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Cooke RF, Eloy LR, Bosco SC, Lasmar PVF, de Simas JMC, Leiva T, de Medeiros SR. An updated meta-analysis of the anti-methanogenic effects of monensin in beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae032. [PMID: 38595989 PMCID: PMC11003526 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses were performed to quantitatively summarize the effects of monensin on in vivo methane (CH4) production in beef cattle, and differentiate these outcomes according to dietary management, dose of monensin, and length of monensin supplementation. Data from 11 manuscripts describing 20 individual studies were used, and CH4 was converted to g/d when required. Studies were classified according to dose of monensin (mg/kg of diet dry matter), length of monensin supplementation prior to the last CH4 measurement, feeding management (ad libitum vs. limited-fed), and diet profile (high-forage or high-concentrate diets). Variance among studies were assessed using a χ² test of heterogeneity and calculated using I² statistics. The inclusion of monensin decreased (P < 0.01) CH4 production by 17.5 g/d when all studies were analyzed together. A moderate (P < 0.01) heterogeneity (I² = 55%) was detected for CH4 production estimates between studies; thus, meta-analyses were performed within classes. The reduction in CH4 differed (P < 0.01) according to dose of monensin, as it decreased (P < 0.01) by 25.6 g/d when the high recommended dose range was used (32 to 44 mg/kg), and tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.07) by 9.7 and 13.5 g/d when the moderate (≤31 mg/kg) and above recommended (≥45 mg/kg) doses were used, respectively. The reduction in CH4 also differed (P < 0.01) according to the length of monensin supplementation. Monensin decreased (P ≤ 0.05) CH4 production by 24.3 g/d when supplemented for <15 d, by 15.4 g/d when supplemented from 23 to 33 d, by 24.3 g/d when supplemented from 52 to 79 d, and tended to decrease (P = 0.06) CH4 production by 3.21 g/d when supplemented from 94 to 161 d. The reduction in CH4 did not differ (P = 0.37) according to diet profile, despite a 30% difference in reduction when monensin was added to high-forage (20.89 g/d) compared with high-concentrate diets (14.6 g/d). The reduction in CH4 tended to differ according to feeding management (P = 0.08), decreasing by 22.9 g/d (P < 0.01) when monensin was added to diets offered ad libitum, and by 11.5 g/d (P = 0.05) in limit-fed diets. Collectively, this study provides novel insights and further corroborates monensin as CH4 mitigation strategy in beef cattle operations. The most effective responses were observed during the first 79 d of monensin supplementation, and when monensin was included between 32 to 44 mg/kg of diet, was added to high-forage diets, and added to diets fed ad libitum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science - Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Lidiane R Eloy
- Analisa Soluções em Estatística, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-000, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Bosco
- Analisa Soluções em Estatística, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tiago Leiva
- Elanco Animal Health, São Paulo, SP 04703-002, Brazil
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Benchaar C, Hassanat F, Côrtes C. Assessment of the Effects of Commercial or Locally Engineered Biochars Produced from Different Biomass Sources and Differing in Their Physical and Chemical Properties on Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3280. [PMID: 37894004 PMCID: PMC10603727 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in using biochar as feed additives to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants has increased. It has been suggested that the mitigating potential of biochar is influenced by its physical (e.g., porosity-related) and chemical (e.g., redox-potential-related) properties. Thus, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of commercial or locally engineered biochars, produced from different biomass sources and differing in their physical and chemical characteristics, on rumen fermentation and CH4 production. For this purpose, a 24 h batch culture of ruminal fluid incubations was conducted in a complete randomized block design (repeated three times) that included a negative control (no additive), a positive control (monensin, 10 mg/mL), and four commercial and three locally engineered biochars, each evaluated at 1%, 2%, or 5% of the substrate's (i.e., the total mixed ration) dry matter. The evaluated biochars greatly differ in their chemical (i.e., moisture, ash, pH, redox potential, volatiles, carbon, fixed carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur) and physical (i.e., fine particles < 250 µm, bulk density, true density, porosity, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and absorbed CO2) properties. Despite these differences and compared with the negative control, none of the biochars evaluated (regardless of the inclusion rate) influenced gas and CH4 production, volatile fatty acid characteristics (total concentration and profile), or ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations. As expected, monensin (i.e., the positive control) decreased (p < 0.05) CH4 production mainly because of a decreased (p < 0.05) acetate-to-propionate ratio. The results of this study reveal that despite the large differences in the physical and chemical properties of the biochars evaluated, their inclusion at different rates in vitro failed to modify rumen fermentation and decrease CH4 production. Based on these in vitro findings, it was concluded that biochar does not represent a viable strategy for mitigating enteric CH4 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaouki Benchaar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Fadi Hassanat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec Research and Development Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 2J3, Canada;
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Wallis BD, Gunter PA, Horn GW, Reuter R, Arnall B, Warren J, Lancaster SR, Lancaster PA. Replacing Fertilizer with Dried Distillers' Grains in Stocker Cattle Systems on Southern Great Plains Old World Bluestem, USA. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2904. [PMID: 37760304 PMCID: PMC10525274 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to examine the effects of dried distillers' grains supplementation and fertilization strategies on the cattle performance and resource use efficiency of stocker cattle grazing on Plains Old World bluestem. Over 4 consecutive years, heifers and steers (average n = 239) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) low input, low stocking density, and no fertilizer or distillers grains supplementation (LOW); (2) high stocking density and no fertilizer with distillers grains supplementation (DDGS); (3) high stocking density and 90 kg of nitrogen/ha with no distillers grains supplementation (NFERT); (4) high stocking density, 90 kg of nitrogen/ha, and 39 kg of phosphorus/ha with no distillers grains supplementation (NPFERT). Cattle grazed in the pastures from mid-May to mid-September each year, except for 2011, when the experiment ended in July due to lack of forage. Data were analyzed using a linear model with fixed effects of treatment, year, and treatment × year (R software). Nitrogen use efficiency (retained/inputs) was affected by a treatment × year interaction, where LOW had the greatest efficiency in all years and DDGS was greater than NFERT and NPFERT in all years except 2012, with NFERT and NPFERT being not different in all years. The estimated total carbon equivalent emissions were greater for DDGS, NFERT, and NPFERT than LOW, but the carbon footprint (kg CO2eq/kg weight gain) was lesser for LOW and DDGS, which were not different, than NFERT and NPFERT, which were also not different. Replacing nitrogen fertilizer with dried distiller's grains improved the cattle performance and the efficiency of resource use, and could be a viable economic alternative to traditional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brody D. Wallis
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Phillip A. Gunter
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Gerald W. Horn
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Ryan Reuter
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Brian Arnall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Jason Warren
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Sarah R. Lancaster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Phillip A. Lancaster
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
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Khurana R, Brand T, Tapio I, Bayat AR. Effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement on performance, rumen fermentation, methane production, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00273-4. [PMID: 37225588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement (GCE) on the performance, rumen fermentation, methane emissions, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows. Fourteen multiparous Nordic Red cows in mid-lactation from the research herd of Luke (Jokioinen, Finland) were allocated to 7 blocks in a complete randomized block design based on body weight, days in milk, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk yield. Animals within each block were randomly allocated to a diet with or without GCE. The experimental period for each block of cows (one for each of the control and GCE groups) consisted of 14 d of adaptation followed by 4 d of methane measurements inside the open circuit respiration chambers, with the first day being considered as acclimatization. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Methane production (g/d) and methane intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) were lower by 10.3 and 11.7%, respectively, and methane yield (g/kg of DMI) tended to be lower by 9.7% in cows fed GCE compared with the control. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition were similar between treatments. Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were similar, whereas GCE tended to increase molar propionate concentration and decrease the molar ratio of acetate to propionate. Supplementation with GCE resulted in greater abundance of Succinivibrionaceae, which was associated with reduced methane. The relative abundance of the strict anaerobic Methanobrevibacter genus was reduced by GCE. The change in microbial community and rumen propionate proportion may explain the decrease in enteric methane emissions. In conclusion, feeding GCE to dairy cows for 18 d modified rumen fermentation and microbiota, leading to reduced methane production and intensity without compromising DMI or milk production in dairy cows. This could be an effective strategy for enteric methane mitigation of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilma Tapio
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
| | - Ali-Reza Bayat
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland
