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The Effect of Behaviour and Diet on the Rumen Temperature of Holstein Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9111000. [PMID: 31752422 PMCID: PMC6912663 DOI: 10.3390/ani9111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumen temperature boluses are becoming increasingly used as a means of monitoring core body temperature for the detection of ill health. However, the effect of behavior on rumen temperature is largely unknown. This research investigates the impact of behaviour and diet on the rumen temperature of Holstein bulls, both at grass, and in a housed environment. Rumen temperature was recorded at five-minute intervals using a bolus. Direct observations were conducted on young bulls in two studies (i) at grass (n = 30) and (ii) while housed (n = 32). In addition, activity monitors were attached to bulls at grass (n = 24). Within each study, diet differed by the level of concentrate supplementation. There was no effect of diet on rumen temperature. Significant differences in rumen temperature were observed between behaviour groups for bulls at grass (p < 0.001) and housed (p < 0.001). Furthermore, drinking resulted in the lowest rumen temperature (grass 35.97 °C; housed 36.70 °C). Therefore, rumen temperature is affected by behavior; however, the temperatures recorded were not outside the normal temperature range for healthy cattle.
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Bougouin A, Ferlay A, Doreau M, Martin C. Effects of carbohydrate type or bicarbonate addition to grass silage-based diets on enteric methane emissions and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6085-6097. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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van Lingen HJ, Edwards JE, Vaidya JD, van Gastelen S, Saccenti E, van den Bogert B, Bannink A, Smidt H, Plugge CM, Dijkstra J. Diurnal Dynamics of Gaseous and Dissolved Metabolites and Microbiota Composition in the Bovine Rumen. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:425. [PMID: 28367142 PMCID: PMC5355475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal patterns of ruminal fermentation metabolites and microbial communities are not commonly assessed when investigating variation in ruminal CH4 production. The aims of this study were to monitor diurnal patterns of: (i) gaseous and dissolved metabolite concentrations in the bovine rumen, (ii) H2 and CH4 emitted, and (iii) the rumen microbiota. Furthermore, the effect of dietary inclusion of linseed oil on these patterns was assessed. Four rumen cannulated multiparous cows were used in a cross-over design with two 17 days periods and two dietary treatments: a control diet and a linseed oil supplemented diet [40% maize silage, 30% grass silage, 30% concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis for both diets; fat contents of 33 vs. 56 g/kg of DM]. On day 11, rumen contents were sampled for 10 h after morning feeding to profile gaseous and dissolved metabolite concentrations and microbiota composition. H2 and CH4 emission (mass per unit of time) was measured in respiration chambers from day 13 to 17. A 100-fold increase in ruminal H2 partial pressure (contribution to the total pressure of rumen headspace gases) was observed at 0.5 h after feeding. This peak was followed by a decline to basal level. Qualitatively similar patterns after feeding were also observed for H2 and CH4 emission, ethanol and lactate concentrations, and propionate molar proportion, although the opposite pattern was seen for acetate molar proportion. Associated with these patterns, a temporal biphasic change in the microbial composition was observed as based on 16S ribosomal RNA with certain taxa specifically associated with each phase. Bacterial concentrations (log10 16S ribosomal RNA gene copies based) were affected by time, and were increased by linseed oil supplementation. Archaeal concentrations (log10 16S ribosomal RNA gene copies based) tended to be affected by time and were not affected by diet, despite linseed oil supplementation decreasing CH4 emission, tending to decrease the partial pressure of CH4, and tending to increase propionate molar proportion. Linseed oil supplementation affected microbiota composition, and was most associated with an uncultivated Bacteroidales taxon. In summary, our findings support the importance of diurnal dynamics for the understanding of VFA, H2, and CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk J. van Lingen
- Top Institute Food and NutritionWageningen, Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joan E. Edwards
- Top Institute Food and NutritionWageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jueeli D. Vaidya
- Top Institute Food and NutritionWageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van Gastelen
- Top Institute Food and NutritionWageningen, Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bartholomeus van den Bogert
- Top Institute Food and NutritionWageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - André Bannink
- Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Caroline M. Plugge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
