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Saleem AM, Bierworth RM, Yang W, Nyachiro J, Oatway L, McAllister TA. Identifying physical, chemical and biological characteristics to assess grain processing responses of barley as a trait for the selection of feed varieties for cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sutherland B, Johnson J, McKinnon J, McAllister T, Penner G. Effects of barley and corn as sources of silage and grain on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility in growing beef heifers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of barley (BS) or corn (CS) silage when fed with dry-rolled barley grain (BG), corn grain (CG), or an equal blend (BCG) of BG and CG for backgrounding cattle. Ruminally cannulated heifers (n = 5) were assigned to an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments contained either BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. Samples were collected to determine dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance. Interactions between cereal silage and cereal grain sources were detected for the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate where the magnitude of change with the type of cereal grain was increased in heifers fed CS relative to BS. Feeding CS increased estimated microbial N production (silage, P = 0.022) and fecal N excretion (silage, P = 0.042) over BS. Diets containing BG had greater dry matter, organic matter, starch, and gross energy digestibility values compared with CG, but values for BCG were not different (grain, P ≤ 0.043). Based on limited silage × grain interactions, use of CS in backgrounding diets may increase microbial N production relative to BS and dry-rolled CG may reduce apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility relative to dry-rolled BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.D. Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J.A. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J.J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - T.A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Ata M, Obeidat BS. The impact of lamb diets containing either barley or corn on growth performance and carcass quality. Vet World 2021; 14:1487-1491. [PMID: 34316196 PMCID: PMC8304426 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1487-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Grains, such as barley (BAR) and corn (CORN), are major energy sources for small ruminants. This study aimed to assess the impact of feeding either BAR or CORN-based diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Awassi male lambs, average body weight of 20.4±0.49 kg, were chosen randomly. Lambs were acclimated for 10 days and assigned to one of two diets (1) BAR and (2) CORN. Feeding continued for 70 days with 60 days of data collection. Daily intake was recorded. Measurements of body weight were taken starting from day 1 then once per week throughout the study period. On day 40, six lambs were randomly chosen from each group and placed in metabolism cages to assess digestibility and N balance. Lambs were slaughtered on the last day of the study to evaluate carcass characteristics and meat quality. RESULTS Neutral and acid detergent fiber and ether extract intake were greater (p≤0.05) for lambs fed the BAR diets. Nitrogen loss in feces tended to be greater (p=0.09) for the CORN diet. Eye muscle depth (mm) tended to be greater (p=0.07) for the BAR diet. Nutrient digestibility, daily weight gain, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were not different (p≥0.1) between diets. CONCLUSION The results herein demonstrate that feeding BAR grain improved nutrient intake efficiency and consistency and did not affect weight gain and carcass traits. BAR-based diets might be a useful alternative to CORN for feeding growing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ata
- Department of Animal Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash University, Jerash 26150, Jordan
| | - Belal S. Obeidat
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Johnson JA, Sutherland BD, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA, Penner GB. Use of barley or corn silage when fed with barley, corn, or a blend of barley and corn on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:129-140. [PMID: 32704973 PMCID: PMC6994044 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the source of silage, cereal grain, and their interaction on growth performance, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Using a completely randomized design within an 89-d finishing study, 288 steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 24 pens (12 steers/pen) with average steer body weight (BW) within a pen of 464 kg ± 1.7 kg (mean ± SD). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn silage (CS) or barley silage (BS) included at 8% (dry matter [DM] basis). Within each silage source, diets contained dry-rolled barley grain (BG; 86% of DM), dry-rolled corn grain (CG; 85% of DM), or an equal blend of BG and CG (BCG; 85% of DM). