Influence of dietary palm oil supplementation on serum lipid metabolites, carcass characteristics, and lipid composition of carcass tissues of growing ram and ewe lambs

Dietary Effect of Palm Kernel Oil Inclusion in Feeding Finishing Lambs on Meat Quality

This study evaluated the effects of palm kernel oil (PKO) in the diet of lambs on carcass characteristics, quality, and fatty acid profile of the meat. Forty uncastrated male Santa Inês lambs were used and divided among the treatments: PKOzero without inclusion; PKO1.3—added 1.3%; PKO2.6—added 2.6%; PKO3.9—added 3.9%; PKO5.2—added 5.2%. The carcass characteristics, the variables related to meat color, and the chemical composition of the Longissimus lumborum of lambs were not affected by the PKO inclusion. The weight of the carcasses at slaughter, hot and cold, half carcass, loin-eye area, and commercial cuts decreased linearly when PKO was added to the lamb diet (p < 0.01). CCY decreased linearly to the inclusion level of 2.66% PKO (RMSE 2.204). Total conjugated linoleic acid CLA and C18:3 n-3 GA concentrations remained stable until the inclusion levels of 3.44% PKO (RMSE 0.0956) and 2.17% (RMSE 0.0637), decreasing its concentrations as the increased level of PKO. The presence of PKO in the lambs’ diet up to the level of 5.2% did not change the meat quality characteristics; thus, from the point of view of lamb meat production and fatty acid profile, the inclusion of PKO is not beneficial.

Impact of zilpaterol hydrochloride and soybean-oil supplementation on intramuscular fat, fatty acid profile and cholesterol concentration in the longissimus muscle of male hair lamb under moderate heat-stress conditions

Forty Dorper × Pelibuey crossbred male lambs (31.70 ± 2.30 kg, 4 months of age) were used to evaluate the effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; 0 or 10 mg/lamb daily) and soybean-oil (SBO, 0 or 60 g/kg DM) supplementation on intramuscular fat, fatty acid (FA) profiles and cholesterol concentration of their meat. After 34 days, the animals were slaughtered, and their longissimus thoracis muscle was collected. The climatic conditions were of moderate heat stress (average temperature 35.7°C) during the study. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were not affected (P > 0.05) by ZH and SBO supplementation. The ZH treatment decreased the intramuscular fat content (by 30.4%), the amount of monounsaturated FA (by 3.5%) and the monounsaturated FA : saturated FA ratio (by 4.9%) compared with the control group. Supplementation with SBO decreased cis FA, C18:1 n-9c and C20:4 n-6, whereas the trans FA and cholesterol concentration increased. ZH use caused a decrease in body fat and intramuscular fat concentration. However, it caused a decrease in total monounsaturated fatty acids, which are among the healthiest fats in terms of the nutritional value of meat. Generally, principal changes in the lipid composition of hair lamb meat under heat-stress conditions were caused by SBO supplementation; however, they would have a minimal negative impact on human health.

Carcass and Meat Characteristics and Gene Expression in Intramuscular Adipose Tissue of Korean Native Cattle Fed Finishing Diets Supplemented with 5% Palm Oil

We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipogenic gene expression but depress stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression in intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissues of Hanwoo steers during fattening period (from 16 to 32 mon of age). Fourteen Hanwoo steers were allotted randomly to 2 groups of 7 steers based on initial BW and fed either a basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with 5% palm oil (BDSP). At slaughter, i.m. adipose tissue was harvested for analysis of adipogenic gene expression and fatty acid composition. There were no differences in BW or average daily gain between treatment groups. Supplemental palm oil had no effect on carcass quality traits (carcass weight, backfat thickness, loin muscle area, or marbling scores) or meat color values. Palm oil increased (p<0.05) expression of AMP-activated protein kinase-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, but decreased (p<0.05) CAAT/enhancer binding protein-β gene expression and tended to decrease stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression in i.m. adipose tissue. Palm oil increased total i.m. polyunsaturated fatty acids (p<0.05) compared to the control i.m. adipose tissue, but had no effect on saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids. Although there were significant effects of supplemental palm oil on i.m. adipose tissue gene expression, the absence of negative effects on carcass and meat characteristics indicates that palm oil could be a suitable dietary supplement for the production of Hanwoo beef cattle.

Effect of feeding tamarind kernel powder extract residue on digestibility, nitrogen availability and ruminal fermentation in wethers

Objective

This study was to examine in vivo digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation of tamarind (Tamarind indica) kernel powder extract residue (TKPER) compared to soybean products and by-products in wethers.

Methods

Four wethers with initial body weight (BW) of 51.6±5.5 kg were assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate nutritional characteristics of TKPER, dry heat soybean (SB), dry soybean curd residue (SBCR) and soybean meal (SBM) feeding with ryegrass straw (R) at a ratio of 1:1 at 2% of BW in dry matter (DM) on a daily basis.

