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Chang Q, Lu Z, He M, Gao R, Bai H, Shi B, Shan A. Effects of dietary supplementation of fulvic acid on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:4921-6. [PMID: 25349342 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of fulvic acid on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs. One hundred eighty crossbred barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire, 60 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments (36 pigs/treatment) and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% fulvic acid for 42 d. Thirty pigs (6 pigs/treatment) were slaughtered at the end of the experiment. Blood samples and adipose tissue were collected for determination of blood parameters and lipid metabolic enzymes. The results showed that compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% fulvic acid significantly reduced mean backfat thickness of pigs (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, leptin, growth hormone, insulin, and triiodothyronine were significantly increased by adding fulvic acid in diets (P < 0.05). With the raised concentration of dietary fulvic acid, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in adipose tissue. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of fulvic acid reduced the mean backfat thickness of pigs. This change related to the increased activity of HSL and the decreased activity of LPL in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai street No.59, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Z Lu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai street No.59, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - M He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai street No.59, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - R Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai street No.59, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - H Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai street No.59, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - B Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai street No.59, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - A Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai street No.59, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
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Zhou Y, Wei X, Zi Z, Zou B, Xia S, Lu N, Lei H, Lu Y, Parvizi N, Xia D. Potassium diformate influences gene expression of GH/IGF-I axis and glucose homeostasis in weaning piglets. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Heger J, Křížová L, Šustala M, Nitrayová S, Patráš P, Hampel D. Individual response of growing pigs to lysine intake. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:538-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wilson FA, Suryawan A, Orellana RA, Nguyen HV, Jeyapalan AS, Gazzaneo MC, Davis TA. Fed levels of amino acids are required for the somatotropin-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E876-83. [PMID: 18682537 PMCID: PMC3774258 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90423.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic somatotropin (pST) treatment in pigs increases muscle protein synthesis and circulating insulin, a known promoter of protein synthesis. Previously, we showed that the pST-mediated rise in insulin could not account for the pST-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis when amino acids were maintained at fasting levels. This study aimed to determine whether the pST-induced increase in insulin promotes skeletal muscle protein synthesis when amino acids are provided at fed levels and whether the response is associated with enhanced translation initiation factor activation. Growing pigs were treated with pST (0 or 180 microg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) for 7 days, and then pancreatic-glucose-amino acid clamps were performed. Amino acids were raised to fed levels in the presence of either fasted or fed insulin concentrations; glucose was maintained at fasting throughout. Muscle protein synthesis was increased by pST treatment and by amino acids (with or without insulin) (P<0.001). In pST-treated pigs, fed, but not fasting, amino acid concentrations further increased muscle protein synthesis rates irrespective of insulin level (P<0.02). Fed amino acids, with or without raised insulin concentrations, increased the phosphorylation of S6 kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), decreased inactive 4EBP1.eIF4E complex association, and increased active eIF4E.eIF4G complex formation (P<0.02). pST treatment did not alter translation initiation factor activation. We conclude that the pST-induced stimulation of muscle protein synthesis requires fed amino acid levels, but not fed insulin levels. However, under the current conditions, the response to amino acids is not mediated by the activation of translation initiation factors that regulate mRNA binding to the ribosomal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Rehfeldt C, Nissen PM, Kuhn G, Vestergaard M, Ender K, Oksbjerg N. Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27:267-85. [PMID: 15451074 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal growth is very complex and a highly integrated process. Both maternal nutrition and the maternal somatotropic axis play a significant role in coordinating nutrient partitioning and utilization between maternal, placental and fetal tissues. Maternal nutrition may alter the nutrient concentrations and in turn the expression of growth regulating factors such as IGFs and IGFBPs in the blood and tissues, while GH acts in parallel via changing IGFs/IGFBPs and nutrient availability. The similarity in the target components implies that maternal nutrition and the somatotropic axis are closely related to each other and may induce similar effects on placental and fetal growth. Severe restriction of nutrients throughout gestation has a permanent negative effect on fetal and postnatal growth, whereas the effects of both temporary restriction and feeding above requirements during gestation seem to be of transitional character. Advantages in fetal growth gained by maternal growth hormone treatment during early to mid-gestation are not maintained to term, whereas treatment during late or greatest part of gestation increases progeny size at birth, which could be of advantage for postnatal growth. This review summarizes the available knowledge on the effects of different maternal feeding strategies and maternal GH administration during pregnancy and their interactions on metabolic and hormonal (especially IGFs/IGFBPs) status in the feto-maternal unit, skeletal muscle development and growth of the offspring in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rehfeldt
