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Stobiecka M, Król J, Brodziak A, Klebaniuk R, Kowalczuk-Vasilev E. Effects of Supplementation with an Herbal Mixture on the Antioxidant Capacity of Milk. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2013. [PMID: 37370523 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of a standardized herbal mixture to the feed ration for Holstein-Friesian cows on the antioxidant capacity of milk. The study was carried out on a farm specialized in breeding dairy cattle. The exact study involved 30 cows in lactation III, which were in the first phase of lactation at the beginning of the experiment (15 cows-control group; 15 cows-experimental group). The nutrition supplied to the cows was based on the TMR (total mixed ration) system, with roughage and concentrate fodder used as the basis of the feed ration. The addition of a standardized blend of dried herbs, i.e., oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), was the experimental factor. Powdered herbs were administered as a component of the concentrate fodder at the dose of 3% DM ration/day/head. Milk samples were collected four times during the experiment (term 0 after the colostrum period and then after lactation weeks 2, 4, and 6). The following parameters were determined in the milk: the basic chemical composition, i.e., the content of total protein, fat, lactose, and casein; somatic cell count; content of selected whey proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, BSA); and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D3, E). Additionally, the milk antioxidant capacity (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH) was determined and the degree of antioxidant protection (DAP) was calculated. It was shown that the milk from cows receiving the herbal blend-supplemented fodder had a higher content of casein, compared to the control group. The herbal supplementation contributed to a significant increase in the content of bioactive compounds, i.e., selected whey proteins (β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin) and lipophilic vitamins (A, E). The milk was also characterized by significantly higher antioxidant potential (regardless of the measurement method) and a higher degree of antioxidant protection (DAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stobiecka
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Król
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Brodziak
- Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Klebaniuk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Edyta Kowalczuk-Vasilev
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Zhang X, Guo X, Li F, Usman S, Zhang Y, Ding Z. Antioxidant, Flavonoid, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, Fatty Acids, and Fermentation Profiles of Alfalfa Silage Inoculated With Novel Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici Strains With High-antioxidant Activity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Antioxidant Activity of Milk and Dairy Products. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030245. [PMID: 35158569 PMCID: PMC8833589 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to present a review of literature data on the antioxidant potential of raw milk and dairy products (milk, fermented products, and cheese) and the possibility to modify its level at the milk production and processing stage. Based on the available reports, it can be concluded that the consumption of products that are a rich source of bioactive components improves the antioxidant status of the organism and reduces the risk of development of many civilization diseases. Milk and dairy products are undoubtedly rich sources of antioxidant compounds. Various methods, in particular, ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays, are used for the measurement of the overall antioxidant activity of milk and dairy products. Research indicates differences in the total antioxidant capacity of milk between animal species, which result from the differences in the chemical compositions of their milk. The content of antioxidant components in milk and the antioxidant potential can be modified through animal nutrition (e.g., supplementation of animal diets with various natural additives (herbal mixtures, waste from fruit and vegetable processing)). The antioxidant potential of dairy products is associated with the quality of the raw material as well as the bacterial cultures and natural plant additives used. Antioxidant peptides released during milk fermentation increase the antioxidant capacity of dairy products, and the use of probiotic strains contributes its enhancement. Investigations have shown that the antioxidant activity of dairy products can be enhanced by the addition of plant raw materials or their extracts in the production process. Natural plant additives should therefore be widely used in animal nutrition or as functional additives to dairy products.