Results

The digestibility of DM, crude protein, and ether extract (EE) of TKPER-R diet were 57.0%, 87.0%, and 86.0%, respectively. Higher non-fiber carbohydrates digestibility was observed in TKPER-R diet (83.2%) than in SB-R diet (73.9%, p<0.05). Wethers fed the TKPER-R diet had lower retention of nitrogen (N) and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) contents at 4 h after feeding than those fed the SBM-R diet (p<0.05), which had values similar to the SB-R or SBCR-R diet. The TKPER feeding had higher propionate (C3) and lower butyrate content, as well as lower acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) in rumen fluid than SBM feeding at 4 h after feeding (p<0.05).

Conclusion

TKPER did not bring any side effect to the wethers although it was lack of fiber, and could be used as a high protein and energy ingredient in concentrate with appropriate roughage to meet the fiber requirement for ruminants.

Effect of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on muscle fatty acid composition in goats

The present study aims to evaluate the effects of feeding palm oil by-products based diets on different muscle fatty acid profiles in goats. Thirty-two Cacang × Boer goats were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) control diet (CD), (2) 80% decanter cake diet (DCD), (3) 80% palm kernel cake diet (PKCD) and (4) CD plus 5% palm oil (PO) supplemented diet (CPOD). After 100 days of feeding, four goats from each group were slaughtered and longissimus dorsi (LD), infraspinatus (IS) and biceps femoris (BF) were sampled for analysis of fatty acids. Goats fed the PKCD had higher (P<0.05) concentration of lauric acid (C12:0) than those fed the other diets in all the muscles tested. Compared to the other diets, the concentrations of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) were lower (P<0.05) and that of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) was higher (P<0.05) in the muscles from goats fed the CD. It was concluded that palm kernel cake and decanter cake can be included in the diet of goats up to 80% with more beneficial than detrimental effects on the fatty acid profile of their meat.

Comparación del perfil lipídico por sexo y edad en ovinos

Se comparó el perfil lipídico y la correlación entre los componentes lipídicos del suero en cuatro grupos de ovinos. A tal fin, se tomaron muestras de sangre de 98 ovinos en ayuno, diferenciados por género y edad (23 machos y 25 hembras mayores de un año de edad; 22 machos y 28 hembras menores a un año). Se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de: triglicéridos, colesterol total (CT) y colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) mediante el método enzimítico colorimétrico. El colesterol de lipoproteína de muy baja densidad (C-VLDL) y de baja densidad (C-LDL) se determinó usando la fórmula de Friedewald. Las medias para CT, triglicéridos, C-HDL, C-VLDL y C-LDL (mg/dL) fueron de 86.19, 21.57, 39.32, 4.31 y 42.55, respectivamente. En el grupo de adultos existe diferencia significativa (P &lt;0.05) en los niveles de: CT (P &lt;0.0003), C-HDL (P &lt; 0.0007) y C-LDL (P &lt;0.0133), siendo más alto en hembras; las hembras jóvenes presentaron elevado el C-HDL (49.02 mg/dL). Hay diferencias en los machos en el CT (P &lt;0.0138 ) y C-LDL (P &lt;0.0006) y en hembras sólo en el CT (P &lt;0.015). Los valores de triglicéridos y C-VLDL en hembras (P &gt;0.90 para ambos), machos (P &gt;0.405 para ambos), jóvenes (P &gt;0.487 para ambos) y adultos (P &gt;0.179 para ambos) no mostraron diferencias significativas (P -valor &gt;0.05) con un nivel de confianza del 95.0%. En conclusión, debido a las diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las comparaciones del perfil lipídico entre grupos de ovinos, pueden ser considerados cuatro perfiles lipídicos: machos adultos, hembras adultas, machos jóvenes y hembras jóvenes.

Fatty acid biosynthesis and lipogenic enzyme activities in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers fed supplementary palm oil or soybean oil

We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers, and that soybean oil supplementation would depress adipocyte differentiation. Twenty-eight Angus steers were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 9 or 10 steers and fed a basal diet without additional fat (control), with 3% palm oil (rich in palmitic acid), or with 3% soybean oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids), for 10 wk, top-dressed daily. Palm oil had no effect (P > 0.05) on ADG, food intake, or G:F, whereas soybean oil depressed ADG (P = 0.02), food intake (P = 0.04), and G:F (P = 0.05). Marbling scores tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in palm oil-fed steers (Modest(09)) than in soybean oil-fed steers (Small(55)). Subcutaneous adipocyte mean volume was greater in palm oil-fed steers (515.9 pL) than in soybean-supplemented cattle (395.6 pL; P = 0.01). Similarly, glucose and acetate incorporation into total lipids in vitro was greater in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers (119.9 and 242.8 nmol·3h(-1)·10(5) cells, respectively) than adipose tissue of soybean oil-fed steers in (48.9 and 95.8 nmol·3h(-1)·10(5) cells, respectively). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase activities were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers than in adipose tissue of control steers. Palm oil did not increase palmitic acid or decrease oleic acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue or LM, but decreased (P ≤ 0.05) myristoleic, palmitoleic, and cis-vaccenic acid in adipose tissue, indicating a depression in stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity. Soybean oil increased the proportion of α-linolenic acid in adipose tissue and muscle and increased linoleic acid and 18:1trans-10 in muscle. We conclude that palm oil supplementation promoted lipid synthesis in adipose tissue without depressing feed efficiency or increasing the palmitic acid content of beef.

Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of muscles as related to genotype and vitamin E treatment in crossbred lambs

Various factors (weight, sex, diet and breed) influence meat lamb fatty acid composition. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the lipid profile in two different lamb types. Sixty crossbred lambs (Ile de France×Pagliarola and Gentile di Puglia×Sopravissana) were used to determine cholesterol, lipid content and fatty acid profile of Longissimus dorsi, Semimembranosus and Gluteobiceps muscles. Moreover, the effect of vitamin E treatment in vivo on propensity of the lamb meat to lipoperoxidation was assessed. In both crossbreeds total muscle lipids ranged between 2.4 and 4.0 mg/100 g. In the Ile de France×Pagliarola lambs a lower percentage of saturated fatty acids and a low atherogenic index were found. The vitamin E treatment reduced significantly the lipoperoxidation, without difference between the two crossbreeds.

Breed, slaughter weight and ageing time effects on physico-chemical characteristics of lamb meat

The effects of breed, slaughter weight and ageing time on the meat quality of the three most important Spanish breeds were considered. Two hundred and twenty-five lambs of Rasa Aragonesa-local meat breed-, Churra-local dairy breed- and Spanish Merino were used. Animals (75 of each breed) were slaughtered at three different live weights (10-12, 20-22 or 30-32 kg), and the meat was aged for 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 days. The meat pH, colour, amount of haem pigments, intramuscular fat, moisture, hydroxyproline content and sarcomere length were measured at 24 h post-mortem. Meat texture was measured by compression after each ageing time. The pH of the samples ranged from 5.50 to 5.58. Meat colour varied with breed and slaughter weight (P⩽0.01), the M. longissimus thoracis was lighter in the youngest animals and in the Churra breed and redder in Merinos. Intramuscular fat increased and moisture decreased for heavier lambs. Differences in collagen were associated with breed (P⩽0.01); total and insoluble collagen contents were higher in the Churra breed. Sarcomere length was only slightly affected by slaughter weight. Meat from the Churra breed had the highest values at high levels of compression. Suckling lambs (10-12 kg) had greater myofibrillar toughness than heavier lambs and ageing strongly influenced myofibrillar tenderness.

Effect of artificial rearing on lamb welfare and meat quality

Twenty male Comisana lambs were equally divided into two groups. Ten subjects were artificially reared, 10 others were ewe reared and used as control. Unseparated control animals displayed increased cellular immune response to a percutaneous injection of phytohemagglutinin (P<0.001). During the open field test, ewe-reared lambs showed a higher number of flight attempts (P<0.01). Carcass yield were higher for artificially reared animals (P<0.05). Conversely, legs of ewe-reared animals had significantly more fat (P<0.05) and a higher content of saturated fatty acids (P<0.001). Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was higher in artificially reared lamb meat (P<0.01), although the ratio n-6/n-3 was well above the recommended values. The triangle test showed a significant difference in sensory analysis between the two products (P<0.05). Finally, for both rearing systems legs without subcutaneous fat showed a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a corresponding lower content of saturated fatty acids (P<0.001).

The effects of hazelnut oil usage on live weight, carcass, rumen, some blood parameters and femur head ash in Akkaraman lambs

This study was carried out to determine the effects of hazelnut oil supplementation in the diets on growth, carcass and blood parameters as well as rumen pH, protozoa quantity and femur head ash in Akkaraman lambs. Forty native Akkaraman lambs were used. The lambs were divided into two groups as treatment and control. The treatment group diet was supplemented with 3% hazelnut oil. The study was continued for 84days. The values regarding plasma malondialdehyde, cholesterol, triglyceride and antioxidant activity levels were found to be lower in the treatment group. In conclusion, supplementing 3% hazelnut oil in the diet of Akkaraman lambs had no detrimental effects on live weight, carcass and blood parameters, rumen microbial activity and femur ash. While the plasma glutathione and glucose levels increased, total cholesterol levels decreased. Considering the low level of malondialdehyde and high level of glutathione, it could be claimed that supplementation of hazelnut oil at 3% in diets plays a protective role against oxidative damage in the body. Therefore it could be used in sheep feeding.