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was estimated from fecal samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit using the Mixed Model of SAS with the fixed effects of silage, grain, and the two-way interaction. Carcass and fecal kernel data were analyzed using GLIMMIX utilizing the same model. There were no interactions detected between silage and grain source. Feeding CG increased (P < 0.01) DM intake by 0.8 and 0.6 kg/d relative to BG and BCG, respectively. Gain-to-feed ratio was greater (P = 0.04) for BG (0.172 kg/kg) than CG (0.162 kg/kg) but did not differ from BCG (0.165 kg/kg). Furthermore, average daily gain (2.07 kg/d) and final body weight did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.25). Hot carcass weight (HCW) was 6.2 kg greater (372.2 vs. 366.0 kg; P < 0.01) and dressing percentage was 0.57 percentage units greater (59.53 vs. 58.96 %; P = 0.04) for steers fed CS than BS, respectively. There was no effect of dietary treatment on the severity of liver abscesses (P ≥ 0.20) with 72.0% of carcasses having clear livers, 24.4% with minor liver abscesses, and 3.6% with severe liver abscesses. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch were greater for BG (P < 0.01) than CG or BCG. As expected, grain source affected the appearance of grain kernels in the feces (P ≤ 0.04). Feeding CS silage increased the appearance of fractured corn kernels (P = 0.04), while feeding BS increased fiber appearance in the feces (P = 0.02). Current results indicate that when dry rolled, feeding BG resulted in improved performance and digestibility compared with CG and BCG. Even at low inclusion levels (8% of DM), CS resulted in improved carcass characteristics relative to BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittney D Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John J McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Bowman JGP, Boss DL, Surber LMM, Blake TK. Estimation of the net energy value of barley for finishing beef steers. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1550-1560. [PMID: 32704918 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify barley grain characteristics measured by laboratory procedures that could be used to predict barley energy content for finishing beef steers. Twenty-eight different barley genotypes were evaluated including 18 cultivars and 10 experimental lines. Laboratory analysis of barley samples included bulk density, particle size, N, ADF, starch, and ISDMD (in situ DM disappearance after 3 h of ruminal incubation). Animal performance data (BW, DMI, ADG, steer NEm, and NEg requirements) were collected from 26 feedlot experiments conducted in Montana and Idaho during a 10-yr period and were used to estimate barley NEm and NEg content. A total of 80 experimental units were available with each experimental unit being a diet mean from an individual feedlot experiment. Fifty-eight of the 80 experimental units were randomly selected and used in the development data set and the remaining 22 experimental units were used in the validation data set. Forward, backward, and stepwise selection methods were used to identify variables to be included in regression equations for NEm using PROC REG of SAS. Barley samples in the model development data set represented a wide range in concentrations (DM basis): N (1.6% to 2.8%), ISDMD (25.7% to 58.7%), ADF (3.6% to 8.0%), starch (44.1% to 62.4%), particle size (1,100 to 2,814 µm), and bulk density (50.8 to 69.4 kg/hL). The barley grain characteristics of particle size, ISDMD, starch, and ADF were the most important variables in six successful models (R 2 = 0.48 to 0.60; P = 0.001). The six prediction equations gave mean predicted values for NEm ranging from 1.99 to 2.05 Mcal/kg (average 2.04 Mcal/kg; 0.45% CV). The mean actual NEm values from animal performance trials ranged from 1.75 to 2.48 Mcal/kg (average 2.03 Mcal/kg; 6.5% CV). The mean bias or difference in predicted vs. actual values ranged from -0.001 to 0.005 Mcal/kg. Barley NEg values calculated from animal performance ranged from 1.13 to 1.78 Mcal/kg (average 1.39 Mcal/kg; 8.4% CV). Average predicted barley NEm and NEg were 0.02 and 0.01 Mcal/kg less, respectively, than the 2.06 Mcal/kg NEm and 1.40 Mcal/kg NEg reported by NRC. Barley NE can be predicted from simple laboratory procedures which will aid plant breeders developing new feed varieties and nutritionists formulating finishing rations for beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G P Bowman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Darrin L Boss
- Department of Research Centers, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Lisa M M Surber
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Tom K Blake
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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Moya D, Ferret A, Blanch M, Fuentes MC, Fandiño JI, Calsamiglia S. Effects of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and type of cereal on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture fermentation system. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1488-1496. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moya
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Alfred Ferret
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Marta Blanch