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Clauss M, Fritz J, Tschuor A, Braun U, Hummel J, Codron D. Dry matter and digesta particle size gradients along the goat digestive tract on grass and browse diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:61-69. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Clauss
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Fritz
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Tschuor
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Department of Farm Animals; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - U. Braun
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Department of Farm Animals; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences; Ruminant Nutrition; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - D. Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
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Zeitz J, Ineichen S, Soliva C, Leiber F, Tschuor A, Braun U, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Variability in microbial population and fermentation traits at various sites within the forestomach and along the digestive tract as assessed in goats fed either grass or browse. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kasperowicz A, Stan-Głasek K, Kowalik B, Vandzurova A, Pristas P, Pająk J, Kwiatkowska E, Michałowski T. Effect of dietary fructose polymers or sucrose on microbial fermentation, enzyme activity, ciliate concentration and diversity of bacterial flora in the rumen of rams. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saro C, Ranilla MJ, Carro M. Postprandial changes of fiber-degrading microbes in the rumen of sheep fed diets varying in type of forage as monitored by real-time PCR and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4487-94. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mialon MM, Deiss V, Andanson S, Anglard F, Doreau M, Veissier I. An assessment of the impact of rumenocentesis on pain and stress in cattle and the effect of local anaesthesia. Vet J 2012; 194:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zebeli Q, Aschenbach JR, Tafaj M, Boguhn J, Ametaj BN, Drochner W. Invited review: Role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1041-56. [PMID: 22365188 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly fermentable diets require the inclusion of adequate amounts of fiber to reduce the risk of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). To assess the adequacy of dietary fiber in dairy cattle, the concept of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) has received increasing attention because it amalgamates information on both chemical fiber content and particle size (PS) of the feedstuffs. The nutritional effects of dietary PS and peNDF are complex and involve feed intake behavior (absolute intake and sorting behavior), ruminal mat formation, rumination and salivation, and ruminal motility. Other effects include fermentation characteristics, digesta passage, and nutrient intake and absorption. Moreover, peNDF requirements depend on the fermentability of the starch source (i.e., starch type and endosperm structure). To date, the incomplete understanding of these complex interactions has prevented the establishment of peNDF as a routine method to determine dietary fiber adequacy so far. Therefore, this review is intended to analyze the quantitative effects of and interactions among forage PS, peNDF, and diet fermentability with regard to rumen metabolism and prevention of SARA, and aims to give an overview of the latest achievements in the estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. Recently developed models that synthesize the effects of both peNDF and fermentable starch on rumen metabolism appear to provide an appropriate basis for estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cows. Data suggest that a period lasting more than 5 to 6h/d during which ruminal pH is <5.8 should be avoided to minimize health disturbances due to SARA. The knowledge generated from these modeling approaches recommends that average amounts of 31.2% peNDF inclusive particles >1.18mm (i.e., peNDF(>1.18)) or 18.5% peNDF inclusive particles >8mm (i.e., peNDF(>8)) in the diet (DM basis) are required. However, inclusion of a concentration of peNDF(>8) in the diet beyond 14.9% of diet DM may lower DM intake level. As such, more research is warranted to develop efficient feeding strategies that encourage inclusion of energy-dense diets without the need to increase their content in peNDF above the threshold that leads to lower DM intake. The latter would require strategies that modulate the fermentability characteristics of the diet and promote absorption and metabolic capacity of ruminal epithelia of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Yue Q, Yang H, Li D, Wang J. A comparison of HPLC and spectrophotometrical methods to determine the activity of ferulic acid esterase in commercial enzyme products and rumen contents of steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hummel J, Südekum KH, Bayer D, Ortmann S, Streich WJ, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Physical characteristics of reticuloruminal contents of oxen in relation to forage type and time after feeding. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:209-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Zwieten J, van Vuuren A, Dijkstra J. Effect of Nylon Bag and Protozoa on In Vitro Corn Starch Disappearance. