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Zhuang H, Zhang X, Wu S, Mao C, Dai Y, Yong P, Niu X. Study transport of hesperidin based on the DPPC lipid model and the BSA transport model. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 314:124172. [PMID: 38513316 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Hesperidin (HE), a significant flavonoid polyphenolic compound present in citrus plants, exhibits diverse pharmacological effects. Considering the crucial involvement of biological membranes and transporter proteins in the transportation and biological processes of HE, it becomes essential to comprehend the potential mechanisms through which HE interacts with membranes and transporter proteins. In order to simulate the process of active molecule transport, a cell membrane model consisting of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-n-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and a transporter protein model of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were employed for investigation. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of hesperidin (HE) in DPPC and BSA using fluorescence quenching, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The localization and interaction of HE within liposomes were also elucidated. Furthermore, the binding of BSA and HE was analyzed through UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and computational biology techniques. Computational biology analysis revealed that the binding between HE and BSA primarily occurred via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of HE in the DPPC cell membrane model and the BSA transporter protein model, thereby offering novel insights into the action of HE in DPPC and BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Chen Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yaxi Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Pang Yong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Wang X, Xu Y, Li J, Wu Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Hu J, Qi Q. Hesperetin ameliorates spinal cord injury in rats through suppressing apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 971:176541. [PMID: 38556120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a fatal condition, is characterized by progressive tissue degradation and extreme functional deficits with limited treatment options. Hesperetin, a natural flavonoid with potent antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, has yet to be systematically investigated for its therapeutic effects on neurological damage in rat models of SCI. In this study, rats were given oral hesperetin once daily for 28 days, and their locomotion and histopathological changes were assessed. The findings demonstrated that hesperetin alleviates neurological damage caused by SCI. The observed behavioral improvement could be due to an increase in the survival rate of neurons and oligodendrocytes. This improvement further boosted the ability to repair tissue and form myelin after SCI, ultimately resulting in better neurological outcomes. Furthermore, the present study revealed that hesperetin possesses potent antioxidant capabilities in the context of SCI, reducing the levels of harmful oxygen free radicals and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, hesperetin markedly inhibited injury-induced apoptosis, as assessed by caspase-3 immunofluorescence staining and the expression level of caspase-3, indicating the ability of hesperetin to prevent cell death after SCI. Finally, after SCI, hesperetin treatment effectively reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, TNFα, and NF-kB, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effect of hesperetin. Together, our results suggest that hesperetin should be considered a valuable therapeutic aid following SCI, as its positive effects on the nervous system, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects, may be crucial mechanisms through which hesperetin exerts neuroprotective effects against SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; Clinical Laboratory, Bengbu Municipal Second People Hospital, Bengbu, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Ziyao Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Suhui Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China.
| | - Qi Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China.
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Pérez-Valero Á, Serna-Diestro J, Tafur Rangel A, Barbuto Ferraiuolo S, Schiraldi C, Kerkhoven EJ, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Biosynthesis of Hesperetin, Homoeriodictyol, and Homohesperetin in a Transcriptomics-Driven Engineered Strain of Streptomyces albidoflavus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4053. [PMID: 38612864 PMCID: PMC11012174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids exhibit various bioactivities including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. Methylated flavonoids are particularly significant due to their enhanced oral bioavailability, improved intestinal absorption, and greater stability. The heterologous production of plant flavonoids in bacterial factories involves the need for enough biosynthetic precursors to allow for high production levels. These biosynthetic precursors are malonyl-CoA and l-tyrosine. In this work, to enhance flavonoid biosynthesis in Streptomyces albidoflavus, we conducted a transcriptomics study for the identification of candidate genes involved in l-tyrosine catabolism. The hypothesis was that the bacterial metabolic machinery would detect an excess of this amino acid if supplemented with the conventional culture medium and would activate the genes involved in its catabolism towards energy production. Then, by inactivating those overexpressed genes (under an excess of l-tyrosine), it would be possible to increase the intracellular pools of this precursor amino acid and eventually the final flavonoid titers in this bacterial factory. The RNAseq data analysis in the S. albidoflavus wild-type strain highlighted the hppD gene encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase as a promising target for knock-out, exhibiting a 23.2-fold change (FC) in expression upon l-tyrosine supplementation in comparison to control cultivation conditions. The subsequent knock-out of the hppD gene in S. albidoflavus resulted in a 1.66-fold increase in the naringenin titer, indicating enhanced flavonoid biosynthesis. Leveraging the improved strain of S. albidoflavus, we successfully synthesized the methylated flavanones hesperetin, homoeriodictyol, and homohesperetin, achieving titers of 2.52 mg/L, 1.34 mg/L, and 0.43 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the dimethoxy flavanone homohesperetin was produced as a byproduct of the endogenous metabolism of S. albidoflavus. To our knowledge, this is the first time that hppD deletion was utilized as a strategy to augment the biosynthesis of flavonoids. Furthermore, this is the first report where hesperetin and homoeriodictyol have been synthesized from l-tyrosine as a precursor. Therefore, transcriptomics is, in this case, a successful approach for the identification of catabolism reactions affecting key precursors during flavonoid biosynthesis, allowing the generation of enhanced production strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pérez-Valero
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Area of Microbiology, Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain; (Á.P.-V.); (J.S.-D.); (C.J.V.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan Serna-Diestro
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Area of Microbiology, Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain; (Á.P.-V.); (J.S.-D.); (C.J.V.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Albert Tafur Rangel
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.T.R.); (E.J.K.)
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simona Barbuto Ferraiuolo
- Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.B.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.B.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Eduard J. Kerkhoven
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.T.R.); (E.J.K.)
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- SciLifeLab, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claudio J. Villar
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Area of Microbiology, Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain; (Á.P.-V.); (J.S.-D.); (C.J.V.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Area of Microbiology, Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain; (Á.P.-V.); (J.S.-D.); (C.J.V.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain
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Ran X, Hu G, Guo W, Li K, Wang X, Liu J, Fu S. Hesperetin regulates the intestinal flora and inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis to protect the blood-milk barrier and prevent mastitis. Life Sci 2024; 342:122533. [PMID: 38428570 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding for 6 months, but mastitis, a common disease during lactation, presents a major obstacle to fulfilling this recommendation. Maternal nutrient intake during lactation has been shown to be related to mastitis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of hesperetin, a phytonutrient, on mastitis. The oral administration of hesperetin to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis mice alleviated their pathological damage, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and maintained the integrity of their blood-milk barrier. Moreover, our results showed that oral administration of hesperetin regulates the composition of the intestinal flora of mice. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from the mice of hesperetin group alleviated LPS-induced mastitis in recipient mice. In additional, hesperetin attenuated the inflammatory response and increased the expression of tight junction proteins (TJs) in LPS-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs). Through network pharmacological analysis and further research, we demonstrated hesperetin inhibits the expression of TLR4 and the activation of NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, hesperetin protects the blood-milk barrier and improve mastitis by regulating intestinal flora and inhibiting the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis. This study provides a theoretical basis for lactating females to consume hesperetin as a supplement to prevent mastitis and maintain mammary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ran
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guiqiu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Kefei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Adebayo MA, Kolawole AN, Falese BA, Kolawole AO. Spectroscopic and in silico evaluation of hesperetin, aglycone flavanone, as a prospective regulatory ligand for human salivary α-amylase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3177-3192. [PMID: 37382217 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2225621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The insight into the binding mechanism of hesperetin, an aglycone flavanone, with human salivary α-amylase (HSAA), simulated under physiological salivary condition, was explored using various spectroscopic approaches and in silico method. Hesperetin effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of HSAA and the quenching was mixed quenching mechanism. The interaction perturbed the HSAA intrinsic fluorophore microenvironment and the enzyme global surface hydrophobicity. The negative values of ΔG for thermodynamic parameters and in silico study revealed the spontaneity of HSAA-hesperetin complex while the positive values of enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) showed noticeable involvement of hydrophobic bonding in the stabilization of the complex. Hesperetin was a mixed inhibitor for HSAA with a KI of 44.60 ± 1.63 μM and having apparent inhibition coefficient (α) of 0.26. Macromolecular crowding, given rise to microviscosity and anomalous diffusion, regulated the interaction. Sodium ion (Na+) created high ionic strength, also, modulated the interaction. The in silico study proposed the preferential binding of hesperetin at the active cleft domain of HSAA with the least energy of -8.0 kcal/mol. This work gives a novel insight on the potentials of hesperetin as a future prospective medicinal candidate in the management of postprandial hyperglycemic condition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaudat A Adebayo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology (Biochemistry Option), School of Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke N Kolawole
- Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde A Falese
- Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ayodele O Kolawole
- Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Sanches VL, Strieder MM, Breitkreitz MC, Bezerra RMN, O Chaves J, Lopes de Oliveira I, de Souza Mesquita LM, Viganó J, Sanches Contieri L, Stein Pizani R, Rostagno MA. Pressurized liquid extraction assisted by high-intensity ultrasound to obtain hesperidin from lime waste: Integration of in-line purification and on-line chromatographic analysis. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114134. [PMID: 38519156 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Hesperidin is a phenolic compound usually found in citrus fruits, which is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This bioactive compound has already been used to formulate medications to treat chronic venous insufficiency. In this work, through a system which allows the in-line coupling of the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) with solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis detector (HPLC-UV) in on-line mode, a method was developed to obtain, separate, and quantify hesperidin from the industrial waste of lime. An eco-friendly approach with water and ethanol as extraction solvents was used. Parameters such as temperature (80, 100, and 120 °C) and HIUS power (0, 200, and 400 W) were evaluated regarding hesperidin yield. In this context, the higher hesperidin yield (18.25 ± 1.52 mg/g) was achieved using water at a subcritical state (120 °C and 15 MPa). The adsorbent SepraTM C-18-E isolated hesperidin from the other extracted compounds employing 50% ethanol in the SPE elution. The possibility ofon-lineanalysis coupling a high-performance liquid chromatograph to an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) system was studied and shown to be a feasible approach for developing integrated technologies. Conventional extractions and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated, highlighting the advantages of the HIUS-PLE-SPE extractive method. Furthermore, the on-linechromatographic analysis showed the potential of the HIUS-PLE-SPE- HPLC-UV system to quantify the extracted compounds in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor L Sanches
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Martins Strieder
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Breitkreitz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research and Chemometrics (LabFarQui), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Josué de Castro s/n, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Maria Neves Bezerra
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaísa O Chaves
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Lopes de Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M de Souza Mesquita
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Sanches Contieri
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Stein Pizani
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício A Rostagno