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Marumo JL, LaPierre PA, Van Amburgh ME. Enteric Methane Emissions Prediction in Dairy Cattle and Effects of Monensin on Methane Emissions: A Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081392. [PMID: 37106954 PMCID: PMC10135289 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions, such as enteric methane (CH4) from ruminant livestock, have been linked to global warming. Thus, easily applicable CH4 management strategies, including the inclusion of dietary additives, should be in place. The objectives of the current study were to: (i) compile a database of animal records that supplemented monensin and investigate the effect of monensin on CH4 emissions; (ii) identify the principal dietary, animal, and lactation performance input variables that predict enteric CH4 production (g/d) and yield (g/kg of dry matter intake DMI); (iii) develop empirical models that predict CH4 production and yield in dairy cattle; and (iv) evaluate the newly developed models and published models in the literature. A significant reduction in CH4 production and yield of 5.4% and 4.0%, respectively, was found with a monensin supplementation of ≤24 mg/kg DM. However, no robust models were developed from the monensin database because of inadequate observations under the current paper's inclusion/exclusion criteria. Thus, further long-term in vivo studies of monensin supplementation at ≤24 mg/kg DMI in dairy cattle on CH4 emissions specifically beyond 21 days of feeding are reported to ensure the monensin effects on the enteric CH4 are needed. In order to explore CH4 predictions independent of monensin, additional studies were added to the database. Subsequently, dairy cattle CH4 production prediction models were developed using a database generated from 18 in vivo studies, which included 61 treatment means from the combined data of lactating and non-lactating cows (COM) with a subset of 48 treatment means for lactating cows (LAC database). A leave-one-out cross-validation of the derived models showed that a DMI-only predictor model had a similar root mean square prediction error as a percentage of the mean observed value (RMSPE, %) on the COM and LAC database of 14.7 and 14.1%, respectively, and it was the key predictor of CH4 production. All databases observed an improvement in prediction abilities in CH4 production with DMI in the models along with dietary forage proportion inclusion and the quadratic term of dietary forage proportion. For the COM database, the CH4 yield was best predicted by the dietary forage proportion only, while the LAC database was for dietary forage proportion, milk fat, and protein yields. The best newly developed models showed improved predictions of CH4 emission compared to other published equations. Our results indicate that the inclusion of dietary composition along with DMI can provide an improved CH4 production prediction in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce L Marumo
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - P Andrew LaPierre
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Ahmadzadeh-Gavahan L, Hosseinkhani A. Feed restriction and supplementing with propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride in periparturient Ghezel ewes: Implications on production and performance of ewes and their offspring. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wan YP, Liu ZH, Liu Y. Veterinary antibiotics in swine and cattle wastewaters of China and the United States: Features and differences. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1516-1529. [PMID: 33586826 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) have been widely used in livestock for disease prevention, treatment, and growth promotion. This study compared top 20 VAs in Chinese and US swine and cattle wastewater with published literatures. The sulfonamides (SAs) were found to be predominant, accounting for 62% of the top 20 VAs in Chinese swine wastewater, while tetracyclines (TCs) contributed to about 68.7% of the 18 VAs in US swine wastewater. The average concentration of the 20 major VAs in Chinese swine wastewater was estimated to be 1145 μg/L against 253.6 μg/L in the United States. On the other hand, the five major VAs in Chinese cattle wastewater were identified to be oxytetracycline, nafcillin, apramycin, lincomycin, and amikacin, while monensin was found to be dominant in US cattle wastewater. The average concentration of the top 20 VAs in Chinese and US cattle wastewaters were found to be 54.6 and 46.2 μg/L, respectively. These analyses suggested that VAs were probably over-used in Chinese swine industry, eventually causing the development and spreading of antibiotic resistant-bacteria and genes, which should be paid with attention. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Major veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in swine and cattle wastewater were identified. Top 20 VAs in swine and cattle wastewater of China and the United States were compared. VAs concentration in Chinese swine wastewater was 4.52 times that in the United States. VAs concentration in Chinese cattle wastewater was 1.18 times that of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Wu J, Bai Y, Lang X, Wang C, Shi X, Casper DP, Zhang L, Liu H, Liu T, Gong X, Liang T, Zhang R. Dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil and monensin in combination is antagonistic to growth performance of yearling Holstein bulls. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8119-8129. [PMID: 32684446 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work indicated that feeding oregano essential oil (OEO) in combination with monensin (MON) may not be mutually beneficial to dairy calf growth performance. To evaluate this observation further, a 240-d long-term growth experiment was conducted using 12 young growing Holstein bulls using a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Main factors were OEO and MON arranged in 4 individual treatments: (1) ration fed without OEO or MON (control), (2) OEO fed at 26 mg/kg of dry matter (DM), (3) MON fed at 25 mg/kg of DM, and (4) OEO and MON fed in combination (OEO+MON). Holstein bulls were 70 d of age and similar in body weight (BW; 93.3 ± 4.54 kg) and individually fed for 240 d. The targeted feeding rates of OEO and MON were blended into 200 g of concentrate and top dressed each morning to a corn stalklage-based ration. Body weights, frame measurements, and blood samples were collected monthly. Interactions of OEO by MON were detected for BW, BW gain, average daily gain, and a trend for feed conversion. Bulls fed OEO or MON demonstrated greater final BW (368, 385, 381, and 358 kg for control, OEO, MON, and OEO+MON, respectively), and BW gains (278, 292, 285, and 265 kg) and average daily gain (1.16, 1.22, 1.19, 1.11 kg/d) were greatest for bulls fed OEO or MON compared with bulls fed OEO+MON; bulls fed the control were intermediate and similar to bulls fed MON. Intake of DM was greater for bulls fed OEO (6.55, 6.99, 6.60, and 6.42 kg/d) compared with bulls fed remaining treatments. Frame growth gain measurements for heart girth, abdominal girth, withers height, body length, and cannon bone circumference were similar for bulls fed all treatments. Serum triglyceride (0.23, 0.25, 0.28, and 0.24 mmol/L) concentrations were greater for bulls fed MON compared with bulls fed the control and OEO+MON, and bulls fed OEO were intermediate and similar. Cholesterol (2.06, 2.29, 2.20, and 2.07 mmol/L) concentrations were greater for bulls fed OEO compared with bulls fed the control and OEO+MON, and bulls fed MON were intermediate and similar. Serum antioxidant measurements were similar for bulls fed all treatments. Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations were similar for bulls fed all treatments. Feeding OEO or MON separately can improve growth performance of growing Holstein bulls. We do not know why the combination of OEO and MON is antagonistic to growth performance of Holstein bulls. However, these technologies should not be fed in combination to growing dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Sheep, Goat, and Cattle Germplasm and Straw Feed in Gansu Province, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China; Institute of Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, No. 967 East Street Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yan Bai
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Sheep, Goat, and Cattle Germplasm and Straw Feed in Gansu Province, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Lang
- Key Laboratory for Sheep, Goat, and Cattle Germplasm and Straw Feed in Gansu Province, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China; Animal Husbandry, Pasture, and Green Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Cailian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sheep, Goat, and Cattle Germplasm and Straw Feed in Gansu Province, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China; Animal Husbandry, Pasture, and Green Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | | | - Liping Zhang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural and Economic Information, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xuyin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Sheep, Goat, and Cattle Germplasm and Straw Feed in Gansu Province, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China; Animal Husbandry, Pasture, and Green Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Agricultural Academy Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Tingyu Liang
- Institute of Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, No. 967 East Street Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village Anning, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
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Freitas P, Oliveira H, Silva F, Fleming A, Miglior F, Schenkel F, Brito L. Genomic analyses for predicted milk fatty acid composition throughout lactation in North American Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6318-6331. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Methane Emissions and Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Dairy Cows Fed Linseed, Measured at the Group Level in a Naturally Ventilated Housing and Individually in Respiration Chambers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061091. [PMID: 32599809 PMCID: PMC7341325 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cows emit the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) as a result of microbial feed digestion. Methane emissions can be reduced by adopting nutritional strategies, such as dietary supplementation of linseed. Additionally, the oil in linseed increases the proportion of favorable fatty acids in milk fat. This study evaluated the effect of linseed on CH4 emission and milk fatty acid composition measured in a group of cows in a naturally ventilated barn and in individual cows in respiration chambers. The substantially higher proportions of favorable fatty acids in the milk of linseed-fed cows were detected in individual milk samples and in the milk of the herd. Therefore, the analysis of bulk milk could be a suitable control instrument for retailers. Visualizing the course of CH4 emissions over a whole day showed slightly lower CH4 values in linseed-supplemented individuals and groups. However, we found no significant reduction of CH4 as a result of linseed supplementation. Feed supplements in concentrations that are effective in reducing CH4 must show whether the reduction potential is comparable when determined at the group and individual levels. Abstract The present study evaluated the effects of linseed supplementation on CH4 emission and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows measured at the group level in an experimental dairy loose housing using a tracer gas technique and individually in tied stalls and respiration chambers. Cows (2 × 20) were maintained in two separate sections under loose-housing conditions and received a diet supplemented with extruded linseed (L) lipids (29 g·kg−1 dry matter) or a control (C) diet containing corn flour. Subsequently, 2 × 6 cows per dietary group were investigated in a tied-housing system and respiration chambers. Substantially higher proportions of favorable milk fatty acids were recovered in L cows when compared with C cows at the group level, making the analysis of bulk milk a suitable control instrument for retailers. Linseed supplementation resulted in a slightly lower diurnal course of CH4 emission intensity than the control at the group and individual levels. However, we found no more than a trend for a CH4 mitigating effect, unlike in other studies supplementing similar linseed lipid levels. Feed supplements in concentrations that lead to a significant reduction in CH4 emissions must show whether the reduction potential determined at the group and individual levels is comparable.