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Fuentes
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Fandiño
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Sergio Calsamiglia
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal; Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
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Damiran D, Jonker A, Yari M, McKinnon JJ, McAllister T, Yu P. Effect of wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles inclusion on barley-based feed chemical profile, energy values, rumen degradation kinetics, and protein supply. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4986-4993. [PMID: 22494317 DOI: 10.1021/jf205387e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of replacing the barley grain portion of the diet by wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles (wDDGS) at graded levels on feeding value for beef cattle. Two cultivars of barley were mixed with two sources of wDDGS in ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75% (weight DM basis; denoted B0, B25, B50, and B75, respectively). This study revealed that increasing wDDGS inclusion level increased most of the nutritional composition linearly except for starch, which linearly decreased (from 609 to 320 g/kg of DM). Soluble, slowly degradable, and undegradable Cornel Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein and carbohydrate fractions linearly increased with increasing wDDGS inclusion level, whereas their rapidly and intermediately degradable fractions decreased. With increasing wDDGS inclusion, the rumen degradation rate of all measured parameters decreased linearly, the extent of degradability of organic matter was not affected, and the extent of CP degradability (g/kg DM) as well as the predicted protein supply in the small intestine and degraded protein balance in the rumen was increased. The inclusion of wDDGS in barley-based diets up to 50% did not alter energy values of the diet. Furthermore, optimum N to energy balance of the feed mixture for microbial growth in the rumen was reached by replacing 25% of barley by wDDGS. Thus, the nutritive value of the barley-based diets is manipulated by including wDDGS, which can be used to overcome the shortcomings of barley-dominated diets for beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daalkhaijav Damiran
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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8
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Yahaghi M, Liang JB, Balcells J, Valizadeh R, Alimon AR, Ho YW. Effect of replacing barley with corn or sorghum grain on rumen fermentation characteristics and performance of Iranian Baluchi lamb fed high concentrate rations. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study, conducted in Iran, was aimed to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of barley with corn or sorghum (slowly fermenting grains) on in situ dry matter (DM) and starch degradability and in vivo digestion characteristics and performance in finishing Iranian Baluchi lambs. In the first experiment, samples of ground barley (B), corn (C), sorghum (S) and their combinations [%: 70 barley : 30 corn (LC), 70 barley : 30 sorghum (LS), 30 barley : 70 corn (HC) and 30 barley : 70 sorghum (HS)] were incubated in nylon bags in rumen of three fistulated Holstein steers. Effective degradability (ED) for DM and starch were different (P < 0.05) among treatments. In both cases, ED was higher (P < 0.05) for B than that for C, S, HC and HS. Results of the present study confirmed previous reports that ruminal degradability of barley is higher than that of corn and sorghum, and further suggested that there may be benefits in replacing barley with ~70% of corn or sorghum. In Experiment 2, 30 Iranian Baluchi male lambs weaned at 65 days of age (BW 32 ± 2.3 kg) were divided into five equal weight groups (6 animals per group) in a complete randomised design. Lambs received a mixed diet in the form of total mixed rations (TMR), consisting of 32.5% alfalfa hay [89% DM, 43% natural detergent fibre (NDF) and 16% crude protein (CP) in diet DM basis] and 67.5% of the respective concentrates. The five iso-caloric (10.73 MJ ME/kg) and iso-nitrogenous (14% CP/kg DM) concentrates with different sources of starch used in the study were (1) barley, as the control cereal source for starch, and in the other treatments barley substituted with (2) 30% corn (LC), (3) 30% sorghum (LS), (4) 70% corn (HC) and (5) 70% sorghum (HS). Lambs in HC and HS diets recorded increases of 20 and 50 g/day in average daily gain, respectively, compared with lambs in B. Substitution of B with 70% C and S significantly (P < 0.01) improved ruminal pH and, presumably, resulted in higher starch outflow for post-ruminal digestion, as reflected by a higher blood glucose concentration, particularly for lambs in the HS diet. Results of the present study reaffirmed the advantages of feeding a mixture of grains with differing fermentation rates and, as previously reported, also suggested that the inclusion rate of slowly degradable grains should be ~70% so as to enhance animal performance.