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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Elmoghayer ME, Saleh NM, Abu Hashim II. Enhanced oral delivery of hesperidin-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles for augmenting its hypoglycemic activity: in vitro-in vivo assessment study. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:895-917. [PMID: 37843733 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin (Hsd), a bioactive phytomedicine, experienced an antidiabetic activity versus both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. However, its intrinsic poor solubility and bioavailability is a key challenging obstacle reflecting its oral delivery. From such perspective, the purpose of the current study was to prepare and evaluate Hsd-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles (Hsd/CD/CS NPs) for improving the hypoglycemic activity of the orally administered Hsd. Hsd was first complexed with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and the complex (CX) was found to be formed with percent complexation efficiency and percent process efficiency of 50.53 ± 1.46 and 84.52 ± 3.16%, respectively. Also, solid state characterization of the complex ensured the inclusion of Hsd inside the cavity of SBE-β-CD. Then, Hsd/CD/CS NPs were prepared using the ionic gelation technique. The prepared NPs were fully characterized to select the most promising one (F1) with a homogenous particle size of 455.7 ± 9.04 nm, a positive zeta potential of + 32.28 ± 1.12 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 77.46 ± 0.39%. The optimal formula (F1) was subjected to further investigation of in vitro release, ex vivo intestinal permeation, stability, cytotoxicity, and in vivo hypoglycemic activity. The results of the release and permeation studies of F1 manifested a modulated pattern between Hsd and CX. The preferential stability of F1 was observed at 4 ± 1 °C. Also, the biocompatibility of F1 with oral epithelial cell line (OEC) was retained up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL. After oral administration of F1, a noteworthy synergistic hypoglycemic effect was recorded with decreased blood glucose level until the end of the experiment. In conclusion, Hsd/CD/CS NPs could be regarded as a hopeful oral delivery system of Hsd with enhanced antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ebrahim Elmoghayer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Abdollahy A, Salehi M, Mahami S, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Vahedi H, Gharravi AM, Mehrabi M. Therapeutic effect of 5-ASA and hesperidin-loaded chitosan/Eudragit® S100 nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive carrier for local targeted drug delivery in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123838. [PMID: 38266937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic disease characterized by colonic mucosal tissue destruction secondary to an excessive immune response. We synthesized pH-sensitive cross-linked chitosan/Eudragit® S100 nanoparticles (EU S100/CS NPs) as carriers for 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and hesperidin (HSP), then conducted in-vitro and in-vivo studies and evaluated the therapeutic effects. In-vitro analysis revealed that the 5-ASA-loaded EU S100/CS NPs and the HSP-loaded EU S100/CS NPs had smooth and curved surfaces and ranged in size between 250 and 300 nm, with a zeta potential of 32 to 34 mV. FTIR analysis demonstrated that the drugs were loaded on the nanoparticles without significant alterations. The loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of loading 5-ASA onto EU S100/CS NPs were 25.13 % and 60.81 %, respectively. Regarding HSP, these values were 38.34 % and 77.84 %, respectively. Drug release did not occur in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), while a slow-release pattern was recorded for both drugs in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). In-vivo macroscopic and histopathological examinations revealed that both NPs containing drugs significantly relieved the symptoms of acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in Wistar rats. We conclude that the synthesized pH-sensitive 5-ASA/EU S100/CS NPs and HSP/EU S100/CS NPs offer promise in treating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armana Abdollahy
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mahami
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hamid Vahedi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Anneh Mohammad Gharravi
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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9
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Lai KM, Tseng RH, Shih YH, Huang YC. Azacitidine-Hesperetin Combination Induces S-phase Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Leukemia Cells. Anticancer Res 2024; 44:1033-1044. [PMID: 38423637 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Chemotherapy drugs for leukemia, such as 5-azacytidine (Aza), have often various adverse effects. Hesperetin (Hes), a naturally occurring compound, is a potential adjuvant agent for anticancer therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an Aza-Hes combination on acute leukemia cell lines, which elucidates the role of combination treatment in leukemia progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS HL-60 and U937 cells were treated with Aza and Hes at various concentrations or their combination. Cell proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and annexin V/propidium iodide staining, respectively. Cell cycle analysis was conducted using flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-related and cell cycle-related proteins in leukemia cells was analyzed through western blotting. The synergistic effect of the Aza and Hes agents was estimated using the Chou-Talalay method. RESULTS We observed that Aza or Hes monotherapy engendered a dose-dependent reduction in HL-60 and U937 cell viability. However, treatment with the Aza-Hes combination for 24 h synergistically inhibited U937 cell proliferation by inducing both apoptosis and S-phase cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the Aza-Hes combination down-regulated p-ERK and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase expression and up-regulated p-p38 expression. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings indicate that the Aza-Hes combination induces apoptosis and S-phase cell-cycle arrest through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In conclusion, the Aza-Hes combination is a potential antileukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ming Lai
- Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Hemato-Oncology Division Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruo-Han Tseng
- Hemato-Oncology Division Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hung Shih
- Hemato-Oncology Division Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Chih Huang
- Hematology & Oncology Research Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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10
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Miličević A. A follow-up on the hesperetin issue in modelling the first electrochemical oxidation potential and antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2024; 75:85-86. [PMID: 38548380 PMCID: PMC10978156 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ante Miličević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Ćavar Zeljkovıć S, Sahinler SS, Sarikurkcu C, Kirkan B, Binzet R, Tarkowski P. Exploring the Pharmacological Potential of Onosma riedliana: Phenolic Compounds and Their Biological Activities. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2024; 79:106-112. [PMID: 38103155 PMCID: PMC10891197 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Onosma riedliana Binzet & Orcan, a traditionally used plant species, has been explored for its therapeutic potential in this study. The work presented here is the first report on the phenolic profile and biological activity of this species. Three extracts of varying polarity were prepared, with the methanolic extract containing the highest phenolic content (97.62 ± 0.20 mgGAE/g). Key phenolic compounds identified included pinoresinol, hesperidin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid. The methanolic extract exhibited exceptional antioxidant properties, rivaling Trolox as a positive control, primarily attributed to hesperidin and luteolin. Moreover, the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated remarkable inhibition of cholinesterase and tyrosinase enzymes, while the methanolic extract displayed potent activity against carbohydrate hydrolytic enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Again, phenolic compounds were shown to be responsible for the inhibition of cholinesterases and tyrosinase, but not for α-amylase and α-glucosidase. These findings underscore Onosma riedliana's potential for incorporation into diverse pharmaceutical formulations, given its multifaceted bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Ćavar Zeljkovıć
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Re-sources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Saliha Seyma Sahinler
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, TR-03100, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Sarikurkcu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, TR-03100, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kirkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, TR-03100, Turkey
| | - Riza Binzet
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Mersin University, Mersin, TR-33343, Turkey
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic.
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Re-sources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic.
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12
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Hussain M, Hafeez A, Al-Huqail AA, Alsudays IM, Alghanem SMS, Ashraf MA, Rasheed R, Rizwan M, Abeed AHA. Effect of hesperidin on growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant systems and uptake of cadmium, copper, chromium and zinc by Celosia argentea plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 207:108433. [PMID: 38364631 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization and extensive agricultural practices are the major causes of soil heavy metal contamination, which needs urgent attention to safeguard the soils from contamination. However, the phytotoxic effects of excessive metals in plants are the primary obstacle to efficient phytoextraction. The present study evaluated the effects of hesperidin (HSP) on metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn) phytoextraction by hyperaccumulator (Celosia argentea L.) plants. For this purpose, HSP, a flavonoid compound with strong antioxidant potential to assist metal phytoextraction was used under metal stress in plants. Celosia argentea plants suffered significant (P ≤ 0.001) oxidative damage due to the colossal accumulation of metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn). However, HSP supplementation notably (P ≤ 0.001) abated ROS generation (O2•‒, •OH, H2O2), lipoxygenase activity, methylglyoxal production, and relative membrane permeability that clearly indicated HSP-mediated decline in oxidative injury in plants. Exogenous HSP improved (P ≤ 0.001) the production of non-protein thiol, phytochelatins, osmolytes, and antioxidant compounds. Further, HSP enhanced (P ≤ 0.001) H2S and NO endogenous production, which might have improved the GSH: GSSG ratio. Consequently, HSP-treated C. argentea plants had higher biomass alongside elevated metal accumulation mirrored as profound modifications in translocation factor (TF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC), and bioconcentration factor (BCF). In this context, HSP significantly enhanced TF of Cr (P ≤ 0.001), Cd (P ≤ 0.001), and Zn (P ≤ 0.01), while BAC of Cr (P ≤ 0.001), Cd (P ≤ 0.001), and Zn (P ≤ 0.001). Further, BCF was significant (P ≤ 0.05) only in plants grown under Cr-spiked soil. Overall, HSP has the potential for phytoremediation of metals by C. argentea, which might be a suitable strategy for metal-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Hafeez
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Arwa Abdulkreem Al-Huqail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Rizwan Rasheed
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Amany H A Abeed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
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13
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Srivastava AK, Srivastava S, Kumar V, Ghosh S, Yadav S, Malik R, Roy P, Prasad R. Identification and mechanistic exploration of structural and conformational dynamics of NF-kB inhibitors: rationale insights from in silico and in vitro studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1485-1505. [PMID: 37054525 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of target genes that code for proinflammatory chemical mediators results from a series of intracellular cascades triggered by activation of dysregulated NF-κB signaling pathway. Dysfunctional NF-kB signaling amplifies and perpetuates autoimmune responses in inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis. This study aimed to identify therapeutically relevant NF-kB inhibitors and elucidate the mechanistic aspects behind NF-kB inhibition. After virtual screening and molecular docking, five hit NF-kB inhibitors opted, and their therapeutic efficacy was examined using cell-based assays in TNF-α stimulated human keratinocyte cells. To investigate the conformational changes of target protein and inhibitor-protein interaction mechanisms, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding free energy calculations together with principal component (PC) analysis, dynamics cross-correlation matrix analysis (DCCM), free energy landscape (FEL) analysis and quantum mechanical calculations were carried out. Among identified NF-kB inhibitors, myricetin and hesperidin significantly scavenged intracellular ROS and inhibited NF-kB activation. Analysis of the MD simulation trajectories of ligand-protein complexes revealed that myricetin and hesperidin formed energetically stabilized complexes with the target protein and were able to lock NF-kB in a closed conformation. Myricetin and hesperidin binding to the target protein significantly impacted conformational changes and internal dynamics of amino acid residues in protein domains. Tyr57, Glu60, Lys144 and Asp239 residues majorly contributed to locking the NF-kB in a closed conformation. The combinatorial approach employing in silico tools integrated with cell-based approaches substantiated the binding mechanism and NF-kB active site inhibition by the lead molecule myricetin, which can be explored as a viable antipsoriatic drug candidate associated with dysregulated NF-kB.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shubham Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Viney Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Siddharth Yadav
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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14
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Makabe K, Ishida N, Kanezaki N, Shiono Y, Koseki T. Aspergillus oryzae α-l-rhamnosidase: Crystal structure and insight into the substrate specificity. Proteins 2024; 92:236-245. [PMID: 37818702 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The subsequent biochemical and structural investigations of the purified recombinant α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris, designated as rAoRhaA, were performed. The specific activity of the rAoRhaA wild-type was higher toward hesperidin and narirutin, where the l-rhamnose residue was α-1,6-linked to β-d-glucoside, than toward neohesperidin and naringin with an α-1,2-linkage to β-d-glucoside. However, no activity was detected toward quercitrin, myricitrin, and epimedin C. rAoRhaA kinetic analysis indicated that Km values for neohesperidin, naringin, and rutin were lower compared to those for hesperidin and narirutin. kcat values for hesperidin and narirutin were higher than those for neohesperidin, naringin, and rutin. High catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) toward hesperidin and narirutin was a result of a considerably high kcat value, while Km values for hesperidin and narirutin were higher than those for naringin, neohesperidin, and rutin. The crystal structure of rAoRhaA revealed that the catalytic domain was represented by an (α/α)6 -barrel with the active site located in a deep cleft and two β-sheet domains were also present in the N- and C-terminal sites of the catalytic domain. Additionally, five asparagine-attached N-acetylglucosamine molecules were observed. The catalytic residues of AoRhaA were suggested to be Asp254 and Glu524, and their catalytic roles were confirmed by mutational studies of D254N and E524Q variants, which lost their activity completely. Notably, three aspartic acids (Asp117, Asp249, and Asp261) located at the catalytic pocket were replaced with asparagine. D117N variant showed reduced activity. D249N and D261N variants activities drastically decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Nanako Kanezaki
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Koseki
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
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15
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Wang S, Lei T, Liu L, Tan Z. CO 2-responsive deep eutectic solvents for the enhanced extraction of hesperidin from Fertile orange peel. Food Chem 2024; 432:137255. [PMID: 37643516 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin, also known as vitamin P, is widely studied for its distinctive potential in food and pharmaceutical industries. This work focuses on the research of CO2-responsive deep eutectic solvents (DESs) used as recyclable extractants for efficient extraction of hesperidin from Fertile orange peel. Reversible phase transformation of DES solution was achieved by bubbling CO2/N2. The maximum extraction yield of 22.39 mg/g was obtained for hesperidin under the following conditions: DES-6 (triethanolamine: 4-methoxyphenol = 1:1) used as extractant, water content of 35 wt%, solid-liquid ratio of 1:60 g/mL, extraction temperature of 25 °C, and ultrasonic time of 25 min, which was much higher than that extracted by methanol. Hesperidin of 74.38% was recovered in top phase after CO2 triggering. Density function theory (DFT) results indicated that hydrogen and π-π bonds were the main factors affecting hesperidin extraction. This study provides a new idea for extracting natural bioactive compounds using recyclable extractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia Ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Tian Lei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Leilei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Integrative Utilization of Eucommia Ulmoides, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie 427000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China.
