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Supplementation of Molasses-Based Liquid Feed for Cattle Fed on Limpograss Hay. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172227. [PMID: 36077947 PMCID: PMC9454827 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of (1) different levels of liquid supplementation (LS) based on molasses enriched with 32% (as fed; 45% on DM basis) crude protein (CP) on intake of Hemarthria altissima hay (LH), digestibility, and rumen fermentation, and (2) different levels of LS based on molasses enriched with 32% CP in the in vitro gas production in LH diets. In Exp. 1, twelve heifers and 12 adult male castrated and cannulated cattle were used. Treatments were allocated in a randomized block design, in four treatments: (CTL) access ad libitum to the LH; (SUP2) ad libitum access to LH and supplementation with 0.9 kg d−1; (SUP4) ad libitum access to LH and supplementation with 1.8 kg d−1 and; (SUP6) ad libitum access to LH with 2.7 kg d−1. In Exp. 2, treatments were carried out in a randomized block design with four different proportions of LH diet: (CTL) 100 LH, (SUP2) 85 LH and 15 LS, (SUP4) 70 LH and 30 LS, (SUP6) 55 LH and 45% LS. In Exp. 1, liquid molasses-based supplementation did not affect LH intake (p > 0.05). Molasses intake improved as the supply increased, not reducing the intake of LH. In Exp. 2, the addition of LS to the LH caused a change in the VFA profile, with an increase in propionate production in vitro.
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2
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Karls CW, Shinners KJ, Schaefer DM. Intake of corn stover botanical parts by growing and finishing beef steers. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac055. [PMID: 35669946 PMCID: PMC9162386 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-pass corn stover harvest is a method whereby combine harvester tailings consisting of cob, stalk, leaf, husk, and tassel fractions are collected and baled without coming into contact with soil. The objective was to feed beef steers diets that included a roughage component consisting of harvested corn residue in chopped form from conventional corn stover bales (CST) or single-pass bales (SPB) to assess intake selectivity of corn stover fractions and estimate net energy values of these corn stovers. Whole plant corn silage served as the control roughage in the control diet (CSIL). Steers (n = 90, 5 pens per treatment) were fed during Grow (84 d) and Finish (66 d) trials. Steers sorted through corn stover during both trials and consumed 52.5% of corn stover offered and 40% of cob offered. Intake of SPB cob was 2.6-fold and 3.3-fold greater than CST cob intake (P < 0.01) in Grow and Finish trials, respectively, indicating that when more cob was available, cattle consumed more. During the Grow trial, stover intake tended (P = 0.07) to be lower for SPB and diet dry matter intake (DMI) was less (P ≤ 0.05) for SPB, which may be due to the elevated cob intake by SPB steers. Across treatments, stover DMI was similar in the Grow (1.10 kg per steer per d) and Finish (1.11 kg per steer per d) trials. The proportion (65%) of Fines (<8 mm) consumed from the Grow diet (40% neutral detergent fiber, aNDF) was greater than the Finish diet (25% aNDF; 18% to 31%) and gleaning of concentrate feeds from orts seemed to be more extensive in the Grow diet. Steers consuming Finish diets containing SPB and CST had DMI that were 17% and 18%, respectively, greater (P ≤ 0.05) than CSIL, an indication of compensatory intake. The physical effectiveness factors for stovers fed in the Grow and Finish diets were 0.85 and 0.95, respectively. Estimates for net energy maintenance and net energy gain (NEg), respectively, using National Research Council methods from 2001 were as follows for consumed stovers: SPB (1.09 and 0.54 Mcal/kg) and CST (0.98 and 0.44 Mcal/kg) in the Grow trial, and SPB (0.96 and 0.42 Mcal/kg) and CST (0.95 and 0.40 Mcal/kg) in the Finish trial. Although SPB and CST differ in botanical fraction composition and net intakes of botanical fractions, their energetic contributions to steer performance were very similar. Steers fed the Finish diet (1.25 Mcal performance-adjusted NEg per kg) selected stover botanical components to achieve a diet composition of 25% aNDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb W Karls
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kevin J Shinners
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel M Schaefer
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Pacheco RF, Machado DS, Viana AFP, Teixeira JS, Milani L. Comparison of the effects of slow-release urea vs conventional urea supplementation on some finishing cattle parameters: A meta-analysis. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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P C de Carvalho I, Doelman J, Martín-Tereso J. Post-ruminal non-protein nitrogen supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and N efficiency in the ruminant. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:64-75. [PMID: 31674078 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ruminant is able to transform plant fibres and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) into edible foods for human consumption. In an effort towards improving our understanding of this process, we sought to challenge convention and examine how the source, amount and site of NPN delivery in the gastrointestinal tract of the ruminant may affect fibre digestibility, rumen stability and N metabolism. In the first study presented here, we used four ruminally cannulated non-lactating heifers in a Latin square design to infuse 59 g/days of N in the form of ammonia (A) or urea (U) into either the rumen (R) or the abomasum (A). We found that intake was higher (p = .03) for animals receiving supplementary NPN as urea compared with ammonia. In addition, abomasally infused urea (UA) improved fibre fermentation by 9.4% (p = .05) and decreased ruminal pH fluctuations (lower slope in the cumulative pH parameters, p = .04) when compared with the same amount of urea infused ruminally (UR). In a second study, using the same group of heifers, we infused 50 or 150 g/day of urea into the rumen (UR50 and UR150) or 150 g of urea in the abomasum (UA150) or 50 g in the rumen and 100 g in the abomasum (URA150). Fibre digestion was improved by 4% (p = .02) when the same dose of urea was infused into the abomasum compared with the rumen, while estimated microbial protein production and N efficiency were not different between a low rumen dose and high post-ruminal dose of urea. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the viability of post-ruminal NPN supplementation as a strategy to improve fibre digestion and NPN inclusion in the ruminant diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Doelman