Influence of fish oil in finishing diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and sensory evaluation of cattle1

Inclusion of fish oil, a source of n-3 fatty acids, in ruminant diets may fortify the fatty acid composition of meats and alter consumer perceptions of taste. Therefore, a 70-d study of 16 crossbred steers (441 +/- 31.7 kg of initial BW; 4 steers/pen; 2 pens/dietary treatment) consuming a high concentrate diet was conducted. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) control (75% corn, 11% soybean meal, and 10% cottonseed hull-based diet) and 2) the control diet with 3% fish oil replacing a portion of the corn. Steers were weighed on consecutive days at d 0 and 70 (i.e., the beginning and end of the trial), and interim weights were taken on d 28 and 56. On d 63, all steers were bled by jugular venipuncture to determine plasma fatty acid profiles. Steers were stratified by treatment and slaughtered on d 71 and 72. Fish oil supplementation decreased ADFI (13.97 vs. 11.49 kg; P < 0.01); however, it had no effect on ADG (P = 0.20) or G:F (P = 0.27). Fish oil supplementation increased (P < 0.01) the concentrations of MUFA, as well as linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid in the plasma. Fish oil supplementation did not alter (P > 0.24) the color of the LM, LM area, yield grade, dressing percent, marbling, quality grade, or fat thickness. However, after extended (15 mo) storage at -20 degrees C, a professional descriptor panel discerned steaks from steers that had been supplemented with fish oil from a commercially available product or steaks from control steers. In summary, supplementation with fish oil decreased feed intake and subsequent HCW (P = 0.06) and had varying effects on sensory traits. Nevertheless, fish oil supplementation increased the proportions of n-3 fatty acids in the plasma, which may increase acceptability of the meat to the beef consumer.

The effect of breed slaughter weight and nutritional management on cholesterol content of lamb carcasses

This study was carried out to assess the effect of breed, sex, post-weaning nutrition, live weight at slaughter and their interactions on the cholesterol content in carcass fat of lambs. The carcasses were obtained from lambs of three indigenous Greek dairy breeds of sheep, the Boutsko (B), Serres (S) and Karagouniko (K) breed. After weaning (at approximately 42 days), the lambs of the three breeds had been reared under different conditions of housing and nutritional management in three consecutive experiments between 1992 and 1994. In experiment 1, lambs (males and females) were individually penned and fed ad libitum on a concentrate ration (11.3MJ Metabolizable Energy (ME)/kg DM and 192g crude protein (CP)/kg DM) together with 100g per day of Lucerne hay (8.3MJ ME/kg DM and 182g CP/kg DM). In experiment 2, lambs (males only) were also individually penned but were fed on three different levels of concentrate and ad libitum on Lucerne hay. In experiment 3, lambs (males only) were initially group fed indoors for 63 days on three different levels of concentrate together with ad libitum Lucerne hay, and thereafter the lambs finished on irrigated, sown pasture (Lolium perrene+Trifolium repens). Lambs were assigned to be slaughtered at one of five standard proportions of estimated mature weight for each breed in experiment 1; at three fixed live weights, common for all breeds in experiment 2 and at two fixed proportions of breed mature weight in experiment 3. The right-hand side of the lamb carcasses was minced and 150 lamb carcasses were selected out of a total of 300 minced carcasses. The concentration of total cholesterol content in carcass fat was determined by HPLC in samples of these 150 lamb carcasses. Mean cholesterol content of carcass fat in the three breeds, B, S and K, extracted from the whole ground carcasses samples, was 3.33, 4.41, 3.34mg/g of carcass fat (s.e.d. 0.18), respectively in experiment 1, whereas this content was 3.42, 4.50, 3.59mg/g of carcass fat (s.e.d. 0.19) in experiment 2 and 4.38, 3.47, 3.78mg/g of carcass fat (s.e.d. 0.22) in experiment 3. Cholesterol content differed significantly (P<0.001 in experiments 1 and 2, P<0.05 in experiment 3) between breeds. It was also significantly affected (P<0.05) by the sex of lambs (experiment 1). Live weight of lambs at slaughter had a significant effect on cholesterol content (P<0.001 in experiment 1 and P<0.05 in experiment 2). There was a general trend for cholesterol content to be lower in fat samples extracted from carcasses as target slaughter weight increased. The different levels of concentrate feed affected significantly (P<0.00l) the cholesterol content in carcass fat in experiment 2. The results suggest that there are possibilities of modifying body composition by manipulation of post-weaning nutrition, especially reducing the cholesterol content, in carcass fat of lambs slaughtered at a wide range of live weights. In such a situation, however, as nutritional management and degree of maturity change, breed remains the main factor that determines the cholesterol content in carcass fat.