| | - Zhijian Tan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops & Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
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16
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Raguraman M, Zhou X, Mickymaray S, Alothaim AS, Rajan M. Hesperidin guided injured spinal cord neural regeneration with a combination of MWCNT-collagen-hyaluronic acid composite: In-vitro analysis. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123609. [PMID: 37972672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Restoring the lost bioelectrical signal transmission along with the appropriate microenvironment is one of the major clinical challenges in spinal cord regeneration. In the current research, we developed a polysaccharide-based protein composite Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)/ Collagen (Col)/ Hyaluronic acid (HA) composite with Hesperidin (Hes) natural compound to investigate its combined therapeutic effect along with biocompatibility, antioxidant activity, and electrical conductivity. The multifunctional composites were characterized via FT-IR, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, BET, C.V, and EIS techniques. The electrical conductivity and modulus of the MWCNT-Col-HA-Hes were 0.06 S/cm and 12.3 kPa, similar to the native spinal cord. The in-vitro Cytotoxicity, cell viability, antioxidant property, and cell migration ability of the prepared composites were investigated with a PC-12 cell line. In-vitro studies revealed that the multifunctional composites show higher cell viability, antioxidant, and cell migration properties than the control cells. Reduction of ROS level indicates that the Hes presence in the composite could reduce the cell stress by protecting it from oxidative damage and promoting cell migration towards the lesion site. The developed multifunctional composite can provide the antioxidant microenvironment with compatibility and mimic the native spinal cord by providing appropriate conductivity and mechanical strength for spinal cord tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraman Raguraman
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Xudong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Suresh Mickymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science- Al-Zulfi, Majmaah, University, Majmaah 11952, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Abdulaziz S Alothaim
- Department of Biology, College of Science- Al-Zulfi, Majmaah, University, Majmaah 11952, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India.
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17
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Shen ZQ, Chang CY, Yeh CH, Lu CK, Hung HC, Wang TW, Wu KS, Tung CY, Tsai TF. Hesperetin activates CISD2 to attenuate senescence in human keratinocytes from an older person and rejuvenates naturally aged skin in mice. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:15. [PMID: 38263133 PMCID: PMC10807130 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2 (CISD2), a pro-longevity gene, mediates healthspan in mammals. CISD2 is down-regulated during aging. Furthermore, a persistently high level of CISD2 promotes longevity and ameliorates an age-related skin phenotype in transgenic mice. Here we translate the genetic evidence into a pharmaceutical application using a potent CISD2 activator, hesperetin, which enhances CISD2 expression in HEK001 human keratinocytes from an older person. We also treated naturally aged mice in order to study the activator's anti-aging efficacy. METHODS We studied the biological effects of hesperetin on aging skin using, firstly, a cell-based platform, namely a HEK001 human keratinocyte cell line established from an older person. Secondly, we used a mouse model, namely old mice at 21-month old. In the latter case, we investigate the anti-aging efficacy of hesperetin on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced photoaging and naturally aged skin. Furthermore, to identify the underlying mechanisms and potential biological pathways involved in this process we carried out transcriptomic analysis. Finally, CISD2 knockdown HEK001 keratinocytes and Cisd2 knockout mice were used to study the Cisd2-dependent effects of hesperetin on skin aging. RESULTS Four findings are pinpointed. Firstly, in human skin, CISD2 is mainly expressed in proliferating keratinocytes from the epidermal basal layer and, furthermore, CISD2 is down-regulated in the sun-exposed epidermis. Secondly, in HEK001 human keratinocytes from an older person, hesperetin enhances mitochondrial function and protects against reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress via increased CISD2 expression; this enhancement is CISD2-dependent. Additionally, hesperetin alleviates UVB-induced damage and suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression, the latter being a major indicator of UVB-induced damage in keratinocytes. Thirdly, transcriptomic analysis revealed that hesperetin modulates a panel of differentially expressed genes that are associated with mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, keratinocyte function, and inflammation in order to attenuate senescence. Intriguingly, hesperetin activates two known longevity-associated regulators, namely FOXO3a and FOXM1, in order to suppress the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Finally, in mouse skin, hesperetin enhances CISD2 expression to ameliorate UVB-induced photoaging and this occurs via a mechanism involving CISD2. Most strikingly, late-life treatment with hesperetin started at 21-month old and lasting for 5 months, is able to retard skin aging and rejuvenate naturally aged skin in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that a pharmacological elevation of CISD2 expression at a late-life stage using hesperetin treatment is a feasible approach to effectively mitigating both intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging and that hesperetin could act as a functional food or as a skincare product for fighting skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Qing Shen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Chang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiao Yeh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Wen Wang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Sheng Wu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Genomics Center for Clinical and Biotechnological Applications, Cancer and Immunology Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Peitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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18
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Zhong Y, Liang Y, Jia M, Si B, Lv L. Synephrine, as a scavenger and promoter, cooperates with hesperidin to reduce acrolein levels. Food Chem 2024; 431:136896. [PMID: 37591144 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein (ACR) is a harmful and active aldehyde produced in processed food that endangers foods safety. We undertook this work to explore the ACR-trapping ability of hesperidin (HES) and synephrine (SYN) from the diet. After comparing their ACR-trapping abilities, the reaction pathways of HES and SNY were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, and two adducts (HES-ACR-1 and SNY-2ACR) were synthesized, and their structures were identified by NMR. Then, we not only evaluated the synergistic trapping effects of HES and SNY on ACR in the model through the Chou-Talalay method but verified it in the processing of roasted duck wings and cookies. Furthermore, based on the quantitative analysis of the ACR-adducts of HES and SNY, we demonstrated that SYN, as a promoter, could greatly improve the ACR-capturing ability of HES by forming more adducts (3-fold). Our findings could serve as a guide for using SNY and HES as new scavengers in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2(#) Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2(#) Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mengwei Jia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2(#) Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bo Si
- National Liquor Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Suqian Product Quality Supervision & Inspection Institute, 889(#) Fazhan Road, Suqian 223800, PR China
| | - Lishuang Lv
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2(#) Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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19
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Lv Y, Liu Z, Deng L, Xia S, Mu Q, Xiao B, Xiu Y, Liu Z. Hesperetin promotes bladder cancer cells death via the PI3K/AKT pathway by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1009. [PMID: 38200039 PMCID: PMC10781778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with bladder cancer (BLCA) still show high recurrence after surgery and chemotherapy. Hesperetin (HE), as a natural compound, has attracted researchers' attention due to its low toxicity and easy access. However, the inhibitory effect of HE on BLCA remains unknown. The hub genes and enrichment pathways regulated by HE in the treatment of BLCA were predicted by network pharmacology. The molecular docking of HE and hub proteins was visualized. Colony and CCK8 assays were used to test cell proliferation, and BLCA migration was confirmed by transwell and wound healing assays. In addition, the occurrence of apoptosis and ferroptosis was demonstrated by Hoechst staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ROS (reactive oxygen species) assay. Western Blotting was performed to validate the hub proteins, target functions and pathways. SRC, PIK3R1 and MAPK1 were identified as hub targets for HE in BLCA, involving the PI3k/AKT pathway. Furthermore, HE inhibited the proliferation and migration of BLCA cells. The MMP2/MMP9 proteins were significantly inhibited by HE. The increased expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 indicated that HE could promote BLCA cell apoptosis. In addition, Hoechst staining revealed concentrated and illuminated apoptotic nuclei. The activation of ROS and the decline of GPX4 expression suggested that HE might induce ferroptosis as an anti-BLCA process. Shrunk mitochondria and apoptotic bodies were observed in BLCA cells treated with HE, with reduced or absent mitochondrial cristae. We propose for the first time that HE could inhibit the proliferation and migration of BLCA cells and promote apoptosis and ferroptosis. HE may act by targeting proteins such as SRC, PIK3R1 and MAPK1 and the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Leihong Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shunyao Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingchun Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Bang Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Youcheng Xiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
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20
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Wu G, Wei X, Li D, Xiao G, Jia C, Zeng Z, Chen Z. Selection and evaluation of quality markers for the regulation of PXR-CYP3A4/FXR-LXRα by Exocarpium Citri Grandis for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia with dispelling blood stasis and removing phlegm. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116089. [PMID: 38157640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidaemia is described as "excessive phlegm" and "blood stasis" in the classic theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Exocarpium Citri Grandis has the effect of dispelling blood stasis and removing phlegm, which can better meet the treatment needs of this disease. However, there is still a lack of focus and depth in the study of the chemical composition of this medicine, and the correlation between the study of relevant medicinal substances and the efficacy of dispelling stasis and removing phlegm is insufficient. To address this issue, this study was carried out to validate the overall efficacy and identify and determine the chemical composition of Exocarpium Citri Grandis. The regulatory mechanism of the PXR-CYP3A4/FXR-LXRα pathway and its active ingredients were screened, and a pharmacokinetic study of active ingredients was performed. The obtained multidimensional data were statistically analysed and comprehensively evaluated. The quality marker of Exocarpium Citri Grandis in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia based on the PXR-CYP3A4/FXR-LXRα mechanism to exert the efficacy of dispelling blood stasis and removing phlegm was finally determined. Based on the above experiments, we identified 27 compounds from the ethanol extract of Exocarpium Citri Grandis. Among them, naringenin, meranzin hydrate, apigenin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, anacardiin, hesperidin and naringin can significantly regulate all or part of the targets in the PXR-CYP3A4/FXR-LXRα pathway. It also has suitable content and pharmacokinetic characteristics in vivo. In conclusion, this study established quality markers to characterize the efficacy of Exocarpium Citri Grandis in dispelling blood stasis and removing phlegm, which provides a scientific basis for the targeted evaluation of the hypolipidaemic activity of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Wu
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Xingqin Wei
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Guanlin Xiao
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Canchao Jia
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Zhihao Zeng
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu rd, Guangzhou 510095, China.