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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Ponce CH, Cole NA, Sawyer J, da Silva JCB, Smith DR, Maxwell C, Brown MS. Effects of wet corn distiller's grains with solubles and nonprotein nitrogen on feeding efficiency, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient losses of yearling steers12. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2609-2630. [PMID: 30985872 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wet distiller's grains with solubles (WDGS) are a common by-product feedstuff generated by the grain-ethanol industry, and it is used extensively by the cattle feeding industry. Distillers grains are typically high in protein; however, the protein in WDGS has a low ruminal degradability, and thus may result in a deficiency of RDP in the diet even when dietary CP concentrations are high. Assessment of the RDP needs in diets containing WDGS is needed to aid the cattle feeding industry in managing feed costs and potential environmental issues. To that end, we conducted 2 feeding studies to evaluate the supplemental RDP requirements of beef cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets. In Exp. 1, 525 yearling steers (initial body weight = 373 ± 13 kg) received treatments in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial. Dietary factors included WDGS (15 or 30% of DM) and nonprotein N (NPN; 0, 1.5, or 3.0% of DM) from urea (0, 0.52, and 1.06%). The control diet without WDGS contained 3.0% NPN (1.06% urea) and cottonseed meal. Diets were formulated to have equal crude fat concentrations. Overall gain efficiency among steers fed 15% WDGS was greatest for 1.5% NPN and least for 0% NPN (P = 0.07, quadratic), whereas gain efficiency decreased linearly (P < 0.09) as NPN increased in the 30% WDGS diets. Dressing percent was greater (P < 0.01) for the Control diet than for 15 or 30% WDGS. In Exp. 2, 296 steer calves (initial BW = 344 ± 12 kg) were fed 1 of 4 experimental diets that included a Control diet without WDGS (contained 3% NPN from urea, and cottonseed meal) and 15% WDGS diets with either 1.50, 2.25, or 3.00% NPN (0.52, 0.78, and 1.04% urea, respectively, on a DM basis). Overall gain efficiency on either a live or carcass-adjusted basis was not different among treatments (P > 0.15). Dietary NPN concentration did not influence growth performance (P > 0.21). Increasing dietary WDGS concentration resulted in decreasing (P < 0.05) diet digestibility (determined with an internal marker) and increasing (P < 0.05) N volatilization losses (determined by diet and manure N:P ratio); however, the effects of NPN level on digestibility and N losses were somewhat inconsistent across experiments. Results suggest that optimum performance for cattle fed 15% WDGS occurred when the diet contained between 1.5 and 2.25% NPN. However, no supplemental NPN was needed to support optimum performance in diets containing 30% WDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Ponce
- Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - N Andy Cole
- USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Livestock Nutrient Management Unit, Bushland, TX 79012
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, College Station, TX 77845
| | | | - Douglas R Smith
- Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016
| | - Casey Maxwell
- Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016
| | - Mike S Brown
- Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016
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Owens FN, Hicks RB. Can net energy values be determined from animal performance measurements? A review of factors affecting application of the California Net Energy System. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:929-944. [PMID: 32704857 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The California Net Energy System (CNES) can reliably project performance of feedlot cattle based on three factors: expected dry matter intake (DMI), some index of degree of maturity of cattle linked to body composition (fat and protein content), and an estimate of the net energy (NE) content of the diet. The CNES allowed feedlot managers to monitor growth and efficiency of individual pens of cattle. Through assigning distinct values for net energy for maintenance (NEm) vs. net energy for gain (NEg) of the metabolizable energy (ME) present in feeds, the CNES enables valid economic comparisons among feedstuffs, an appraisal not feasible based on total digestible nutrients or digestible energy (DE) values. Because NEm and NEg are linked mathematically to ME, the CNES also allows performance-adjusted ME (paME) value of diets to be calculated from observed DMI and growth or carcass measurements. Compared with other productivity measures (e.g., average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio) that are confounded with and affected by DMI, the CNES logically separates production responses by cattle into two factors-DMI and ME of the diet. This enables research scientists or cattle producers to appraise responses within these two factors independently. In feeding studies, means of paME values were related closely to ME values of diets calculated from the ME of diet ingredients. But unlike ME values projected from diet analyses, paME estimates are affected by environmental