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11
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Islam M, Lee SS. Advanced estimation and mitigation strategies: a cumulative approach to enteric methane abatement from ruminants. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:122-137. [PMID: 31333869 PMCID: PMC6582924 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methane, one of the important greenhouse gas, has a higher global warming
potential than that of carbon dioxide. Agriculture, especially livestock, is
considered as the biggest sector in producing anthropogenic methane. Among
livestock, ruminants are the highest emitters of enteric methane.
Methanogenesis, a continuous process in the rumen, carried out by archaea either
with a hydrogenotrophic pathway that converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide to
methane or with methylotrophic pathway, which the substrate for methanogenesis
is methyl groups. For accurate estimation of methane from ruminants, three
methods have been successfully used in various experiments under different
environmental conditions such as respiration chamber, sulfur hexafluoride tracer
technique, and the automated head-chamber or GreenFeed system. Methane
production and emission from ruminants are increasing day by day with an
increase of ruminants which help to meet up the nutrient demands of the
increasing human population throughout the world. Several mitigation strategies
have been taken separately for methane abatement from ruminant productions such
as animal intervention, diet selection, dietary feed additives, probiotics,
defaunation, supplementation of fats, oils, organic acids, plant secondary
metabolites, etc. However, sustainable mitigation strategies are not established
yet. A cumulative approach of accurate enteric methane measurement and existing
mitigation strategies with more focusing on the biological reduction of methane
emission by direct-fed microbials could be the sustainable methane mitigation
approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuzul Islam
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
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12
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Focant M, Froidmont E, Archambeau Q, Dang Van Q, Larondelle Y. The effect of oak tannin (Quercus robur) and hops (Humulus lupulus) on dietary nitrogen efficiency, methane emission, and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed a low-protein diet including linseed. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1144-1159. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility in ruminants following elimination of protozoa: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:89. [PMID: 30568796 PMCID: PMC6298016 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants. Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks, the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa (also termed defaunation). A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated. Results The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate, but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility. However, these effects were diminished linearly, at different rates, with time during the first few weeks after defaunation, and eventually reached relative stability. The acetate to propionate ratio and methane production were increased at 7 and 11 wk after defaunation, respectively. Conclusions Elimination of protozoa initially shifted the rumen fermentation toward the production of more propionate and less methane, but eventually toward the production of less propionate and more methane over time.
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Ogunade I, Schweickart H, Andries K, Lay J, Adeyemi J. Monensin Alters the Functional and Metabolomic Profile of Rumen Microbiota in Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8110211. [PMID: 30453603 PMCID: PMC6262558 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Monensin can enhance the efficiency of feed utilization by modulating rumen fermentation; however, its effects on rumen function has not been fully described. Thus, this study integrated metagenomics and metabolomics analysis to identify differences in functional attributes and metabolites of rumen microbiota in beef steers fed no or 200 mg/d of monensin. Our results showed differences in relative abundance of functional genes involved in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism as well as changes in rumen fluid metabolites and their metabolic pathways. This study revealed a better understanding of the effects of monensin, which may enable more effective use of this additive for beef cattle production. Abstract To identify differences in rumen function as a result of feeding monensin to beef cattle, rumen fluid metagenomics and metabolomics analyses were used to evaluate the functional attributes and metabolites of rumen microbiota in beef steers fed no or 200 mg/d of monensin. Eight rumen-fistulated steers were used in the study for a period of 53 days. Rumen fluid samples were collected on the last day of the experiment. Monensin increased the relative abundance of Selenomonas sp. ND2010, Prevotella dentalis, Hallella seregens, Parabacteroides distasonis, Propionispira raffinosivorans, and Prevotella brevis, but reduced the relative abundance of Robinsoniella sp. KNHs210, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium symbiosum, Burkholderia sp. LMG29324, and Clostridium butyricum. Monensin increased the relative abundance of functional genes involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. A total of 245 metabolites were identified. Thirty-one metabolites were found to be differentially expressed. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed metabolites revealed upregulated metabolic pathways associated with metabolism of linoleic acid and some amino acids. These findings confirm that monensin affects rumen fermentation of forage-fed beef cattle by modulating the rumen microbiome, and by reducing amino acid degradation and biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun Ogunade
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - Hank Schweickart
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - Kenneth Andries
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - Jerusha Lay
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - James Adeyemi
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
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15
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Puchala R, LeShure S, Gipson TA, Tesfai K, Flythe MD, Goetsch AL. Effects of different levels of lespedeza and supplementation with monensin, coconut oil, or soybean oil on ruminal methane emission by mature Boer goat wethers after different lengths of feeding. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1473253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA
| | - Shirron LeShure
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA
| | - Terry A. Gipson
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA
| | - Kesete Tesfai
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA
| | - Michael D. Flythe
- Forage Animal Production Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arthur L. Goetsch
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK, USA
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16
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Moate PJ, Jacobs JL, Hannah MC, Morris GL, Beauchemin KA, Alvarez Hess PS, Eckard RJ, Liu Z, Rochfort S, Wales WJ, Williams SRO. Adaptation responses in milk fat yield and methane emissions of dairy cows when wheat was included in their diet for 16 weeks. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7117-7132. [PMID: 29729908 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-term studies have shown that feeding dairy cows diets containing a high proportion (>40%) of wheat may result in reduced milk fat concentration and reduced CH4 emissions (g of CH4/cow per d), but no long-term studies have been done on these responses. This study compared the milk production and CH4 responses when 24 dairy cows were fed diets containing high proportions of either wheat or corn over 16 wk. Cows were assigned to 2 groups and offered a diet (CRN) containing 10.0 kg of dry matter/d of crushed corn grain, 1.8 kg of dry matter/d of canola meal, 0.2 kg of dry matter/d of minerals, and 11.0 kg of dry matter/d of chopped alfalfa hay or a similar diet (WHT) in which wheat replaced the corn. Dry matter intake and milk yields of individual cows were measured daily. Methane emissions from individual cows were measured using controlled climate respiration chambers over 2 consecutive days during each of wk 4, 10, and 16. Milk composition was measured on the 2 d when cows were in chambers during wk 4, 10, and 16. Over the 16-wk experimental period, total dry matter intake remained relatively constant and similar for the 2 dietary treatment groups. At wk 4, CH4 emission, CH4 yield (g of CH4/kg of dry matter intake), milk fat yield, and milk fat concentration were substantially less in cows fed the WHT diet compared with the same metrics in cows fed the CRN diet; but these differences were not apparent at wk 10 and 16. The responses over time in these metrics were not similar in all cows. In 4 cows fed the WHT diet, CH4 yield, milk fat concentration, and milk fat yield remained relatively constant from wk 4 to 16, whereas for 5 fed the WHT diet, their CH4 emissions, milk fat yields, and milk fat concentrations almost doubled between wk 4 and 16. In the short term (4 wk), the inclusion of approximately 45% wheat instead of corn in the diet of cows resulted in reductions of 39% in CH4 yield, 35% in milk fat concentration, and 40% in milk fat yield. However, these reductions did not persist to wk 10 or beyond. Our data indicate that cows do not all respond in the same way with some "adaptive" cows showing a marked increase in CH4 yield, milk fat concentration, and milk fat yield after wk 4, whereas in other "nonadaptive" cows, these metrics were persistently inhibited to 16 wk. This research shows that short-term studies on dietary interventions to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions may not always predict the long-term effects of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Moate
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia.