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21
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Song C, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Hesperetin protects hippocampal neurons from the neurotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 269:115782. [PMID: 38056121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a major food and feed pollutant that endangers public health. Previous studies have shown that exposure to AFB1 causes neurotoxicity in the body. However, the mechanism of neurotoxicity caused by AFB1 is not well understood, and finding a workable and practical method to safeguard animals from AFB1 toxicity is essential. This study confirmed that AFB1 caused endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons using C57BL/6 J mice and HT22 cells as models. In vitro experiments showed that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) plays a significant role in the cytotoxicity of AFB1. Finally, we assessed how hesperetin protecting against the neurotoxicity caused by AFB1. Our findings demonstrated that AFB1 increased the levels of BAX and Cleaved-Caspase3 proteins, while decreasing the levels of BCL2 protein in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. The AFB1 increased the expression of AHR and activated nuclear translocation. It also elevated the expression levels of Chop, GRP78, p-IRE1/ Xbp1s, and p-PERK/p-EIF2a. Importantly, we also discovered for the first time that blocking AHR in HT22 cells dramatically reduced the level of ER stress and apoptosis caused by AFB1. In vivo and in vitro studies, supplementation of hesperetin effectively reversed AFB1-induced cytotoxicity. We have demonstrated that hesperetin effectively restored the imbalance in the GSH/GST system in HT22 cells treated with AFB1. Furthermore, we observed that elevated GSH levels facilitated the formation of AFB1-GSH complexes, which enhanced the excretion of AFB1. Therefore, hesperetin improves ER stress-induced apoptosis by reducing AFB1 activation of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China.
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22
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Dhanasekaran S, Pushparaj Selvadoss P, Sundar Manoharan S, Jeyabalan S, Devi Rajeswari V. Revealing anti-fungal potential of plant-derived bioactive therapeutics in targeting secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP) of Candida albicans: a molecular dynamics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:710-724. [PMID: 37021476 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2196703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida species have established themselves as a major source of nosocomial infections. Increased expression of secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP5) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Candida species. Phytotherapeutics continue to serve as a viable resource for discovering novel antifungal agents. Hence the main aim of the present investigation is to explore the possible inhibitory role of the selected bioactive molecules against the SAP5 enzyme of C. albicans using in silico approach. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations were utilized to predict the binding affinity of the lead molecules using the AutoDock and Gromacs in-silico screening tools. Results of preliminary docking simulations show that the compounds hesperidin, vitexin, berberine, adhatodine, piperine, and chlorogenic acid exhibit significant interactions with the core catalytic residues of the target protein. The best binding ligands (hesperidin, vitexin, fluconazole) were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) and essential dynamics of the trajectories. Results of the MD simulation confirm that the ligand-protein complexes became more stable from 20 ns until 100 ns. The calculated residue-level contributions to the interaction energy along a steady simulation trajectory of all three hits (hesperidin (-132.720 kJ/mol), vitexin (-83.963 kJ/mol) and fluconazole (-98.864 kJ/mol)) ensure greater stability of the leads near the catalytic region. Essential dynamics of PCA and DCCM analysis signifies that the binding of hesperidin and vitexin created a more structurally stable environment in the protein target. The overall outcomes of this study clearly emphasize that the bioactive therapeutics found in medicinal herbs may have remarkable scope in managing Candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Srikanth Jeyabalan
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Singh V, Singh R, Singh MP, Katrolia A. Therapeutic Role of Desmodium Species on its Isolated Flavonoids. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:74-84. [PMID: 36515031 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666221213111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are an important part to play a major role in society and it was isolated from plant flavonoids and useful in the treatment of various kinds of diseases in the human race. They are widely used as food and nutrition supplements as well as antioxidants. Traditionally, the Desmodium species are an important tool for the secondary metabolites to treat various diseases. Desmodium triquetrum (Fabaceae) one of the Indian medicinal plants is widely used in the treatment of asthma and inflammation. Three flavonoids isolated from Desmodium triquetrum Linn namely Baicalein, Naringin and Neohesperidin are useful as antioxidants, food and nutrition supplements, that help the body to function efficiently while protecting it against toxins as well stressors. The role of flavonoids may be due to the presence of the phenolic compound. Similarly, the flavonoids such as gangetin, gangetinin, desmocarpin and desmodin isolated from the species Desmodium gangeticum are responsible for antileishmanial, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, and immunomodulatory activities. Additionally, isolated flavanoids from the species Desmodium triflorum show antibacterial, antiepileptic, antifungal, and radioprotective activities. So, the aim of the present study, based on the literature miming from the desmodium species is to acknowledge the importance of flavonoids in human health as dietary food supplements and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedpal Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Education, C-1/A sector 62 Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Education, C-1/A sector 62 Noida, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Manish Pal Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Archita Katrolia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, UP, India
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24
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de Miera BS, Cañadas R, González-Miquel M, González EJ. Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Orange Peel Waste by Conventional and Assisted Extraction Techniques Using Sustainable Solvents. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 38163939 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbe1504030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The valorization of orange peel waste (OPW) through the extraction of bioactive compounds is a clear example of the circular economy. OPW contains many value-added compounds, among which bioactive phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) could be extracted and used for industrial applications, such as pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. METHODS In this work, the extraction of phenolic compounds from orange peel was carried out by conventional (orbital shaker) and assisted (ultrasound and microwave) extraction techniques using deionized water, 80% (v/v) ethanol in water, and ethyl acetate as solvents. The effect of temperature, extraction time, and type of technique was evaluated and discussed following spectrophotometric (total phenolic content and total flavonoid content) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of the extracts. RESULTS The most effective extraction in terms of efficiency was achieved by microwave-assisted extraction using 80% (v/v) ethanol in water as the extraction solvent, at 373 K for 6 min, which obtained 7.2 ± 0.1 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g OPW and 13.3 ± 0.1 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g OPW, with the main bioactive compound extracted being hesperidin (58.2 ± 0.2 mg/g OPW). The most effective extraction in terms of energy consumption was achieved using ultrasound-probe-assisted extraction, yielding 8.8 ± 0.0 mg GAE/g OPW; 17.1 ± 0.1 mg QE/g OPW; 40.0 ± 0.2 mg hesperidin/g OPW, with an energy consumption of 18 kJ. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractions can be considered efficient extraction technologies for the valorization of OPW as they reduce extraction time and energy consumption and increase extraction yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Sáenz de Miera
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cañadas
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Miquel
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio J González
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Yilmaz MA, Cakir O, Izol E, Tarhan A, Behcet L, Zengin G. Detailed Phytochemical Evaluation of a Locally Endemic Species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and Its In-Depth Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301182. [PMID: 37846496 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bioactive plant species in the scientific world is increasing day by day. The relationship between health and traditional-modern life, promotes the creation of new value-added natural products. This is the first research to conduct a bioactivity and chemical composition analysis of Campanula baskilensis species, which belongs to the medicinally important genus Campanula L (Campanulaceae). The aim of the current study is to quantitatively investigate the phytochemical contents of aerial and root parts of different C. baskilensis extracts (ethanol, methanol, and water) by LC-MS/MS and to evaluate their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Remarkably, LC-MS/MS results revealed that, high amounts of quinic acid (53.6 mg/g aerial-MeOH extract), fumaric acid (6.3 mg/g aerial-H2 O extract, 2.5 mg/g root-H2 O extract), protocatechuic acid (11.4 mg/g aerial-H2 O extract), vanillic acid (1.4 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (2.3 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), hesperetin 7-rutinoside (hesperidin) (2.0 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (5.5 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract) were detected in the extracts of the species. Considering the bioactivity tests performed on C. baskilensis extracts, aerial-H2 O extract showed significant activity in all antioxidant assays. However, ethanol extracts of root and aerial parts exhibited the highest activities in all enzyme inhibitory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Abdullah Yilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, 21280, Turkiye
- Dicle University Science and Technology Application and Research Center (DUBTAM), Diyarbakir, 21280, Turkiye
| | - Oğuz Cakir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ataturk Faculty of Health Sciences, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, 21280, Turkiye
| | - Ebubekir Izol
- Bee and Natural Products R & D and P & D Application and Research Center, Bingol University, Bingol, 12000, Turkiye
| | - Abbas Tarhan
- Dicle University Science and Technology Application and Research Center (DUBTAM), Diyarbakir, 21280, Turkiye
| | - Lutfi Behcet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingol University, Bingol, 12000, Turkiye
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkiye
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Bisen AC, Rawat P, Sharma G, Sanap SN, Agrawal S, Kumar S, Kumar A, Choudhury AD, Kamboj S, Narender T, Shukla SK, Kanojiya S, Bhatta RS. Hesperidin: Enrichment, forced degradation, and structural elucidation of potential degradation products using spectral techniques. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2023; 37:e9615. [PMID: 37706431 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hesperidin (HES) is a well-known citrus bioflavonoid phyto-nutraceutical agent with polypharmacological properties. After 2019, HES was widely used for prophylaxis and COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, it is commonly prescribed for treating varicose veins and other diseases in routine clinical practice. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products (DP) impact the drug's quality and safety and thus its effectiveness. Therefore, forced degradation studies help study drug stability, degradation mechanisms, and their DPs. This study was performed because stress stability studies using detailed structural characterization of hesperidin are currently unavailable in the literature. METHODS In the HES enrichment method crude HES was converted to its pure form (98% purity) using column chromatography and then subjected to forced degradation under acid, base, and neutral hydrolyses followed by oxidative, reductive, photolytic, and thermal stress testing (International Conference on Harmonization guidelines). The stability-indicating analytical method (SIAM) was developed to determine DPs using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (C18 column with methanol and 0.1% v/v acetic acid in deionized water [70:30, v/v] at 284 nm). Further, structural characterization of DPs was performed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, in silico toxicity predictions were performed using pKCSM and DataWarior freeware. RESULTS HES was found to be susceptible to acidic and basic hydrolytic conditions and yielded three DPs in each, which were detected using designed SIAM. Of six DPs, three were pseudo-DPs (short lived), and the remaining were characterized using LC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The tentative mechanism of the formation of proposed DPs was explained. The proposed DPs were found inactive from in silico toxicity predictions. CONCLUSIONS Hesperidin was labile under acidic and basic stress conditions. The potential DPs were characterized using LC-ESI-MS/MS and NMR spectral techniques. The proposed mechanism of formation was hypothesized. In addition, to identify and characterize the DPs, a SIAM, which has broad biomedical applications, was successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Kamboj