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Zong C, Wu Q, Wu A, Chen S, Dong D, Zhao J, Shao T, Liu Q. Exploring the diversity mechanism of fatty acids and the loss mechanisms of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins in alfalfa silage using different additives. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li F, Ding Z, Chen X, Zhang Y, Ke W, Zhang X, Li Z, Usman S, Guo X. The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum with feruloyl esterase-producing ability or high antioxidant activity on the fermentation, chemical composition, and antioxidant status of alfalfa silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wu J, Zong C, Shao T, Liang Y, McCann JC, Dong Z, Li J, Zhang J, Liu Q. Clarifying the relationships among bacteria, lipid-related enzymes, main polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage using various sugar supplementations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang Y, Ke W, Vyas D, Adesogan A, Franco M, Li F, Bai J, Guo X. Antioxidant status, chemical composition and fermentation profile of alfalfa silage ensiled at two dry matter contents with a novel Lactobacillus plantarum strain with high-antioxidant activity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Zhang Y, Ke W, Bai J, Li F, Xu D, Ding Z, Guo X. The effect of Pediococcus acidilactici J17 with high-antioxidant activity on antioxidant, α‑tocopherol, β‑carotene, fatty acids, and fermentation profiles of alfalfa silage ensiled at two different dry matter contents. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Carvalho BF, Sales GFC, Schwan RF, Ávila CLS. Criteria for lactic acid bacteria screening to enhance silage quality. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:341-355. [PMID: 32869919 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge of ensiling is conserving the feed through a fermentative process that results in high nutritional and microbiological quality while minimizing fermentative losses. This challenge is of growing interest to farmers, industry and research and involves the use of additives to improve the fermentation process and preserve the ensiled material. Most studies involved microbial additives; lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been the focus of much research and have been widely used. Currently, LABs are used in modern and sustainable agriculture because of their considerable potential for enhancing human and animal health. Although the number of studies evaluating LABs in silages has increased, the potential use of these micro-organisms in association with silage has not been adequately studied. Fermentation processes using the same strain produce very different results depending on the unique characteristics of the substrate, so the choice of silage inoculant for different starting substrates is of extreme importance to maximize the nutritional quality of the final product. This review describes the current scenario of the bioprospecting and selection process for choosing the best LAB strain as an inoculant for ensiling. In addition, we analyse developments in the fermentation process and strategies and methods that will assist future studies on the selection of new strains of LAB as a starter culture or inoculant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Carvalho
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - G F C Sales
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - R F Schwan
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - C L S Ávila
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Dong L, Zhang H, Gao Y, Diao Q. Dynamic profiles of fermentation characteristics and bacterial community composition of Broussonetia papyrifera ensiled with perennial ryegrass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123396. [PMID: 32388351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Broussonetia papyrifera (B. papyrifera) has been proposed to improve silage fermentation due to its high content of protein and abundant active plant extracts. Thus, dynamic profiles of fermentation quality and bacterial community of B. papyrifera mixing with perennial ryegrass in different ratios: 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 were examined during 60-d fermentation. Results showed that adding perennial ryegrass increased soluble carbohydrate content and lactic acid production in silage and decreased pH and population of epiphytic microorganisms. Adding ryegrass exerted a remarkable effect on the silage bacterial community with a dramatic decrease in the abundance of Enterobacter. Spearman's rank correlation showed that silage lactic acid concentration was positively correlated with Lactobacillus and Stenotrophomonas abundance, while ammonia nitrogen concentration was positively correlated with the abundance of Enterobacter. In conclusion, B. papyrifera ensiled with perennial ryegrass could improve B. papyrifera silage quality and provide high-quality forage resources for sustainable ruminant livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Dong
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Sino-US Joint, Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yanhua Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, South Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition/Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture/Sino-US Joint, Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing, China.
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Liu Q, Wu J, Dong Z, Wang S, Shao T. Effects of overnight wilting and additives on the fatty acid profile, α-tocopherol and β-carotene of whole plant oat silages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Liu Q, Wu J, Shao T. Roles of microbes and lipolytic enzymes in changing the fatty acid profile, α-tocopherol and β-carotene of whole-crop oat silages during ensiling and after exposure to air. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Koczoń P, Niemiec T, Bartyzel BJ, Gruczyńska E, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Koczoń P. Chemical changes that occur in Jerusalem artichoke silage. Food Chem 2019; 295:172-179. [PMID: 31174747 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 10 and 20 days of fermentation followed by freeze-drying on the vitamin C and fatty acids contents, chemical conversions and overall chemical composition of Jerusalem artichoke were studied. Fermentation between the 10th and 20th days increased content of all saturated fatty acids and two of the four unsaturated fatty acids. The only fatty acid content that decreased was that of C18:1 cis 9 acid, which was suggested to be converted to other fatty acids. The experimental data, which were supported by energetical feasibility, suggested the reaction pathways of the mutual conversions of fatty acids and confirmed the decreased vitamin C content during fermentation. Discriminant modelling of the spectral data successfully distinguished the fresh, 10 days and 20 days fermented samples. The correlation of the spectral and reference data allowed to construct reference models for predicting the content of vitamin C and C18:1 cis 9 fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Koczoń
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Niemiec
- Animals Nutrition Department, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Jan Bartyzel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Eliza Gruczyńska
