1
|
Galvão LTO, Vargas JAC, Mezzomo R, Oliveira LRS, Dos Santos PM, Maciel RP, Soares EA, Farias MLC, Caldas CS, Faciola AP, Alves KS. Effects of supplementing cassava root silage to grazing dairy cows on nutrient utilization, milk production and composition in the tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:120. [PMID: 38607525 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the effects of supplementing cassava root silage (CRS) to dairy cows grazing on Megathyrsus maximus cv Mombasa on nutrient intake and digestibility, as well as on milk production and composition. Ten primiparous Girolando cows with average body weight ± (SEM) of 373.45 ± (63.55) kg were used in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square. Animals were subjected to five treatments: (I) grazing cows without supplementation (WCS); (II) grazing cows provided with 5 kg DM of supplement without CRS (0 g/kg DM of CRS) or including (III) 260, (IV) 520, and (V) 780 g/kg DM of CRS. Statistical analyses were performed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with significance at P < 0.05. Intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract decreased (P < 0.01), while intake of non-fiber carbohydrates increased (P < 0.01), with increased CRS in the diets. Total DM intake and digestibility of DM, and digestibility of nutritional components were lower (P < 0.03) in WCS animals compared to supplemented animals, except for intake and digestibility of NDF, which was the opposite. Milk yield (MY) and fat corrected milk (FCM), as well as all milk components were unaffected (P > 0.05) by CRS inclusion. In contrast, MY, FCM, protein, lactose, casein, and non-fat milk solids (NFMS) were greater for animals that received supplementation (P < 0.05), compared to animals WCS. Milk fat and total dry extract (TMS) did not differ (P > 0.11) between two groups. In conclusion, CRS may be a potential corn meal replacer in the supplement of dairy cows under tropical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Mezzomo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil
| | | | - Perlon Maia Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil
| | - Raylon Pereira Maciel
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil
| | - Emilly Araújo Soares
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Costa Farias
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Siqueira Caldas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil
| | | | - Kaliandra Souza Alves
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, 68515-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva KGS, Sarturi JO, Johnson BJ, Woerner DR, Lopez AM, Rodrigues BM, Nardi KT, Rush CJ. Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbial mixtures offered to beef cattle consuming finishing diets on intake, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, and ruminal kinetics/fermentation profile. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae003. [PMID: 38183669 PMCID: PMC10833447 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) mixtures on intake, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation profile, and ruminal degradation kinetics of beef steers were evaluated. Crossbred Angus ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; body weight [BW] = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design and offered a steam-flaked corn-based finisher diet to ad libitum intake for 3, 28-d periods. Treatments were 1) Control (no DFM, lactose carrier only); 2) Treat-A (Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus licheniformis), at 1:1:1:3 ratio, respectively; totaling 6 × 109 CFU (50 mg)/animal-daily minimum; and 3) Treat-B, the same DFM combination, but doses at 1:1:3:1 ratio. Bacterial counts were ~30% greater than the minimum expected. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with the model including the fixed effect of treatment and the random effects of square, period, and animal (square). For repeated measure variables, the fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction, and the random effects of square, period, animal (square), and animal (treatment) were used. Preplanned contrasts comparing Control × Treat-A or Treat-B were performed. Intake and major feeding behavior variables were not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by treatments. Steers offered Treat-A had an increased (P = 0.04) ADF digestibility compared with Control. Steers offered Treat-A experienced daily 300 min less (P = 0.04) time under ruminal pH 5.6, a greater (P = 0.04) ruminal pH average and NH3-N concentration (P = 0.05) and tended (P = 0.06) to have a lower ruminal temperature compared to Control. Ruminal VFA was not affected (P ≥ 0.38) by treatments. Steers offered Treat-A increased (P = 0.02) and tended (P = 0.08) to increase the ruminal effective degradable NDF and ADF fractions of the diet-substrate, respectively. When the forage-substrate (low quality) was incubated, steers offered Treat-A tended (P = 0.09) to increase the effective degradable hemicellulose fraction compared to Control. In this experiment, the bacterial combinations did not affect intake and feeding behavior, while the combination with a greater proportion of B. licheniformis (Treat-A) elicited an improved core-fiber digestibility and a healthier ruminal pH pattern, in which the ruminal environment showed to be more prone to induce the effective degradability of fiber fractions, while also releasing more NH3-N.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jhones O Sarturi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA
| | - Dale R Woerner
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA
| | - Alejandra M Lopez
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA
| | - Barbara M Rodrigues
- Center for Natural Resource Technology Information, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Kaue T Nardi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA
| | - Camron J Rush
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jacobs JL, Hersom MJ, Andrae JG, Duckett SK. Training and Adaptation of Beef Calves to Precision Supplementation Technology for Individual Supplementation in Grazing Systems. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2872. [PMID: 37760272 PMCID: PMC10525824 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of beef cattle can be used to meet both nutrient requirements and production goals; however, supplementation costs influence farm profitability. Common supplementation delivery strategies are generally designed to provide nutrients to the mean of the group instead of an individual. Precision individual supplementation technologies, such as the Super SmartFeed (SSF, C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA), are available but are generally cost prohibitive to producers. These systems require adaptation or training periods for cattle to utilize this technology. The objective of this research was to assess the training and adoption rates of three different groups of cattle (suckling calves, weaned steers, replacement heifers) to the SSF. Successful adaptation was determined if an individual's supplement intake was above the group average of total allotted feed consumed throughout the training period. Suckling calves (n = 31) underwent a 12 d training period on pasture; 45% of suckling calves adapted to the SSF and average daily intake differed (p < 0.0001) by day of training. Weaned steers (n = 79) were trained in drylot for 13 d. Of the weaned steers, 62% were trained to the SSF, and average daily intake differed (p < 0.0001) by day of training. Replacement heifers (n = 63) grazed tall fescue pastures and had access to SSF for 22 d of training. The success rate of replacement heifers was 73%. For replacement heifers, the daily intake did not differ (p < 0.0001) by day of training. Results indicate production stage may influence cattle adaptation to precision technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Jacobs
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; (J.L.J.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Matt J. Hersom
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; (J.L.J.); (M.J.H.)