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev K Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kanojiya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility and Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Metwally NI, R Mohamed EA, Ahmed NA, Zaghloul SA. Histologic comparison of formocresol, platelet-rich fibrin, and hesperidin in pulpotomy: A randomized trial in dogs. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:856-862. [PMID: 37635567 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1731_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Aims To histologically assess and compare formocresol (FC), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), and hesperidin (HPN) as pulpotomy agents in dogs. Materials and Methods Pulpotomy was attempted from the buccal surface (class V) of 48 teeth in three mongrel dogs (Canis Lupus). Cavities were randomly allocated for three groups (n = 16) according to the pulpotomy agent used; (group I: FC (control), group II: PRF, and group III: HPN). All cavities were then sealed with zinc oxide eugenol followed by resin-modified glass ionomer restoration. Two months later, dogs were euthanized; the specimens were obtained and prepared for histological assessment followed by statistical analysis. Results HPN specimens showed the best dentin bridge formation and the least inflammatory signs and pulp disorganization. Followed without statistically significant difference by PRF (P ≥ 0.05). Both of HPN and PRF, however, showed a significant difference statistically (P ≤ 0.05) to FC that showed no dentin bridging with more pronounced inflammation, necrosis, and pulp disorganization. Conclusions For pulpotomy, HPN and PRF seemed histologically to be good substitutes for FC in the dog model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Metwally
- Department of Pedodontics and Oral Dental Health, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E A R Mohamed
- Department of Oral Biology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N A Ahmed
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S A Zaghloul
- Department of Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Anani H, Elasser D, Niazy M, Jamil W, Elsharkawy D. Evaluation of the remineralization and antibacterial effect of natural versus synthetic materials on deep carious dentin: A randomized controlled trial. Dent Med Probl 2023; 60:87-97. [PMID: 37023336 DOI: 10.17219/dmp/147075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of natural and synthetic agents have recently been used in clinical trials to arrest dentin caries. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to explore the remineralization and antibacterial effect of natural (propolis, hesperidin) vs. synthetic (silver diamine fluoride (SDF)) agents on deep carious dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 64 human molar teeth with Class I caries were randomly distributed into 4 groups: control group; propolis group; hesperidin group; and SDF group. The cavities were prepared using the stepwise caries removal technique, and then covered with the materials to be tested. The samples were taken from the carious lesions before and after treatment to evaluate the antibacterial effect. Then, the teeth were restored with a glass ionomer cement (GIC). Digital X-rays were taken to assess remineralization and the antibacterial effect after 6 and 12 weeks. RESULTS The highest value of radiodensity was observed in the propolis group (46.44 ±9.65 HU), while the lowest value was noted in the hesperidin group (12.62 ±5.86 HU). The bacterial count in the propolis group was 1,280.00 ±1,480.54 CFU/mL at baseline, which was not significantly higher than the value measured after 6 weeks (574.00 ±642.48 CFU/mL; p = 0.153), whereas in the hesperidin group, the mean value of the bacterial count at baseline (3,166.67 ±1,940.79) was not much higher as compared to the value obtained at 6 weeks (2,983.33 ±1,705.77) (p = 0.150). CONCLUSIONS In comparison with SDF, propolis and hesperidin agents showed promising effects in terms of remineralization of carious dental tissue and hindering the progression of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneya Anani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Dalia Elasser
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Niazy
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael Jamil
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Elsharkawy
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Fujimura Y, Yoshimoto T, Fujino K, Nezu A, Marugame Y, Bae J, Kumazoe M, Tachibana H. Bioactivity-boosting strategy based on combination of anti-allergic O-methylated catechin with a Citrus flavanone, hesperetin. J Nat Med 2023; 77:363-369. [PMID: 36494586 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with allergies have anxiety about taking anti-allergic medicines due to their side effects and increased medical expenses. Thus, developing functional foods/agricultural products for allergy prevention is strongly desired. In this study, we revealed that a Citrus flavanone, hesperetin, amplified IgE/antigen-mediated degranulation-inhibitory potency of anti-allergic catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3''Me), in the rat basophilic/mast cell line RBL-2H3. Hesperetin also significantly elevated the activation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), essential for eliciting anti-allergic effect of EGCG3''Me through the cell surficial protein, 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR). Furthermore, oral administration of the highly absorbent hesperidin, α-glucosyl hesperidin, also enhanced the inhibitory potency of EGCG3''Me-rich 'Benifuuki' green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction evoked by IgE/antigen in BALB/c mice. These observations indicate that hesperetin amplifies the ability of EGCG3''Me to inhibit the IgE/antigen-mediated degranulation through activating ASM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Fujimura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshimoto
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Konatsu Fujino
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nezu
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuki Marugame
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jaehoon Bae
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Motofumi Kumazoe
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Chen H, Chen X, Ma J. The mitigation mechanism of hesperidin on deoxynivalenol toxicity in grass carp hepatocytes via decreasing ROS accumulation and inhibiting JNK phosphorylation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 134:108646. [PMID: 36842640 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a crucial kind of mycotoxin, is found globally present in the contaminated cereal crops including wheat, barley, maize and rice. Hesperidin (HDN) is a flavonoid with a variety of biological activities found in high concentrations in citrus fruits. However, the potential protective effects of HDN on cell damage under DON toxicity, and the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis in it, remain unclear. Therefore, we treated grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) liver cells (L8824 cell) with DON and HDN for 24 h. The results showed that DON exposure caused a higher ROS accumulation, activated inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis, induced the expression of cytokines (NF-kappaB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), triggered BCL2/BAX-mediated apoptosis and LC3B/P62-dependent autophagy in the L8824 cell line. Moreover, HDN reduced DON exposure-induced inflammation and autophagy by decreasing ROS accumulation and reduced DON exposure-induced apoptosis by inhibiting JNK phosphorylation. These results partly explained the mechanism of biological threat on fish under DON exposure and the potential application value of HDN in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Mohamed EAR, Abdel-Rahman IM, Zaki MEA, Al-Khdhairawi A, Abdelhamid MM, Alqaisi AM, Rahim LBA, Abu-Hussein B, El-Sheikh AAK, Abdelwahab SF, Hassan HA. In silico prediction of potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant using molecular docking and dynamics simulation-based drug repurposing. J Mol Model 2023; 29:70. [PMID: 36808314 PMCID: PMC9939377 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In November 2021, variant B.1.1.529 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and designated Omicron. Omicron is characterized by a high number of mutations, thirty-two in total, making it more transmissible than the original virus. More than half of those mutations were found in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) that directly interacts with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This study aimed to discover potent drugs against Omicron, which were previously repurposed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). All repurposed anti-COVID-19 drugs were compiled from previous studies and tested against the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. METHODS As a preliminary step, a molecular docking study was performed to investigate the potency of seventy-one compounds from four classes of inhibitors. The molecular characteristics of the best-performing five compounds were predicted by estimating the drug-likeness and drug score. Molecular dynamics simulations (MD) over 100 ns were performed to inspect the relative stability of the best compound within the Omicron receptor-binding site. RESULTS The current findings point out the crucial roles of Q493R, G496S, Q498R, N501Y, and Y505H in the RBD region of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. Raltegravir, hesperidin, pyronaridine, and difloxacin achieved the highest drug scores compared with the other compounds in the four classes, with values of 81%, 57%, 18%, and 71%, respectively. The calculated results showed that raltegravir and hesperidin had high binding affinities and stabilities to Omicron with ΔGbinding of - 75.7304 ± 0.98324 and - 42.693536 ± 0.979056 kJ/mol, respectively. Further clinical studies should be performed for the two best compounds from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam A. R. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Islam M. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New-Minia, 61519 Minia Egypt
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Al-Khdhairawi
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud M. Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Asyut, 71524 Egypt
| | - Ahmad M. Alqaisi
- Chemistry Department, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942 Jordan
- Present Address: School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Lyana binti Abd Rahim
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Najihah, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
| | - Bilal Abu-Hussein
- Albayader Specialty Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- Present Address: Department of General Surgery, Cumberland Infirmary Hospital, Carlisle, England
| | - Azza A. K. El-Sheikh
- Basic Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. 13 Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed F. Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Ali Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524 Egypt
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Artero NA, Manchope MF, Carvalho TT, Saraiva-Santos T, Bertozzi MM, Carneiro JA, Franciosi A, Dionisio AM, Zaninelli TH, Fattori V, Ferraz CR, Piva M, Mizokami SS, Camilios-Neto D, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone Reduces the Arthritis Caused by TiO 2 in Mice: Targeting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Cytokine Production, and Nociceptor Sensory Neuron Activation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020872. [PMID: 36677929 PMCID: PMC9864652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthroplasty is an orthopedic surgical procedure that replaces a dysfunctional joint by an orthopedic prosthesis, thereby restoring joint function. Upon the use of the joint prosthesis, a wearing process begins, which releases components such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) that trigger an immune response in the periprosthetic tissue, leading to arthritis, arthroplasty failure, and the need for revision. Flavonoids belong to a class of natural polyphenolic compounds that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Hesperidin methyl chalcone's (HMC) analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects have been investigated in some models, but its activity against the arthritis caused by prosthesis-wearing molecules, such as TiO2, has not been investigated. Mice were treated with HMC (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) 24 h after intra-articular injection of 3 mg/joint of TiO2, which was used to induce chronic arthritis. HMC inhibited mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, joint edema, leukocyte recruitment, and oxidative stress in the knee joint (alterations in gp91phox, GSH, superoxide anion, and lipid peroxidation) and in recruited leukocytes (total reactive oxygen species and GSH); reduced patellar proteoglycan degradation; and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. HMC also reduced the activation of nociceptor-sensory TRPV1+ and TRPA1+ neurons. These effects occurred without renal, hepatic, or gastric damage. Thus, HMC reduces arthritis triggered by TiO2, a component released upon wearing of prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara A. Artero
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Marília F. Manchope
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Thacyana T. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Telma Saraiva-Santos
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Bertozzi
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica A. Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Anelise Franciosi
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. Dionisio
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Tiago H. Zaninelli
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Camila R. Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Maiara Piva
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra S. Mizokami
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Doumit Camilios-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre of Exact Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Health Science, Londrina State University, Londrina 86039-440, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A. Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-43-3371-4979