conditions (e.g., season, weather, animal interactions, stress, nutritional history and deficiencies, associative effects of feeds, imprecise feed management, and animal healthfulness and disorders). These factors typically overestimate ME intake or increase energy requirements, both of which decrease energetic efficiency. By comparing paME with ME values calculated from diet composition, logical reasons behind performance responses to and quantitative benefits from feed additives, grain processing, hormone implants, and animal management can be appraised. Considering the evolution in cattle types, management and marketing conditions, and changes in diet ingredients and processing that have occurred during the past 50 yr, updating by a skilled committee to correct certain anomalies within the CNES as currently being applied seems appropriate. Developing simplified spreadsheets could help users evaluate their own dietary and management conditions and assure that the CNES continues to be widely applied by the feedlot industry within the United States and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B Hicks
- Area Extension Livestock Specialist, Oklahoma State University, Goodwell, OK
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7
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Cowley F, Jennings J, Cole A, Beauchemin K. Recent advances to improve nitrogen efficiency of grain-finishing cattle in North American and Australian feedlots. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Formulating diets conservatively for minimum crude-protein (CP) requirements and overfeeding nitrogen (N) is commonplace in grain finishing rations in USA, Canada and Australia. Overfeeding N is considered to be a low-cost and low-risk (to cattle production and health) strategy and is becoming more commonplace in the US with the use of high-N ethanol by-products in finishing diets. However, loss of N from feedlot manure in the form of volatilised ammonia and nitrous oxide, and nitrate contamination of water are of significant environmental concern. Thus, there is a need to improve N-use efficiency of beef cattle production and reduce losses of N to the environment. The most effective approach is to lower N intake of animals through precision feeding, and the application of the metabolisable protein system, including its recent updates to estimation of N supply and recycling. Precision feeding of protein needs to account for variations in the production system, e.g. grain type, liveweight, maturity, use of hormonal growth promotants and β agonists. Opportunities to reduce total N fed to finishing cattle include oscillating supply of dietary CP and reducing supply of CP to better meet cattle requirements (phase feeding).
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8
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Salinas-Chavira J, Montano-Gomez MF, Navarrete JD, Raymundo C, Torrentera NG, Zinn RA. Influence of mixing supplements (dry or liquid) with monensin or soluble protein on the feeding value of finishing diets for feedlot cattle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1391098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Salinas-Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, México
| | - Martin F. Montano-Gomez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - Juan Diego Navarrete
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - Constantino Raymundo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - N. G. Torrentera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - R. A. Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Ribeiro GO, Swift ML, McAllister TA. Effect of diastatic power and processing index on the feed value of barley grain for finishing feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3370-3381. [PMID: 27695794 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional value of barley grain differing in diastatic power (DP; high vs. low; a malt trait) and processing index (PI; 75 vs. 85). One hundred sixty Angus × Hereford crossbred yearling steers (467 ± 38 kg; 144 intact and 16 rumen cannulated) were used in a complete randomized 2 × 2 factorial experiment. Steers were assigned to 16 pens, 8 of which were equipped with the GrowSafe system to measure individual feed intake. Cannulated steers (2 per pen) were randomly assigned to the 8 GrowSafe pens. Diets consisted of high- or low-DP barley grain (80.0% of diet DM) processed to an index of either 75 or 85% (PI-75 and PI-85, respectively). Ruminal pH in cannulated steers was measured over four 5-d periods using indwelling electrodes. Fecal samples were collected every 28 d from the rectum of each steer to assess digestibility using AIA as a marker. No differences ( > 0.10) in rumen pH were observed among cattle as measured by the indwelling pH meters. However, lower ( < 0.05) rumen pH was observed for steers fed low- as opposed to high-DP barley in rumen samples collected just prior to feeding and measured in the laboratory. Intake of DM and OM were not affected ( ≥ 0.24) by DP but were lower ( < 0.01) with more severe processing (PI-75 vs. PI-85). Low-DP barley tended to exhibit higher ( = 0.09) total tract DM digestibility than high-DP barley. Steers fed PI-75 barley also had higher ( = 0.06) G:F and NEg. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and starch was higher ( < 0.05) for PI-75 barley than for PI-85 barley. Low-DP barley increased ( < 0.05) carcass dressing percentage by 0.5% compared with high-DP barley, with a lower PI tending to increase ( = 0.06) rib eye area. Compared with steers fed high-DP diets, steers fed low-DP diets had more ( = 0.01) total (41.7 vs. 19.4%) and severe liver abscesses (22.2 vs. 9.7%). Results suggest that although low-DP barley increased liver abscesses, differences in DP did not alter digestion or growth performance but low-DP barley did improve dressing percentage. Barley with different DP responded similarly to processing, with more intensive processing (PI-75) of barley improving starch digestion, feed efficiency, and NEg without negatively affecting rumen pH.