| | - John G. Andrae
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - Susan K. Duckett
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA; (J.L.J.); (M.J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Individual feed intake and performance of finishing steers on ryegrass pasture supplemented with increasing amounts of corn using an automated feeding system. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
5
|
Linder HF, Sebade JE, Carlson ZE, Wilson HC, Spore TJ, Drewnoski ME, MacDonald JC. Interaction of Urea with Frequency and Amount of Distillers Grains Supplementation for Growing Steers on a High Forage Diet. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac076. [PMID: 35769452 PMCID: PMC9235022 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine interactions of urea inclusion to a dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS; 29.4% crude protein, 5.48% ether extract) supplement fed at two amounts and two frequencies to steers on a high forage diet. In Exp. 1, 120 (247 kg; SD = 20) steers were fed individually for 84 d. Steers received ad libitum grass hay (6.8% crude protein) and one of eight treatments. Treatment design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. Supplement was fed daily or three times per week, amount of supplement fed was 6.36 kg dry matter (DM)/week [0.37% body weight (BW); LO] or 12.73 kg DM/week (0.74% BW; HI) and contained either no urea or 1.3% urea on a DM basis. Steer BW was measured at the start and end of the trial and hay DM intake (DMI) was measured weekly. In Exp. 2, ruminally cannulated steers (310 kg; SD = 25) were used in a row-column design with eight steers and six 14-d periods. Treatments assigned were the same as Exp. 1, except that supplement was fed at 0.4% of BW (LO) or 0.8% of BW (HI) and supplement was fed either daily (DY) or every other day (ALT). Hay DMI, rumen ammonia-N, rumen pH, in situ neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance, and rumination were measured. In Exp. 1, average daily gain (ADG) was affected by amount of supplement with steers on HI gaining 0.30 kg/d more (P < 0.01) than LO. Hay DMI was reduced by increased amount of supplement (0.39 kg/d; P < 0.01) and by decreased frequency of supplementation (0.54 kg/d; P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, hay DMI was also reduced due to increased amount of supplement and decreased frequency of supplementation (P < 0.01). Rumen pH was decreased on the day of supplement feeding for steers on ALT (P < 0.01) and reduced for steers fed HI vs. LO. There was no difference in NDF digestibility between DY and ALT (P > 0.05). For ALT steers, there was reduction (P < 0.01) in in situ NDF disappearance for the HI compared to LO amount of supplementation on the day of supplementation. Infrequent supplementation of DDGS results in no difference in ADG but decreased hay DMI compared to daily supplementation. Urea had no effect on digestion or ADG, suggesting rumen degradable protein was not deficient when supplementing DDGS. There is little change in rumen fermentation parameters between frequency of supplement feeding, indicating that forage digestion is not impacted by supplementation frequency. Dried distillers grains can be supplemented infrequently without a reduction in animal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Linder
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - J E Sebade
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - Z E Carlson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - H C Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - T J Spore
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - M E Drewnoski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| | - J C MacDonald
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Camargo K, Messana J, Silva L, Granja-Salcedo Y, Dias A, Alves K, Gonçalves P, Souza W, Reis R, Berchielli T. Intake, metabolism parameters, and performance of growing beef cattle on pasture supplemented with different rumen undegradable protein with different amino acid profile. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Figueroa-Zamudio JJ, Ramirez J, Sanchez-Sandoval UA, Smythe BG, Scholljegerdes EJ, Soto-Navarro SA. Effect of degree of processing supplemental corn on metabolizable protein of beef cows consuming low-quality forage supplemented with cottonseed meal. Transl Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus J Figueroa-Zamudio
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Jovannah Ramirez
- Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Ulises A Sanchez-Sandoval
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Brandon G Smythe
- Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Eric J Scholljegerdes
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Sergio A Soto-Navarro
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Milk production, rumen function, and digestion in dairy cows fed diets differing in predominant forage and concentrate type. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Sugg JD, Sarturi JO, Henry DD, Ciriaco FM, West CP, Ballou MA, Hoffmann CA. Ruminal degradation kinetics, intake, digestibility, and feeding behavior of beef steers offered annual or perennial grass-hay with or without supplementation. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6281062. [PMID: 34022042 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) on ruminal fermentation, degradation kinetics, and feeding behavior of steers offered annual (Eragrostis tef; TEFF) or perennial (Bothriochloa bladhii; OWB) grass hay were evaluated. Ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred steers (n = 6; body weight [BW] = 304 ± 11 kg) were assigned to a 4 × 6 unbalanced Latin square design with four treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial: hay type (OWB or TEFF) and DDGS supplementation (0% or 0.5% BW [dry matter {DM} basis]). Steers had ad libitum access to hay. Periods consisted of a 14-d adaptation followed by 7 d of collection. Residues from the in situ incubations (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h post-feeding) were fitted to a first-order kinetics model using the NLIN procedure of SAS. The DDGS decreased (P < 0.01) TEFF DM intake (DMI) by 11.3%, while not affecting DMI of OWB. The greatest DMI was observed for steers supplemented with DDGS, regardless of forage, and least in steers consuming OWB without DDGS (hay type × DDGS; P = 0.03). Non-supplemented steers spent more (P < 0.01) time eating hay. Digestibility of DM tended (P = 0.06) to increase with DDGS supplementation. A hay type × DDGS interaction was observed (P ≤ 0.05) on ruminal effective degradable fractions. The rate of degradation, soluble fraction, and the potentially degradable fraction of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased (P ≤ 0.05), while the undegradable fraction of all components decreased (P ≤ 0.01) when steers were offered TEFF compared to OWB. Ruminal DM, OM, and ADF degradation lag-time increased (P ≤ 0.02) in steers offered OWB. Ruminal degradation kinetics were not (P ≥ 0.17) independently affected by DDGS supplementation. Average ruminal pH of steers offered TEFF (P < 0.01) and those offered DDGS (P < 0.01) were lower than OWB and non-supplemented steers. Total concentration of VFA tended (P = 0.09) to increase when DDGS was provided with OWB, while decreasing when TEFF was offered. The acetate:propionate increased (P < 0.01) with DDGS supplementation due to a decrease (P = 0.03) in propionate. Ruminal NH3-N was greater (P = 0.03) in steers offered TEFF compared to OWB, and those supplemented with DDGS (P = 0.03). An annual, in place of a conventional, perennial hay improved intake and digestion of nutrients, without affecting feeding behavior. The supplementation with DDGS appears to affect forage intake, ruminal degradation, and feeding behavior, although not independent of forage quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Sugg
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jhones O Sarturi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Darren D Henry
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Francine M Ciriaco
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Charles P West
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Michael A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Carly A Hoffmann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Azevedo Costa DF, Correia PS, Reboucas Dorea JR, De Souza J, de Souza Congio GF, Vaz Pires A, Muniz Malafaia PA, Drouillard J, Tadeu dos Santos Dias C, Luchiari-Filho A, Portela Santos FA. Strategic supplementation of growing cattle on tropical pastures improves nutrient use and animal performance, with fewer days required on the finishing phase. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Cattle grazing tropical forages usually perform below genetic potential due to limited nutrient intake.
Aims
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate supplementation strategies on performance and metabolism of cattle grazing intensively managed marandu palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha).
Methods
Experiment 1 evaluated the average daily gain (ADG) of 72 young bulls (222 ± 25 kg bodyweight, BW) grazing palisade grass and supplemented (22% crude protein, CP) at 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% BW, and their ADG during the feedlot finishing phase. Experiment 2 evaluated the ADG of 80 bulls (240 ± 18 kg BW) grazing palisade grass and supplemented with energy (11.3% CP) or three protein sources (≈20.5% CP) at 0.6% BW. Experiment 3 investigated intake, rumen parameters and digestibility of nutrients in fistulated steers (410 ± 8.6 kg BW) fed an energy supplement, that is, ground corn, at 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% BW, with a parallel in vitro study of fermentation kinetics (Experiment 4).
Key results
Increased levels of supplementation resulted in linear increases (P < 0.05) in ADG, stocking rate (SR) and in BW gain per area. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in ADG, SR and BW gain per area among supplemental sources of protein or the energy supplement. Increasing energy levels caused a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in forage intake and grazing time and a linear increase (P < 0.05) in total dry matter and digestible-nutrient intakes, but did not affect (P > 0.05) fibre degradability. Corn supplementation also caused a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in acetate:propionate ratio, in ruminal ammonia-N and in N excretion, and a linear increase (P < 0.05) in rumen propionate concentration, in microbial synthesis and in N retention. The supplementation increased BW at the start of the feedlot phase, resulting in similar hot carcass weights with fewer days on feed and no effects on meat quality.
Conclusions
Overall, despite the source utilised, supplementation increased ADG, SR and BW gain per area, with fewer days being required on the finishing period.
Implications
Having adequate supplementation strategies in place will help producers increase the efficiency of their systems.
Collapse
|
11
|
Del Bianco Benedeti P, Valadares Filho SC, Chizzotti ML, Marcondes MI, de Sales Silva FA. Development of equations to predict carcass weight, empty body gain, and retained energy of Zebu beef cattle. Animal 2020; 15:100028. [PMID: 33573986 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate supply of energy is essential to optimize livestock productivity and profitability. Furthermore, replacing empty BW gain (EBG) with carcass gain (CG) might be a suitable alternative to estimate the retained energy (RE) of beef cattle. Thus, this multi-analysis study was conducted aiming to estimate and validate new equations to predict carcass weight (CW), EBG, and RE of Zebu, beef crossbred, and dairy crossbred. A database composed by 1112 animals encompassing bulls, steers, heifers of different genetic groups (Zebu, beef crossbred, and dairy crossbred), and two types of slaughter plants (commercial and experimental) was used for generating the new CW equation. For the development of the EBG and RE equations, a database of 636 observations composed of bulls, steers, and heifers of different genetic groups (Zebu, beef crossbred, and dairy crossbred) was assembled. The validation of new equations was performed using independent databases composed by 137 observations (80 for CW and 57 for EBG and RE). The new approaches for EBG and RE validation also included data from our research group studies (Inside) and independent data from literature publications (Outside). Furthermore, the new RE equation was compared to the current model devised by the nutritional requirements, diet formulation, and performance prediction of Zebu and crossbred cattle (BR-CORTE, 2016). Validation analyses were performed by using the Model Evaluation System (MES; 3.1.13, College Station, US). The CW was accurately estimated by the new equation when using both commercial and experimental data. Also, the equations developed in this study accurately estimated EBG and RE using both inside and outside data. In conclusion, equations proposed in this study accurately and precisely estimated CW, EBG, and RE of Zebu beef cattle that composed validation data set. Therefore, we suggest the following equations to estimate CW, EBG, and RE of Zebu cattle: CW, kg = -11.0±1.56 + P + ((0.609±0.005 + G + B) × SBW); EBG (kg) = 0.044±0.017 + 1.47±0.026 × CG; RE (MJ/d) = 4.184 × (0.082±0.002 × EQEBW0.75 × CG0.777±0.039), where P = slaughter plant effect, if commercial = -10.98, if experimental =0; G = gender effect, if steer = 0, if bull = 0.008169 and if heifer = -0.00612; B = genotype effect, if Zebu = 0, if dairy crossbreds = -0.03301 and if beef crossbreds = -0.01595; SBW = shrunk BW; CG = carcass gain; EQEBW = equivalent empty BW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Del Bianco Benedeti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil; Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Santa Catarina 89815-630, Brazil.