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Moyes KM, Friggens NC, Ingvartsen KL. Nutritional strategies to combat physiological imbalance of dairy cows during early lactation: The effect of changes in dietary protein to starch ratios. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2010.515242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Sadri H, Ghorbani G, Rahmani H, Samie A, Khorvash M, Bruckmaier R. Chromium supplementation and substitution of barley grain with corn: Effects on performance and lactation in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5411-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Walker AM, Yu P, Christensen CR, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic analysis of the effects of cereal type and variety within a type of grain on structural makeup in relation to rumen degradation kinetics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6871-6878. [PMID: 19588991 DOI: 10.1021/jf901461u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to use Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) to determine structural makeup (features) of cereal grain endosperm tissue and to reveal and identify differences in protein and carbohydrate structural makeup between different cereal types (corn vs barley) and between different varieties within a grain (barley CDC Bold, CDC Dolly, Harrington, and Valier). Another objective was to investigate how these structural features relate to rumen degradation kinetics. The items assessed included (1) structural differences in protein amide I to nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC, starch) intensity and ratio within cellular dimensions; (2) molecular structural differences in the secondary structure profile of protein, alpha-helix, beta-sheet, and their ratio; (3) structural differences in NSC to amide I ratio profile. From the results, it was observed that (1) comparison between grain types [corn (cv. Pioneer 39P78) vs barley (cv. Harrington)] showed significant differences in structural makeup in terms of NSC, amide I to NSC ratio, and rumen degradation kinetics (degradation ratio, effective degradability of dry matter, protein and NSC) (P < 0.05); (2) comparison between varieties within a grain (barley varieties) also showed significant differences in structural makeup in terms of amide I, NSC, amide I to NSC ratio, alpha-helix and beta-sheet protein structures, and rumen degradation kinetics (effective degradability of dry matter, protein, and NSC) (P < 0.05); (3) correlation analysis showed that the amide I to NSC ratio was strongly correlated with rumen degradation kinetics in terms of the degradation rate (R = 0.91, P = 0.086) and effective degradability of dry matter (R = 0.93, P = 0.071). The results suggest that with the FTIRM technique, the structural makeup differences between cereal types and between different varieties within a type of grain could be revealed. These structural makeup differences were related to the rate and extent of rumen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Walker
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Castillo C, Benedito J, Pereira V, Vázquez P, Gutiérrez C, Hernández J. Acid–base status and serum l-lactate in growing/finishing bull calves fed different high-grain diets. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fellner V, Burns JC, Marshall DS. Effect of feeding corn, hull-less or hulled barley on fermentation by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1936-41. [PMID: 18420625 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased demands for corn grain warrant the evaluation of alternative grain types for ruminant production systems. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hulled and hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays L.) as an alternative grain type on fermentation in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Three continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between 2 feedings) consisting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay pellets (40% of dry matter) and 1) ground corn, 2) hulled barley, or 3) hull-less barley concentrate (60% of dry matter) in each fermentor. Following an adaptation period of 5 d, culture samples were taken at 2 h after the morning feeding on d 6, 7, and 8 of each period for analysis. A second run of the fermentors followed the same treatment sequence to provide replication. Culture pH was reduced with corn (5.55) and did not differ between barley cultivars (average pH 5.89). Total volatile fatty acid concentration and acetate to propionate ratio were not different across grain type or barley cultivar with the exception of greater total volatile fatty acid concentrations with hull-less barley. Corn produced less methane (14.6 mmol/d) and ammonia-N (7.3 mg/100 mL) compared with barley (33.1 mmol/d and 22 mg/100 mL, respectively); methane was greater with hull-less barley but ammonia-N concentration was similar between the 2 barley cultivars. Hull-less barley had greater digestibility compared with hulled barley, and corn had reduced digestibility compared with barley. Concentrations of C18:0 were greater and those of C18:1 and C18:2 lesser in cultures fed hulled and hull-less barley compared with corn. Our data indicate that grain type and barley cultivar have an impact on ruminal fermentation. The lesser starch concentration of barley minimized the drop in culture pH and improved digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fellner