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Pola Koczoń
- Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Nguyen DV, Malau-Aduli BS, Cavalieri J, Nichols PD, Malau-Aduli AE. Supplementation with plant-derived oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for lamb production. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:29-40. [PMID: 32734050 PMCID: PMC7386694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, an overview of the health benefits of omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) and recent progress in using alpha linolenic acid (ALA) rich sources derived from oilseeds to enhance productive performance, n-3 PUFA profiles and sensory properties of lamb for human consumption is reviewed. Omega-3 LC-PUFA can prevent mental health issues and chronic human disorders including cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. The median amount of n-3 LC-PUFA consumption is generally lacking in Western diets. More attention is now being paid to the use of innovative nutritional strategies to improve PUFA content in ruminants, which could subsequently increase the content of health-benefitting n-3 LC-PUFA for human consumption. The richest sources of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA are derived from marine products, while forage and oilseeds such as flaxseed, canola, and their oils are abundant in ALA. Numerous studies have shown that dietary ALA increases n-3 LC-PUFA levels of edible tissues. However, other studies concluded that ALA rich supplementation led to no differences in tissue FA profiles because of extensive biohydrogenation of dietary ALA, limited conversion from ALA to n-3 LC-PUFA and low incorporation of n-3 LC-PUFA into edible tissues. Generally, the inclusion of ALA rich sources in lamb diets potentially increases ALA content in lamb. It is proposed that supplementing ruminants with ALA-rich sources at or below 6% can promote n-3 PUFA profiles in lamb and is unlikely to have negative effects on feed intake, growth, carcass and sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don V. Nguyen
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- National Institute of Animal Science, Hanoi 129909, Viet Nam
| | - Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - John Cavalieri
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, PO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Aduli E.O. Malau-Aduli
- Animal Genetics and Nutrition, Veterinary Science Discipline, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Ke W, Ding W, Ding L, Xu D, Zhang P, Li F, Guo X. Influences of malic acid isomers and their application levels on fermentation quality and biochemical characteristics of alfalfa silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Ke W, Ding W, Xu D, Shah MN, Zhang P, Guo X. Influences of addition of malic acid or citric acid, Lactobacillus plantarum and their mixtures on fermentation quality, proteolysis and fatty acid composition of ensiled alfalfa. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:492-502. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1510156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wencan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Wurong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Mian Nazir Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
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Liu Q, Dong Z, Shao T. Effect of additives on fatty acid profile of high moisture alfalfa silage during ensiling and after exposure to air. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baldin M, Ying Y, Fan Y, Roth G, Casper DP, Harvatine KJ. Characterization of linoleic acid (C18:2) concentration in commercial corn silage and grain hybrids. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:222-232. [PMID: 29103704 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corn silage and high-moisture corn grain are commonly recognized as risk factors for biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression and may be due to the high concentration of linoleic acid (C18:2) in corn. Corn silage and corn grain have a low concentration of fatty acids (FA), but due to their high inclusion rate in diets they contribute substantially to unsaturated FA intake. The first objective of this study was to characterize the contribution of individual plant parts to total FA in whole-plant chopped corn. The second objective was to characterize the variation in FA profile in commercial silage and grain hybrids and evaluate the relationship between FA profile and other nutrients. To determine the location of FA in the corn plant, 4 stalks from 4 different commercial hybrids were separated into stalk, husk and shank, leaves, cob, and kernels. On a dry matter basis, 80.5% of total FA were in the kernels, 11.8% in the leaves, 5.1% in the stalk, 1.7% in the cob, and 1.0% in the husk and shank. More than 96% of the oleic acid (C18:1) and 92.5% of the C18:2 was in the kernels, whereas 71.0% of the linolenic acid (C18:3) was in the leaves. Next, the FA composition of fresh whole-plant chopped corn from 124 silage hybrids and grain from 72 grain hybrids was determined over 2 yr from test plots in Pennsylvania. Last, to extend the characterization, FA composition of whole-plant corn silage from 45 hybrids grown in test plots in South Dakota were characterized. In the fresh whole-plant chopped corn from PA test plots, C18:2 as a percentage of total FA averaged from 48.7% in 2013 (percentiles: 10th = 45.2, 90th = 52.2) and 48.0% in 2014 (percentiles: 10th = 44.1, 90th = 49.4). Concentration of C18:2 in corn grain averaged 57.5% in the 2013 (percentiles: 10th = 53.4, 90th = 60.8) and 56.1% in 2014 (percentiles: 10th = 53.5, 90th = 59.4). In the corn silage from South Dakota, the concentration of C18:2 as percentage of total FA averaged 45.4% (percentiles: 10th = 39.4, 90th = 50.2) and C18:2 concentration as a percent of dry matter averaged 1.1% (percentiles: 10th = 0.76, 90th = 1.41). An increase in the concentration of C18:2 was associated with a decrease in C18:3 in fresh whole-plant chopped corn and with a decrease in C18:1 in corn grain. Total FA and C18:2 (as a percentage of dry matter) were positively correlated with starch and negatively correlated with neutral detergent fiber in both fresh whole-plant chopped corn and corn silage samples, whereas no correlation with these traits was observed for C18:2 as a percentage of total FA. In conclusion, FA concentration and profile of corn silage reflects to a great extent the FA composition of kernels and the proportion of grain in the silage. The variation in C18:2 across hybrids provides the opportunity to develop selection programs to decrease C18:2 in corn silage and grain. Selection based on C18:2 concentration as a percent of total FA is preferred as this trait did not correlate with other nutritional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baldin
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - Y Ying
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - Y Fan
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - G Roth
- Department of Plant Sciences, Penn State University, University Park 16802
| | - D P Casper
- Furst-McNess Company, 120 E Clark St, Freeport, IL 61032
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802.