| | - J L Jacobs
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
| | - M C Hannah
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
| | - G L Morris
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
| | - K A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - P S Alvarez Hess
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - R J Eckard
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - S Rochfort
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - W J Wales
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
| | - S R O Williams
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Agriculture Research Victoria, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
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17
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Li ZJ, Ren H, Liu SM, Cai CJ, Han JT, Li F, Yao JH. Dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal fermentation, and alfalfa degradation during adaptation to monensin supplementation in goats. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1048-1059. [PMID: 29248222 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the temporal (hourly within a day and daily over the long term) effects of monensin on CH4 emissions, ruminal fermentation, and in situ alfalfa degradation in dairy goats during dietary monensin supplementation by controlling the confounding effects of feed intake and ambient temperature. Six ruminally cannulated dairy goats were used, and they were housed in environmental chambers and fed a restricted amount of ration throughout the experiment. The experiment included a baseline period of 20 d followed by a treatment period of 55 d with 32 mg of monensin/d. During the whole experiment, CH4 production was measured every 5 d, whereas fermentation characteristics and in situ alfalfa degradation were analyzed every 10 d. The CH4-depressing effect of monensin was time dependent on the duration of treatment, highly effective at d 5 but thereafter decreased gradually until d 55 even though CH4-suppressing effect still remained significant. The decreasing effects of monensin on ruminal acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio also faded over days of treatment, and the acetate proportion returned up to the pre-supplementation level on d 50. Monensin supplementation elevated ruminal propionate proportion and decreased the effective ruminal degradability of alfalfa NDF, but both measurements tended to recover over time. The postprandial increase rate of hourly CH4 emissions was reduced, whereas that of propionate proportion was enhanced by monensin supplementation. However, the postprandial responses to monensin in CH4 emission rates, ruminal VFA profiles, and in situ degradation kinetics declined with both hours after feeding and days of treatment. Our results suggest that the CH4-suppressing effect of monensin supplementation in goats was attributed to reductions in both ruminal feed degradation and acetate to propionate ratio, but those reductions faded with time, hours after feeding, and days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - H Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - S M Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - C J Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - J T Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - F Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - J H Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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18
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Kozerski ND, Signoretti RD, Souza JC, Souza Daley V, Freitas JA. Use of monensin in lactating crossbred dairy cows (Holstein × Gyr) raised on tropical pastures with concentrate supplementation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Medjekal S, Bodas R, Bousseboua H, López S. Evaluation of three medicinal plants for methane production potential, fiber digestion and rumen fermentation in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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A comparative study on the efficacy of Garlicon and monensin supplementation on blood metabolites and performance of fattening lambs. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Narayana SG, Schenkel FS, Fleming A, Koeck A, Malchiodi F, Jamrozik J, Johnston J, Sargolzaei M, Miglior F. Genetic analysis of groups of mid-infrared predicted fatty acids in milk. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4731-4744. [PMID: 28342614 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate genetic variability of mid-infrared predicted fatty acid groups in Canadian Holstein cattle. Genetic parameters were estimated for 5 groups of fatty acids: short-chain (4 to 10 carbons), medium-chain (11 to 16 carbons), long-chain (17 to 22 carbons), saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids. The data set included 49,127 test-day records from 10,029 first-lactation Holstein cows in 810 herds. The random regression animal test-day model included days in milk, herd-test date, and age-season of calving (polynomial regression) as fixed effects, herd-year of calving, animal additive genetic effect, and permanent environment effects as random polynomial regressions, and random residual effect. Legendre polynomials of the third degree were selected for the fixed regression for age-season of calving effect and Legendre polynomials of the fourth degree were selected for the random regression for animal additive genetic, permanent environment, and herd-year effect. The average daily heritability over the lactation for the medium-chain fatty acid group (0.32) was higher than for the short-chain (0.24) and long-chain (0.23) fatty acid groups. The average daily heritability for the saturated fatty acid group (0.33) was greater than for the unsaturated fatty acid group (0.21). Estimated average daily genetic correlations were positive among all fatty acid groups and ranged from moderate to high (0.63-0.96). The genetic correlations illustrated similarities and differences in their origin and the makeup of the groupings based on chain length and saturation. These results provide evidence for the existence of genetic variation in mid-infrared predicted fatty acid groups, and the possibility of improving milk fatty acid profile through genetic selection in Canadian dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Narayana
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Fleming
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - A Koeck
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F Malchiodi
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Jamrozik
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - J Johnston
- Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - M Sargolzaei
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Semex Alliance, Guelph, ON, N1H 6J2, Canada
| | - F Miglior
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
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Diet supplementation with cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde, or monensin does not reduce enteric methane production of dairy cows. Animal 2016; 10:418-25. [PMID: 26888487 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111500230x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of cinnamon oil (CIN), cinnamaldehyde (CDH), or monensin (MON) on enteric methane (CH4) emission in dairy cows. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design (28-day periods). Cows were fed (ad libitum) a total mixed ration ((TMR); 60 : 40 forage : concentrate ratio, on a dry matter (DM) basis) not supplemented (CTL), or supplemented with CIN (50 mg/kg DM intake), CDH (50 mg/kg DM intake), or monensin (24 mg/kg of DM intake). Dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility, N retention, and milk performance were measured over 6 consecutive days. Ruminal degradability of the basal diet (with no additive) was assessed using in sacco incubations (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Ruminal fermentation characteristics (pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia (NH3)) and protozoa were determined over 2 days. Enteric CH4 emissions were measured over 6 consecutive days using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique. Adding CIN, CDH or MON to the diet had no effects on DMI, N retention, in sacco ruminal degradation and nutrient digestibility of the diet. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and protozoa numbers were not modified by including the feed additives in the diet. Enteric CH4 emission and CH4 energy losses averaged 491 g/day and 6.59% of gross energy intake, respectively, and were not affected by adding CIN, CDH or MON to the diet. Results of this study indicate that CIN, CDH and MON are not viable CH4 mitigation strategies in dairy cows.