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Marini JC, Fox DG, Murphy MR. Nitrogen transactions along the gastrointestinal tract of cattle: A meta-analytical approach1,2. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:660-79. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nozière P, Rémond D, Lemosquet S, Chauveau B, Durand D, Poncet C. Effect of site of starch digestion on portal nutrient net fluxes in steers. Br J Nutr 2007; 94:182-91. [PMID: 16115351 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Processing of maize grain is known to modulate the site of starch digestion, thus the nature and amount of nutrients delivered for absorption. We assessed the effect of site of starch digestion on nutrient net fluxes across portal-drained viscera (PDV). Three steers, fitted with permanent digestive cannulas and blood catheters, successively received two diets containing 35 % starch as dent maize grain. Diets differed according to maize presentation: dry and cracked (by-pass, BP)v. wet and ground (control, C). Ruminal physicochemical parameters were not significantly affected. Between C and BP, the decrease in ruminal starch digestion was compensated by an increase in starch digestion in the small intestine. The amount of glucose and soluble α-glucoside reaching the ileum was not affected. The amount of glucose disappearing in the small intestine increased from 238 to 531 g/d between C and BP, but portal net flux of glucose remained unchanged (−97 g/d). The portal O2consumption and net energy release were not significantly affected, averaging 16 % and 57 % of metabolizable energy intake, respectively. The whole-body glucose appearance rate, measured by jugular infusion of [6, 6-2H2]glucose, averaged 916 g/d. The present study shows that the increase in the amount of glucose disappearing in the small intestine of conventionally fed cattle at a moderate intake level induces no change in portal net flux of glucose, reflecting an increase in glucose utilization by PDV. That could contribute to the low response of whole-body glucose appearance rate observed at this moderate level of intestinal glucose supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nozière
- Unité de Recherche sur les Herbivores, INRA Theix, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
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Rotger A, Ferret A, Calsamiglia S, Manteca X. Effects of nonstructural carbohydrates and protein sources on intake, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal metabolism in vivo and in vitro with high-concentrate beef cattle diets. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:1188-96. [PMID: 16612021 DOI: 10.2527/2006.8451188x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of synchronizing nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and protein degradation on intake and rumen microbial fermentation, four ruminally fistulated Holstein heifers (BW = 132.3 +/- 1.61 kg) fed high-concentrate diets were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments studied in vivo and in vitro with a dual-flow continuous culture system. Two NSC sources (barley and corn) and 2 protein sources [soybean meal (SBM) and sunflower meal (SFM)] differing in their rate and extent of ruminal degradation were combined resulting in a synchronized rapid fermentation diet (barley-SFM), a synchronized slow fermentation diet (corn-SBM), and 2 unsynchronized diets with a rapidly and a slowly fermenting component (barley-SBM, and corn-SFM). In vitro, the fermentation profile was studied at a constant pH of 6.2, and at a variable pH with 12 h at pH 6.4 and 12 h at pH 5.8. Synchronization tended to result in greater true OM digestion (P = 0.072), VFA concentration (P = 0.067), and microbial N flow (P = 0.092) in vitro, but had no effects on in vivo fermentation pattern or on apparent total tract digestibility. The NSC source affected the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vitro, tending to be greater (P = 0.07) for barley-based diets, and in vivo, the NSC source tended to affect intake. Dry matter and OM intake tended to be greater (P > or = 0.06) for corn- than barley-based diets. Ammonia N concentration was lower in vitro (P = 0.006) and tended to be lower in vivo (P = 0.07) for corn- than barley-based diets. In vitro, pH could be reduced from 6.4 to 5.8 for 12 h/d without any effect on ruminal fermentation or microbial protein synthesis. In summary, ruminal synchronization seemed to have positive effects on in vitro fermentation, but in vivo recycling of endogenous N or intake differences could compensate for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rotger