| | - S C Valadares Filho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - M L Chizzotti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - M I Marcondes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F A de Sales Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dórea JRR, Gouvêa VN, Agostinho Neto LRD, Da Silva SC, Brink GE, Pires AV, Santos FAP. Beef cattle responses to pre-grazing sward height and low level of energy supplementation on tropical pastures. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5837776. [PMID: 32413898 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of energy supplementation and pre-grazing sward height on grazing behavior, nutrient intake, digestion, and metabolism of cattle in tropical pastures managed as a rotational grazing system. Eight rumen-cannulated Nellore steers (24 mo of age; 300 ± 6.0 kg body weight [BW]) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of two levels of energy supplementation (0% [none] or 0.3% of BW of ground corn on an as-fed basis) and two pre-grazing sward heights (25 cm [defined by 95% light interception (LI)] or 35 cm [defined by ≥ 97.5% LI]) constituting four treatments. Steers grazed Marandu Palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha Stapf. cv. Marandu] and post-grazing sward height was 15 cm for all treatments. Forage dry matter intake (DMI) was increased (P = 0.01) when sward height was 25 cm (1.86% vs. 1.32% BW) and decreased (P = 0.04) when 0.3% BW supplement was fed (1.79% vs. 1.38% BW). Total and digestible DMI were not affected by energy supplementation (P = 0.57) but were increased when sward height was 25 cm (P = 0.01). Steers grazing the 25-cm sward height treatment spent less time grazing and more time resting, took fewer steps between feeding stations, and had a greater bite rate compared with 35-cm height treatment (P < 0.05). Energy supplementation reduced grazing time (P = 0.02) but did not affect any other grazing behavior parameter (P = 0.11). Energy supplementation increased (P < 0.01) diet dry matter digestibility but had no effect on crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities (P = 0.13). Compared with 35-cm pre-grazing sward height, steers at 25 cm presented lower rumen pH (6.39 vs. 6.52) and greater rumen ammonia nitrogen (11.22 vs. 9.77 mg/dL) and N retention (49.7% vs. 20.8%, P < 0.05). The pre-grazing sward height of 25 cm improved harvesting efficiency and energy intake by cattle, while feeding 0.3% of BW energy supplement did not increase the energy intake of cattle on tropical pasture under rotational grazing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João R R Dórea
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius N Gouvêa
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, NM
| | - Luiz Roberto D Agostinho Neto
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Sila C Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre V Pires
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio A P Santos
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lira R, MacAdam J, Sales F, Villalba JJ. Supplementation strategies to enhance intake of romerillo (Chiliotrichum diffusum) by sheep in southern Patagonia. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Lira R, MacAdam J, Sales F, Villalba JJ. Supplemental levels of protein and energy influence ingestion of Romerillo (Chiliotrichum diffusum) by sheep in southern Patagonia. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Tanner A, Bauer M, Kennedy V, Keomanivong F, Kirsch J, Reynolds L, Stokka G, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Ward A, Dahlen C, Neville B, Ominski K, Vonnahme K, Swanson K. Influence of corn supplementation to beef cows during mid- to late-gestation: maternal feed intake, body condition, plasma metabolites, and calf growth. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
16
|
Larson QP, Maddock RJ, Neville BW. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles supplementation on yearling heifers grazing Northern Great Plains rangeland: impacts on subsequent feedlot performance and meat quality. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 3:1153-1161. [PMID: 32704879 PMCID: PMC7200450 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighty-two yearling crossbred heifers (318.8 ± 1.03 kg) were utilized in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) supplementation on animal performance, while grazing on rangeland of the Northern Great Plains, and subsequent feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality traits. Treatments were: 1) 0% DDGS supplementation (CONT) and 2) 0.6% of body weight (BW) DDGS supplementation (SUP). Heifers received treatments for 70 d (6 June to 16 August) while grazing, and then were acclimated to and fed a common corn-based finishing diet for 109 d. Average daily gain (ADG) of SUP heifers was greater (P ≤ 0.01), resulting in heavier BW (P ≤ 0.03) following grazing compared with CONT heifers. Heifer performance, including ADG (1.91 ± 0.05 kg/d), gain to feed (G:F) (0.15 ± 0.003 kg), dry matter intake (DMI) (12.6 ± 0.20 kg), and final BW (572.4 ± 7.43 kg) were not different (P ≥ 0.13) during finishing. Hot carcass weight (335.7 ± 4.39 kg), Longissimus muscle area (81.30 ± 1.24 cm2), 12th rib fat thickness (1.24 ± 0.06 cm), and kidney, pelvic, heart fat (KPH) (1.85 ± 0.08%) were not different (P ≥ 0.47) between treatments. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.24) between treatments in yield grade (2.9 ± 0.10) or marbling (492 ± 22.3; Small00 = 400). Results from Warner–Bratzler shear force indicated that strip loin steaks from SUP heifers tended (P = 0.07) to have increased tenderness compared with strip loin steaks from CONT heifers (3.3 vs. 3.7 ± 0.12 kg, respectively). Inclusion of 0.6% BW supplementation during grazing increased (P = 0.01) strip loin steak muscle lightness (L*) compared with CONT steaks (46.5 vs. 45.5 ± 0.27, respectively). Strip loin steaks from heifers supplemented DDGS during grazing were perceived to be more tender by taste panelists (P = 0.02) than strip loin steaks from CONT heifers (5.9 vs. 5.5 ± 0.11; eight-point scale). Supplementation of DDGS during grazing improved ADG of yearling heifers with no effect on feedlot performance or carcass characteristics but did improve tenderness and steak sensory attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quynn P Larson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo
| | - Robert J Maddock
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo
| | - Bryan W Neville
- Carrington Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Carrington, ND
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mccarthy KL, Underdahl SR, Undi M, Becker S, Dahlen CR. Utilizing an electronic feeder to measure mineral and energy supplement intake in beef heifers grazing native range. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 3:1719-1723. [PMID: 32704942 PMCID: PMC6999130 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kacie L Mccarthy
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Sarah R Underdahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Michael Undi
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND
| | - Stephanie Becker
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
- Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Souza Castro LC, da Costa de Campos W, Moraes de Oliveira I, Maciel Fernandes R, Moretti MH, Toledo Piza Roth M, Dutra de Resende F, Rezende Siqueira G. Replacement of a protein–energy supplement by a same-cost maize-based supplement on performance and product quality of pasture-finished Nellore heifers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
In the largest beef-producing countries in the world, the slaughter of female cows accounts for ~30–40% of all beef produced.
Aims
The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of a protein–energy supplement (PES) by a same-cost maize-based supplement (MBS) on the performance and final product of Nellore heifers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the wet season in Brazil.
Methods
Ninety-six Nellore heifers of bodyweight (BW) 281 ± 7.55 kg and aged 23 months were used. Six were slaughtered at the start of the experiment. The remaining 90 heifers received one of the following three supplements with their predominantly pasture diet for 133 days: control, mineral salt ad libitum; PES, with protein 250 g/kg dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrient 600 g/kg DM, offered at 3 g/kg BW.day (as-fed basis); MBS, with crude protein 90 g/kg DM and total digestible nutrient 850 g/kg DM, offered at 7 g/kg BW.day (as-fed basis). The variables were evaluated in a completely randomised block design with 30 heifers per treatment.
Key results
Average daily gain and final BW were similar (P > 0.05) in PES and MBS treatments, and relative to the control increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain by ~24% and final BW by 7%. Pasture intakes were decreased, with substitution levels of 8.0% for heifers receiving PES and 10.4% for those receiving MBS. Carcass weight (kg/day) and carcass gain (g carcass/kg BW) were greater (P < 0.001) for heifers receiving MBS and PES than for the control group. Backfat depth was greater (P < 0.001) in heifers receiving MBS (7.91 mm) than in those receiving PES (6.25 mm), and the lowest (P < 0.001) measurement was observed in the control group (4.85 mm).