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10
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Effect of diets differing in protein concentration (low vs medium) and nitrogen source (urea vs soybean meal) on in vitro rumen fermentation and on performance of finishing Italian Simmental bulls. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Estrada-Angulo A, López-Soto MA, Rivera-Méndez CR, Castro BI, Ríos FG, Dávila-Ramos H, Barreras A, Urías-Estrada JD, Zinn RA, Plascencia A. Effects of Combining Feed Grade Urea and a Slow-release Urea Product on Performance, Dietary Energetics and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Lambs Fed Finishing Diets with Different Starch to Acid Detergent Fiber Ratios. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1725-1733. [PMID: 27221248 PMCID: PMC5088420 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs (36.65±3 kg) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller’s grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, p≤0.03) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly (p≤0.02). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Estrada-Angulo
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - M A López-Soto
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - C R Rivera-Méndez
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - B I Castro
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - F G Ríos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - H Dávila-Ramos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - A Barreras
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - J D Urías-Estrada
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - R A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Plascencia
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
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Alam MK, Ogata Y, Sato Y, Sano H. Effects of Rice Straw Supplemented with Urea and Molasses on Intermediary Metabolism of Plasma Glucose and Leucine in Sheep. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:523-9. [PMID: 26949953 PMCID: PMC4782087 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An isotope dilution method using [U-13C]glucose and [1-13C]leucine (Leu) was conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw supplemented with urea and molasses (RSUM-diet) on plasma glucose and Leu turnover rates in sheep. Nitrogen (N) balance, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood metabolite concentrations were also determined. Four sheep were fed either mixed hay (MH-diet), or a RSUM-diet with a crossover design for two 21 days period. Feed allowance was computed on the basis of metabolizable energy at maintenance level. The isotope dilution method was performed as the primed-continuous infusion on day 21 of each dietary period. Nitrogen intake was lower (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet and N digestibility did not differ (p = 0.57) between diets. Concentrations of rumen total volatile fatty acids tended to be higher (p = 0.09) for the RSUM-diet than the MH-diet. Acetate concentration in the rumen did not differ (p = 0.38) between diets, whereas propionate concentration was higher (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet. Turnover rates as well as concentrations of plasma glucose and Leu did not differ between diets. It can be concluded that kinetics of plasma glucose and Leu metabolism were comparable between the RSUM-diet and the MH-diet, and rumen fermentation characteristics were improved in sheep fed the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet.
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Ceconi I, Ruiz-Moreno MJ, DiLorenzo N, DiCostanzo A, Crawford GI. Effect of slow-release urea inclusion in diets containing modified corn distillers grains on total tract digestibility and ruminal fermentation in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4058-69. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Ceconi I, Ruiz-Moreno MJ, DiLorenzo N, DiCostanzo A, Crawford GI. Effect of urea inclusion in diets containing corn dried distillers grains on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and purine derivatives-to-creatinine index. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:357-69. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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López-Soto M, Aguilar-Hernández J, Dávila-Ramos H, Estrada-Angulo A, Ríos F, Urías-Estrada J, Barreras A, Calderón J, Plascencia A. Effects of a combining feed grade urea and a slow-release product on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of steers fed finishing diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.963104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Huuskonen A, Huhtanen P, Joki-Tokola E. Evaluation of protein supplementation for growing cattle fed grass silage-based diets: a meta-analysis. Animal 2014; 8:1653-62. [PMID: 24917148 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to develop empirical equations predicting growth responses of growing cattle to protein intake. Overall, the data set comprised 199 diets in 80 studies. The diets were mainly based on grass silage or grass silage partly or completely replaced by whole-crop silages or straw. The concentrate feeds consisted of cereal grains, fibrous by-products and protein supplements. The analyses were conducted both comprehensively for all studies and also separately for studies in which soybean meal (SBM; n=71 diets/28 studies), fish meal (FM; 27/12) and rapeseed meal (RSM; 74/35) were used as a protein supplement. Increasing dietary CP concentration increased (P<0.01) BW gain (BWG), but the responses were quantitatively small (1.4 g per 1 g/kg dry matter (DM) increase in dietary CP concentration). The BWG responses were not different for bulls v. steers and heifers (1.4 v. 1.3 g per 1 g/kg DM increase in dietary CP concentration) and for dairy v. beef breeds (1.2 v. 1.7 g per 1 g/kg, respectively). The effect of increased CP concentration declined (P<0.01) with increasing mean BW of the animals and with improved BWG of the control animals (the lowest CP diet in each study). The BWG responses to protein