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Bengochea WL, Lardy GP, Bauer ML, Soto-Navarro SA. Effect of grain processing degree on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and performance characteristics of steers fed medium-concentrate growing diets1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:2815-25. [PMID: 16282620 DOI: 10.2527/2005.83122815x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of degree of barley and corn processing on performance and digestion characteristics of steers fed growing diets. Trial 1 used 14 (328 +/- 43 kg initial BW) Holstein steers fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas in a completely randomized design to evaluate intake, site of digestion, and ruminal fermentation. Treatments consisted of coarsely rolled barley (2,770 microm), moderately rolled barley (2,127 microm), and finely rolled barley (1,385 microm). Trial 2 used 141 crossbred beef steers (319 +/- 5.5 kg initial BW; 441 +/- 5.5 kg final BW) fed for 84 d in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effects of grain source (barley or corn) and extent of processing (coarse or fine) on steer performance. Trial 3 investigated four degrees of grain processing in barley-based growing diets and used 143 crossbred steers (277 +/- 19 kg initial BW; 396 +/- 19 kg final BW) fed for 93 d. Treatments were coarsely, moderately, and finely rolled barley and a mixture of coarsely and finely rolled barley to approximate moderately rolled barley. In Trial 1, total tract digestibilities of OM, CP, NDF, and ADF were not affected (P > or = 0.10) by barley processing; however, total tract starch digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05), and fecal starch output decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with finer barley processing. In situ DM, CP, starch disappearance rate, starch soluble fraction, and extent of starch digestion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with finer processing. In Trial 2, final BW and ADG were not affected by degree of processing or type of grain (P > or = 0.13). Steers fed corn had greater DMI (P = 0.05) than those fed barley. In Trial 3, DMI decreased linearly with finer degree of processing (P = 0.003). Gain efficiency, apparent dietary NEm, and apparent dietary NEg increased (P < 0.001) with increased degree of processing. Finer processing of barley improved characteristics of starch digestion and feed efficiency, but finer processing of corn did not improve animal performance in medium-concentrate, growing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Bengochea
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105, USA
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Ramsey P, Mathison G, Goonewardene L. Effect of rates and extent of ruminal barley grain dry matter and starch disappearance on bloat, liver abscesses, and performance of feedlot steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Khorasani GR, Okine EK, Kennelly JJ. Effects of substituting barley grain with corn on ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84:2760-9. [PMID: 11814032 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of corn or barley, or the equal mixture of both, on digestion characteristics and dairy cow performance was evaluated in metabolic and production experiments. Three rumen-cannulated early-lactation cows were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design experiment to study the effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics and whole-tract digestion of substituting barley grain with corn. Production responses were determined by the use of 27 early-lactation Holstein cows. Cows in the production study were fed the test diets for 12 wk after a 2-wk covariate period. Results from the metabolic study indicated the effects of grain source on ruminal and total-tract digestion to be minimal. Total ruminal volatile fatty acids and acetate concentrations decreased linearly, butyrate increased linearly, and pH and lactic acid concentration were not affected by increasing levels of corn. Apparent digestibility of DM and organic matter showed a quadratic response with increasing the corn level in the diet, with no dietary effect on neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose digestion. Ruminal fermentation characteristics suggest that substitution of barley grain with corn may alter the site of digestion and the end products of digestion that are absorbed by the animal. Multiparous cows failed to respond to treatment, whereas primiparous animals showed the greater response in milk yield and milk-component yield to diets that contained an equal mixture of corn and barley. These results probably reflect a more optimal synchronization of dietary protein and energy for dairy cows fed the 50:50 barley/corn diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Khorasani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Ramsey P, Mathison G, Goonewardene L. Relationships between ruminal dry matter and starch disappearance and apparent digestibility of barley grain. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects of feeding ensiled spearmint (Mentha spicata) byproduct on nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation of steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Martı́n-Orue S, Balcells J, Vicente F, Castrillo C. Influence of dietary rumen-degradable protein supply on rumen characteristics and carbohydrate fermentation in beef cattle offered high-grain diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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