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Azhar S, Sabahat R, Sajjad R, Nadeem F, Amjad A, Hafeez N, Nayab T, Wahid S, Tanweer A. Effect of Citrus Flavanones on Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2023; 19:94-102. [PMID: 35796456 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666220707102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits and vegetables play a significant role in the health and nutrition of human beings. Flavanones being the major class of flavonoids are the main phytochemicals in citrus fruits having several favorable effects, particularly in preventing diabetes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to discuss the anti-diabetic potential of citrus flavanones based on in vivo studies. METHODS A search of Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI, Research Gate, Science Direct, HEC Digital Library databases for articles that have been published since 2010 was conducted using the keywords citrus, flavanones, and diabetes. RESULTS A total of 10 articles were identified, in which it was reported that 5 flavanones have antidiabetic effects. These flavanones have many benefits, such as they help in glycemic control, regulate the biomarkers of lipid profile, renal function, and modulate the signaling pathways that increase insulin sensitivity and uptake of glucose, thus are responsible for preventing diabetes and complications related to it. CONCLUSION Therefore, citrus flavanones are the candidates having promising anti-diabetic potential but their effect needs to be verified through human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameen Azhar
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ribka Sabahat
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rameen Sajjad
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Nadeem
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aruba Amjad
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nawal Hafeez
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Taram Nayab
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Wahid
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Tanweer
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Long Z, Xiang W, He Q, Xiao W, Wei H, Li H, Guo H, Chen Y, Yuan M, Yuan X, Zeng L, Yang K, Deng Y, Huang Z. Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 randomized controlled trials. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1024120. [PMID: 37033930 PMCID: PMC10073448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1024120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate safety and efficacy of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS CNKI, Pubmed, Cochrane library, Embase were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of RA. The databases were searched from the time of their establishment to November 8nd, 2022. After 2 reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies, Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.4 software. RESULTS A total of 49 records (47 RCTs) were finally included, involving 3852 participants and 15 types of dietary polyphenols (Cinnamon extract, Cranberry extract, Crocus sativus L. extract, Curcumin, Garlic extract, Ginger extract, Hesperidin, Olive oil, Pomegranate extract, Puerarin, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Sesamin, Tea polyphenols, Total glucosides of paeony). Pomegranate extract, Resveratrol, Garlic extract, Puerarin, Hesperidin, Ginger extract, Cinnamon extract, Sesamin only involve in 1 RCT. Cranberry extract, Crocus sativus L. extract, Olive oil, Quercetin, Tea polyphenols involve in 2 RCTs. Total glucosides of paeony and Curcumin involve in more than 3 RCTs. These RCTs showed that these dietary polyphenols could improve disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28), inflammation levels or oxidative stress levels in RA. The addition of dietary polyphenols did not increase adverse events. CONCLUSION Dietary polyphenols may improve DAS28, reduce C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and improve oxidative stress, etc. However, more RCTs are needed to verify or modify the efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022315645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Long
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Long, ; Wang Xiang, ; Wei Xiao, ; Zhen Huang,
| | - Wang Xiang
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Long, ; Wang Xiang, ; Wei Xiao, ; Zhen Huang,
| | - Qi He
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Long, ; Wang Xiang, ; Wei Xiao, ; Zhen Huang,
| | - Huagen Wei
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengxia Yuan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | | | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Long, ; Wang Xiang, ; Wei Xiao, ; Zhen Huang,
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Pradhan SP, Swain S, Sa N, Pilla SN, Behera A, Sahu PK, Chandra Si S. Photocatalysis of environmental organic pollutants and antioxidant activity of flavonoid conjugated gold nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 282:121699. [PMID: 35940068 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of nanomaterials have the potential application in different fields of biomedical application along with the management of environmental pollutants. This research work involved the isolation of hesperidin from the orange peel and the preparation of hesperidin gold nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method. The high substrate specificity and lower band gap enable the excitation of gold nanoparticles in visible light. Hence gold nanoparticles are chosen nowadays for the management and removal of organic pollutants. The efficacy of hesperidin gold nanoparticles was evaluated by the photocatalytic activity on organic dyes and pollutants like methyl orange, methylene blue, bromocresol green, and 4 - nitro phenol with sodium borohydride as reducing agent and the antioxidant study by scavenging of free radicals of DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl free radicals of hydrogen peroxide. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and 4 - nitro phenol was found to follow the first order with rate constants of 10 × 10-3, 37 × 10-3, 23 × 10-3 and 49 × 10-3 min-1 for methyl orange, methylene blue, bromocresol green and 4 - nitro phenol respectively. The hesperidin gold nanoparticles showed significant antioxidant activity as compared to ascorbic acid as standard. The flavonoid conjugated gold nanoparticles can be an efficient antioxidant and photocatalyst for the management of different diseases and wastewater treatment respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunsita Swain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nishigandha Sa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Anindita Behera
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Pratap Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sudam Chandra Si
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Kashyap P, Thakur M, Singh N, Shikha D, Kumar S, Baniwal P, Yadav YS, Sharma M, Sridhar K, Inbaraj BS. In Silico Evaluation of Natural Flavonoids as a Potential Inhibitor of Coronavirus Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196374. [PMID: 36234910 PMCID: PMC9572657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China, has led to millions of infections and the death of approximately one million people. No targeted therapeutics are currently available, and only a few efficient treatment options are accessible. Many researchers are investigating active compounds from natural plant sources that may inhibit COVID-19 proliferation. Flavonoids are generally present in our diet, as well as traditional medicines and are effective against various diseases. Thus, here, we reviewed the potential of flavonoids against crucial proteins involved in the coronavirus infectious cycle. The fundamentals of coronaviruses, the structures of SARS-CoV-2, and the mechanism of its entry into the host’s body have also been discussed. In silico studies have been successfully employed to study the interaction of flavonoids against COVID-19 Mpro, spike protein PLpro, and other interactive sites for its possible inhibition. Recent studies showed that many flavonoids such as hesperidin, amentoflavone, rutin, diosmin, apiin, and many other flavonoids have a higher affinity with Mpro and lower binding energy than currently used drugs such as hydroxylchloroquine, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and lopinavir. Thus, these compounds can be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19, but need further in vitro and in vivo studies to validate these compounds and pave the way for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kashyap
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144401, India
| | - Mamta Thakur
- Department of Food Technology, School of Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior 474001, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayraj 211002, India
| | - Deep Shikha
- Department of Food Technology, Bhai Gurdas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur 148001, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- MMICT & BM (HM), Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); or (K.S.); or (B.S.I.)
| | - Poonam Baniwal
- Department of Quality Control, Food Corporation of India, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Yogender Singh Yadav
- Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Laboratoire de Chimieverte et Produits Biobasés, Département AgroBioscience et Chimie, Haute Ecole Provinciale du Hainaut-Condorcet, 11, 7800 ATH Rue de la Sucrerie, Belgium
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’œuf, INRAE, L’InstitutAgro, Rennes-Angers, 65 Rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (S.K.); or (K.S.); or (B.S.I.)
| | - Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242 05, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.K.); or (K.S.); or (B.S.I.)
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Kim JH, Lim SR, Jung DH, Kim EJ, Sung J, Kim SC, Choi CH, Kang JW, Lee SJ. Grifola frondosa Extract Containing Bioactive Components Blocks Skin Fibroblastic Inflammation and Cytotoxicity Caused by Endocrine Disrupting Chemical, Bisphenol A. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183812. [PMID: 36145189 PMCID: PMC9503552 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Grifola frondosa (GF), a species of Basidiomycotina, is widely distributed across Asia and has been used as an immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer agent. In the present study, the pharmacological activity of the GF extract against an ecotoxicological industrial chemical, bisphenol A (BPA) in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs), was investigated. GF extract containing naringin, hesperidin, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol showed an inhibitory effect on cell death and inflammation induced by BPA in the NHDFs. For the cell death caused by BPA, GF extract inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species responsible for the unique activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In addition, GF extract attenuated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β by the suppression of the redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in BPA-treated NHDFs. For the inflammation triggered by BPA, GF extract blocked the inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation that leads to the secretion of IL-1β protein. These results indicate that the GF extract is a functional antioxidant that prevents skin fibroblastic pyroptosis induced by BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ha Kim
- Department of Public Health, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Seong-Ryeong Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Dae-Hwa Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Junghee Sung
- RFBio Research & Development Center, RFBio Co., Ltd., Gunpo-si 15807, Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyung Choi
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Kang
- Department of Public Health, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-W.K.); (S.-J.L.); Tel.: +82-54-819-1806 (S.-J.L.)
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-W.K.); (S.-J.L.); Tel.: +82-54-819-1806 (S.-J.L.)
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Fraga LN, Milenkovic D, Lajolo FM, Hassimotto NMA. Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of SULT1A1, SULT1C4, ABCC2 and Phase II Flavanone Metabolites Excretion after Orange Juice Intake. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183770. [PMID: 36145145 PMCID: PMC9502135 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits and juices are a major source of dietary flavanones, and the regular consumption of these foods is inversely associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the biological benefits depend on the bioavailability of these compounds, and previous studies have reported a large interindividual variability in the absorption and excretion of these compounds. Different factors, such as age, gender or genetic polymorphism of genes coding enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of the flavanones, may explain this heterogeneity. This study aimed to assess the impact of single nucleotide polymorphism of sulfotransferases SULT1A1 and SULT1C4, and ABCC2 transporter genes on excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites in volunteers after 24 h of orange juice intake. Forty-six volunteers ingested a single dose of 500 mL of orange juice and 24-h urine was collected. The hesperetin and naringenin phase II metabolites were quantified in urine, and SNPs in SULT1A1, SULT1C4 and ABCC2 genes were genotyped. A significant (p < 0.05) relationship between the SNPs in these genes and the high excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites were observed. These results identified novel polymorphisms associated with higher absorption of flavanones, which may provide bases for future personalized nutritional guidelines for consuming flavanone-rich foods rich in these nutrients for better benefit from their health properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layanne Nascimento Fraga
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (N.M.A.H.)
| | - Franco Maria Lajolo
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Neuza Mariko Aymoto Hassimotto
- Food Research Center (FoRC) and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (N.M.A.H.)