supplementation were not related to the CP concentration in the control diet. The BWG responses increased (P<0.05) with increased ammonia N concentration in silage N and declined marginally (P>0.10) with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet. All protein supplements had a significant effect on BWG, but the effects were greater for RSM (P<0.01) and FM (P<0.05) than for SBM. Increasing dietary CP concentration improved (P<0.01) feed efficiency when expressed as BWG/kg DM intake, but decreased markedly when expressed as BWG/kg CP intake. Assuming CP concentration of 170 g/kg BW marginal efficiency of the utilisation of incremental CP intake was only 0.05. Increasing dietary CP concentration had no effects on carcass weight, dressing proportion or conformation score, but it increased (P<0.01) fat score. Owing to limited production responses, higher prices of protein supplements compared with cereal grains and possible increases the N and P emissions, there is generally no benefit from using protein supplementation for growing cattle fed grass silage-based diets, provided that the supply of rumen-degradable protein is not limiting digestion in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huuskonen
- 1MTT Agrifood Research Finland,Animal Production Research,Tutkimusasemantie 15,FI-92400 Ruukki,Finland
| | - P Huhtanen
- 2Department of Agriculture for Northern Sweden,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,S-90183 Umeå,Sweden
| | - E Joki-Tokola
- 1MTT Agrifood Research Finland,Animal Production Research,Tutkimusasemantie 15,FI-92400 Ruukki,Finland
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May D, Calderon JF, Gonzalez VM, Montano M, Plascencia A, Salinas-Chavira J, Torrentera N, Zinn RA. Influence of ruminal degradable intake protein restriction on characteristics of digestion and growth performance of feedlot cattle during the late finishing phase. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 56:14. [PMID: 26290703 PMCID: PMC4540239 DOI: 10.1186/2055-0391-56-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental urea withdrawal on characteristics of digestion (Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) of feedlot cattle during the last 40 days on feed. Treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet supplemented with urea to provide urea fermentation potential (UFP) of 0, 0.6, and 1.2%. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers (160 ± 10 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Decreasing supplemental urea decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) ruminal OM digestion. This effect was mediated by decreases (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) in ruminal digestibility of NDF and N. Passage of non-ammonia and microbial N (MN) to the small intestine decreased (linear effect, P = 0.04) with decreasing dietary urea level. Total tract digestion of OM (linear effect, P = 0.06), NDF (linear effect, P = 0.07), N (linear effect, P = 0.04) and dietary DE (linear effect, P = 0.05) decreased with decreasing urea level. Treatment effects on total tract starch digestion, although numerically small, likewise tended (linear effect, P = 0.11) to decrease with decreasing urea level. Decreased fiber digestion accounted for 51% of the variation in OM digestion. Ruminal pH was not affected by treatments averaging 5.82. Decreasing urea level decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) ruminal N-NH and blood urea nitrogen. In Trial 2, 90 crossbred steers (468 kg ± 8), were used in a 40 d feeding trial (5 steers/pen, 6 pens/ treatment) to evaluate treatment effects on final-phase growth performance. Decreasing urea level did not affect DMI, but decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.03) ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE. It is concluded that in addition to effects on metabolizable amino acid flow to the small intestine, depriving cattle of otherwise ruminally degradable N (RDP) during the late finishing phase may negatively impact site and extent of digestion of OM, depressing ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixie May
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100 México
| | - Jose F Calderon
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100 México
| | - Victor M Gonzalez
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100 México
| | - Martin Montano
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100 México
| | - Alejandro Plascencia
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100 México
| | - Jaime Salinas-Chavira
- />Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UAT, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, 87000 México
| | - Noemi Torrentera
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100 México
| | - Richard A Zinn
- />Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis E. Holton Rd, El Centro, CA 92242 USA
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López-Soto MA, Rivera-Méndez CR, Aguilar-Hernández JA, Barreras A, Calderón-Cortés JF, Plascencia A, Dávila-Ramos H, Estrada-Angulo A, Valdes-García YS. Effects of Combining Feed Grade Urea and a Slow-release Urea Product on Characteristics of Digestion, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Digestible Energy in Steers Fed Diets with Different Starch:ADF Ratios. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:187-93. [PMID: 25049942 PMCID: PMC4093204 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the cost of grains, the replacement of grains by co-products (i.e. DDGS) in feedlot diets is a common practice. This change produces diets that contain a lower amount of starch and greater amount of fibre. Hypothetically, combining feed grade urea (U) with slow release urea (Optigen) in this type of diet should elicit a better synchrony between starch (high-rate of digestion) and fibre (low-rate of digestion) promoting a better microbial protein synthesis and ruminal digestion with increasing the digestible energy of the diet. Four cannulated Holstein steers (213±4 kg) were used in a 4×4 Latin square design to examine the combination of Optigen and U in a finishing diet containing different starch:acid detergent fibre ratios (S:F) on the characteristics of digestive function. Three S:F ratios (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0) were tested using a combination of U (0.80%) and Optigen (1.0%). Additionally, a treatment of 4.5 S:F ratio with urea (0.80% in ration) as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used to compare the effect of urea combination at same S:F ratio. The S:F ratio of the diet was manipulated by replacing the corn grain by dried distillers grain with solubles and roughage. Urea combination did not affect ruminal pH. The S:F ratio did not affect ruminal pH at 0 and 2 h post-feeding but, at 4 and 6 h, the ruminal pH decreased as the S:F ratio increased (linear, p<0.05). Ruminal digestion of OM, starch and feed N were not affected by urea combination or S:F ratio. The urea combination did not affect ADF ruminal digestion. ADF ruminal digestion decreased linearly (p = 0.02) as the S:F ratio increased. Compared to the urea treatment (p<0.05) and within the urea combination treatment (quadratic, p<0.01), the flow of microbial nitrogen (MN) to the small intestine and ruminal microbial efficiency were greater for the urea combination at a S:F ratio of 4.5. Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved (2.8%, p = 0.02) postruminal N digestion. As S:F ratio increased, OM digestion increased, but ADF total tract digestion decreased. The combination of urea at 4.5 S:F improved (2%, p = 0.04) the digestible energy (DE) more than expected. Combining urea and Optigen resulted in positive effects on the MN flow and DE of the diet, but apparently these advantages are observed only when there is a certain proportion of starch:ADF in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A López-Soto
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - C R Rivera-Méndez
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - J A Aguilar-Hernández
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - A Barreras
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - J F Calderón-Cortés
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - A Plascencia
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - H Dávila-Ramos
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - A Estrada-Angulo
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
| | - Y S Valdes-García
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, México
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Brscic M, Prevedello P, Stefani A, Cozzi G, Gottardo F. Effects of the provision of solid feeds enriched with protein or nonprotein nitrogen on veal calf growth, welfare, and slaughter performance. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4649-57. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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INVITED REVIEW: Applied protein nutrition of ruminants—Current status and future directions1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Whitney TR, Lupton CJ, Muir JP, Adams RP, Stewart WC. Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: growth, blood serum, fecal, and wool characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1119-32. [PMID: 24492543 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in Rambouillet lamb (n = 45) feedlot diets on growth, blood serum, fecal, and wool characteristics were evaluated. In a randomized design study with 2 feeding periods (Period 1 = 64% concentrate diet, 35 d; Period 2 = 85% concentrate diet, 56 d), lambs were individually fed 5 isonitrogenous diets: a control diet (CNTL) that contained oat hay but not DDGS or juniper or DDGS-based diets in which 0 (0JUN), 33 (33JUN), 66 (66JUN), or 100% (100JUN) of the oat hay was replaced by juniper. During Period 1, lambs fed CNTL had greater (P < 0.05) DMI and ADG and tended to have greater (P < 0.10) G:F than lambs fed 0JUN or lambs fed DDGS-based diets. Lamb DMI, ADG, and G:F quadratically increased (P < 0.008) as juniper increased in the DDGS-based diets. During Period 2, lambs fed CNTL had greater (P < 0.05) DMI than lambs fed 0JUN or lambs fed DDGS-based diets, but ADG was similar (P > 0.41). Compared to 0JUN, lambs fed CNTL had similar (P = 0.12) G:F and tended to have less G:F (P = 0.07) than lambs fed DDGS-based diets. Among lambs fed DDGS-based diets, DMI was similar (P > 0.19), ADG increased linearly (P = 0.03), and G:F tended to decrease quadratically (P = 0.06) as juniper increased in the diet. Serum IGF-1, serum urea N (SUN), and fecal N were greater (P < 0.05) and serum Ca and P and fecal P were similar (P > 0.13) for lambs fed CNTL vs. lambs fed DDGS-based diets (CNTL). Within lambs fed DDGS-based diets, SUN increased quadratically (P = 0.01) and fecal N increased linearly (P = 0.004), which can partially be attributed to increased dietary urea and condensed tannin intake. Most wool characteristics were not affected, but wool growth per kilogram of BW decreased quadratically (P = 0.04) as percentage of juniper increased in the DDGS-based diets. When evaluating the entire 91-d feeding trial, results indicated that replacing all of the ground oat hay with ground juniper leaves and stems in lamb growing and finishing diets is not detrimental to animal performance and that DDGS-based diets can reduce total feedlot costs, as compared to sorghum grain and cottonseed meal-based diets. However, compared to using juniper or oat hay as the sole roughage source, using both during the growing period (Period 1) enhanced growth performance and further reduced total feedlot costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Whitney
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, 76901
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22
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Koenig KM, Beauchemin KA. Nitrogen metabolism and route of excretion in beef feedlot cattle fed barley-based finishing diets varying in protein concentration and rumen degradability12. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2310-20. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Koenig
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada T1J 4B1
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada T1J 4B1
