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Costa-Roura S, Balcells J, de la Fuente G, Mora-Gil J, Llanes N, Villalba D. Nutrient utilization efficiency, ruminal fermentation and microbial community in Holstein bulls fed concentrate-based diets with different forage source. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Effects of protein restriction on performance, ruminal fermentation and microbial community in Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Karamnejad K, Sari M, Salari S, Chaji M. Effects of nitrogen source on the performance and feeding behavior of lambs fed a high concentrate diet containing pomegranate peel. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sok M, Ouellet D, Firkins J, Pellerin D, Lapierre H. Amino acid composition of rumen bacteria and protozoa in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5241-5249. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li C, Li J, Beauchemin K, Yang W. Forage proportion and particle length affects the supply of amino acids in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2685-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chanthakhoun V, Wanapat M, Berg J. Level of crude protein in concentrate supplements influenced rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Marino CT, Otero WG, Rodrigues PHM, DiCostanzo A, Millen DD, Pacheco RLD, DiLorenzo N, Martins CL, Arrigoni MDB. Effects of adding polyclonal antibody preparations on ruminal fermentation patterns and digestibility of cows fed different energy sources1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3228-35. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nutritional properties of potato protein concentrate compared with soybean meal as the main protein source in feed for the double-muscled Belgian Blue bull. Animal 2009; 3:200-8. [PMID: 22444222 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to compare the nutritional properties of potato protein concentrate, a by-product of the starch industry produced entirely in Europe, with that of soybean meal (SBM), for growing cattle. The experiment was conducted on double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls, fitted with rumen, duodenal and ileal cannulas, according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. They were fed three different iso-N and iso-net energy diets formulated according to the Dutch feed evaluation system, differing in the nature of the main protein source, which was either SBM ('SBM' treatment), potato protein concentrate (PPC, 'PPC' treatment) or an iso-N mixture of these two protein sources ('mixed' treatment). A fourth treatment consisted of 'PPC' supplemented by 9.5% digestible proteins supplied by duodenal perfusion of sodium caseinate (CAS, 'PPC + CAS' treatment). No significant difference was observed in the ruminal fluid pH, whereas both 'PPC' and 'PPC + CAS' had the effect of reducing the ruminal ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration. No significant difference was observed in the apparent intestinal digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) or N. Outflows of non-NH3-N, microbial proteins and dietary proteins from the rumen were similar for 'PPC', 'SBM' and 'mixed', and increased with CAS infusion by 20%, 17% and 27%, respectively. On the basis of in vivo observations, the degradability of SBM and PPC proteins was estimated at 0.60 and 0.43, respectively, corresponding to the values quoted in the literature. The supply of digestible essential amino acids (EAA) was significantly greater with 'PPC + CAS' and did not differ among 'SBM', 'mixed' and 'PPC'. This illustrates the difficulty of altering the amino acid (AA) pattern of digestible protein by the nature of the protein of dietary origin when an animal is fed a high nutritional value diet. N retention was not affected by replacing SBM with PPC, but increased by 10% with CAS infusion. On the basis of the plasma AA pattern, the supply of digestible Met was probably limiting with 'SBM', 'mixed' and 'PPC'. The CAS perfusion supplemented all AA, including Met, leading to increased N retention. This improvement was limited, however, and N utilisation remained unchanged between treatments. In conclusion, despite a more favourable EAA pattern, PPC offered no advantage compared with SBM for growing bulls when diets were formulated according to the Dutch feed evaluation system.