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Ke WC, Ding WR, Xu DM, Ding LM, Zhang P, Li FD, Guo XS. Effects of addition of malic or citric acids on fermentation quality and chemical characteristics of alfalfa silage. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8958-8966. [PMID: 28918135 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects on alfalfa preservation and chemical composition of the addition of different levels of malic acid and citric acid at ensiling as well as the utilization efficiency of these 2 organic acids after fermentation. Alfalfa was harvested at early bloom stage. After wilting to a dry matter content of approximately 40%, the alfalfa was chopped into 1- to 2-cm pieces for ensiling. Four levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% of fresh weight) of malic acid or citric acid were applied to chopped alfalfa at ensiling with 4 replicates for each treatment, and the treated alfalfa forages were ensiled for 60 d in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags (dimensions: 200 mm × 300 mm) packed with 200 to 230 g of fresh alfalfa per mini silo and an initial density of 0.534 g/cm3. The application of malic or citric acids at ensiling for 60 d led to lower silage pH than was observed in the control silage (0% of malic or citric acids). Application of the 2 organic acids led to higher lactic acid concentration in alfalfa silage than in the control silage except with the application rate of 1% of fresh weight. Silages treated with both organic acids had lower nonprotein nitrogen concentrations than the control silages, and the nonprotein nitrogen concentrations in ensiled forages decreased with the increase in malic or citric acid application rates. The application of the 2 organic acid additives led to lower saturated fatty acid proportions and higher polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in ensiled alfalfa than in the control silage. The amount of malic and citric acids degraded during ensiling of alfalfa was 1.45 and 0.63 g, respectively. At the application rate of 0.5% of fresh weight, residues of malic acid and citric acid in alfalfa silage were 11.1 and 13.6 g/kg of dry matter. These results indicate that including malic or citric acids at the ensiling of alfalfa effectively improved silage fermentation quality, limited proteolysis, improved fatty acid composition of the ensiled forage, and could provide animals with additional feed additives proven to promote animal performance. However, when the application rate of both organic acids reached 1%, the concentration of lactic acid in silages decreased notably. Additionally, 0.5 and 1% application rates also increased the yeast count in ensiled alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - W R Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - D M Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - L M Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - P Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - F D Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - X S Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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20
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Bochicchio D, Comellini M, Marchetto G, Faeti V, Casa GD. Modification of Lipid Fraction in Ensiled High Moisture Corn. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bochicchio
- Unità di ricerca per la suinicoltura, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, San Cesario sul Panaro (MO), Italy
| | - Michele Comellini
- Unità di ricerca per la suinicoltura, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, San Cesario sul Panaro (MO), Italy
| | - Gianni Marchetto
- Unità di ricerca per la suinicoltura, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, San Cesario sul Panaro (MO), Italy
| | - Valerio Faeti
- Unità di ricerca per la suinicoltura, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, San Cesario sul Panaro (MO), Italy
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21
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Wang YS, Shi W, Huang LT, Ding CL, Dai CC. The effect of lactic acid bacterial starter culture and chemical additives on wilted rice straw silage. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:525-35. [PMID: 26429595 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are suitable for rice straw silage fermentation, but have been studied rarely, and rice straw as raw material for ensiling is difficult because of its disadvantages, such as low nutrition for microbial activities and low abundances of natural populations of LAB. So we investigated the effect of application of LAB and chemical additives on the fermentation quality and microbial community of wilted rice straw silage. Treatment with chemical additives increased the concentrations of crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), acetic acid and lactic acid, reduced the concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but did not effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage organisms. Inoculation with LABs did not improve the nutritional value of the silage because of poor growth of LABs in wilted rice straw. Inoculation with LAB and addition of chemical materials improved the quality of silage similar to the effects of addition of chemical materials alone. Growth of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria was inhibited by this mixed treatment and the LAB gradually dominated the microbial community. In summary, the fermentation quality of wilted rice straw silage had improved by addition of LAB and chemical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Su Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Ting Huang
- Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Long Ding
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Nanjing, China
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22