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1133-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Zebeli Q, Tafaj M, Weber I, Steingass H, Drochner W. Effects of dietary forage particle size and concentrate level on fermentation profile, in vitro degradation characteristics and concentration of liquid- or solid-associated bacterial mass in the rumen of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nicholson EM, Richt JA, Rasmussen MA, Hamir AN, Lebepe-Mazur S, Horst RL. Exposure of sheep scrapie brain homogenate to rumen-simulating conditions does not result in a reduction of PrPSclevels. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:631-6. [PMID: 17576225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Experiments were designed to evaluate the potential of rumen-simulating conditions to reduce PrP(Sc) levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Scrapie-positive brain material was incubated under rumen-simulating conditions. Time points were taken over a 24-h period and PrP(Sc) levels were analysed by Western blot. No loss of PrP(Sc) was observed over a 24-h time period. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a fully developed rumen fermentation does not provide significant protection against prion infection via the oral route. Developmental changes including senescence of immune system function or other developmental changes in the gastrointestinal tract are potential mechanisms by which relative bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) susceptibility might vary with age. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Epidemiology of the BSE outbreak in the United Kingdom indicates that younger animals were at higher risk of infection. The rumen undergoes pronounced developmental changes early in life, coinciding with the introduction of fibre into the diet. The timeframe of highest risk of infection overlaps the time in life prior to full rumen development. This work indicates that a fully developed rumen does not provide significant protection against prion infection via the oral route of infection. This result implicates other developmental changes that are responsible for the age-dependent susceptibility of cattle to BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Abel H, Schröder B, Lebzien P, Flachowsky G. Effects of defaunation on fermentation characteristics and biotin balance in an artificial rumen-simulation system (RUSITEC) receiving diets with different amounts and types of cereal. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:99-104. [PMID: 16441921 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biotin is required by rumen microbes for efficient fermentation. To evaluate the role of protozoa in ruminal biotin metabolism, five diets composed of grass hay or of grass hay/cereal grain mixtures were supplied to faunated or defaunated RUSITEC fermenters. In the mixed diets, hay was replaced to 33:67 or 67:33 w/w on an air-dried basis by either wheat or maize grain in order to simulate different cellulolytic and amylolytic fermentation conditions. Defaunation increased SCFA production, whereas NH4concentration and the release of CH4were reduced. Biotin input declined when cereal grain was used to replace the hay. With the exception of the high-wheat treatment, defaunated fermenters yielded higher biotin outputs than faunated fermenters. The biotin balance, calculated as the difference between the total biotin output (biotin in the solid residue contained in the nylon bags after fermentation plus the biotin in the effluent) and the biotin input with the feed, was negative for all the dietary treatments apart from fermenters supplied with the high-maize diet. It was less negative or, in the case of the high-maize diets, more positive for defaunated compared with faunated fermenters. It was concluded that, under normal faunated conditions, protozoa directly utilise or indirectly affect the bacterial synthesis and/or utilisation of biotin. With diets of a high fermentation potential, as realised with the high-wheat diet, protozoa prevent the development of a bacterial population that would utilise high or synthesise low amounts of biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Abel
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Germany.
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Karnati SKR, Sylvester JT, Noftsger SM, Yu Z, St-Pierre NR, Firkins JL. Assessment of Ruminal Bacterial Populations and Protozoal Generation Time in Cows Fed Different Methionine Sources. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:798-809. [PMID: 17235157 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methionine supplemented as 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) has been suggested to alter bacterial or protozoal populations in the rumen. Our objective was to determine if source of Met would change microbial populations in the rumen and to compare those results to samples from the omasum. The ruminal and omasal samples were collected from cows fed control (no Met), dl-Met, HMB, or the isopropyl ester of HMB (HMBi; estimated 50% rumen protection) in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. In one square, changes in protozoal populations were determined using microscopic counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), whereas changes in bacterial populations were determined using DGGE and ribosomal intergenic spacer length polymorphism (RIS-LP). Neither the protozoal counts nor the DGGE banding patterns derived from protozoa were different among the dietary treatments or for ruminal vs. omasal samples. As revealed by both DGGE and RIS-LP, bacterial populations clustered by treatments in ruminal and especially in omasal samples. Using cows from both Latin squares, the flow of protozoal cells from the rumen was quantified by multiplying protozoal cell count in omasal fluid by the omasal fluid flow (using CoEDTA as a liquid flow marker) or was estimated by rumen pool size of cells multiplied by either the ruminal dilution rate of CoEDTA (after termination of CoEDTA dosing) or the passage rate of Yb-marked particles. Compared with the omasal fluid flow measurement (16.4 h), protozoal generation time was approximated much more closely using the particulate than the fluid passage rate from the rumen (generation times of 15.7 and 7.5 h, respectively). There seems to be minimal selective retention of protozoal genera in the rumen in dairy cattle fed every 2 h. Data support the validity of the omasal sampling technique under our conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K R Karnati
- Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program (OSUN), The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Tafaj M, Junck B, Maulbetsch A, Steingass H, Piepho HP, Drochner W. Digesta characteristics of dorsal, middle and ventral rumen of cows fed with different hay qualities and concentrate levels. Arch Anim Nutr 2007; 58:325-42. [PMID: 15570746 DOI: 10.1080/00039420412331273259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of fibre content of hay (H) and concentrate level (C) on local differences in the composition of ruminal digesta (ratio of solid to fluid digesta, DM, NDF, ADF and ADL content), particle size (MPL), specific gravity (SG) and fermentation (pH and concentrations of SCFA and bicarbonate) have been tested on two ruminally cannulated Friesian cows (520 kg BW) which were fed restricted, using individual cows as experimental units. Digesta samples were collected via cannula from three rumen layers: 5 to 10 cm (top) and 25-35 cm beneath the top of the particle mat (middle) and 5-10 cm above the rumen floor (bottom). For a main plot treatment (H x C), repeated samples were collected at four time intervals (1 h before and 2, 5 and 10 h after morning feeding) on each of two days. From top to bottom rumen the share of solid digesta mass (SM), DM and NDF contents of squeezed digesta fluid (SRF) and concentration of SCFA decreased (P < 0.05); pH and bicarbonate concentration increased (P < 0.05), while DM, NDF, ADF and ADL contents in SM, MPL and SG did not differ. Higher NDF content of hay (from 47-62%) increased SM, fibre fractions in SM, MPL, pH and concentration of bicarbonate in ruminal digesta, especially when 50% concentrate was given, while SG decreased. When the concentrate level was enhanced from 20 to 50%, digesta SM, MPL and the content of DM and NDF in SRF increased, while pH, concentrations of SCFA and acetate decreased when low-fibre hay was given. With longer time after feeding the digesta SM was reduced and fibre content in SM increased. The increase of the fibre content of hay reduced the possible negative effect of high concentrate level on the stratification of ruminal digesta. The decrease of the fibre content of hay promised better conditions for fibre digestion in the rumen when concentrate availability is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tafaj
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Tafaj M, Zebeli Q, Maulbetsch A, Steingass H, Drochner W. Effects of fibre concentration of diets consisting of hay and slowly degradable concentrate on ruminal fermentation and digesta particle size in mid-lactation dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:254-66. [PMID: 16736859 DOI: 10.1080/17450390600679322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Four multiparous ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (mean bodyweight [BW] 615 kg) in mid-lactation (103 days in milk and 32 kg milk x d(-1) at start of the experiment) were used in an one-factorial experiment to evaluate the effects of fibre level (19, 24, 28, 32 and 39% physically effective NDF [peNDF] in dry matter [DM]) in diets consisting of hay and slowly degradable concentrate on rumen fermentation patterns and digesta particle size, under a constant intake level (146 g DM x kg(-0.75). The different fibre concentrations in the diet were achieved by adjusting the hay to concentrate ratio. The above-mentioned levels of peNDF corresponded to 70, 60, 50, 40 and 25% concentrate in diet DM, respectively, and followed the lactation curve of the cows. The ruminal pH was positively and linearly correlated to the percentage of fibre (peNDF, NDF or CF) in ration DM with R2 of 0.76-0.88 (p < 0.001) for solid digesta (particle-associated rumen fluid, PARL), and R2 of 0.26-0.29 (p < 0.05) for fluid digesta (free rumen liquid, FRL). The lowest fibre level in the diet (19% peNDF) or the highest level of concentrate (70% on DM basis) caused pH values lower than 6.0 at almost all