Conclusions
Maize-based supplement (7 g/kg BW.day) provided the same growth rate as PES (3 g/kg BW.day) but yielded heavier and slightly fatter carcasses of pasture-finished Nellore heifers during the wet season (133 days) with a similar cost, and with more total digestible nutrients than pasture plus mineral salt.
Implications
Maize-based supplement provided to Nellore heifers on pasture may improve performance despite lower pasture intakes but needs to be evaluated carefully in terms of costs involved.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou J, Wang W, Jing X, Degen A, Guo Y, Kang J, Shang Z, Yu Z, Qiu Q, Guo X, Ding L, Yang G, Long R. Effect of dietary energy on digestibilities, rumen fermentation, urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites in Tibetan and small-tailed Han sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:977-987. [PMID: 31021031 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tibetan sheep are indigenous to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, graze the grassland all year round without supplementation and are well-adapted to the harsh conditions. Small-tailed Han sheep were introduced to the plateau and are raised mainly in feedlots. Based on their different backgrounds, we hypothesized that the ability to cope with poor diets would be better in Tibetan than in Han sheep. To test our prediction, we examined the effect of dietary energy on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation, urinary purine derivatives and serum metabolites by using a 4 × 4 Latin square design in each sheep breed. Four diets were formulated to be low in crude protein (~7%) but to differ in metabolizable energy concentration. Average daily gain was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01) and increased linearly with an increase in energy intake (p < 0.001). The digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and neutral and acid detergent fibres were greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was lower (p < 0.05), while volatile fatty acids (VFAs), urea-N, ammonia-N and soluble protein-N concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in Tibetan than in Han sheep. As a molar proportion of total VFA, acetate decreased (p < 0.001) with an increase in dietary energy whereas propionate and butyrate increased (p < 0.05). Urinary purine derivative excretion was greater in Tibetan than in Han sheep (p < 0.01), as was microbial nitrogen production; both parameters increased with dietary energy (p < 0.01). Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increased (p < 0.05) as energy level increased, while non-esterified fatty acids and growth hormone decreased (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low-protein, low-energy diets and, consequently, our prediction was supported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yamin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingpeng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanhuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhongxiang Yu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Luming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alava EN, Alava EI, Welchons CA, Yelich JV, Hersom MJ. Effect of increased inclusion of dried distillers grain supplement on adaptation, intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters in steers consuming bermudagrass round bale silage. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:29-41. [PMID: 32704775 PMCID: PMC7200581 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight ruminally cannulated beef steers were used to evaluate forage intake and physiological response during adaptation to a diet consisting of bermudagrass round bale silage (RBS) and dried distillers grains (DDG) and in a second experiment the effect of level of DDG supplementation on RBS forage intake, digestibility, and rumen parameters. The adaptation experiment was designed to simulate a 14-d step-up process. Initially steers received ad libitum RBS, on d 4 steers were offered 1.13 kg of DDG daily and every 4 d daily DDG offered was increased by 1.13 kg. Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected before feeding (0 h) and 6, 12, 24 (before feeding), and 36 h after every diet change. The digestibility experiment was conducted as an 8 × 4 Latin square with four periods. Treatments included RBS only and DDG supplement levels of 0.33%, 0.66%, and 1.0% of body weight (RBS + 0.33, +0.66, and 1.0, respectively). Collection periods consisted of 21 d to determine dry matter intake [DMI], digestibility, and collect rumen fluid samples. During adaptation, level of DDG did not (P = 0.42) affect RBS DMI. Mean ruminal pH was greater (P < 0.05) for RBS only compared with diets with DDG. When steers were offered 3.39 or 4.52 kg/d of DDG rumen NH3-N concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.05) compared with other levels of DDG or RBS alone. Mean nonesterified fatty acid and plasma urea N concentrations varied among levels of DDG offered. In the digestibility experiment forage DMI, total DMI, and total tract apparent digestibility exhibited a quadratic (P ≤ 0.05) response to level of DDG offered. Mean ruminal pH responded in a quadratic manner (P = 0.03) and was greater for RBS only compared with RBS plus DDG at any level. Mean ruminal NH3-N concentration tended (P = 0.07) to respond in a cubic manner as DDG amount offered increased. Physiological responses during adaptation to DDG over 14 d resembled responses previously observed after long-term DDG supplementation. Offering DDG up to 1% of body weight did depress forage DMI and ruminal pH but increased total DMI, diet digestibility, and ruminal NH3-N concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Alava
- Department of Animal and Pre-Veterinary Studies, University of Findlay, Findlay, OH
| | - Eduardo I Alava
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Joel V Yelich
- Nancy M. Cummings Research, Extension and Education Center, Carmen, ID
| | - Matthew J Hersom
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jose Neto A, Messana JD, Rossi LG, Carvalho IPC, Berchielli TT. Methane emissions from Nellore bulls on pasture fed two levels of starch-based supplement with or without a source of oil. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methane emissions (CH4) from enteric fermentation represent an energy loss to the animal ranging from 2% to 12% of gross energy (GE) intake; therefore, the challenge is to develop diets and handling strategies to mitigate CH4 emissions. This study tested the hypothesis that fat supplementation as a source of energy could reduce CH4 emissions without decrease animal production, independently of the starch level utilised. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the combined effects of high- or low-starch supplements with or without a source of oil (soybean grain) on intake, digestibility, performance, and CH4 emissions of finishing Nellore bulls [n = 44; initial bodyweight (BW) = 414 ± 12 kg; age of 20 months] grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés during the dry season. No interactions between starch level and oil source (soybean grain) supplementation with respect to intake of dry matter (DM), forage DM, supplement DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), ether extract (EE), or GE were found. However, there was an effect of starch and oil source on intake of EE. There were no interactions between starch level and oil source supplementation with respect to digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, CP, EE, or digestibility energy. Irrespective of the starch level utilised, the addition of soybean grain (oil source) decreased the digestibility of NDF and increased the digestibility of EE. In relation to animal performance, there were no interactions between starch level and oil regarding initial BW, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), gain efficiency, hot carcass weight, dressing, carcass gain, fat depth, or longissimus muscle area. However, the addition of soybean grain (oil source) increased the fat depth independently of the starch level used. There was no interaction between starch-based supplementation level and oil source on CH4 emissions when expressed in g/day, g/kg DM intake, g/kg OM intake, g/kg NDF intake, % of GE intake, g/g EE intake, g/kg ADG, or g/kg of carcass gain. Therefore, the addition of soybean grain (oil source) in supplements, independent of starch level used, was associated with reduced CH4 emissions expressed in g/day. Additionally, soybean grain (oil source) decreased enteric CH4 emissions relative to GE and EE intake and ADG for animals fed high- or low-starch supplements. Soybean grain supplementation is effective at reducing enteric CH4 emissions from Nellore bulls grazing on tropical pasture.
Collapse
|
22
|
Figueroa-Zamudio JJ, Sánchez-Sandoval UA, Rodela JA, Urias S, Soto-Navarro SA. Effect of processing of supplemental corn on metabolizable protein of beef cows consuming low-quality forage. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:S117-S120. [PMID: 32704755 PMCID: PMC7200471 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge A Rodela
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
| | - Susana Urias
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
| | - Sergio A Soto-Navarro
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tanner AR, Kennedy VC, Bauer ML, Swanson KC, Kirsch JD, Gaspers J, Negrin-Pereira N, Fontoura ABP, Perry GA, Stokka G, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Ward A, Dahlen CR, Neville B, Reynolds LP, Ominski KH, Vonnahme KA. Corn supplementation as a winter-feeding strategy alters maternal feeding behavior and endocrine profiles in mid- to late-gestating beef cows. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:S106-S111. [PMID: 32704753 PMCID: PMC7200833 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Tanner
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Marc L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - James D Kirsch
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - James Gaspers
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | | | - George A Perry
- Department of Animal Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Gerald Stokka
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Alison Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Bryan Neville
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND
| | | | - Kim H Ominski
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.,Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of finishing diet and duration on the sensory quality and volatile profile of lamb meat. Food Res Int 2018; 115:54-64. [PMID: 30599976 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal production factors can affect the sensory quality of lamb meat. The study investigated the effect of diet composition and duration of consumption on the proximate analysis, volatile profile and sensory quality of lamb meat. Ninety-nine male Texel × Scottish Blackface lambs were raised at pasture for 10 months before being assigned in groups of 11 to one of the following treatments: 100% Silage (S) for 36 (S36), 54 (S54) or 72 (S72) days; 50% Silage - 50% Concentrate (SC) for 36 (SC36), 54 (SC54) or 72 (SC72) days; 100% Concentrate (C) for 36 (C36) or 54 (C54) or 72 (C72) days. A trained sensory panel found Intensity of Lamb Aroma, Dry Aftertaste and Astringent Aftertaste to be higher in meat from lambs on the concentrate diet. Discriminant analysis showed that the volatile profile enabled discrimination of lamb based on dietary treatment but the volatile differences were insufficient to impact highly on sensory quality. Muscle from animals in the S54 group had higher Manure/Faecal Aroma and Woolly Aroma than the SC54 and C54 groups, possibly related to higher levels of indole and skatole. Further research is required to establish if these small differences would influence consumer acceptability.