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23
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Brooks MA, Harvey RM, Johnson NF, Kerley MS. Rumen degradable protein supply affects microbial efficiency in continuous culture and growth in steers. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4985-94. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - R. M. Harvey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - N. F. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - M. S. Kerley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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Hales KE, Cole NA, MacDonald JC. Effects of increasing concentrations of wet distillers grains with solubles in steam-flaked, corn-based diets on energy metabolism, carbon-nitrogen balance, and methane emissions of cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:819-28. [PMID: 23148244 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in feedlot diets has increased in the Southern Great Plains as a result of the growing ethanol industry. Nutrient balance and respiration calorimetry research evaluating the use of steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based diets in conjunction with WDGS is limited. Therefore, the effects of increasing concentrations of WDGS in a SFC-based diet on energy metabolism, C, and N balance, and enteric methane (CH4) production was evaluated in Jersey steers fed at 2 times maintenance, using respiration calorimetry chambers. Four treatments were used in two 4 × 4 Latin square designs, using 8 steers. Treatments consisted of: 1) SFC-based diet with 0% WDGS (SFC-0); 2) SFC-based diet with 15% WDGS (SFC-15); 3) SFC-based diet with 30% WDGS (SFC-30); and 4) SFC-based diet with 45% WDGS (SFC-45). Diets were balanced for degradable intake protein (DIP) by adding cottonseed meal to the SFC-0 diet. As a proportion of GE, fecal, urinary, and CH4 energy increased linearly (P < 0.03) as WDGS concentration increased in the diet. In contrast, DE, ME, and retained energy decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as a proportion of GE as WDGS concentration increased. Increasing concentration of WDGS in the diet did not affect (P > 0.78) heat production as a proportion of GE. As a result of greater N intake, total N excretion increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDGS inclusion in the diet. Fecal C loss and CH4-C respired increased linearly (P < 0.01) when WDGS concentration increased in the diet whereas CO2-C respired decreased (linear, P = 0.05) as WDGS concentration increased. We conclude that CH4 production as a proportion of GE increases linearly (P < 0.01) when WDGS concentration in the diet is increased; however, dietary inclusion of WDGS at up to 45% seems to have no effect (P > 0.78) on heat production as a proportion of GE. The reason for a linear decrease in retained energy as WDGS increased was likely because of increased fecal energy loss associated with feeding WDGS. Total N excretion, fecal C loss, and CH4-C respired increased linearly with increasing concentration of WDGS in the diet. We determined NEg values for WDGS to be 2.02, 1.61, and 1.38 Mcal/kg when included at 15%, 30%, and 45%, respectively, in a SFC-based diet. From these results we conclude that the energy value (NEg) of WDGS in a finishing cattle diet based on SFC must be decreased as the inclusion increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hales
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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Hales KE, Cole NA, MacDonald JC. Effects of corn processing method and dietary inclusion of wet distillers grains with solubles on energy metabolism, carbon-nitrogen balance, and methane emissions of cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3174-85. [PMID: 22585790 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing ethanol industry in the Southern Great Plains has increased the use of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in beef cattle (Bos taurus) finishing diets. Few studies have used steam-flaked corn (Zea mays L.; SFC)-based diets to evaluate the effects of WDGS in finishing cattle diets, and a reliable estimate of the net energy value of WDGS has yet to be determined. Effects of corn processing method and WDGS on energy metabolism, C and N balance, and enteric methane (CH(4)) production were evaluated in a short-term study using 8 Jersey steers and respiration calorimetry chambers. A 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a Latin square design. The 4 treatment combinations consisted of: i) SFC-based diet with 0% WDGS (SFC-0); ii) SFC-based diet with 30% WDGS (SFC-30); iii) dry-rolled corn (DRC)-based diet with 0% WDGS (DRC-0); and iv) DRC-based diet with 30% WDGS (DRC-30). Diets were balanced for degradable intake protein (DIP) and ether extract (EE) by the addition of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) meal and yellow grease. As a proportion of GE, grain processing method did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) fecal, digestible, urinary, and ME, or heat production. Steers consuming SFC-based diets produced less (P < 0.04) CH(4) than steers consuming DRC-based diets. Retained energy tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for cattle consuming SFC- than DRC-based diets. Inclusion of WDGS did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) fecal, digestible, urinary, metabolizable, and retained energy, or heat production as a proportion of GE. Furthermore, neither inclusion of WDGS or grain processing method affected (P ≥ 0.17) daily CO(2) production. Due in part to greater N intake, cattle consuming diets containing 30% WDGS excreted more (P = 0.01) total N and excreted a greater (P < 0.01) quantity of N in the urine. From these results, we conclude that cattle consuming SFC-based diets produce less CH(4) and retain more energy than cattle fed DRC-based diets; however, dietary inclusion of WDGS at 30% seems to have little effect on CH(4) production and energy metabolism when diets are balanced for DIP and EE. Cattle excrete a greater amount of C when fed DRC compared with SFC-based diets, and dietary inclusion of 30% WDGS increases urinary N excretion. Finally, we determined the NE(g) values for WDGS were 1.66 and 1.65 Mcal/kg in a SFC or DRC-based diet, respectively, when WDGS replaced 30% of our control (SFC-0 and DRC-0) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hales