- Division of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Solomon MB. Effect of animal production on meat quality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 542:1-23. [PMID: 15174569 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9090-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bush JA, Burrin DG, Suryawan A, O'Connor PMJ, Nguyen HV, Reeds PJ, Steele NC, Van Goudoever JB, Davis TA. Somatotropin-induced protein anabolism in hindquarters and portal-drained viscera of growing pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E302-12. [PMID: 12388127 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00309.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To differentiate the effect of somatotropin (ST) treatment on protein metabolism in the hindquarter (HQ) and portal-drained viscera (PDV), growing swine (n = 20) treated with ST (0 or 150 microg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) for 7 days were infused intravenously with NaH(13)CO(3) and [(2)H(5)]phenylalanine and enterally with [1-(13)C]phenylalanine while in the fed state. Arterial, portal venous, and vena cava whole blood samples, breath samples, and blood flow measurements were obtained for determination of tissue and whole body phenylalanine kinetics under steady-state conditions. In the fed state, ST treatment decreased whole body phenylalanine flux, oxidation, and protein degradation without altering protein synthesis, resulting in an improvement in whole body net protein balance. Blood flow to the HQ (+80%), but not to the PDV, was increased with ST treatment. In the HQ and PDV, ST increased phenylalanine uptake (+44 and +23%, respectively) and protein synthesis (+43 and +41%, respectively), with no effect on protein degradation. In ST-treated and control pigs, phenylalanine was oxidized in the PDV (34-43% of enteral and arterial sources) but not the HQ. In both treatment groups, dietary (40%) rather than arterial (10%) extraction of phenylalanine predominated in gut amino acid metabolism, whereas localized blood flow influenced HQ amino acid metabolism. The results indicate that ST increases protein anabolism in young, growing swine by increasing protein synthesis in the HQ and PDV, with no effect on protein degradation. Differing results between the whole body and the HQ and PDV suggest that the effect of ST treatment on protein metabolism is tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Bush
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Schneider F, Kanitz E, Gerrard DE, Kuhn G, Brüssow KP, Nürnberg K, Fiedler I, Nürnberg G, Ender K, Rehfeldt C. Administration of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) changes hormone and metabolic status during early pregnancy. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2002; 23:455-74. [PMID: 12457954 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of somatotropin (ST) on porcine reproductive and metabolic statuses during early pregnancy. Four pregnant crossbred gilts received 6 mg of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) daily from days 10 to 27 after artificial insemination while six pregnant gilts served as controls. Blood samples were taken on days 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 22, and 27 prior to rpST injections (8:00 h) and subsequently at 9:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, and 20:00 h. On all remaining days of treatment, samples were taken once daily before injections (8:00 h). The samples were assayed for the metabolic hormones: ST, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, thyroxine (T(4)), triiodothyronine (T(3)), and cortisol; for metabolites: free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose; and for the reproductive hormones: luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, estradiol-17beta, estrone sulfate, and prostaglandin F(2alpha). Delivery of rpST daily induced a 20- to 40-fold increase in plasma ST concentrations. Moreover, repeated administration of rpST resulted in a continuous increase in plasma IGF-I concentration (P < 0.001), from 191.0 +/- 22.3-340.0 +/- 15.3 ng/mL 24 h after initial injection to 591.3 +/- 46.8 ng/mL after final injections. Mean serum insulin tended to be greater in rpST-treated gilts. Blood concentrations of T(4) were reduced (P < 0.05) from day 14 of gestation in treated gilts while T(3) concentrations remained unchanged. Concentrations of both glucose and FFA were greater (P < 0.01) and cortisol concentrations were unchanged in treated gilts. Changes in reproductive steroid hormones were minimally affected. Circulating progesterone (P = 0.078), and estradiol-17beta (P = 0.087) concentrations tended to be lower in treated animals. These data show that treatment of pregnant gilts with rpST during early gestation mainly impacts metabolic rather than reproductive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schneider
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Vann RC, Nguyen HV, Reeds PJ, Burrin DG, Fiorotto ML, Steele NC, Deaver DR, Davis TA. Somatotropin increases protein balance by lowering body protein degradation in fed, growing pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278:E477-83. [PMID: 10710502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.3.e477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatotropin (ST) administration enhances protein deposition in well-nourished, growing animals. To determine whether the anabolic effect is due to an increase in protein synthesis or a decrease in proteolysis, pair-fed, weight-matched ( approximately 20 kg) growing swine were treated with porcine ST (150 microg. kg(-1). day(-1), n = 6) or diluent (n = 6) for 7 days. Whole body leucine appearance (R(a)), nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD), urea production, and leucine oxidation, as well as tissue protein synthesis (K(s)), were determined in the fed steady state using primed continuous infusions of [(13)C]leucine, [(13)C]bicarbonate, and [(15)N(2)]urea. ST treatment increased the efficiency with which the diet was used for growth. ST treatment also increased plasma insulin-like growth factor I (+100%) and insulin (+125%) concentrations and decreased plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (-53%). ST-treated pigs had lower leucine R(a) (-33%), leucine oxidation (-63%), and urea production (-70%). However, ST treatment altered neither NOLD nor K(s) in the longissimus dorsi, semitendinosus, or gastrocnemius muscles, liver, or jejunum. The results suggest that in the fed state, ST treatment of growing swine increases protein deposition primarily through a suppression of protein degradation and amino acid catabolism rather than a stimulation of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Vann
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Wester TJ, Davis TA, Fiorotto ML, Burrin DG. Exogenous growth hormone stimulates somatotropic axis function and growth in neonatal pigs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:E29-37. [PMID: 9458744 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.1.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of exogenous porcine growth hormone (pGH) administration on circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP), tissue growth, and protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. One-day-old pigs were given daily intramuscular injections of either pGH (1 mg/kg body wt) (n = 6) or saline (n = 5) for 7 days, after which time we measured in vivo protein synthesis using a bolus of [3H]-phenylalanine. Mean plasma pGH concentration in pGH-treated pigs measured on day 7 was 22-fold higher than in controls. The plasma IGF-I concentration in pGH-treated pigs was significantly greater than in controls after 1 day of treatment and plateaued at 285% of control values after 4 days. After 7 days of treatment, plasma IGFBP-3 concentrations and the plasma glucose response to a meal were also greater in pGH-treated than control pigs. pGH treatment significantly increased body weight gain and food conversion efficiency and the protein synthesis rate in several visceral organs. Our results demonstrate that exogenous pGH increases circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations and visceral organ growth in neonatal pigs, suggesting that the somatotrophic axis is functional in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wester
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Kuhn G, Ender K, Hackl W, Küchenmeister U, Nürnberg K, Rehfeldt C. Effects of porcine somatotropin on the chemical body composition and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1997; 36:294-8. [PMID: 9467219 DOI: 10.1007/bf01617801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kuhn
- Research Institute for Biology of Farm Animals, Department of Muscle Biology and Growth, Dummerstorf, Germany
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