Collapse
|
25
|
Shreck AL, Ebert PJ, Bailey EA, Jennings JS, Casey KD, Meyer BE, Cole NA. Effects of energy supplementation on energy losses and nitrogen balance of steers fed green-chopped wheat pasture I: Calorimetry. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2133-2143. [PMID: 28727009 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle grazing wheat pasture in the southern Great Plains are sometimes fed an energy supplement; however, the benefits of supplementation on nutrient balance, energy metabolism, and greenhouse gas emissions have not been elucidated. Therefore, we used 10 British crossbred steers (206 ± 10.7 kg initial BW) in a respiration calorimetry study to evaluate the effects of energy supplementation on energy losses, N balance, and nutrient digestibility of steers fed green-chopped wheat forage. The study design was an incomplete replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Steers ( = 8) were assigned to 1 of 2 BW blocks (4 steers per block) with dietary factors consisting of 1) no supplementation (CON) or supplemented with a steam-flaked corn-based energy supplement (that also contained monensin sodium) at 0.5% of BW daily (SUP) and 2) NEm intakes of 1 times (1x) or 1.5 times (1.5x) maintenance. Wheat forage was harvested daily and continuously fed as green-chop to steers during the 56-d study. There were no differences ( ≥ 0.32) between CON and SUP for OM (78.3 vs. 80.7%, respectively) or NDF (68.3 vs. 64.8%, respectively) digestibility. At the 1.5x level of intake, there was no difference ( ≥ 0.16) in energy lost in feces (4.27 vs. 3.92 Mcal/d) or urine (0.58 vs. 0.55 Mcal/d), heat production (8.69 vs. 8.44 Mcal/d), or retained energy (3.10 vs. 3.46 Mcal/d) between supplementation treatments. Oxygen consumption (1,777 vs. 1,731 L/d; = 0.67) and CO production (1,704 vs. 1,627 L/d; = 0.56) of CON and SUP steers, respectively, were not different; however, SUP steers tended to have ( = 0.06) lower CH production (115 vs 130 L/d) than CON steers. Methane, as a proportion of GE intake, was similar for CON (6.87%) and SUP (6.07%; = 0.18), as was the ME:DE ratio ( = 0.24; 86.3% for CON and 87.9% for SUP). Fractional N excretion in urine and feces, as a proportion of total N excreted ( ≥ 0.84) or N intake ( ≥ 0.63), was not different between treatments. Calculated NEm and NEg values for CON were 1.76 and 1.37 Mcal/kg DM, respectively, whereas the NEm and NEg values for the SUP treatment were 2.32 and 1.61 Mcal/kg DM, respectively. Calculated NE values for steers fed additional energy were approximately 17.5% greater than the expected difference in energy content. This was probably the result of the inconsistent response at the 1x DMI level. Under these circumstances, energy supplementation did appear to enhance NEm and NEg value of the supplemented wheat forage diet.
Collapse
|
26
|
Konlan SP, Ayantunde A, Addah W, Dei HHK. The combined effects of the provision of feed and healthcare on nutrient utilization and growth performance of sheep during the early or late dry season. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1423-1430. [PMID: 28698980 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An on-farm study was conducted to determine the combined effects of the provision of feed and healthcare on nutrient use and growth performance of sheep during the early or late dry season. A total of 36 smallholder sheep farmers with a flock size of ≤7 was randomly selected within each of the three administrative regions in Northern Ghana. The sheep grazed on a heterogeneous natural pasture and offered crop residues as basal diet (control) or were additionally provided with a concentrate feed plus orthodox healthcare to control diseases and pests (CH) in a completely randomized block design. The provision of orthodox healthcare included scheduled control of endo- and ecto-parasites and administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Data was analyzed for the fixed effects of CH, season, or CH × season using the mixed model procedure of Genstats®. The CH regimen had no effect (P = 0.098) on intake of natural pasture but pasture intake increased (P = 0.012) during the late dry season. Sheep on the CH regime had higher DM (P = 0.026) and N (P = 0.068) digestibility and improved ADG (P = 0.001) and feed conversion efficiency (P = 0.020) than those on the control. We hypothesize that improvements in growth performance of sheep on the CH regimen could be related to availability of nutrients for growth that will otherwise have been used for repair of damaged tissues caused by gastrointestinal parasites and ticks. Sheep on the CH regimen also had a higher concentration of fecal N during the late dry season when CP concentration was relatively higher than that in the early dry season (63.2 vs 60.9 g/day DM) when CP concentration of pasture was lower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon P Konlan
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Animal Research Institute, Nyankpala, Box 52, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Augustine Ayantunde
- International Livestock Research Institute, 01 BP 1496, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Weseh Addah
- Department of Animal Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1350, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Herbert H K Dei
- Department of Animal Science, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1350, Tamale, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McLennan SR, Bolam MJ, Kidd JF, Chandra KA, Poppi DP. Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 1. Comparison of response surfaces for young steers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Response curves were established for different supplements, offered at intakes ranging from 0 to 20 g/kg liveweight (W).day to young Bos indicus crossbred steers fed low-quality Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum in two pen experiments. Supplements included protein meals of varying rumen-degradability (cottonseed meal (CSM) or fishmeal), as well as ‘energy sources’ comprising grains of high and low ruminal starch degradability (barley and sorghum) and a highly fermentable sugar source (molasses), with all diets adjusted for rumen-degradable nitrogen and mineral content. Unsupplemented steers gained 0.08 and 0.15 kg/day, in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Growth of steers increased linearly with intake of ‘energy source’ supplements in increasing order of molasses, sorghum and barley (all differences P < 0.05). Steer growth rate also increased linearly with fishmeal, albeit over a narrow intake range (0–4.1 g/kg W.day), whereas the response with CSM was asymptotic, showing a steep response at low intake before levelling at ~1.2 kg/day. All supplement types were associated with a linear reduction in hay intake by the steers (energy substitution) where the reduction was greater (P < 0.05) for barley and molasses (not different) than for sorghum (P < 0.05), and for fishmeal compared with CSM (P < 0.05). In concurrent metabolism studies with the same rations, organic matter digestibility of the total ration (561–578 g/kg DM, unsupplemented) was increased linearly by barley and molasses (both P < 0.05) but was unaffected by CSM and sorghum supplements. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers increased linearly, from 91 g microbial crude protein/kg digestible organic matter (unsupplemented), in both molasses and CSM-supplemented steers, with the trend for a higher response to molasses (P = 0.05), and appeared most closely related to digestible organic matter intake. The response curves from these studies provide the practical framework upon which to formulate rations for cattle grazing low-quality forages.