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Askar A, Guada J, González J, de Vega A, Fondevila M. Rumen digestion and microbial protein synthesis by growing lambs fed high-concentrate diets: Effects of cereal processing and animal age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cole NA, Todd RW. Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in concentrate-fed ruminants1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:E318-33. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Marini JC, Fox DG, Murphy MR. Nitrogen transactions along the gastrointestinal tract of cattle: A meta-analytical approach1,2. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:660-79. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Towards non-invasive methods to determine the effect of treatment of soya-bean meal on lysine availability in dairy cows. Animal 2008; 2:224-34. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kabi F, Bareeba F. Herbage biomass production and nutritive value of mulberry (Morus alba) and Calliandra calothyrsus harvested at different cutting frequencies. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Atkinson RL, Toone CD, Ludden PA. Effects of supplemental ruminally degradable protein versus increasing amounts of supplemental ruminally undegradable protein on site and extent of digestion and ruminal characteristics in lambs fed low-quality forage1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:3322-30. [PMID: 17709788 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Suffolk wether lambs (34.5 +/- 2 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square designed experiment to compare effects of supplemental ruminally degradable protein (RDP) vs. increasing amounts of supplemental ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) on ruminal characteristics and site and extent of digestion in lambs. Lambs were fed a basal diet of crested wheatgrass hay (4.2% CP) for ad libitum consumption, plus 1 of 4 protein supplements: isolated soy protein (RDP source) fed to meet estimated RDP requirements assuming a microbial efficiency of 11% of TDN (CON) or corn gluten meal (RUP source) fed at 50, 100, or 150% of the supplemental N provided by CON (C50, C100, and C150, respectively). Neither NDF nor ADF intake was affected (P >/= 0.18) by protein degradability, but they increased or tended to increase (P </= 0.07) with increasing level of RUP. Total OM and N intakes were similar (P >/= 0.26) for CON and C100, but increased (P </= 0.01) as level of RUP increased. True ruminal OM and ruminal digestibilities of NDF and ADF were not affected (P >/= 0.33) by protein degradability. However, true ruminal N digestibility was greater (P = 0.03) for CON compared with C100. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were greater (P = 0.002) for CON compared with C100 lambs, and increased (P = 0.001) with increasing RUP. Microbial N flows were not affected (P >/= 0.12) by protein degradability or increasing RUP. Likewise, neither ruminal urease activity (P >/= 0.11) nor microbial efficiency (P >/= 0.50) were affected by protein degradability or level of RUP. Total tract OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility was greater (P </= 0.05) for C100 compared with CON. Likewise, total tract N digestibility was greater (P = 0.03) for C100 than for CON, and increased linearly (P = 0.001) with increasing RUP. Lambs fed C100 consumed approximately 69% less supplemental RDP (31% less total RDP) than CON, but were able to maintain forage intake and digestion. This lack of response in forage intake would suggest that lambs supplemented with RUP were recycling sufficient N to compensate for an apparent RDP deficiency. Although ruminal degradability of protein has little effect on forage intake or ruminal digestion of nutrients, there is potential to enhance total tract digestion of nutrients by decreasing the ruminal degradability of supplemental protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Atkinson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071
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Kim SC, Adesogan AT, Arthington JD. Optimizing nitrogen utilization in growing steers fed forage diets supplemented with dried citrus pulp. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2548-55. [PMID: 17526670 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to compare the effects of sources of supplemental N on ruminal fermentation of dried citrus pulp (DCP) and performance of growing steers fed DCP and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay. In Exp. 1, fermentation of DCP alone was compared with that of isonitrogenous mixtures of DCP and solvent soybean meal (SBM), expeller soybean meal (SoyPLUS; SP), or urea (UR). Ground (1 mm) substrates were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 24 h, and IVDMD and fermentation gas production kinetics and products were measured. Nitrogen supplementation increased (P < 0.10) ruminally fermentable fractions, IVDMD, pH, and concentrations of NH3 and total VFA, but reduced the rate of gas production (P < 0.10) and the