- USDA-ARS, U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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Li X, Min X, Xiao J, Kawasaki K, Ohta N, Sakaguchi E. Utilization of dietary urea nitrogen is stimulated by D-mannitol feeding in rabbits. Anim Sci J 2012; 83:605-9. [PMID: 22862931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of D-mannitol as an indigestible sugar on apparent digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen (N) utilization and growth performance, have been investigated in growing rabbits fed a urea-containing diet. In experiment 1, 40-day-old male rabbits were fed a commercial diet with urea 10 g/kg with added glucose or D-mannitol 60 g/kg each. Thereafter, in experiment 2 the rabbits aged 55 days were fed a commercial diet with or without urea 10 g/kg. Feed restriction at 55 g/kg(0.75)/day was carried out in both experiments. Addition of D-mannitol to the urea-containing diet decreased urinary N excretion, which consequently increased N retention and ratios of retained N to consumed N or apparently absorbed N. Addition of urea alone to the diet increased daily N intake and urinary N excretion but did not affect N retention. Weight gain and feed efficiency were improved by D-mannitol feeding, whereas feeding with urea alone did not affect these parameters. Utilization of dietary urea was enhanced in growing rabbits fed the urea-containing diet with D-mannitol, resulting in improvement of N retention and growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Sano H, Shibasaki S. Effects of urea and soybean meal supplementation on rates of plasma leucine turnover and protein synthesis in sheep fed concentrate-based diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.588398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brake DW, Titgemeyer EC, Jones ML, Anderson DE. Effect of nitrogen supplementation on urea kinetics and microbial use of recycled urea in steers consuming corn-based diets1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2729-40. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wagner JJ, Engle TE, Bryant TC. The effect of rumen degradable and rumen undegradable intake protein on feedlot performance and carcass merit in heavy yearling steers1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1073-81. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sano H, Shibasaki S, Sawada H. The effect of the source of nitrogen supplementation on nitrogen balance, rates of plasma leucine turnover, protein synthesis and degradation in sheep. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:401-12. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390903052698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Vasconcelos JT, Galyean ML. Technical Note: Do dietary net energy values calculated from performance data offer increased sensitivity for detecting treatment differences? J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2756-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Rumen and post-abomasal disappearance in lactating cows of amino acids and other components of barley grain treated with sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde or urea. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cole NA, Todd RW. Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in concentrate-fed ruminants1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:E318-33. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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34
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Marini JC, Fox DG, Murphy MR. Nitrogen transactions along the gastrointestinal tract of cattle: A meta-analytical approach1,2. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:660-79. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Dehghan-Banadaky M, Nikkhah A, Amanlo H, Mesgaran MD, Mansori H. Rumen and post abomasal disappearance of amino acids and some nutrients of barley grain treated with sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde or urea in lactating cows. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:1525-31. [PMID: 19069969 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.1525.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four rumen and duodenum cannulated, Holstein lactating cows were used in a change-over design to determine the effects of NaOH, Formaldehyde or Urea treated barley on disappearance of Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP), Amino Acids (AA), NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses and starch in rumen, Post Abomasal Tract (PAT) and total tract by mobile nylon bag technique. Experimental treatments were coarse milled barley, barley treated with 3.5% NaOH, barley treated with 0.4% formaldehyde and barley treated with 3.5% urea that all chemical treated barley milled coarse before feeding. NaOH Treatment reduced concentrations of Lysine and Cystine in the barley grain. All chemical treatments decreased rumen disappearances of barley CP but only NaOH and Formaldehyde treatments also decrease total AA and some of the AA disappearances in the rumen. All chemical treatments increased DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose disappearance of barley in the PAT. But only NaOH and Formaldehyde treatments increased total AA and most of AA disappearances in the PAT. Effect of chemical treatments on increase of disappearance of starch, Met and Gly in the total tract was significant (p < 0.05). Rumen disappearance of TAA was lower than CP but PAT disappearance of TAA was more than CP and finally total tract disappearance of TAA was more than CP. Individual AA in barley disappeared at different rates in the rumen and PAT. Consequently, the proportion of digesta CP and AA entering the intestine must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dehghan-Banadaky
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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