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Caballero S, Li YO, McClements DJ, Davidov-Pardo G. Hesperetin (citrus peel flavonoid aglycone) encapsulation using pea protein-high methoxyl pectin electrostatic complexes: complex optimization and biological activity. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:5554-5560. [PMID: 35294991 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orange pomace polyphenols have potential for use as nutraceutical ingredients in functional foods and beverages. However, owing to their low water solubility and bioaccessibility, they are not being utilized to their full potential. The goal of this research is to assess the impact of encapsulation on hesperetin (HT - a model orange polyphenol) water solubility, antioxidant activity, and in vitro bioaccessibility. RESULTS In this study, a citrus flavonoid aglycone, HT, was encapsulated within water-dispersible colloidal complexes (d = 350 ± 8 nm) formed by electrostatic attraction of pea protein isolate and high-methoxyl pectin at a mixing ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and pH 4. The maximum amount of HT that could be dispersed in water was much higher for the encapsulated form (99 ± 7 μg mL-1 ) than the non-encapsulated form (<10 μg mL-1 ). The radical scavenging activity of the encapsulated HT (>90%, pH 4) was much higher than the non-encapsulated form (<15% at pH 4 or 7). The in vitro bioaccessibility of encapsulated HT (27 ± 7%) was also much higher than the non-encapsulated form (<7%). CONCLUSION These results suggest that a well-designed, biopolymer-based delivery system may improve the effective incorporation of HT, and potentially other orange pomace polyphenols, into food and beverage products. This could provide an additional high-value use for orange juicing by-products while introducing a new nutraceutical product to the food and beverage industry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caballero
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yao Olive Li
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - David Julian McClements
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Davidov-Pardo
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
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Li LL, Huang Q, Qi JJ, Yao M, Peng DY. [Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of five compounds from total extract of Clinopodium chinense in abnormal uterine bleeding rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:5071-5078. [PMID: 36164917 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220421.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clinopodium chinense, a traditional folk medicinal herb, has been used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding(AUB) for many years. Saponins and flavonoids are the main active components in C. chinense. To study the pharmacokine-tics of multiple components from the total extract of C. chinense(TEC), we established a sensitive and rapid method of ultra-perfor-mance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) for simultaneous determination of five compounds in the plasma of AUB rats. After validation, the AUB model was established with SD female rats which got pregnant on the same day by gavage with mifepristone(12.4 mg·kg~(-1)) and misoprostol(130 μg·kg~(-1)). The established method was applied to the detection of hesperidin, naringenin, apigenin, saikosaponin a, and buddlejasaponin Ⅳb in AUB rats after the administration of TEC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2.0. The five compounds showed good linear relationship within the detection range. The specificity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect, and stability of the method all matched the requirements of biolo-gical sample detection. The above 5 compounds were detected in the plasma of AUB rats after the administration of TEC. The C_(max) va-lues of hesperidin, naringenin, apigenin, saikosaponin a, and clinoposide A were 701.6, 429.5, 860.7, 75.1, and 304.1 ng·mL~(-1), respectively. All the compounds owned short half-life and quick elimination rate in vivo, and the large apparent volume of distribution indicated that they were widely distributed in tissues. Being rapid, accurate, and sensitive, this method is suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of extracts of Chinese herbal medicines and provides a reference for the study of pharmacodynamic material basis of C. chinense in treating AUB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development Hefei 230012, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China
| | - Jia-Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China
| | - Dai-Yin Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012, China Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development Hefei 230012, China MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Hefei 230012, China
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Kapoor MP, Moriwaki M, Minoura K, Timm D, Abe A, Kito K. Structural Investigation of Hesperetin-7-O-Glucoside Inclusion Complex with β-Cyclodextrin: A Spectroscopic Assessment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175395. [PMID: 36080157 PMCID: PMC9457751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are biologically active natural products of great interest for their potential applications in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. A hesperetin-7-O-glucoside inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (HEPT7G/βCD; SunActive® HCD) was formulated via the controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of hesperidin with naringinase enzyme. The conversion rate was nearly 98%, estimated using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the stability, solubility, and spectroscopic features of the HEPT7G/βCD inclusion complex using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, ultraviolet–visible absorption (UV–vis), 1H- and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC–MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powdered X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectroscopic techniques including zeta potential, Job’s plot, and phase solubility measurements. The effects of complexation on the profiles of supramolecular interactions in analytic features, especially the chemical shifts of β-CD protons in the presence of the HEPT7G moiety, were evaluated. The stoichiometric ratio, stability, and solubility constants (binding affinity) describe the extent of complexation of a soluble complex in 1:1 stoichiometry that exhibits a greater affinity and fits better into the β-CD inner cavity. The NMR spectroscopy results identified two different configurations of the HEPT7G moiety and revealed that the HEPT7G/βCD inclusion complex has both –2S and –2R stereoisomers of hesperetin-7-O-glucoside possibly in the –2S/–2R epimeric ratio of 1/1.43 (i.e., –2S: 41.1% and –2R: 58.9%). The study indicated that encapsulation of the HEPT7G moiety in β-CD is complete inclusion, wherein both ends of HEPT7G are included in the β-CD inner hydrophobic cavity. The results showed that the water solubility and thermal stability of HEPT7G were apparently increased in the inclusion complex with β-CD. This could potentially lead to increased bioavailability of HEPT7G and enhanced health benefits of this flavonoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P. Kapoor
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Masamitsu Moriwaki
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Minoura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Derek Timm
- Taiyo International Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55416, USA
| | - Aya Abe
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
| | - Kento Kito
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
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Zaafar D, Khalil HMA, Rasheed RA, Eltelbany RFA, Zaitone SA. Hesperetin mitigates sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity in mice through inhibition of the TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271631. [PMID: 35944026 PMCID: PMC9362940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is an oral multi-kinase receptor inhibitor that targets various signaling pathways. It is used as the first line of treatment in advanced hepatocellular and renal cell carcinomas. Sorafenib was reported to induce cardiotoxicity due to myocyte necrosis. Hesperetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities. This study investigated the putative protective effect of hesperetin against sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity in mice through downregulation of NLRP3/TLR4 signaling and inhibition of apoptosis. Twenty-four male Swiss mice were distributed into four groups: untreated control, hesperetin (50 mg/kg/day, orally), sorafenib (100 mg/kg/day, orally), and combination (Hesperetin+Sorafenib). After a three-week treatment period, various biochemical parameters in cardiac tissues were assessed. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were measured. Moreover, TLR4 and NLRP3 expressions were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical assessment of apoptotic activity were done. Compared with the sorafenib group, the combination group exhibited reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 levels and lower NLRP3/TLR4 expressions. Histologically, the combination group showed improved myocardial histology and a marked decrease in collagen deposition. Immunohistochemical examination showed decreased caspase-3 and increased Bcl-2 expression. Before recommending hesperetin as an adjuvant, clinical studies are warranted for mitigating sorafenib cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Zaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail: , (DZ); , (HMAK)
| | - Heba M. A. Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail: , (DZ); , (HMAK)
| | - Rabab Ahmed Rasheed
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Rania Farag A. Eltelbany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Olumegbon LT, Lawal AO, Oluyede DM, Adebimpe MO, Elekofehinti OO, I Umar H. Hesperetin protects against diesel exhaust particles-induced cardiovascular oxidative stress and inflammation in Wistar rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:52574-52589. [PMID: 35262885 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air particulate matter exposure has been linked to cardiovascular and atherosclerosis as a result of increase oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of hesperetin (HESP) as a therapeutic agent to mitigate the cardiovascular oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects of diesel exhaust particles in Wistar rats. DEP was collected from an Iveco cargo engine truck, and n-hexane fraction (hDEP) was obtained. Forty Wistar strains of male albino rats (6 weeks) were divided into 8 groups: control group received DMSO and CMC-Na; other groups received either n-hexane extract of DEP (0.064 or 0.640 mg/kg hDEP) or Standard Reference Material 2975 (0.064 mg/kg hSRM) in the presence or absence of 200 mg/kg HESP. Extracts were administered orally. Serum lipids, lipid peroxidation (LPO), conjugated dienes (CDs), and GSH levels were determined. Also, inflammatory cytokines, PCSK-9, LDL-receptor, and antioxidant genes expression were assessed by RT-PCR in both the heart and aorta. The molecular interaction of targeted proteins with HESP was assessed by the in silico approach. Extracts of DEP caused a significant (p < 0.001) increase in serum lipids but significantly decreased HDL-CHOL. It also increased CDs and MDA levels but decreased GSH levels. In addition, the particulate extracts caused a significant (p < 0.001) increase in pro-inflammatory genes expression in the heart and aorta but significantly decreased IL-10 and LDL-R gene expressions. Pre-treatment with hesperetin significantly reversed all these effects. This study shows that hesperetin has the ability to protect against DEP-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lateefat T Olumegbon
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
| | - Akeem O Lawal
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Dare M Oluyede
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Monsurat O Adebimpe
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Elekofehinti
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Haruna I Umar
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
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Liu Y, Luo J, Gu YZ, Luo Y, Tan T, Liao ZG, Yang M. [Comparative analysis of powder and piece decocting processes of Yinqiao Powder based on determination of multiple primary components]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:3788-3797. [PMID: 35850836 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210913.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study established specific chromatograms and a method for determining multiple primary components in Yinqiao Powder decoctions and compared the change rules of chemical composition in powder and piece decocting processes of Yinqiao Powder to provide a scientific basis for the modern research of preparations of Yinqiao Powder. Powder and piece decoctions of Yinqiao Powder were prepared. The specific chromatograms were determined and the content of 17 primary components was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), including adoxosidic acid, neochlorogenic acid, forsythoside E, loganic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, sweroside, forsythoside Ⅰ, forsythoside H, forsythoside A, isochlorogenic acid B, E-aldosecologanin, hesperidin, phillyrin, arctiin, liquiritigenin, and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. The effect of decocting time on the chemical composition in powder and piece decoctions of Yinqiao Powder was investigated. As a result, the specific chromatogram similarities of powder decoctions of Yinqiao Powder with different decocting time were high, which indicated that their chemical compositions were similar, while the similarities of piece decoctions were low, suggesting similar chemical compositions with big differences. In powder decoctions, the concentrations of neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, forsytherin H, and isochlorogenic acid B increased with the prolongation of decocting time, and those of adoxosidic acid, forsythoside E, forsythoside Ⅰ, E-aldosecologanin, phillyrin, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, loganic acid, arctiin, sweroside, and liquiritigenin increased firstly and tended to be stable, while those of forsythoside A, chlorogenic acid, and hesperidin increased firstly and then decreased. In piece decoctions, the concentration of chlorogenic acid increased firstly and then decreased with the prolongation of decocting time, while those of the remaining 16 components showed an upward trend. The concentrations of adoxosidic acid, forsythoside E, forsythoside Ⅰ, E-aldosecologanin, phillyrin, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, forsythoside A, forsythoside H, and chlorogenic acid in powder decoctions were higher than those in piece decoctions. The concentrations of hesperidin, loganic acid, phillyrin, sweroside, liquiritigenin, neochlorogenic acid, and cryptochlorogenic acid in powder decoctions were higher than those in piece decoctions within 40 min of decocting. The concentration of isochlorogenic acid B in powder decoctions was lower than that in piece decoction 10 min after decocting. The results showed that the decocting time and particle size of raw medicinal materials had certain effects on the content of chemical components in decoctions of Yinqiao Powder. Compared with the piece decocting, the powder decocting could achieve faster resolution of chemical components and higher concentrations, which confirmed the scientific evidence of the traditional powder decocting method of Yinqiao Powder. For the piece decocting of prescriptions of Yinqiao Powder, extraction time should be prolonged and extraction times should be increased to achieve the same effect as the powder decocting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yong-Zhe Gu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ting Tan