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Yan F, Xue B, Song L, Xiao J, Ding S, Hu X, Bu D, Yan T. Effect of dietary net energy concentration on dry matter intake and energy partition in cows in mid-lactation under heat stress. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1352-1362. [PMID: 26875539 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the net energy requirement of Holstein cows in mid-lactation under heat stress. Twenty-five multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated to five groups corresponding to five isonitrogenous total mixed rations, with net energy for lactation (NEL ) content of 6.15 (NE-6.15), 6.36 (NE-6.36), 6.64 (NE-6.64), 6.95 (NE-6.95), 7.36 (NE-7.36) MJ/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Throughout the experimental period the average temperature humidity index at 07.00, 14.00 and 22.00 hours was 72.1, 88.7, and 77.6, respectively. DM intake decreased significantly with the elevated dietary NEL concentration. Fat corrected milk increased quadratically, and milk fat content and milk energy (MJ/kg) reached the greatest in the NE-6.95 group with increasing dietary NEL content. Strong correlations were found between dietary NEL content and: (i) DM intake; (ii) NEL intake; (iii) milk energy (El ); (iv) El /metabolizable energy intake (MEI); (v) El /NEL intake, as well as between NEL intake and fat corrected milk yield (FCM). The suitable net energy required for dairy cows producing 1 kg FCM ranged from 5.01 to 5.03 MJ, was concluded from the above-stated regressions. Correlation between heat production (HP) and MEI could be expressed as: Log (HP) = -0.4304 + 0.2963*MEI (n = 15, R2 = 0.99, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 0.18). Fasting HP was 0.3712 MJ/kg0.75 when extrapolating MEI to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangquan Yan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liangrong Song
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
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- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyan Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
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24
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Prediction of enteric methane emissions from Holstein dairy cows fed various forage sources. Animal 2016; 10:203-11. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115001949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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25
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Methane production by two non-ruminant foregut-fermenting herbivores: The collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ) and the pygmy hippopotamus ( Hexaprotodon liberiensis ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 191:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Drong C, Meyer U, von Soosten D, Frahm J, Rehage J, Breves G, Dänicke S. Effect of monensin and essential oils on performance and energy metabolism of transition dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:537-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Drong
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - U. Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - D. von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - J. Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
| | - J. Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle; University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - G. Breves
- Institute for Physiology; University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - S. Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI); Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Braunschweig Germany
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Vendl C, Clauss M, Stewart M, Leggett K, Hummel J, Kreuzer M, Munn A. Decreasing methane yield with increasing food intake keeps daily methane emissions constant in two foregut fermenting marsupials, the western grey kangaroo and red kangaroo. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3425-34. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.128165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Fundamental differences in methane (CH4) production between macropods (kangaroos) and ruminants have been suggested and linked to differences in the composition of the forestomach microbiome. Using six western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and four red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), we measured daily absolute CH4 production in vivo as well as CH4 yield (CH4 per unit of intake of dry matter, gross energy or digestible fibre) by open-circuit respirometry. Two food intake levels were tested using a chopped lucerne hay (alfalfa) diet. Body mass-specific absolute CH4 production resembled values previously reported in wallabies and non-ruminant herbivores such as horses, and did not differ with food intake level, although there was no concomitant proportionate decrease in fibre digestibility with higher food intake. In contrast, CH4 yield decreased with increasing intake, and was intermediate between values reported for ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores. These results correspond to those in ruminants and other non-ruminant species where increased intake (and hence a shorter digesta retention in the gut) leads to a lower CH4 yield. We hypothesize that rather than harbouring a fundamentally different microbiome in their foregut, the microbiome of macropods is in a particular metabolic state more tuned towards growth (i.e. biomass production) rather than CH4 production. This is due to the short digesta retention time in macropods and the known distinct ‘digesta washing’ in the gut of macropods, where fluids move faster than particles and hence most likely wash out microbes from the forestomach. Although our data suggest that kangaroos only produce about 27% of the body mass-specific volume of CH4 of ruminants, it remains to be modelled with species-specific growth rates and production conditions whether or not significantly lower CH4 amounts are emitted per kg of meat in kangaroo than in beef or mutton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Vendl
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathew Stewart
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Keith Leggett
- Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Fowlers Gap, Broken Hill, NSW 2880, Australia
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Munn
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Fowlers Gap, Broken Hill, NSW 2880, Australia
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Aubry A, Yan T. Meta-analysis of calorimeter data to establish relationships between methane and carbon dioxide emissions or oxygen consumption for dairy cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:128-134. [PMID: 29767151 PMCID: PMC5945936 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments suggest the use of other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) to estimate methane (CH4) emissions from livestock, yet little information is available on the relationship between these two gases for a wide range of animals. A large respiration calorimeter dataset with dairy cattle (n = 987 from 30 experiments) was used to investigate relationships between CH4 and CO2 production and oxygen (O2) consumption and to assess whether the predictive power of these relationships could be improved by taking into account some dietary variables, including forage proportion, fibre and metabolisable energy concentrations. The animals were of various physiological states (young n = 60, dry cows n = 116 and lactating cows n = 811) and breeds (Holstein-Friesian cows n = 876, Jersey × Holstein-Friesian n = 47, Norwegian n = 50 and Norwegian × Holstein-Friesian n = 14). The animals were offered forage as a sole diet or a mixture of forage and concentrate (forage proportion ranging from 10 to 100%, dry matter basis). Data were analysed using a series of mixed models. There was a strong positive linear relationship between CH4 and CO2, and observations within an experiment were very predictable (adjusted R2 = 0.93). There was no effect of breed on the relationship between CH4 and CO2. Using O2 instead of CO2 to predict CH4 production also provided a very good fit to the observed empirical data, but the relationship was weaker (adjusted R2 = 0.86). The inclusion of dietary variables to the observed CO2 emissions, in particular forage proportion and fibre concentration, provided a marginal improvement to the prediction of CH4. The observed variability in the CH4:CO2 ratio could only marginally be explained by animal physiological state (lactating vs. dry cows and young cattle) and dietary variables, and thus most likely reflected individual animal differences. The CH4:CO2 ratio can therefore be particularly useful to identify low CH4 producing cows. These findings indicate that CO2 production data can be used to accurately predict CH4 emissions to generate large scale data for management and genetic evaluations for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Aubry
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR, UK
