: In this study, CHI nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the ionic gelation technique. GNP biocomposites were examined on the excision wound model in Wistar rats to determine the in-vivo efficiency. Results: The diameter and zeta potential of NPs were between 151-212.9 nm and 37.2 - 51.1 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency was in an acceptable range of 36.6-42.7% w/w. The release test information was fitted to mathematical models (Zero, First order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas), and according to calculations, the kinetics of drug release followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. A comparison of thermograms revealed that the drug was present in the formulation in a non-crystalline form. Conclusion: Histological studies of the wound showed that the rate of skin tissue repair was higher in the GNP biocomposite treatment group than in the others.

The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle as A Final Irrigation Solution on The Smear Layer Removal, Micro-hardness and Surface Roughness of Root Canal Dentin

Background:

Root canal irrigation is one of the most important stages during root canal treatment. One of the requirements of root canal irrigation material is that it can eradicate the smear layer but does not alter the physical properties of the root canal dentin.

Objective:

To investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticle as a final irrigation solution on the smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness of root canal dentin.

Methods:

Seventy-two premolars used in this study and divided by three evaluations, namely smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness. Each study used 24 teeth and was assigned randomly into three groups of eight teeth. Group-1, final irrigation with 17% EDTA; group-2, with 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles; group-3, with 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens were evaluated for smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness measuring instrument, respectively. Data obtained from smear layer removal evaluation were statically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U and data from micro-hardness and surface roughness were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test.

Results:

Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles produced similar smear layer removal than 17% EDTA (P>0.05), but it was greater than 2.5% NaOCl (P<0.05). Chitosan had higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness than EDTA (P<0.05), but it was the same as 2.5% NaOCl (P>0.05).

Conclusion:

Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles had the same effect on smear layer removal compared to 17% EDTA; however, 0.2% chitosan produced higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness of root canal dentin than 17% EDTA.