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zheng-Gen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004, China
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Gupta P, Sheikh A, Abourehab MAS, Kesharwani P. Amelioration of Full-Thickness Wound Using Hesperidin Loaded Dendrimer-Based Hydrogel Bandages. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:462. [PMID: 35884268 PMCID: PMC9313408 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex biological phenomenon, having different but overlapping stages to obtained complete re-epithelization. The aim of the current study was to develop a dendrimer-based hydrogel bandage, to ameliorate full-thickness wounds. Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid found in vegetables and citrus fruits, is used for treatment of wounds; however, its therapeutic use is limited, due to poor water solubility and poor bioavailability. This issue was overcome by incorporating hesperidin in the inner core of a dendrimer. Hence, a dendrimer-based hydrogel bandage was prepared, and the wound healing activity was determined. A hemolysis study indicated that the hesperidin-loaded dendrimer was biocompatible and can be used for wound healing. The therapeutic efficacy of the prepared formulation was evaluated on a full-thickness wound, using an animal model. H&E staining of the control group showed degenerated neutrophils and eosinophils, while 10% of the formulation showed wound closure, formation of the epidermal layer, and remodeling. The MT staining of the 10% formulation showed better collagen synthesis compared to the control group. In vivo results showed that the preparation had better wound contraction activity compared to the control group; after 14 days, the control group had 79 ± 1.41, while the 10% of formulation had 98.9 ± 0.42. In a nutshell, Hsp-P-Hyd 10% showed the best overall performance in amelioration of full-thickness wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (P.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Afsana Sheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (P.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (P.G.); (A.S.)
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Toprakçı G, Toprakçı İ, Şahin S. Highly clean recovery of natural antioxidants from lemon peels: Lactic acid-based automatic solvent extraction. Phytochem Anal 2022; 33:554-563. [PMID: 35112419 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food industry generates large amounts of waste by-products rich in natural antioxidants. On the other hand, application of advanced processes for the recovery of these fine chemicals is another popular topic of recent years. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to propose a green extraction method by application of deep eutectic solvent-based automated solvent extraction (AMSE) from lemon peels. METHODS The primary polyphenols (hesperidin, naringin, and p-coumaric acid) and the total polyphenols of the lemon peel extract were quantified and used as response for the optimisation of the AMSE conditions. The Box-Behnken design type of the response surface method (RSM) was chosen for optimisation study. Scavenging activity of the lemon peel extract against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical was also measured in vitro. RESULTS The optimum conditions for the highest total phenolic (7.47 mg-gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g-lemon peel [LP]), naringin (5.05 mg/g-LP), p-coumaric acid (3.27 mg/g-LP), and hesperidin (0.07 mg/g-LP) yields were obtained by 1.5 h of extraction time, 46% water (v/v), and 5 g of peel. The antioxidant activity changed between 37.31% and 94.10% in the peels. CONCLUSIONS Extraction time was the most effective process factor for the total phenolic and p-coumaric acid yields, while water addition was statistically very important (p < 0.0001) for the naringin and hesperidin yields in the current AMSE system. The second-order models generated for the selected systems represent the data satisfyingly based on the high coefficients of determination (> 0.99), statistically significant p-values (<0.0001), coefficient of variation values (< 10%), and non-significant lack-of-fit values (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Toprakçı
- Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İrem Toprakçı
- Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Şahin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Guo X, Cao X, Fang X, Guo A, Li E. Involvement of phase II enzymes and efflux transporters in the metabolism and absorption of naringin, hesperidin and their aglycones in rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:480-490. [PMID: 34974785 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.2012562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of phase II metabolism and efflux transportation on the bioavailability of naringin, hesperidin, and their aglycones (naringenin and hesperetin) in rats. Results indicated naringin and hesperidin have a lower oral bioavailability than their aglycones. Of all the phase II enzymes tested, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1, UGT1A2, UGT1A3, UGT1A7 and SULT sulfotransferase (SULT) 1B1 were of minor importance regarding the phase II metabolism of naringenin and hesperetin in the small intestine. Naringin, hesperidin, and their aglycones were all extensively metabolised in the liver. Naringin and hesperidin were more extensively transported by efflux transporters compared to their aglycones. Significant correlations between phase II enzymes and efflux transporters were detected. In conclusion, more extensive metabolism of naringin and hesperidin than their aglycones in the small intestine, and the interplay of phase II enzymes and efflux transporters in the small intestine explain the lower relative oral bioavailability of naringin and hesperidin than their aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuedan Cao
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiugui Fang
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, China
| | - Ailing Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Erhu Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Scurria A, Sciortino M, Garcia AR, Pagliaro M, Avellone G, Fidalgo A, Albanese L, Meneguzzo F, Ciriminna R, Ilharco LM. Red Orange and Bitter Orange IntegroPectin: Structure and Main Functional Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103243. [PMID: 35630720 PMCID: PMC9147265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DRIFT, HPLC-MS, and SPME-GC/MS analyses were used to unveil the structure and the main functional compounds of red (blood) orange (Citrus sinensis) and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). The IntegroPectin samples show evidence that these new citrus pectins are comprised of pectin rich in RG-I hairy regions functionalized with citrus biophenols, chiefly flavonoids and volatile molecules, mostly terpenes. Remarkably, IntegroPectin from the peel of fresh bitter oranges is the first high methoxyl citrus pectin extracted via hydrodynamic cavitation, whereas the red orange IntegroPectin is a low methoxyl pectin. C. aurantium IntegroPectin has a uniquely high concentration of adsorbed flavonoids, especially the flavanone glycosides hesperidin, naringin, and eriocitrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Scurria
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Dipartimento DICEAM, Università degli Studi “Mediterranea” di Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Marzia Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Ana Rosa Garcia
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.C.); (L.M.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Avellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Alexandra Fidalgo
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Albanese
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Meneguzzo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.C.); (L.M.I.)
| | - Laura M. Ilharco
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.C.); (L.M.I.)
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Gur C, Kandemir O, Kandemir FM. Investigation of the effects of hesperidin administration on abamectin-induced testicular toxicity in rats through oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:401-412. [PMID: 34748272 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential effects of hesperidin (HES) on chronic toxicity caused by abamectin (ABM) in the testicular tissue were investigated through oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, and autophagy pathways. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. Animals in the ABM group were orally administered 1 mg/kg ABM every other day for 28 days, while HES used against ABM was given at 100 or 200 mg/kg 30 min after ABM administration for 28 days. Markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, ERS, apoptosis, and autophagy in the testicular tissues removed after the animals are sacrificed were analyzed using biochemical, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or western blot techniques. The results obtained showed that ABM caused oxidative stress, and triggered ERS, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. On the other hand, HES showed antioxidant effect by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities, and glutathione levels in testis tissue and attenuated lipid peroxidation. Accordingly, MAPK14 reduced the NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression levels, presenting an anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, Bax protected against apoptosis and autophagy by reducing the caspase-3, beclin-1, LC3A, and LC3B expressions, and increasing Bcl-2 expression. It was observed that HES also interrupted the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway by suppressing IL-6 expression. Taken into consideration together, HES provided significant protection against the destruction caused by ABM in testicular tissue with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and anti-autophagic effects. Thus, it was revealed that HES has the potential to serve as an alternative treatment option in ABM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Gur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozge Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Lai MC, Liu WY, Liou SS, Liu IM. The Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin Encounters Diabetes-Mediated Alzheimer-Type Neuropathologic Changes through Relieving Advanced Glycation End-Products Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040745. [PMID: 35215394 PMCID: PMC8874695 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates whether hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, can encounter advanced glycation end-product (AGE)-induced Alzheimer’s disease-like pathophysiological changes with the underlying mechanisms. SH-SY5Y cells pretreated with hesperetin before stimulation with AGEs (200 μg/mL) were assessed in the following experiments. Hesperetin (40 μmol/L) elevated the reduced cell viability induced by AGEs. Hesperetin ameliorated reactive oxygen species overproduction and the downregulation of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, triggered by AGEs. Amyloid precursor protein upregulation, accompanied by the increased production of Aβ, caused by AGEs, was reversed by hesperetin. However, hesperetin lowered β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 expression, inducing insulin-degrading and neprilysin expression. In addition, hesperetin downregulated the expressions of the AGEs-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins, including 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein and C/EBP homologous protein, and lowered the phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like ER kinase and activating transcription factor 4. Hesperetin-pretreated cells had a minor apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Hesperetin is able to upregulate Bcl-2 protein expression, downregulate Bax expression, and decrease caspase-12/-9/-3 activity as well, indicating that it inhibits ER stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis. There is a similar effect between hesperetin and positive rosiglitazone control against Aβ aggravation of SH-SY5Y cell injury induced by AGEs. Thus, hesperetin might be a potential agent for treating glycation-induced Aβ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chou Lai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Wayne-Young Liu
- Department of Urology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung City 41265, Taiwan;
- Center for Basic Medical Science, Collage of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 40601, Taiwan
| | - Shorong-Shii Liou
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - I-Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan; (M.-C.L.); (S.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-7624002
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