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Giallongo F, Oh J, Frederick T, Isenberg B, Kniffen DM, Fabin RA, Hristov AN. Extruded soybean meal increased feed intake and milk production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6471-85. [PMID: 26188569 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of 2 extruded soybean meals (ESBM) processed at 2 extruder temperatures, 149°C (LTM) and 171°C (HTM), on performance, nutrient digestibility, milk fatty acid and plasma amino acid profiles, and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows. Nine multiparous Holstein cows were included in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design experiment with three 28-d periods. The control diet contained 13% solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM; 53.5% crude protein with 74.1% ruminal degradability and 1.8% fat), which was replaced with equivalent amount (dry matter basis) of LTM (46.8%, 59.8%, and 10.0%) or HTM (46.9%, 41.1%, and 10.9%, respectively) ESBM in the 2 experimental diets (LTM and HTM, respectively). The diets met or exceeded the nutrient requirements of the cows for net energy of lactation and metabolizable protein. The 2 ESBM diets increased dry matter intake and milk yield compared with SSBM. Feed efficiency and milk composition were not affected by treatment. Milk protein yield tended to be increased by ESBM compared with SSBM. Milk urea N and urinary urea N excretions were increased by the ESBM diets compared with SSBM. Concentration of fatty acids with chain length of up to C17 and total saturated fatty acids in milk fat were generally decreased and that of C18 and total mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids was increased by the ESBM diets compared with SSBM. Blood plasma concentrations of His, Leu, and Val were increased by HTM compared with LTM and SSBM. Plasma concentration of Met was decreased, whereas that of carnosine was increased by the ESBM diets. Treatments had no effect on rumen fermentation, but the proportion of Fibrobacter spp. in whole ruminal contents was increased by HTM compared with SSBM and LTM. Overall, data from this crossover experiment suggest that substituting SSBM with ESBM in the diet has a positive effect on feed intake and milk yield in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - T Frederick
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - B Isenberg
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - D M Kniffen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - R A Fabin
- Fabin Bros. Farms, Indiana, PA 15701
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Tomkins NW, Denman SE, Pilajun R, Wanapat M, McSweeney CS, Elliott R. Manipulating rumen fermentation and methanogenesis using an essential oil and monensin in beef cattle fed a tropical grass hay. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Pienaar G, Einkamerer O, Van der Merwe H, Hugo A, Fair M. The effect of an active live yeast product on the digestibility of finishing diets for lambs. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Ricci P, Rooke JA, Nevison I, Waterhouse A. Methane emissions from beef and dairy cattle: quantifying the effect of physiological stage and diet characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 91:5379-89. [PMID: 24174549 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prediction of methane outputs from ruminant livestock data at farm, national, and global scales is a vital part of greenhouse gas calculations. The objectives of this work were to quantify the effect of physiological stage (lactating or nonlactating) on predicting methane (CH4) outputs and to illustrate the potential improvement for a beef farming system of using more specific mathematical models to predict CH4 from cattle at different physiological stages and fed different diet types. A meta-analysis was performed on 211 treatment means from 38 studies where CH4, intake, animal, and feed characteristics had been recorded. Additional information such as type of enterprise, diet type, physiological stage, CH4 measurement technique, intake restriction, and CH4 reduction treatment application from these studies were used as classificatory factors. A series of equations for different physiological stages and diet types based on DMI or GE intake explained 96% of the variation in observed CH4 outputs (P<0.001). Resulting models were validated with an independent dataset of 172 treatment means from 20 studies. To illustrate the scale of improvement on predicted CH4 outputs from the current whole-farm prediction approach (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]), equations developed in the present study (NewEqs) were compared with the IPCC equation {CH4 (g/d)=[(GEI×Ym)×1,000]/55.65}, in which GEI is GE intake and Ym is the CH4 emission factor, in calculating CH4 outputs from 4 diverse beef systems. Observed BW and BW change data from cows with calves at side grazing either hill or lowland grassland, cows and overwintering calves and finishing steers fed contrasting diets were used to predict energy requirements, intake, and CH4 outputs. Compared with using this IPCC equation, NewEqs predicted up to 26% lower CH4 on average from individual lactating grazing cows. At the herd level, differences between equation estimates from 10 to 17% were observed in total annual accumulated CH4 when applied to the 4 diverse beef production systems. Overall, despite the small number of animals used it was demonstrated that there is a biological impact of using more specific CH4 prediction equations. Based on this approach, farm and national carbon budgets will be more accurate, contributing to reduced uncertainty in assessing mitigation options at farm and national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ricci
- Future Farming Systems Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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33
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Dittmann MT, Runge U, Lang RA, Moser D, Galeffi C, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Methane emission by camelids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94363. [PMID: 24718604 PMCID: PMC3981797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane emissions from ruminant livestock have been intensively studied in order to reduce contribution to the greenhouse effect. Ruminants were found to produce more enteric methane than other mammalian herbivores. As camelids share some features of their digestive anatomy and physiology with ruminants, it has been proposed that they produce similar amounts of methane per unit of body mass. This is of special relevance for countrywide greenhouse gas budgets of countries that harbor large populations of camelids like Australia. However, hardly any quantitative methane emission measurements have been performed in camelids. In order to fill this gap, we carried out respiration chamber measurements with three camelid species (Vicugna pacos, Lama glama, Camelus bactrianus; n = 16 in total), all kept on a diet consisting of food produced from alfalfa only. The camelids produced less methane expressed on the basis of body mass (0.32±0.11 L kg⁻¹ d⁻¹) when compared to literature data on domestic ruminants fed on roughage diets (0.58±0.16 L kg⁻¹ d⁻¹). However, there was no significant difference between the two suborders when methane emission was expressed on the basis of digestible neutral detergent fiber intake (92.7±33.9 L kg⁻¹ in camelids vs. 86.2±12.1 L kg⁻¹ in ruminants). This implies that the pathways of methanogenesis forming part of the microbial digestion of fiber in the foregut are similar between the groups, and that the lower methane emission of camelids can be explained by their generally lower relative food intake. Our results suggest that the methane emission of Australia's feral camels corresponds only to 1 to 2% of the methane amount produced by the countries' domestic ruminants and that calculations of greenhouse gas budgets of countries with large camelid populations based on equations developed for ruminants are generally overestimating the actual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T. Dittmann
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard A. Lang
- Cochranton Veterinary Hospital, Cochranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dario Moser
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Akins MS, Perfield KL, Green HB, Bertics SJ, Shaver RD. Effect of monensin in lactating dairy cow diets at 2 starch concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:917-29. [PMID: 24342685 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of monensin (M) supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows fed diets of either reduced (RS) or normal (NS) starch concentrations as total mixed rations. One hundred twenty-eight Holstein and Holstein × Jersey cows (90 ± 33 d in milk) were stratified by breed and parity and randomly assigned to 16 pens of 8 cows each in a randomized controlled trial. Pens were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. A 4-wk covariate adjustment period preceded the treatment period, with all pens receiving NS supplemented with 18 g of monensin/t of dry matter (DM). Following the 4-wk covariate adjustment period, cows were fed their assigned treatment diets of NS with M (18 g of monensin/t), NS with 0 g of monensin/t (C), RS with M, or RS with C for 12 wk. Actual starch concentrations for the RS and NS diets were 20.4 and 26.9% (DM basis), respectively. Mean dry matter intake (DMI; 27.0 kg/d) was unaffected by the treatments. Feeding M compared with C and NS compared with RS increased milk yield by 1.3 and 1.5 kg/d per cow, respectively. Milk protein percentage and yield and lactose yield were increased and milk urea nitrogen was decreased for NS compared with RS. Feeding M increased actual and component-corrected milk feed efficiencies (component-corrected milk yield/DMI) and lactose yield and tended to increase milk urea nitrogen compared with C. Milk protein percentage was decreased for M compared with C, but milk fat percentage and yield, protein yield, and lactose percentage were unaffected by M. We observed a tendency for a starch × monensin interaction for milk feed efficiency (actual milk yield/DMI); M tended to increase efficiency more for NS than for RS. Starch and monensin had minimal effects on milk fatty acid composition and yields. Feeding RS decreased milk and protein yields, but component-corrected milk yields and feed efficiencies were similar for RS and NS. Monensin increased feed efficiency and lactation performance for both dietary starch concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Akins
- School of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, Platteville 53818.