Collapse
|
28
|
Klein SI, Larson QP, Bauer ML, Caton JS, Dahlen CR. Effects of alternate day feeding of dried distiller's grains plus solubles in forage-fed steers on intake, ruminal fermentation and passage rates, and serum nonesterified fatty acid. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3959-68. [PMID: 26440176 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein steers (BW = 449 ± 7.3 kg) were used to examine the effects of feeding either dried distiller's grains plus solubles (DG) or grass hay on alternate days (every other day) on intake, ruminal fermentation and passage rates, and serum NEFA in forage-fed steers. Steers were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square: 1) only hay (CON), 2) hay and 0.4% of BW as DG DM daily (DG7), 3) hay daily and 0.8% BW DG every other day (DG2), and 4) alternate day feeding of hay and 0.8% of BW as DG (DGA). Treatment periods consisted of 13 d of adaptation and 8 d of collecting digesta and blood. Over the entire collection period, DMI was decreased ( = 0.004) for DGA compared with other treatments (13.0 ± 0.8, 12.7 ± 0.8, 13.3 ± 0.8, and 10.9 ± 0.8 kg/d for CON, DG7, DG2, and DGA, respectively). Immediately after feeding on days supplement was fed to DG2 and DGA (supplemented days [SUP]), ruminal pH of DGA was less than other treatments but by the end of the day was greater than other treatments (treatment × time, < 0.001). At feeding time on nonsupplemented days (NSUP), ruminal pH of DGA steers was greater than other treatments but was similar (treatment × time, < 0.001) to DG2 and CON by 5 h after feeding. Total concentrations of VFA were similar ( = 0.09) among treatments on SUP; however, on NSUP, total VFA concentrations were least in DGA from feeding until 4 h after feeding (treatment × time, = 0.02). No differences ( ≥ 0.06) were observed among treatments for apparent ruminal, total intestinal, and total tract DM, OM, or CP digestibility. There were no differences ( = 0.36) in serum NEFA among treatments on SUP; however, on NSUP, steers fed DGA (209.5 ± 12.7 m) had greater ( < 0.01) NEFA compared with other treatments (84.4 ± 12.7, 88.0 ± 12.7, and 77.7 ± 12.7 m for CON, DG7, and DG2, respectively). The DGA feeding strategy influenced DMI and ruminal kinetics and circulating NEFA without impacting total tract digestibility.
Collapse
|
29
|
Peripolli V, Prates ÊR, Barcellos JOJ, G Costa Jr JB, B Lopes R, M Camargo C. Partial replacement of corn with glycerin: digestibility and ruminal fermentation kinetics by in vitro gas production. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2016. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n3a07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
30
|
García J, Orihuela A, Solano J, Flores-Pérez FI, Aguirre V, Vázquez R, Pablos JL. Short-term under-nutrition affects feeding and sexual behaviour in oestrous-synchronized Saint Croix ewes (Ovis aries). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
31
|
Añez-Osuna F, Penner GB, Larson K, Jefferson PG, Lardner HA, McKinnon JJ. Effect of rumen degradable energy supplementation on forage utilization and performance of steers grazing stockpiled cool season perennial grass pastures. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Añez-Osuna, F., Penner, G. B., Larson, K., Jefferson, P. G., Lardner, H. A. and McKinnon, J. J. 2015. Effect of rumen degradable energy supplementation on forage utilization and performance of steers grazing stockpiled cool season perennial grass pastures. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 255–265. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing rumen degradable energy using blended by-product pellets that differed in starch and degradable fiber content on forage utilization and performance of steers grazing stockpiled cool-season perennial grass (CSPG) pastures. Forty-five yearling crossbred steers (334±23.5 kg) stratified by body weight (BW) were randomly assigned to one of nine pastures (five steers/pasture) of mature cool-season perennial grasses. Each pasture was randomly assigned (n=3) to one of three treatments: no supplement (CON); low-starch/high degradable-fibre (LSHF; 40.3% starch; 29.5% NDF) pellet and high-starch/low-degradable fibre (HSLF; 48.6% starch; 22.8% NDF) pellet, both fed daily at 0.6% of BW (DM basis). The grazing period lasted 70 d (from early-August to mid-October). Over the 70-d study, forage CP decreased from 9.9±0.82 to 6.9±0.59% of DM and digestible energy content decreased from 2.6±0.04 to 2.2±0.04 Mcal kg−1of DM. Treatment did not affect forage utilization (P=0.50; 73.4±3.15%) or forage DM intake (P=0.90; 9.0±1.54 kg d−1). Final BW and average daily gain (ADG) were not different (P>0.05) between LSHF (435±6.4 kg and 1.4±0.10 kg d−1) and HSLF (439±10.4 kg and 1.5±0.14 kg d−1) treatments. However, supplemented steers had higher (P<0.05) final BW and ADG than the control steers (402±5.6 kg and 1.0±0.09 kg d−1). These results show that unsupplemented beef steers grazing stockpiled CSPG pastures were limited in both energy and protein intake and that supplementation with by-product feed pellets formulated to supply protein and energy either as starch or degradable fibre equally improved animal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathy Larson
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul G. Jefferson
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Herbert A. Lardner
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Western Beef Development Centre, Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Asizua D, Mpairwe D, Kabi F, Mutetikka D, Kamatara K, Hvelplund T, Weisbjerg M, Mugasi S, Madsen J. Growth performance, carcass and non-carcass characteristics of Mubende and Mubende×Boer crossbred goats under different feeding regimes. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
33
|
Bösing B, Susenbeth A, Hao J, Ahnert S, Ohm M, Dickhoefer U. Effect of concentrate supplementation on herbage intake and live weight gain of sheep grazing a semi-arid grassland steppe of North-Eastern Asia in response to different grazing management systems and intensities. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Cappellozza BI, Cooke RF, Guarnieri Filho TA, Bohnert DW. Supplementation based on protein or energy ingredients to beef cattle consuming low-quality cool-season forages: I. Forage disappearance parameters in rumen-fistulated steers and physiological responses in pregnant heifers. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2716-24. [PMID: 24713162 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the influence of supplement composition on ruminal forage disappearance, performance, and physiological responses of Angus × Hereford cattle consuming a low-quality cool-season forage (8.7% CP and 57% TDN). In Exp. 1, 6 rumen-fistulated steers housed in individual pens were assigned to an incomplete 3 × 2 Latin square design containing 2 periods of 11 d each and the following treatments: 1) supplementation with soybean meal (PROT), 2) supplementation with a mixture of cracked corn, soybean meal, and urea (68:22:10 ratio, DM basis; ENER), or 3) no supplementation (CON). Steers were offered meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) hay for ad libitum consumption. Treatments were provided daily at 0.50 and 0.54% of shrunk BW/steer for PROT and ENER, respectively, to ensure that PROT and ENER intakes were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. No treatment effects were detected on rumen disappearance parameters of forage DM (P ≥ 0.33) and NDF (P ≥ 0.66). In Exp. 2, 35 pregnant heifers were ranked by initial BW on d -7 of the study, allocated into 12 feedlot pens (4 pens/treatment), and assigned to the same treatments and forage intake regimen as in Exp. 1 for 19 d. Treatments were fed once daily at 1.77 and 1.92 kg of DM/heifer for PROT and ENER, respectively, to achieve the same treatment intake as percent of initial BW used in Exp. 1 (0.50 and 0.54% for PROT and ENER, respectively). No treatment effects (P = 0.17) were detected on forage DMI. Total DMI was greater (P < 0.01) for PROT and ENER compared with CON and similar between PROT and ENER (P = 0.36). Accordingly, ADG was greater (P = 0.01) for PROT compared with CON, tended to be greater for ENER compared with CON (P = 0.08), and was similar between ENER and PROT (P = 0.28). Heifers receiving PROT and ENER had greater mean concentrations of plasma glucose (P = 0.03), insulin (P ≤ 0.09), IGF-I (P ≤ 0.04), and progesterone (P = 0.01) compared to CON, whereas ENER and PROT had similar concentrations of these variables (P ≥ 0.15). A treatment × hour interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for plasma urea N (PUN), given that PUN concentrations increased after supplementation for ENER and PROT (time effect, P < 0.01) but did not change for CON (time effect, P = 0.62). In conclusion, beef cattle consuming low-quality cool-season forages had similar ruminal forage disappearance and intake, performance, and physiological status if offered supplements based on soybean meal or corn at 0.5% of BW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B I Cappellozza
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, 97720
| | - R F Cooke
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, 97720
| | - T A Guarnieri Filho
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, 97720 Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - D W Bohnert
- Oregon State University - Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, 97720
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Klein SI, Steichen PL, Islas A, Goulart RS, Gilbery TC, Bauer ML, Swanson KC, Dahlen CR. Effects of alternate-day feeding of dried distiller's grain plus solubles to forage-fed beef cows in mid- to late gestation1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2677-85. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. I. Klein
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - P. L. Steichen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - A. Islas
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - R. S. Goulart
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - T. C. Gilbery
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - M. L. Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - K. C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - C. R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Peripolli V, Prates ÊR, Barcellos JOJ, Wilbert CA, Camargo CM, Lopes RB, Costa Junior JBG. Effect of crude glycerol on in-vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402014000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in using crude glycerol in animal feeding has reemerged due to its increasing availability and favorable price resulting from the expansion of biofuel industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting corn for crude glycerol at different levels in the diet on ruminal fermentation using in-vitro true digestibility parameters. The experimental treatments consisted of substituting corn for liquid crude glycerol (0; 4; 8 and 12%) in dry matter basis. Diets consisted of 60% alfalfa hay and 40% corn and glycerol substituted the corn in the diet. In addition to the 48 hours traditionally applied in digestibility assays, different in-vitro digestibility times were used (0; 4; 8; 16; 48, 72 and 96 hours) in order to study digestion kinetics. The dietary corn substitution for increasing crude glycerol levels did not affect ammonia nitrogen content, metabolizable energy content, in-vitro digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber, nor ruminal degradation parameters. However this by-product of biodiesel production may be tested in-vivo as an alternative energy feedstuff in ruminant diets.