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Koivunen E, Jaakkola S, Heikkilä T, Lampi AM, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Lee MRF, Winters AL, Shingfield KJ, Vanhatalo A. Effects of plant species, stage of maturity, and level of formic acid addition on lipolysis, lipid content, and fatty acid composition during ensiling1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4408-23. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Łozicki A, Koziorzębska A, Halik G, Dymnicka M, Arkuszewska E, Niemiec T, Bogdan J. Effect of ensiling pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.) with dried sugar beet pulp on the content of bioactive compounds in silage and its antioxidant potential. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Bessa RJB, Alves SP, Santos-Silva J. Constraints and potentials for the nutritional modulation of the fatty acid composition of ruminant meat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui J. B. Bessa
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Lisboa Portugal
| | - Susana P. Alves
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Lisboa Portugal
| | - José Santos-Silva
- Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (UEISPA-INIAV); Lisboa Portugal
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25
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Ke W, Yang F, Undersander D, Guo X. Fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, proteolysis and lipid composition of alfalfa silage ensiled with apple or grape pomace. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Alvarenga TIRC, Chen Y, Furusho-Garcia IF, Perez JRO, Hopkins DL. Manipulation of Omega-3 PUFAs in Lamb: Phenotypic and Genotypic Views. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:189-204. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharcilla Isabella Rodrigues Costa Alvarenga
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
| | - Yizhou Chen
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Inst; Menangle NSW 2568 Australia
| | - Iraides Ferreira Furusho-Garcia
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Juan Ramon Olalquiaga Perez
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - David L. Hopkins
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
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27
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Jalč D, Váradyová Z, Mihaliková K, Lauková A. Nutritional status of corn silage after probiotic conservation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.928629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Alves SP, Bessa RJB. Thetrans-10,cis-15 18:2: a Missing Intermediate oftrans-10 Shifted Rumen Biohydrogenation Pathway? Lipids 2014; 49:527-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana P. Alves
- ; CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Av. da Universidade Técnica Lisbon 1300-477 Portugal
| | - Rui J. B. Bessa
- ; CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Av. da Universidade Técnica Lisbon 1300-477 Portugal
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29
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Glasser F, Doreau M, Maxin G, Baumont R. Fat and fatty acid content and composition of forages: A meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Ding W, Long R, Guo X. Effects of plant enzyme inactivation or sterilization on lipolysis and proteolysis in alfalfa silage. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2536-2543. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Alves SP, Santos-Silva J, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Bessa RJB. Detailed dimethylacetal and fatty acid composition of rumen content from lambs fed lucerne or concentrate supplemented with soybean oil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58386. [PMID: 23484024 PMCID: PMC3587585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism in the rumen is responsible for the complex fatty acid profile of rumen outflow compared with the dietary fatty acid composition, contributing to the lipid profile of ruminant products. A method for the detailed dimethylacetal and fatty acid analysis of rumen contents was developed and applied to rumen content collected from lambs fed lucerne or concentrate based diets supplemented with soybean oil. The methodological approach developed consisted on a basic/acid direct transesterification followed by thin-layer chromatography to isolate fatty acid methyl esters from dimethylacetal, oxo- fatty acid and fatty acid dimethylesters. The dimethylacetal composition was quite similar to the fatty acid composition, presenting even-, odd- and branched-chain structures. Total and individual odd- and branched-chain dimethylacetals were mostly affected by basal diet. The presence of 18:1 dimethylacetals indicates that biohydrogenation intermediates might be incorporated in structural microbial lipids. Moreover, medium-chain fatty acid dimethylesters were identified for the first time in the rumen content despite their concentration being relatively low. The fatty acids containing 18 carbon-chain lengths comprise the majority of the fatty acids present in the rumen content, most of them being biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. Additionally, three oxo- fatty acids were identified in rumen samples, and 16-O-18:0 might be produced during biohydrogenation of the 18:3n-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Alves
- Unidade de Produção Animal, Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos (INRB), Vale de Santarém, Portugal.
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32
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Lipid metabolism in mixtures of red clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in lab scale silages and in vitro rumen incubations. Animal 2013; 7:1454-63. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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