| | | | - H B Green
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - S J Bertics
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Hristov AN, Oh J, Firkins JL, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Waghorn G, Makkar HPS, Adesogan AT, Yang W, Lee C, Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Tricarico JM. Special topics--Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5045-69. [PMID: 24045497 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review was to analyze published data related to mitigation of enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminant animals to document the most effective and sustainable strategies. Increasing forage digestibility and digestible forage intake was one of the major recommended CH4 mitigation practices. Although responses vary, CH4 emissions can be reduced when corn silage replaces grass silage in the diet. Feeding legume silages could also lower CH4 emissions compared to grass silage due to their lower fiber concentration. Dietary lipids can be effective in reducing CH4 emissions, but their applicability will depend on effects on feed intake, fiber digestibility, production, and milk composition. Inclusion of concentrate feeds in the diet of ruminants will likely decrease CH4 emission intensity (Ei; CH4 per unit animal product), particularly when inclusion is above 40% of dietary dry matter and rumen function is not impaired. Supplementation of diets containing medium to poor quality forages with small amounts of concentrate feed will typically decrease CH4 Ei. Nitrates show promise as CH4 mitigation agents, but more studies are needed to fully understand their impact on whole-farm greenhouse gas emissions, animal productivity, and animal health. Through their effect on feed efficiency and rumen stoichiometry, ionophores are likely to have a moderate CH4 mitigating effect in ruminants fed high-grain or mixed grain-forage diets. Tannins may also reduce CH4 emissions although in some situations intake and milk production may be compromised. Some direct-fed microbials, such as yeast-based products, might have a moderate CH4-mitigating effect through increasing animal productivity and feed efficiency, but the effect is likely to be inconsistent. Vaccines against rumen archaea may offer mitigation opportunities in the future although the extent of CH4 reduction is likely to be small and adaptation by ruminal microbes and persistence of the effect is unknown. Overall, improving forage quality and the overall efficiency of dietary nutrient use is an effective way of decreasing CH4 Ei. Several feed supplements have a potential to reduce CH4 emission from ruminants although their long-term effect has not been well established and some are toxic or may not be economically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Appuhamy JADRN, Strathe AB, Jayasundara S, Wagner-Riddle C, Dijkstra J, France J, Kebreab E. Anti-methanogenic effects of monensin in dairy and beef cattle: a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5161-73. [PMID: 23769353 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monensin is a widely used feed additive with the potential to minimize methane (CH4) emissions from cattle. Several studies have investigated the effects of monensin on CH4, but findings have been inconsistent. The objective of the present study was to conduct meta-analyses to quantitatively summarize the effect of monensin on CH4 production (g/d) and the percentage of dietary gross energy lost as CH4 (Ym) in dairy cows and beef steers. Data from 22 controlled studies were used. Heterogeneity of the monensin effects were estimated using random effect models. Due to significant heterogeneity (>68%) in both dairy and beef studies, the random effect models were then extended to mixed effect models by including fixed effects of DMI, dietary nutrient contents, monensin dose, and length of monensin treatment period. Monensin reduced Ym from 5.97 to 5.43% and diets with greater neutral detergent fiber contents (g/kg of dry matter) tended to enhance the monensin effect on CH4 in beef steers. When adjusted for the neutral detergent fiber effect, monensin supplementation [average 32 mg/kg of dry matter intake (DMI)] reduced CH4 emissions from beef steers by 19±4 g/d. Dietary ether extract content and DMI had a positive and a negative effect on monensin in dairy cows, respectively. When adjusted for these 2 effects in the final mixed-effect model, monensin feeding (average 21 mg/kg of DMI) was associated with a 6±3 g/d reduction in CH4 emissions in dairy cows. When analyzed across dairy and beef cattle studies, DMI or monensin dose (mg/kg of DMI) tended to decrease or increase the effect of monensin in reducing methane emissions, respectively. Methane mitigation effects of monensin in dairy cows (-12±6 g/d) and beef steers (-14±6 g/d) became similar when adjusted for the monensin dose differences between dairy cow and beef steer studies. When adjusted for DMI differences, monensin reduced Ym in dairy cows (-0.23±0.14) and beef steers (-0.33±0.16). Monensin treatment period length did not significantly modify the monensin effects in dairy cow or beef steer studies. Overall, monensin had stronger antimethanogenic effects in beef steers than dairy cows, but the effects in dairy cows could potentially be improved by dietary composition modifications and increasing the monensin dose.
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Chong L, Zhuping Z, Tongjun G, Yongming L, Hongmin D. Changes in methane emission, rumen fermentation, and methanogenic community in response to silage and dry cornstalk diets. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:521-30. [PMID: 23696266 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of silage or dry cornstalk diets on methane emission, rumen fermentation, and methanogenic community, and reveal whether the change of methanogenic compositions was related to the methane production. A total of 39 sheep were divided into four groups, fed diets of different concentrate level based on silage or dry cornstalk roughage for 40 days. It was found that, at 20% concentrate level, the sheep fed silage could suppress methanogenesis significantly in contrast with the silage diet (p < 0.05). The ruminal acetate:propionate ratio was 3.17 in the silage-fed sheep significantly lower than 3.78 in the dry cornstalk-fed sheep (p < 0.05), reflecting the effect of fermentation on methane output was related to roughage types. Furthermore, the methanogens was found to be significantly lower abundance (p < 0.05), and showed a different pattern using multivariate statistical analysis in silage-fed sheep. Compared with dry cornstalk diet, silage diet of 20% concentrate reduced methane production, decreased methanogenic abundance, and induced change of Methanobrevibacter composition at strain levels. This study showed variation of methanogenic compositions at strain level and its probable relationship with methane production, and provided microbial information to explain the low methane output when the animals were fed silage.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/analysis
- Animal Feed
- Animals
- Archaea/classification
- Archaea/genetics
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/genetics
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Archaeal/chemistry
- DNA, Archaeal/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
- Diet
- Fermentation
- Genes, rRNA
- Methane/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Propionates/analysis
- RNA, Archaeal/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Rumen/chemistry
- Rumen/microbiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sheep
- Silage
- Zea mays/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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38
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Interactions between methane mitigation additives and basal substrates on in vitro methane and VFA production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effect of release rate of the SF(6) tracer on methane emission estimates based on ruminal and breath gas samples. Animal 2012; 6:518-25. [PMID: 22436232 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111100156x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The release rate (RR) of sulphur hexafluoride (SF(6)) gas from permeation tube in the rumen appears to be positively related with methane (CH(4)) emissions calculated using the SF(6) tracer technique. Gas samples of breath and ruminal headspace were collected simultaneously in order to evaluate the hypothesis that transactions of SF(6) in the rumen are the source for this relationship. Six non-lactating dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were subdivided into two groups and randomly assigned to a two-period crossover design to permeation tubes with low RR (LRR = 1.577 mg/day) or two-times higher RR (HRR = 3.147 mg/day) RR. The cows were fed limited amounts of maize silage (80% ad libitum) split into two meals (40% at 0800 h and 60% at 1600 h). Each period consisted of 3-day gas sampling. Immediately before the morning feed and then each hour over 8 h, ruminal gas samples (50 ml) were withdrawn through the cannula fitted with stoppers to prevent opening. Simultaneously, 8-h integrated breath gas samples were collected over the same period. Ratios of concentration of CH(4)/SF(6), CO(2)/SF(6) and CO(2)/CH(4) and emission estimates of CH(4) and CO(2) were calculated for each sample source using the SF(6) tracer technique principles. The LRR treatment yielded higher (P < 0.001) ruminal CH(4)/SF(6) (by 1.79 times) and CO(2)/SF(6) (by 1.90 times) ratios than the HRR treatment; however, these differences were lower than the 2.0 times difference expected from the RR between the LRR and HRR. Consequently, the LRR treatment was associated with lower (P < 0.01) ruminal emissions of CH(4) over the 8-h collection period than with the HRR treatment (+11%), a difference also confirmed by the breath samples (+11%). RR treatments did not differ (P = 0.53) in ruminal or breath CO(2) emissions; however, our results confirm that the SF(6) tracer seems inappropriate for CO(2) emissions estimation in ruminants. Irrespective of the RR treatment, breath samples yielded 8% to 9% higher CH(4) emission estimates than the ruminal samples (P = 0.01). The relationship between rumen and breath sources for CH(4) emissions was better for LRR than for HRR treatment, suggesting that tracer performance decreases with the highest RR of SF(6) tested in our study (3.1 mg/day). A hypothesis is discussed with regard to the mechanism responsible for the relationship between RR and CH(4) emission estimates. The use of permeation tubes with small range in RR is recommended in animal experiments to decrease variability in CH(4) emission estimates using the SF(6) tracer technique.
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Patra AK. Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock: a synthesis of current research and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1929-1952. [PMID: 21547374 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric methane (CH(4)) emission in ruminants, which is produced via fermentation of feeds in the rumen and lower digestive tract by methanogenic archaea, represents a loss of 2% to 12% of gross energy of feeds and contributes to global greenhouse effects. Globally, about 80 million tonnes of CH(4) is produced annually from enteric fermentation mainly from ruminants. Therefore, CH(4) mitigation strategies in ruminants have focused to obtain economic as well as environmental benefits. Some mitigation options such as chemical inhibitors, defaunation, and ionophores inhibit methanogenesis directly or indirectly in the rumen, but they have not confirmed consistent effects for practical use. A variety of nutritional amendments such as increasing the amount of grains, inclusion of some leguminous forages containing condensed tannins and ionophore compounds in diets, supplementation of low-quality roughages with protein and readily fermentable carbohydrates, and addition of fats show promise for CH(4) mitigation. These nutritional amendments also increase the efficiency of feed utilization and, therefore, are most likely to be adopted by farmers. Several new potential technologies such as use of plant secondary metabolites, probiotics and propionate enhancers, stimulation of acetogens, immunization, CH(4) oxidation by methylotrophs, and genetic selection of low CH(4)-producing animals have emerged to decrease CH(4) production, but these require extensive research before they can be recommended to livestock producers. The use of bacteriocins, bacteriophages, and development of recombinant vaccines targeting archaeal-specific genes and cell surface proteins may be areas worthy of investigation for CH(4) mitigation as well. A combination of different CH(4) mitigation strategies should be adopted in farm levels to substantially decrease methane emission from ruminants. Evidently, comprehensive research is needed to explore proven and reliable CH(4) mitigation technologies that would be practically feasible and economically viable while improving ruminant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037, India.