sampling times only in PARL but not in FRL, and significantly increased the proportion of large particles in rumen digesta, which in turn was reflected by a depression of fibre digestibility. A level of 24% peNDF or 60% concentrate in the diet maintained the ruminal pH higher than 6.0 and 5.8 in FRL and PARL, respectively. Therefore, the inclusion of more than 60% slowly degradable concentrate in dairy cows diets fed approximately 18 kg DM x d(-1) is discouraged. Based on the response of ruminal solid digesta to dietary fibre, it can be concluded that the recommendations of feeding a structural value > or =1 per kg DM (De Brabander et al. 1999) underestimated, and 400 g CF per 100 kg BW (Hoffmann 1990) overestimated the evaluation of structural effectiveness of the present diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myqerem Tafaj
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Stuttgart, Germany
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Zebeli Q, Tafaj M, Steingass H, Metzler B, Drochner W. Effects of physically effective fiber on digestive processes and milk fat content in early lactating dairy cows fed total mixed rations. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:651-68. [PMID: 16428635 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Data from recent research studies were analyzed quantitatively, and the random effect of experiment was assessed to define the physiological responses of dairy cows in early lactation to intake of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF). All studies were conducted with lactating Holstein cows (84.8 +/- 3.54 days in milk) in Latin square designs, and feeds were offered ad libitum as total mixed rations (TMR). The peNDF was estimated by 2 measurement techniques, the NDF content of TMR multiplied by amount of dry matter (DM) retained on a 1.18-mm screen (peNDF(> 1.18)) and NDF content of TMR multiplied by the proportion of DM retained by 19- and 8-mm Penn State Particle Separator screens (peNDF(> 8)). Other factors, including concentrations of NDF, forage NDF, non-fiber carbohydrates, the amount of digestible organic matter of forages (FDOM), and the intake of ruminally degradable starch (RDSI) from grain in the diet were also investigated. The studied animal response variables included feed intake, ruminal fermentation, chewing activity, fiber digestibility, and milk production and composition. The ruminal pH (day mean) in this study ranged from 5.30 to 6.59. Using peNDF(> 1.18) approach, the requirements for physically effective fiber in high-yielding dairy cows fed TMR in an ad libitum intake were estimated to be about 19% of ration DM or 4.1 kg/d or 0.6 kg/100 kg of body weight to maintain a ruminal pH of about 6.0. When peNDF was measured as peNDF(> 8), ruminal pH responded in a quadratic fashion but the confidence of estimation was lower (R(2) = 0.27) compared with the peNDF(> 1.18) approach (R(2) = 0.67). Results of these data analyses showed that peNDF(> 1.18) provided a satisfactory estimation of the mean ruminal pH (R(2) = 0.67) and NDF digestibility (R(2) = 0.56). Furthermore, peNDF(> 1.18) was poorly, although positively, correlated to daily chewing (R(2) = 0.17), and rumination (R(2) = 0.24) activity. On the other hand, results from these analyses showed that milk parameters are less sensitive to the effects of dietary peNDF than other variables, such as ruminal pH, chewing activity, and fiber digestibility. Dietary FDOM correlated positively (moderately) to ruminal pH (R(2) = 0.24), daily chewing (R(2) = 0.23), and rumination (R(2) = 0.29) activity, whereas the daily RDSI from grain correlated negatively to ruminal pH (R(2) = 0.55) and positively to total volatile fatty acids (R(2) = 0.27). Inclusion of FDOM and RDSI from grain along with peNDF(> 1.18) in the models that predict rumen pH further improved the accuracy of prediction. This approach appeared to further complement the concept of peNDF that does not account for differences in ruminal fermentability of feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zebeli
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition (450), Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Sylvester JT, Karnati SKR, Yu Z, Morrison M, Firkins JL. Development of an assay to quantify rumen ciliate protozoal biomass in cows using real-time PCR. J Nutr 2004; 134:3378-84. [PMID: 15570040 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.12.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently used microbial markers cannot distinguish protozoal nitrogen (N) from bacterial N, thus limiting research on protozoal quantification in vivo by the lack of a repeatable, accurate marker for protozoal N. We report the development of a real-time PCR assay targeting the gene encoding 18S rDNA to quantify the amount of protozoal biomass in ruminal fluid and duodenal digesta. Protozoal cells were harvested from rumen fluid and concentrated for evaluation of recovery of rDNA in samples from the rumen and the duodenum. The DNA from concentrated cells was extracted with virtually 100% efficiency both before and after column purification. After serial spiking of protozoal cells into duodenal fluid over the entire range of quantification, the recovery was highly linear and constant at 81%. After serially spiking increasing quantities of protozoal rDNA into a constant volume of duodenal samples, nonlinear regression verified constant recovery of background rDNA in duodenal samples regardless of the ratio of target:nontarget rDNA. Recommendations for the procedure, including replication per sample, are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Sylvester
- Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program (OSUN), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Doreau M, Michalet-Doreau B, Grimaud P, Atti N, Nozière P. Consequences of underfeeding on digestion and absorption in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(03)00145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Majdoub L, Vermorel M, Ortigues-Marty I. Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: partition of energy-yielding nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limbs in finishing lambs. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1068-79. [PMID: 12723097 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8141068x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and their uptake by the hind limb were studied in finishing lambs receiving ryegrass harvested at grazing stage (ear at 10 cm) with or without barley supplementation. Six ruminally cannulated and multicatherized lambs (40.2 +/- 1.5 kg) were fed with frozen ryegrass (RG) at 690 kJ of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) x d(-1) x BW(-0.75) successively with and without barley supplementation (RG + B), according to a triplicated Latin square design. Barley supplementation represented 21% of DM intake and increased the MEI by 32% (P < 0.002). In ruminal fluid, barley supplementation increased the acetate and butyrate concentrations by 21.2 and 49.6%, respectively (P < 0.04), without modifying those of propionate. Thus, molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were not modified, and those of propionate tended (P < 0.06) to decrease from 26 to 23%. As a result, the net portal appearance of propionate was not modified. Net portal appearance of butyrate and beta-hydroxybutyrate increased (P < 0.03), and that of acetate was not modified. Consequently, hepatic uptake of butyrate increased and probably spared acetate from hepatic metabolism. The hepatic fractional extraction of propionate decreased (P < 0.03), whereas the net flux of lactate switched from a net release to a net uptake, suggesting an alteration in the contribution of gluconeogenic substrates to glucose synthesis without modification in net hepatic glucose release. As a consequence, barley supplementation increased net splanchnic release of acetate (P < 0.02), propionate (P < 0.001), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.01) by 60, 157, and 78%, respectively. In addition, the net splanchnic release of insulin increased (P < 0.03) because of a decrease (P < 0.02) in its hepatic extraction. Despite those changes, the net uptake of nutrients by the hind limb was not modified and even decreased in the case of glucose (P < 0.02), suggesting a stimulation of lipogenesis in adipose tissues. Results from the present study suggested that supplementation of a ryegrass-based diet would likely have little effect on the orientation of muscle energy metabolism and on meat quality because the net uptake of nutrients by the hind limb was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Majdoub
- Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, INRA, Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Pan J, Suzuki T, Koike S, Ueda K, Kobayashi Y, Tanaka K, Okubo M. Effects of urea infused into the rumen on liquid- and particle-associated fibrolytic enzyme activities in steers fed low quality grass hay. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tafaj M, Maulbetsch A, Junck B, Steingass H, Drochner W. Research note: a method for studying local differences in ruminal fermentation in dairy cattle. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 2002; 54:341-7. [PMID: 11921856 DOI: 10.1080/17450390109381990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for studying local differences in ruminal fermentation. The developed sampler consisted of an acrylic glass container (460 cm3) with an aperture for digesta sampling, which could be opened and closed by the scaled "T" rod. The scale was a reference for defined rumen layers: top, middle, 5 to 10 cm and 25 to 35 cm beneath the top of particles mat, respectively, and bottom 5 to 10 cm above the rumen floor. The repeatability of the method was proved in two rumen cannulated cows. Particle/fluid ratio, pH and sample amount were measured 2 to 2 1/2 h after morning feeding in four replicates each day (over 5 days), rumen layer and animal. No significant differences between replicates were observed. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the particle/fluid ratio varied between 8.7% and 13.6%. Top layer had higher CV than middle and bottom layer. CV of pH ranged between 0.59% and 1.27%. The developed method of sampling showed satisfactory repeatability for investigation of digesta properties and fermentation in different rumen layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tafaj
- Institute of Animal Nutrition (450), Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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