lag phase (P < 0.01). Supplementation with UR vs. the soy-based supplements increased ruminally fermentable fractions (P < 0.05) and concentrations of total VFA (P < 0.10) and NH3 (P < 0.01), but these measures were similar (P > 0.10) between SBM and SP. In Exp. 2, 4 steers (254 kg) were fed bahiagrass hay plus DCP, or hay plus DCP supplemented with CP predominantly from UR, SBM, or SP in a 4 x 4 Latin square design, with four 21-d periods, each with 7 d for DMI and fecal output measurement. Nitrogen-supplemented diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (11.9% CP), and all diets were formulated to be isocaloric (66% TDN). Intake and digestibility of DM, N, and ADF were improved (P < 0.05) by N supplementation. Compared with UR, the soy-based supplements led to greater (P < 0.05) DM and N intakes and apparent N and ADF digestibilities. Plasma glucose and urea concentrations increased (P < 0.10) with N supplementation and were greater (P < 0.01) for the soy-based supplements than for UR. Intake, digestibility, and plasma metabolite concentrations were similar (P > 0.1) for SBM and SP. In Exp. 3, 24 steers (261 kg) were individually fed bahiagrass hay plus DCP (control), or hay plus DCP supplemented with CP predominantly from UR or SBM. Over 56 d, DMI and ADG were greatest (P < 0.05) in steers fed SBM. Nitrogen supplementation increased (P < 0.05) DMI, ADG, and G:F. However, SBM supplementation produced greater (P < 0.05) DMI and ADG and similar (P > 0.05) G:F compared with UR supplementation. We conclude that supplemental N is important to optimize ruminal function and performance of growing steers fed forage diets supplemented with DCP. Diets with supplemental N mainly from SBM improved diet digestibility and animal performance beyond that achieved by UR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida-IFAS, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Kozloski G, Trevisan L, Bonnecarrère L, Härter C, Fiorentini G, Galvani D, Pires C. Níveis de fibra em detergente neutro na dieta de cordeiros: consumo, digestibilidade e fermentação ruminal. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352006000500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram utilizados oito cordeiros castrados (35,0±6,0kg peso vivo) em um delineamento duplo quadrado latino 4 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 4 para avaliar o efeito de quatro níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) na dieta (25, 31, 37 e 43% da matéria seca (MS)) sobre o consumo e parâmetros digestivos. O consumo de nitrogênio (N) variou de forma quadrática; o de MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e energia diminuíram (P<0,05) e de FDN aumentou (P<0,01) linearmente com o aumento de fibra na dieta. A digestibilidade da FDN e do N, assim como o pH e as concentrações de peptídeos no fluído ruminal foram similares em todos os tratamentos. A digestibilidade aparente da MS, da MO e da energia, assim como as concentrações ruminais de açúcares diminuíram linearmente (P<0,01) e a síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, as concentrações ruminais de amônia e de aminoácidos variaram quadraticamente (P<0,05) com o aumento do teor de FDN das dietas. A redução do consumo e da digestibilidade foram mais evidentes somente pela inclusão do nível mais alto de FDN (43%) e, sob o aspecto nutricional, a inclusão em torno de 30% de FDN representa o nível mais adequado para formulação de dietas a base de silagem de sorgo e concentrado oferecido a cordeiros confinados.
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Askar A, Guada J, González J, de Vega A, Castrillo C. Diet selection by growing lambs offered whole barley and a protein supplement, free choice: Effects on performance and digestion. Livest Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kozloski G, Sanchez LB, Cadorin R, Reffatti M, Neto DP, Lima L. Intake and digestion by lambs of dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Mott) hay or hay supplemented with urea and different levels of cracked corn grain. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ipharraguerre IR, Clark JH, Freeman DE. Rumen Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients in Dairy Cows Fed Rumen-Protected Soy Products. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:2879-92. [PMID: 16027203 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four multiparous lactating Holstein cows that were fistulated in the rumen and duodenum and that averaged 205 d in milk were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate the practical replacement of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) with soy protein products of reduced ruminal degradability. On a dry matter (DM) basis, diets contained 15% alfalfa silage, 25% corn silage, 34.3 to 36.9% corn grain, 19.4% soy products, 18.2% crude protein, 25.5% neutral detergent fiber, and 35.3% starch. In the experimental diets, SSBM was replaced with expeller soybean meal (ESBM); heated, xylose-treated soybean meal (NSBM); or whole roasted soybeans (WRSB) to supply 10.2% of the dietary DM. Intakes of DM (mean = 20.4 kg/d), organic matter, and starch were unaffected by the source of soy protein. Similarly, true ruminal fermentation of organic matter and apparent digestion of starch in the rumen and total tract were not altered by treatments. Intake of N ranged from 567 (WRSB) to 622 g/d (ESBM), but differences among soy protein supplements were not significant. Compared with SSBM, the ruminal outflow of nonammonia N was higher for NSBM, tended to be higher for ESBM, and was similar for WRSB. The intestinal supply of nonammonia nonmicrobial N was higher for NSBM and WRSB and tended to be higher for ESBM than for SSBM. However, no differences were detected among treatments when the flow to the duodenum of nonammonia nonmicrobial N was expressed as a percentage of N intake or nonammonia N flow. The ruminal outflow of microbial N, Met, and Lys was not altered by the source of soy protein. Data suggest that partially replacing SSBM with ESBM, NSBM, or WRSB may increase the quantity of feed protein that reaches the small intestines of dairy cows. However, significant improvements in the supply of previously reported limiting amino acids for milk production, particularly of Met, should not be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Ipharraguerre
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
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Abstract
Two 3 x 2 factorial growth trials and a companion metabolism trial with 13, 15, or 17% dietary CP (DM basis), with or without 3% of the DM replaced with slowly degraded menhaden fish meal, were conducted to determine if level of dietary protein influences whether slowly degraded protein improves lamb growth and protein use. The growth trials included 32 and 34 pens of two weanling lambs initially weighing 23 to 26 kg and fed for 42 d. The metabolism trial included 12 additional lambs fed in metabolism cages with a 2-wk adjustment period, a 1-wk preliminary period, and a 7-d collection period. Plasma urea N (PUN) was measured in all lambs at the conclusion of the second growth trial and at the end of the metabolism trial. There was a protein level x protein source interaction (P = 0.05) for PUN of the 12 lambs in the metabolism trial but not for the 68 lambs in the second growth trial. Replacement of part of the soybean meal protein with protein from fish meal did not affect ADG or G:F at any protein level, but it lowered (P = 0.08) PUN in the second growth trial. Plasma urea N values were higher (P = 0.002) in lambs fed diets with 15 or 17% CP; however, ADG (P = 0.037 in Exp. 1 and P = 0.055 in Exp. 2), and G:F (P = 0.094 in Exp. 1 and P = 0.003 in Exp. 2) were lower for lambs fed the diets with 13% CP. There was little difference in ADG or G:F between lambs fed the diets with 15 or 17% CP, suggesting that a CP level of 15% with supplemental protein from soybean meal would be optimal for 25- to 40-kg growing Finnsheep x Dorset lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dabiri
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA
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Oldick BS, Firkins JL, St-Pierre NR. Estimation of microbial nitrogen flow to the duodenum of cattle based on dry matter intake and diet composition. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:1497-511. [PMID: 10416165 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the National Research Council equation used to predict microbial N flow to the duodenum in lactating cows, and 2) to determine whether improved equations could be developed by using dietary parameters used in the field. Treatment means from 55 trials with lactating and nonlactating cattle with duodenal cannulas were subjected to the backward elimination procedure of multiple regression. Variation within and among trials was accounted for by weighting the observations and including trial effects in all models. The equations to predict microbial N flow based on net energy for lactation (NEL) intake were different from the equation based on NEL intake used by the dairy National Research Council. Dry matter intake (DMI) estimated microbial N flow as well as did NEL intake, indicating that DMI drives predictions based on NEL intake. When multiple dietary factors [i.e., DMI; dietary percentages of crude protein, forage, and neutral detergent fiber; and all two-way interactions] were included, the resulting equation [microbial N (grams per day) = 16.1 + 22.9 x DMI (kilograms per day) - 0.365 x DMI2 - 1.74 x dietary neutral detergent fiber (percentage of dry matter)] tended to fit the data better than the equations based on NEL intake but not better than the equation based on DMI alone. The multiple-factor equation appeared to be the best overall equation for prediction; in contrast to the equation based on DMI, this equation is sensitive to diet composition. An asymptotic multiple-factor equation was developed, which may be more appropriate when extrapolating beyond the data range.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Oldick
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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