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He M, Perfield K, Green H, Armentano L. Effect of dietary fat blend enriched in oleic or linoleic acid and monensin supplementation on dairy cattle performance, milk fatty acid profiles, and milk fat depression. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1447-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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HOSODA K, MIYAJI M, MATSUYAMA H, IMAI Y, NONAKA K. Digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance and methane production in Holstein steers fed diets containing soy sauce cake at 10 or 20%. Anim Sci J 2011; 83:220-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gao Z, Yuan H, Ma W, Liu X, Desjardins RL. Methane emissions from a dairy feedlot during the fall and winter seasons in Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1183-1189. [PMID: 21354680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Accurately determining methane emission factors of dairy herd in China is imperative because of China's large population of dairy cattle. An inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with open-path lasers was used to quantify methane emissions from a dairy feedlot during the fall and winter seasons in 2009-2010. The methane emissions had a significant diurnal pattern during both periods with three emission peaks corresponding to the feeding schedule. A 10% greater emission rate in the fall season was obtained most likely by the higher methane emission from manure during that period. An annual methane emission rate of 109±6.7 kg CH4 yr(-1) characterized with a methane emission intensity of 32.3±1.59 L CH4 L(-1) of milk and a methane conversion factor (Ym) of 7.3±0.38% for mature cattle was obtained, indicating the high methane emission intensity and low milk productivity in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Gao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China.
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Mathew B, Eastridge ML, Oelker ER, Firkins JL, Karnati SKR. Interactions of monensin with dietary fat and carbohydrate components on ruminal fermentation and production responses by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:396-409. [PMID: 21183050 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Variation in milk fat percentage resulting from monensin supplementation to lactating dairy cows could be due to altered ruminal fermentation with interactions of monensin with ruminal biohydrogenation of fat and ruminal carbohydrate availability. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of feeding monensin as Rumensin (R) in diets differing in starch availability (ground or steam-flaked corn), effective fiber (long or short alfalfa hay, LAH or SAH), and 4% fat (F) from distillers grains, roasted soybeans, and an animal-vegetable blend on ruminal fermentation characteristics and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a balanced 6×6 Latin square design with 21-d periods. The cows were fed 6 diets: (1) C=control diet with ground corn and LAH, (2) CR=C plus R, (3) CRFL=CR plus F, (4) CRFS=ground corn, R, F, and SAH, (5) SRFL=steam-flaked corn, R, F, and LAH, and (6) SRFS=steam-flaked corn, R, F, and SAH. Mean particle size of LAH was 5.00 mm and 1.36 mm for SAH. All diets were formulated to have 21% forage NDF and 40% NFC. The R tended to decrease DMI, decreased milk fat yield, and numerically lowered milk fat percentage (3.41 vs. 2.98%). Addition of F to R diets did not affect milk fat percentage. By feeding diets containing R and F, SAH tended to increase milk fat percentage for the ground-corn diet, but SAH tended to decrease milk fat percentage with steam-flaked corn (CRFL+SRFS vs. CRFS+SRFL). The steam-flaked corn increased total-tract NDF digestibility (CRFL + CRFS vs. SRFL+SRFS; 51.1 vs. 56%). Addition of F with R decreased total VFA concentration and increased rumen pH. Fat addition with R decreased rumen NH3N and MUN (12.8 vs. 13.9 mg/dL), and SFC decreased NH3N concentration compared with ground corn. Although R caused milk fat depression, addition of F did not further exacerbate milk fat depression. Fatty acid analysis did not implicate any particular biohydrogenation intermediate as the causative factor for the milk fat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mathew
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Romano R, Giordano A, Chianese L, Addeo F, Musso SS. Triacylglycerols, fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in Italian Mozzarella di Bufala Campana cheese. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hook SE, Wright ADG, McBride BW. Methanogens: methane producers of the rumen and mitigation strategies. ARCHAEA (VANCOUVER, B.C.) 2010; 2010:945785. [PMID: 21253540 PMCID: PMC3021854 DOI: 10.1155/2010/945785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methanogens are the only known microorganisms capable of methane production, making them of interest when investigating methane abatement strategies. A number of experiments have been conducted to study the methanogen population in the rumen of cattle and sheep, as well as the relationship that methanogens have with other microorganisms. The rumen methanogen species differ depending on diet and geographical location of the host, as does methanogenesis, which can be reduced by modifying dietary composition, or by supplementation of monensin, lipids, organic acids, or plant compounds within the diet. Other methane abatement strategies that have been investigated are defaunation and vaccines. These mitigation methods target the methanogen population of the rumen directly or indirectly, resulting in varying degrees of efficacy. This paper describes the methanogens identified in the rumens of cattle and sheep, as well as a number of methane mitigation strategies that have been effective in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hook
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Ruminal fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profile of ruminal fluid and milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed hulls supplemented with monensin. J DAIRY RES 2010; 78:56-62. [PMID: 21126386 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029910000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids (FA) but there is little information on its value for dairy production. Monensin supplementation is known to modify biohydrogenation of FA by rumen microbes. Therefore, the main objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of feeding a combination of monensin and flaxseed hulls on ruminal fermentation characteristics and FA profile of ruminal fluid and milk. Four ruminally fistulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging 665 ± 21 kg body weight and 190 ± 5 d in milk were assigned to a 4×4 Latin square design (28-d experimental periods) with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flaxseed hulls nor monensin; 2) diet containing (dry matter basis) 19·8% flaxseed hulls; 3) diet with monensin (16 mg/kg dry matter); 4) diet containing 19·8% (dry matter basis) flaxseed hulls and 16 mg monensin/kg. Flaxseed hull supplementation decreased the acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid and monensin had no effect. Concentrations of trans-18:1 isomers (trans9,trans11,trans13/14+6/8) and cis9,12,15-18:3 in ruminal fluid and milk fat were higher and those of cis9,12-18:2 in milk fat tended (P=0·07) to be higher for cows supplemented with flaxseed hulls than for cows fed no flaxseed hulls. Monensin had little effect on milk fatty acid profile. A combination of flaxseed hulls and monensin did not result in better milk fatty acid profile than when feeding only flaxseed hulls.
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Grainger C, Williams R, Eckard R, Hannah M. A high dose of monensin does not reduce methane emissions of dairy cows offered pasture supplemented with grain. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5300-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Methane (CH(4)) is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) and that emitted from enteric fermentation in livestock is the single largest source of emissions in Japan. Many factors influence ruminant CH(4) production, including level of intake, type and quality of feeds and environmental temperature. The objectives of this review are to identify the factors affecting CH(4) production in ruminants, to examine technologies for the mitigation of CH(4) emissions from ruminants, and to identify areas requiring further research. The following equation for CH(4) prediction was formulated using only dry matter intake (DMI) and has been adopted in Japan to estimate emissions from ruminant livestock for the National GHG Inventory Report: Y = -17.766 + 42.793X - 0.849X(2), where Y is CH(4) production (L/day) and X is DMI (kg/day). Technologies for the mitigation of CH(4) emissions from ruminants include increasing productivity by improving nutritional management, the manipulation of ruminal fermentation by changing feed composition, the addition of CH(4) inhibitors, and defaunation. Considering the importance of ruminant livestock, it is essential to establish economically feasible ways of reducing ruminant CH(4) production while improving productivity; it is therefore critical to conduct a full system analysis to select the best combination of approaches or new technologies to be applied under long-term field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shibata
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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