Collapse
|
37
|
Islas A, Gilbery TC, Goulart RS, Dahlen CR, Bauer ML, Swanson KC. Influence of supplementation with corn dried distillers grains plus solubles to growing calves fed medium-quality hay on growth performance and feeding behavior. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:705-11. [PMID: 24352960 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of increasing supplementation of corn dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and feeding behavior, 70 steer calves (287 ± 10 kg of BW) were blocked by BW to 3 pens equipped with Insentec feeders. For 84 d, calves were fed medium-quality grass/legume hay offered for ad libitum intake and provided 1 of 3 dietary supplemental treatments (n = 7 or 8 steers per treatment within each pen; n = 23 or 24 per treatment): 1) nothing, 2) DDGS at 0.5% of BW daily (DM basis), and 3) DDGS at 1% of BW daily (DM basis). Hay intake (kg/d and % of BW daily) decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as DDGS supplementation increased. Total DMI (kg/d and % of BW) increased linearly (P < 0.001) with DDGS supplementation. Average daily gain and gain efficiency (G:F) responded quadratically (P ≤ 0.006) as G:F increased to a lesser extent when DDGS supplementation increased from 0.5 to 1% than from 0 to 0.5%. Meals (number per day) and time eating per meal for hay and total diet decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.006) with increasing DDGS supplementation. Time eating per day for hay responded quadratically (P < 0.001) and decreased to a greater extent when increasing from 0 to 0.5% DDGS supplementation than from 0.5 to 1% DDGS. Feed intake per minute (eating rate) for hay and total diet increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing DDGS supplementation. On d 84, LM area, back fat thickness, and rump fat thickness increased linearly (P ≤ 0.006) with increasing DDGS supplementation. There were significant day × treatment interactions (P < 0.001) for plasma glucose and urea-N concentrations. Glucose did not change over the feeding period in control steers but increased in both supplemented groups. Urea-N decreased for control steers over the feeding period whereas urea-N increased in supplemented steers. In conclusion, supplementation of DDGS in amounts of 0.5 or 1% of BW daily can be used to reduce hay intake and improve ADG and G:F in growing steers fed medium-quality hay. Additionally, DDGS supplementation alters feeding behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Islas
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58102
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Soca P, Carriquiry M, Keisler DH, Claramunt M, Do Carmo M, Olivera-Muzante J, Rodríguez M, Meikle A. Reproductive and productive response to suckling restriction and dietary flushing in primiparous grazing beef cows. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present experiment were to analyse the reproductive and productive responses to suckling-restriction treatments and flushing in primiparous grazing beef cows. During 3 years, 153 primiparous anoestrus cows were assigned randomly to one of four treatments in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of suckling-management treatments and flushing. Suckling-restriction treatments started at 61 ± 10 days postpartum and consisted of applying nose plates to calves for 12 days (i.e. TS treatment) or 5 days of isolation of the calf from the cow followed by applying nose plates to calves for 7 days as calves were reunited with their mothers (i.e. IS treatment). Nutritional treatments (flushing v. control) started at the beginning of the breeding season, immediately after the suckling-restriction treatments were finished (73 ± 10 days postpartum), with cows receiving or not receiving 2 kg/day of whole-rice middling for 22 days. Cow body condition score (BCS) was recorded every 20 days from calving until 120 days postpartum. Duration of postpartum anoestrus (PPA) and probability of cyclicity were estimated by plasma progesterone concentrations analysed in weekly samples. Pregnant cows were determined by ultrasound 42 days after bull introduction (early pregnancy; EP) and 30 days after the end of the breeding season (total pregnancy; TP). BCS at calving and changes in BCS from calving to the day of BCS nadir (ΔBCS) varied among years depending on forage availability and weather conditions. Increased cow BCS at calving decreased PPA (b = –41 days, P < 0.0001) and, in interaction with ΔBCS, increased EP (P < 0.008) and TP (P < 0.003). Calf weights at weaning and average daily gain were not affected by suckling-restriction or flushing treatments. Isolated temporary suckling control reduced PPA by 11 days when compared with temporary suckling control (P < 0.004). Flushing increased EP by 40%, which was also affected by BCS at calving and was greater in cows that gained, than in those that maintained or lost BCS. We conclude that flushing was useful in improving early pregnancy rates of primiparous beef cows with ‘suboptimal’ body condition (lower than 4.5) at calving and grazing native pasture.
Collapse
|
39
|
Martínez-Pérez MF, Calderón-Mendoza D, Islas A, Encinias AM, Loya-Olguín F, Soto-Navarro SA. Effect of corn dry distiller grains plus solubles supplementation level on performance and digestion characteristics of steers grazing native range during forage growing season. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:1350-61. [PMID: 23230120 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of corn dry distiller grains plus condensed solubles (DDGS) supplementation level on performance digestion characteristics of steers grazing native range during the forage growing season. In the performance study, 72 (206 ± 23.6 kg; 2008) and 60 (230 ± 11.3 kg; 2009) English crossbred steer calves were used in a randomized complete block design replicated over 2 yr. The grazing periods lasted 56 and 58 d and started on August 11 and 18 for 2008 and 2009, respectively. Each year, steers were blocked by BW (light, medium, and heavy), stratified by BW within blocks, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 grazing groups. Each grazing group (6 steers in 2008 and 5 in 2009) was assigned to a DDGS supplementation levels (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% BW). Grazing group served as the experimental unit with 12 groups per year receiving 1 of 4 treatments for 2 yr (n = 6). In the metabolism study, 16 English crossbred steers (360 ± 28.9 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas grazing native range during the summer growing season were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate treatment effects on forage intake and digestion. The experiment was conducted during the first and second weeks of October 2008. Steers were randomly assigned to supplement level (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% BW; n = 4) and grazed a single native range pasture with supplements offered individually once daily at 0700 h. In the performance study, ADG (0.64, 0.75, 0.80, and 0.86 ± 0.03 kg/d for 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% BW, respectively) increased linearly (P = 0.01) with increasing DDGS supplementation level. In the metabolism study, forage OM, NDF, CP, and ether extract (EE) intake decreased (P ≤ 0.05) linearly with increasing DDGS supplementation level. Total CP and EE intake increased (P ≤ 0.002) with increasing DDGS supplementation level. Digestibility of OM, NDF, and EE increased (linear; P ≤ 0.008) whereas the soluble CP fraction of forage masticate sample linearly increased (P = 0.01) and slowly degradable CP fraction linearly decreased (P = 0.05) with increasing DDGS supplementation level. Forage in situ masticate DM and NDF disappearance rate decreased (quadratic; P ≤ 0.05) and DDGS in situ DM disappearance rate increased (linear; P = 0.03) with increasing supplementation levels. These results indicate that DDGS supplementation enhanced grazing performance and total-tract digestion of steers grazing native range during the forage growing season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Martínez-Pérez
- Animal and Range Sciences Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003-8003, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dennis TS, Unruh-Snyder LJ, Neary MK, Nennich TD. Effects of co-grazing dairy heifers with goats on animal performance, dry matter yield, and pasture forage composition. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4467-77. [PMID: 22952353 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed livestock grazing can offer an alternative management system for rearing dairy replacement heifers (Bos taurus). A 2-yr study was conducted during 2009 (yr 1) and 2010 (yr 2) to determine the effects of co-grazing Holstein heifers under rotational stocking with Boer × Kiko goats on animal performance, pasture DM yield, and botanical composition. Each year, 24 heifers (134 ± 6 d of age and 147.4 ± 31.2 kg BW in yr 1; 166 ± 11 d of age and 168.0 ± 27.6 kg BW in yr 2) and 6 goats (2 yr old and 39.7 ± 16.2 kg BW in yr 1; 1 yr old and 33.7 ± 7.4 kg BW in yr 2) were divided into 6 paddocks with 4 heifers and 2 goats, where applicable, per group. Low endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pastures were used to evaluate 2 grazing strategies (heifers grazed alone [HO] or heifers co-grazed with goats [HG]). In addition, 6 goats were assigned to 2 paddocks and grazed alone (GO) each year to estimate goat pasture forage intake and compare Haemonchus contortus infection to co-grazed goats. Forage samples were taken monthly to assess DM yield and botanical composition. Samples collected for botanical composition were manually sorted into grass, legume, and weed species. Forage DMI was estimated using a rising plate meter before and after grazing. Heifer BW at the conclusion of yr 1 and yr 2 did not differ between HO and HG (P = 0.40 and P = 0.12, respectively). Likewise, overall ADG did not differ between HO and HG, averaging 0.65 kg/d and 0.63 kg/d over both grazing seasons (P = 0.70). Grazing strategy did not affect forage or total DMI in yr 1; however, HO consumed 2.3 kg/d more forage DM than HG (P < 0.01), resulting in greater total DMI for HO in yr 2 (P < 0.01). Heights at the hip and withers were greater for HO than for HG during both grazing seasons (P < 0.05). Weed presence did not differ between grazing strategies over both grazing seasons as determined by manual harvesting, but visual estimation of botanical composition at the end of yr 2 showed that HO paddocks had 3.5 times more weed presence than HG pastures (P < 0.01). Within the confines of this study, co-grazing did not affect overall heifer BW gain, but it decreased DMI, suggesting that dairy heifers can be co-grazed with goats without negative effects on ADG or feed efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Dennis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Moriel P, Cooke RF, Bohnert DW, Vendramini JMB, Arthington JD. Effects of energy supplementation frequency and forage quality on performance, reproductive, and physiological responses of replacement beef heifers1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2371-80. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Moriel
- University of Florida– IFAS, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona 33865; and
| | - R. F. Cooke
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - D. W. Bohnert
- Oregon State University – Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - J. M. B. Vendramini
- University of Florida– IFAS, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona 33865; and
| | - J. D. Arthington
- University of Florida– IFAS, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona 33865; and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Islas A, Soto-Navarro SA. Effect of supplementation of dried distillers grains with solubles on forage intake and characteristics of digestion of beef heifers grazing small-grain pasture1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1229-37. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
43
|
Scholljegerdes EJ, Kronberg SL. Effect of supplemental ground flaxseed fed to beef cattle grazing summer native range on the northern Great Plains1,2. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2108-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
44
|
|
45
|
Goularte S, Ítavo L, Morais M, Ítavo C, Santos G, Dias A, Bezerra F, Azevedo Júnior N, Calvis D. Consumo de nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais de vacas alimentadas com diferentes níveis de energia na dieta. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se a influência de níveis de concentrado na dieta de bovinos. Utilizaram-se quatro vacas fistuladas no rúmen, distribuídas em quadrado latino 4x4, sobre o consumo, pH ruminal e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Foi utilizada a silagem de milho, como volumoso, e concentrado, à base de milho, sorgo, farelo de soja, casca de soja, ureia e gordura protegida. As dietas foram isoproteicas com 18,6% de proteína bruta, utilizando valores crescentes de extrato etéreo (5,7; 6,6; 7,5 e 8,4%) para os níveis de concentrado de 30; 40; 50 e 60%. Os valores médios de pH ruminal foram 6,71; 6,64; 6,63; 6,69 e as concentrações médias de N-NH3 de 37,40; 39,62; 35,59 e 34,13mg/100mL de líquido ruminal. O tratamento com 7,5% de extrato etéreo apresentou média de consumo de fibra detergente neutro mais alto que os demais tratamentos, com máximo consumo de matéria seca estimado em 10,47kg/dia. Dietas com gordura protegida não interferiram no ambiente ruminal, até níveis de 8,4% de extrato etéreo, apresentando melhor eficiência com relação ao consumo de 55% de concentrado.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
A 2-yr production study was conducted to evaluate 3 systems of growing stocker calves under rotational stocking. One group of steers was stocked on pasture from early April to mid August (spring-stocked steers = SSS), and another group of steers was stocked from early July to late October (fall-stocked steers = FSS). Steers were stratified by BW (n = 72, BW = 229 +/- 11 kg for SSS; n = 72, BW = 248 +/- 18 kg for FSS) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. The 3 treatments were 1) rotationally stocked only (control; CON), steers rotated to a new paddock as forage availability dropped below acceptable levels in the occupied paddock; 2) rotationally stocked with distillers grains (DIST); this was the same as CON except steers were supplemented with varying amounts of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) based on forage nutritive value; and 3) rotationally stocked with round-bale silage (SIL); excess forage in spring was harvested and stored as round-bale silage and fed back as needed. Total BW gain/ha over the entire grazing season did not differ between DIST and SIL (P = 0.09) steers, but both were greater than CON (P < 0.01). Total BW gain/ha for DIST, SIL, and CON was 459 (SEM = 11.5), 402 (SEM = 31.0), and 276 (SEM = 26.2) kg, respectively. For ADG, there was a group x year (P < 0.01) and group x treatment (P = 0.02) interaction. Steer ADG for SSS did not differ between SIL and DIST (P = 0.51), but was greater than the CON (P = 0.01). The ADG for SSS was 0.79 (SEM = 0.04), 0.81 (SEM = 0.05), and 0.62 (SEM = 0.05) kg for DIST, SIL, and CON, respectively. For the FSS, ADG for all 3 treatments was different (P = 0.02). The FSS ADG was 0.72 (SEM = 0.03), 0.53 (SEM = 0.04), and 0.29 (SEM = 0.04) kg for DIST, SIL, and CON, respectively. The only treatment with equivalent (P = 0.07) ADG between early and late-stocked steers (SSS vs. FSS) was DIST. Adjusting the amount of DDGS supplemented to steers based on forage nutritive value resulted in consistent BW gains throughout the grazing study, whereas steers in the SIL and CON treatments gained less BW during the latter portion of the season. Controlling forage maturity by removal in the SIL treatment resulted in total BW gains/ha that were not different than the DIST treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Bailey
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rauw WM, Thain DS, Teglas MB, Wuliji T, Sandstrom MA, Gomez-Raya L. Adaptability of pregnant Merino ewes to the cold desert climate in Nevada. J Anim Sci 2009; 88:860-70. [PMID: 19933439 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing ability is difficult to record in animals under free-ranging conditions without sophisticated methods. Alternatively, grazing ability may be indirectly inferred from changes in BW and production characteristics during the grazing period. The present study investigated the effect of grazing on resource-limited rangelands on BW, wool characteristics, and offspring weaning weights in nine hundred five 5/8, 7/8, and fullblood Merino ewes of 2 to 7 yr of age during a grazing period of approximately 2.5 mo (between January and March). A total of 469 ewes gave birth to a single lamb, 248 to twin lambs, and 188 did not give birth. Body weights were measured and wool samples taken before and after the ewes were allowed to graze freely on the rangelands; absolute change in BW and change in BW as a percentage of initial BW were estimated. On average, grazing on resource-poor rangelands resulted in BW loss, a reduction in fiber diameter and its CV, and increased staple length. Animals with finer wool at the start of the grazing period lost phenotypically (r = -0.07, P < 0.05) and genetically (r = -0.23, P < 0.05) less BW during the grazing period and had a greater probability to carry 1 lamb (or 2) to term (P < 0.05). Animals that lost less BW produced more greasy fleece (r = 0.09, P < 0.01). Body weight change did not significantly influence offspring weaning weights. Change in BW was moderately heritable at h(2) = 0.29; fiber diameter was strongly heritable at h(2) = 0.51. Animals with the least inclusion of Merino genetics lost more BW (P < 0.01) during the grazing period and had a more uniform fiber diameter (P < 0.05) but shorter staples (P < 0.05) and less fleece (P < 0.0001) than animals with a greater level of Merino genetics. Our results indicate that animals with finer wool appeared to be better adapted to the cold Nevada desert. Thus, selection for finer wool may positively influence adaptability to resource-limited cold climate conditions; alternatively, BW change may be selected for directly. Because nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy can have adverse consequences for the offspring, indirect selection for grazing ability would foremost result in healthier ewes that can produce lambs and wool without compromising their welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Rauw
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Effects of concentrate supplementation on carcass and meat quality attributes of feedlot finished Small East African goats. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Influence of Distillers Dried Grain Supplementation Frequency on Forage Digestibility and Growth Performance of Beef Cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
50
|
Kanyinji F, Kumagai H, Maeda T, Kaneshima S, Yokoi D. Effects of supplementary inosine on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen balance in goats fed high amount of concentrate. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|